Fields v. City of Chicago et al

Filing 629

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER signed by the Honorable Matthew F. Kennelly on 4/8/2014: For the reasons stated in the accompanying opinion, the Court overrules Fieldss request to carve the 2009 retrial out of his malicious prosecution claim and makes the further rulings described in the text of this opinion regarding the admissibility of the testimony of and about Trammel Davis, Jackie Clay, Derrick Kees, and Eugene Hunter. The Court also terminates Fields's previously-filed motion in limine 11, which concerned the admissibility of those same witnesses' testimony. (mk)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
NATHSON FIELDS,
Plaintiff,
vs.
CITY OF CHICAGO, et al.,
Defendants.

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Case No. 10 C 1168

ORDER ON PLAINTIFF'S "NOTICE OF CLAIM REMOVAL"
MATTHEW F. KENNELLY, District Judge:
Plaintiff Nathson Fields was prosecuted for murder in connection with the
shooting of Jerome Smith and Talman Hickman in 1984. In 1986, Fields was convicted
after a bench trial before Judge Thomas Maloney, and he was sentenced to death after
a penalty-phase trial before a jury. The conviction and sentence were affirmed on
appeal in 1990. See People v. Fields, 135 Ill. 2d 18, 552 N.E.2d 791 (1990). Fields
thereafter filed a state post-conviction petition. Among the grounds he cited was that
Judge Maloney had been bribed before the trial, had returned the bribe money, and had
convicted Fields and his co-defendant Hawkins to deflect suspicion. In 1996, a Cook
County judge vacated Fields's conviction on the ground that his due process rights had
been violated due to the bribery episode. The Illinois Supreme Court upheld that ruling
in 1998. See People v. Hawkins, 181 Ill. 2d 41, 690 N.E.2d 999 (1998). The
prosecution continued to pursue the case, the retrial of which was delayed for an
extended period, partly due to interlocutory appeals following the remand for a new trial.

In 2009, Fields was acquitted after a second bench trial, held before Judge Deborah
Dooling.
In the present case, filed in 2010, Fields asserts claims against three former and
present Chicago police officers, the City of Chicago, and a former Cook County
prosecutor under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violation of due process and conspiracy to
violate his due process rights and under state law for malicious prosecution and
intentional infliction of emotional distress. Trial before a jury began on March 10, 2014.
The Court declared a mistrial on March 18, 2014 and then set the case for retrial on
April 7, 2014.
Fields thereafter filed a document entitled "Notice of Claim Removal" in which he
said he was "modif[ying] his claim for malicious prosecution," by "withdraw[ing] his claim
for malicious prosecution for the 2009 trial." Pl.'s Notice of Claim Removal (dkt. no.
610) at 1. Fields went on to state in this filing that as a result of the modification, the
testimony of defense witnesses Trammel Davis, Jackie Clay, Eugene Hunter, and
Derrick Keys should not be allowed at the retrial, because it concerns, at most, the 2009
retrial. The latter request echoed a request to exclude that same testimony in a motion
in limine that Fields had filed during the first trial (his motion in limine 11).
Following receipt of Fields’s notice, the Court entered an order stating that it did
not believe Fields was entitled under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a) to
unilaterally withdraw a claim at this stage of the case. The Court proposed to address
this at the pretrial conference held on April 3, 2014, but the City of Chicago defendants
asked to file a written response, so the Court deferred ruling. In their response, the
Chicago defendants argue that Fields cannot withdraw what they contend is just part of

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a single claim of malicious prosecution and that in any event, the withdrawal of the
supposed "claim" relating to the 2009 trial would not affect the admissibility of the
testimony of Davis, Clay, Hunter, and Keys. Fields has filed a reply to the response.
The Court has considered all of these submissions.
1.

Fields’s request to withdraw a claim
The first question is whether Fields can do what he says he wants to do, namely

"withdraw his claim for malicious prosecution for the 2009 trial." The problem is that
there is no such "claim." Fields has not asserted two separate malicious prosecution
claims. Rather, he has asserted a single malicious prosecution claim, challenging his
prosecution for murder in state court. There was a single prosecution of him for murder,
albeit one that ultimately involved two trials. There were not two separate criminal
cases.
Fields cannot logically split his malicious prosecution claim in two based on the
fact that there were two trials, even though the second was held long after the first. The
vacating of his 1986 conviction did not terminate the criminal proceedings. Rather, it
put the proceedings back where they had been before the first trial. The criminal
prosecution continued after that. The continued proceedings were part of the original
case, not a separate case. It is worth noting that were one to treat the murder case as
two separate cases, one tried in 1986 and the other tried in 2009, Fields would not be
able to prevail on his malicious prosecution claim, because the first "case" did not end in
his favor in the way required to prevail on a claim of malicious prosecution. Rather,
Fields was still at jeopardy of conviction for the same murders for which he was first
tried in 1986.

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Fields addresses this point in a way that effectively undermines his own
argument that he can split the malicious prosecution claim in two. He argues on the
one hand that in pursuing a malicious prosecution case just based on the original
conviction in 1986, he should be permitted to put in evidence of his 2009 acquittal in
order to satisfy the favorable termination requirement. On the other hand, he argues
that additional evidence, not available in 1986, that is claimed to have supported his
ongoing prosecution after the post-conviction reversal is irrelevant, because it was not
available at the time of his 1986 conviction. In other words, Fields essentially is trying to
have it both ways. He is not entitled to do so. Either the entire criminal case was a
single proceeding, in which case Fields cannot cut it off at a point he finds favorable
from an evidentiary standpoint, or it was two separate proceedings, in which case his
malicious prosecution claim as to the first of the two proceedings would fail because
that proceeding did not result in a favorable termination (rather, it resulted only in an
order for a new trial).
The Court concludes that there was just one criminal proceeding, which did not
terminate until Fields was acquitted in 2009. It is worth noting in this regard that a
malicious prosecution claim does not even accrue until the underlying proceeding is
terminated in the favor of the malicious prosecution plaintiff. See, e.g., Ferguson v. City
of Chicago, 213 Ill. 2d 94, 99, 820 N.E.2d 455, 459 (2004). In short, Fields did not even
have a viable malicious prosecution claim until he was acquitted in 2009.
In his reply, Fields cites a case saying that probable cause to arrest exists only if,
at the time of the arrest, the matters known to the officer are sufficient to warrant a
reasonable person to believe that the suspect had committed, was committing, or is

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about to commit an offense. See Fields Reply at 4. That is true, but it is beside the
point. Malicious prosecution and false arrest are two different types of claims. A claim
of false arrest is focused on the arrest and thus necessarily is determined based on
what is known at that time. Malicious prosecution, by contrast, concerns whether there
is probable cause to support the prosecution, and not necessarily just at the outset.
The law is clear that the tort of malicious prosecution concerns not only the
commencement of criminal proceedings but also the continuation of such proceedings.
See, e.g., Swick v. Liautaud, 169 Ill. 2d 504, 512, 662 N.E.2d 1238, 1242 (1996)
(reciting elements of malicious prosecution)
For these reasons, the Court concludes that Fields cannot modify his claim in the
way he proposes.
2.

Admission of testimony by Davis, Clay, Hunter, and Kees
The Court will, however, go on to address the remaining points raised by Fields

and the Chicago defendants, concerning the admissibility of the testimony of Davis,
Clay, Hunter, and Kees. As noted earlier, this request echoes a motion in limine that
Fields filed during the first trial. Thus the request touches upon issues that will come up
in the trial one way or the other. Indeed, had the first trial continued beyond March 18,
the Court would have had to rule upon the motion in limine within the next day or two.
Thus the issues are not hypothetical or “advisory,” as the Chicago defendants
contended at the pretrial conference.
The Chicago defendants contend that the testimony of Davis, Clay, Hunter, and
Kees is properly admissible for various purposes. By way of background, the testimony
of these witnesses bears on Fields's claimed involvement in the Smith/Hickman

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murders. The Chicago defendants make several arguments regarding the admissibility
of these witnesses' testimony:
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The testimony is admissible to rebut Fields's contention and testimony that

he did not commit the murders and was framed by the defendants.
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The testimony is admissible on Fields's federal due process claim,

because it bears on whether the evidence Fields contends was not disclosed is
material, in the sense of whether it would have made a difference in the decision
by prosecutors to pursue a retrial in 2009.
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The testimony is admissible because it corroborates Anthony Sumner and

thus rebuts Fields's contention that the defendants knew or should have known
Sumner was lying when he implicated Fields.
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The testimony is admissible to rebut Fields's contention, pertinent to his

claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED), that the defendants'
conduct was extreme and outrageous.
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Defendants also challenge Fields's assertion that the testimony of Davis,

Clay, Hunter, and Kees should be excluded because it is based on hearsay,
speculation, and conjecture and that it should be barred under Federal Rule of
Evidence 403 in any event.
The Court will address each of these points, but in a different sequence.
a. Due process claim relating to 2009 trial. Fields has asserted a due process /
Brady-type claim relating to the 2009 trial. The Court denied the Chicago defendants'
motion for summary judgment on this claim, a motion in which they argued that Fields
could not assert a due process claim relating to the 2009 trial because he was

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acquitted. The Court suggested in its decision that Fields could prevail if he could prove
that "'the decision to go to trial would have been altered by the desired disclosure.'"
Fields v. City of Chicago, No. 10 C 1168, 2014 WL 477394, at *6 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 6, 2014)
(quoting Carvajal v. Dominguez, 542 F.3d 561, 569 (7th Cir. 2008)).
Given this basis for the claim, evidence bearing on whether the prosecution’s
decision to take Fields's criminal case to retrial would have been altered by the
disclosure of the evidence he says was concealed or fabricated is relevant. Such
evidence would be relevant even were it appropriate for Fields to subdivide his
malicious prosecution claim as he proposed.
It is important to be clear, however, regarding what this means and what it does
not mean. The testimony that is relevant on this point is that of the Cook County
prosecutor(s) who made the decision to go to trial concerning what they relied on in that
regard and whether the allegedly undisclosed or concealed evidence would have made
a difference in their decision. This theory of relevance would not warrant admission of
testimony at the present trial by Davis, Clay, Hunter or Kees themselves regarding
Fields's involvement in the Smith/Hickman murders.1 What those witnesses might say
today has no bearing on the theory of relevance argued by the City defendants, namely
the effect on the decision to go to retrial of what prosecutors knew about these
witnesses’ statements at the time. This theory of relevance also would not warrant
admission of testimony from any of the City of Chicago defendants regarding what

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Nor, to be clear, does it warrant testimony by those persons regarding Fields's
purported involvement in or awareness of the bribery of Judge Maloney. Fields's
malicious prosecution claim concerns his prosecution for murder. He was not
prosecuted for bribery. Thus the testimony is not relevant for this purpose argued by
the City defendants.
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Davis, Clay, Hunter, and Kees had said, unless there is a claim by Fields that a
particular defendant influenced the decision to go to retrial. The same would be true of
defendant Wharrie.
In addition, although the Court has found that testimony along these lines by
prosecutors passes the relevance test, that does not mean it is automatically
admissible. Federal Rule of Evidence 403 still applies. Indeed, Fields also seeks to
exclude the evidence under Rule 403, saying in substance that the claim that
prosecutors actually relied on the statements of Davis, Clay, Hunter, and Kees in
deciding whether to pursue the case cannot withstand scrutiny and thus the evidence
has little or no probative value. Fields points out that the prosecutors did not call any of
these witnesses to testify at his retrial and that the witness’s statements or testimony
are nowhere to be found in the prosecutors' case files.
The fact that documentation is lacking, by itself, does not carry the day for Fields;
there is no rule of evidence that requires documentary corroboration as a prerequisite to
admissibility of evidence of this sort. Nor is the fact that the prosecutors did not call the
witnesses to testify at the retrial a determinative factor by itself; as the Chicago
defendants argue, the prosecutors could have made a strategic decision not to use
these witnesses at trial even though they were aware of the witnesses' statements and
had considered them in deciding to press ahead.
Closer to the mark for Fields, however, are previous statements and court filings
by Brian Sexton, the lead prosecutor for the retrial. Sexton submitted an affidavit in the
present case, in support of defendants' motion for summary judgment on Fields's due
process and other claims. In that affidavit, he described why the disclosure of materials

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in the "street file" that Fields’s criminal defense attorneys evidently did not receive would
not have made a difference in the prosecution’s decision to proceed to retrial. In his
affidavit, Sexton made no mention of the statements of Davis, Clay, Hunter, or Kees as
a factor, though he did identify other factors. In addition, Sexton attached to his affidavit
a memorandum that the prosecution had filed in Fields's certificate of innocence
proceeding addressing essentially the same materiality argument in even greater detail.
That memorandum likewise made no mention of the statements of Davis, Clay, Hunter,
or Kees as having been considered. Finally, there is no indication that Cook County
prosecutors interviewed any of those witnesses in the run-up to Fields's retrial.
The Court does not know whether Sexton had his deposition taken in the present
case and, if so, whether he gave testimony about what he did or did not consider in
deciding to take the case against Fields to retrial. Any deposition testimony about this
topic by Sexton or other prosecutors from the 2009 trial could influence the Court's
judgment regarding the Rule 403 balance. Based on the record currently before the
Court, however, any reasonable judge would have to come away with a high degree f
skepticism about testimony offered now, in the face of these prior statements, that Cook
County prosecutors actually took the statements of Davis, Clay, Hunter, or Kees into
account in deciding whether to retry the case. Though no one of the individual factors
cited by Fields precludes admissibility on its own, collectively they greatly minimize the
probative value of present-day testimony that prosecutors relied on these witnesses'
statements or that they did so to any significant extent.2

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The Court also notes that were this testimony to pass muster under Rule 403,
defendants would, of course, be required to lay a foundation for the Cook County
prosecutors' knowledge of the statements of these witnesses. The Court's impression
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The Court will withhold a final determination on the Rule 403 issue vis-à-vis the
Cook County prosecutors' testimony, while awaiting discussion of whether Sexton or
other prosecutors involved in the 2009 trial had their depositions taken in the present
case and what, if anything, they said in those depositions about relying on the
statements of Davis, Clay, Hunter, or Kees. But on the present record, such testimony
would have very little probative value, if it has any at all.
b. Corroboration of Anthony Sumner. The argument that the four witnesses'
testimony corroborates that of Anthony Sumner does not support admission of the four
witnesses' testimony. Defendants argue that the testimony would rebut Fields's
assertion that "the defendants knew or should have known that Anthony Sumner was
lying when he implicated plaintiff in the Smith/Hickman murders." Chicago Defs.' Resp.
to Pl.'s Notice of Claim Removal at 8. But Sumner's statements in that regard took
place in the mid-1980s; he was not involved in the retrial. What is relevant regarding
the Chicago defendants' state of mind as to Sumner's veracity is what was on the table
at the time, not evidence that surfaced a number of years later.
c. IIED claim. A plaintiff asserting an IIED claim must prove, among other
things, that the defendant's conduct was extreme and outrageous. The Chicago
defendants characterize Fields's IIED claim as premised on the contention that he was
innocent of the murders and the defendants framed him. They argue that the testimony
from other disputed matters in the present case is that Davis, Clay, Hunter, and Kees
gave their statements to authorities as part of the federal El Rukn investigation, which
some or all of the City defendants evidently participated in via their work on a federal
task force. The Court has no idea when and how the witnesses' statements were made
known to local prosecutors. To the extent the statements were obtained as part of
federal grand jury proceedings, an order pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 6(e) likely would have been required to disclose the statements to local
prosecutors.
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of Davis, Clay, Hunter, and Kees rebuts this. This argument is indistinguishable from
defendant's argument that the testimony is admissible to rebut Fields's testimony and
his attorneys' argument that he was innocent and framed. The Court will deal with that
point below.
The Chicago defendants also argue, with regard to the IIED claim, that because
they learned of the statements by these witnesses prior to the 2009 trial, the witnesses’
statements are admissible as evidence that defendants did not intend to inflict severe
emotional distress on Fields but instead "intended to bring him to justice for the crimes
he committed." Chicago Defs.’ Resp. to Pl.’s Notice of Claim Removal at 9. The Court
is unclear regarding the extent to which Fields's IIED claim is premised upon conduct by
the Chicago defendants that they are claimed to have engaged in after learning of the
testimony of Davis, Clay, Hunter, and Kees. If the claim is not premised upon such
conduct, then the evidence is irrelevant for this purpose. If the claim is premised upon
conduct by the Chicago defendants after they became aware of the testimony of these
witnesses, then what would be relevant to their state of mind is what they learned at the
relevant time regarding Fields's involvement in the murders. This would warrant
allowing the Chicago defendants to testify about that point, but it would not warrant the
admission of testimony by Davis, Clay, Hunter, and Kees themselves. As discussed
earlier with regard to the due process claim, what is claimed to be relevant in this regard
is what the Chicago defendants were aware of at the relevant time, not what the
witnesses say now.
d. Rebutting Fields's claim of innocence. Fields's attorney emphasized in
opening statement, and elicited from Fields during his testimony on direct examination,

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that he was innocent and had no involvement in the Smith/Hickman murders. There is
certainly nothing inappropriate about that. But if Fields is going to claim he is innocent,
then he cannot expect the Court to preclude defendants from rebutting that by offering
evidence of his involvement in the crime. Again, this would be true even if the Court
were to permit Fields to subdivide his malicious prosecution claim as he proposed.
Fields argues that the testimony of Davis, Clay, Hunter, and Kees should not be
admitted because, among other things, it was not offered against him at the 1999 retrial.
That may affect the weight to be given the testimony, and the failure to offer this
testimony against him in 1999 may permit Fields to argue that it should not be believed,
but it does not render the testimony irrelevant or inadmissible. The same is true
regarding Fields’s argument that the testimony is not believable because it has been
given as a result of guilty plea deals and sentence reductions. This may affect the
weight to be given the testimony, but it does not render it inadmissible.
Rule 403, of course, applies to this evidence as it does to other evidence. But
the testimony, or at least some of it, has a reasonably significant amount of probative
value to rebut Fields's claim of innocence. Fields has not shown on a blanket basis that
the probative value of evidence along these lines is, in the terms of Rule 403,
significantly outweighed by the danger for unfair prejudice, confusing the issues,
misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative
evidence, that might result from admission of such evidence.
e.

Particulars of testimony by Davis, Clay, Hunter and Kees. The Court next

addresses which aspects of the testimony of Davis, Clay, Hunter and Kees are
admissible and which are not.

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Davis. Davis may testify regarding a meeting he evidently says happened at the
El Rukn “Fort” the day before the Smith/Hickman murders at which he contends Fields
was present, during which he says that Jeff Fort, who was participating via speaker
phone, ordered the murder of Smith in coded language. This is probative of the
background and motive for the murders. If the Court is operating under a
misconception regarding where and when Davis says this conversation took place, the
parties should promptly advise the Court, orally, at the next session of the trial.
Davis may not testify regarding a conversation between Fort and Melvin Mayes
that evidently is claimed to have taken place by telephone from Mayes’s car, followed
by statements by Mayes to Davis regarding what Fort the plan to kill Smith. This is
second-level hearsay whose admissibility has not been established by defendants.
Davis’s testimony that Andrews said that his car had to be painted, as described in
defendants’ submission, is likewise inadmissible hearsay.
Finally, Davis may testify that he obtained $10,000 from the basement of the El
Rukn “Fort” and gave it to Alan Knox and then observed Knox give it to William Swano.
That is probative of the bribery of Judge Maloney, which is relevant for reasons
described in previous rulings. Defendants say that they wish to elicit from Davis that he
understood this was “for the bribe to acquit Fields, Hawkins, and Carter,” but they have
not shown a proper basis for admissibility of that testimony, so the Court excludes it.
Clay. Clay may testify regarding the background for the Smith/Hickman murders,
as described in the first five and one-half lines of the first full paragraph of page 13 of
the Chicago defendants’ response to Fields’s submission. This testimony is relevant
because it bears upon the motive for the murders.

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Clay may not testify about what he says Alan Knox told him after the murders
about who committed them and how. That testimony is inadmissible hearsay not
subject to any exception established by defendants. The Court reaffirms its earlier
ruling regarding the inadmissibility of a statement regarding the murders contained in
Alan Knox’s federal plea agreement. In addition to the Court’s previous comments on
this point, Knox’s statement in the plea agreement about the background of and motive
for the murders is unduly cumulative of live testimony to be offered by others, and his
statement regarding who committed the murders is not just hearsay, it is hearsay-withinhearsay whose admissibility has not been established by defendants.
Clay may testify regarding an encounter that he says he had with Hawkins and
Fields on the day of the murders. Clay says he asked Hawkins if he had “take[n] care of
business” and that Hawkins replied yes, and that he “had to take my man to school on
this” and “he did a real good job,” and then put his arm around Fields. This testimony,
regarding an event that Clay says took place in Fields’s presence, is probative of
Fields’s guilt, and it is not hearsay. In Fields’s reply, he makes several points regarding
the timing of his encounter and exactly what it involved. Those are appropriate points
for cross-examination or presentation of contrary evidence, but they are not a basis to
exclude Clay’s testimony. The Court wishes to make clear, however, that although Clay
may relate these incidents, he may not provide his interpretation of what Hawkins was
referring to, because his opinion or conclusion in this regard is not properly admissible.
Kees. The Court believes it previously, before or during the first trial, made a
ruling regarding the admissibility of Kees’s testimony that in 1983, Fields approached
him and asked if he could join an El Rukn “hit squad.” Neither side has indicated one

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way or the other whether or how the Court ruled on this, and given the unusually high
volume of contested evidentiary rulings made in this case, the Court simply does not
recall. If the Court has ruled on this point, the ruling stands; if the Court has not ruled,
defendants should promptly advise the Court, orally, at the next session of the trial and
should be prepared to identify where in the transcript the ruling appears.
Kees may testify regarding the background for the Smith/Hickman murders as
described in the first six and one-half lines of the last paragraph of page 11 of the
Chicago defendants’ response to Fields’s submission (and the corresponding events
described in Fields’s submission). This testimony is relevant because it bears upon the
motive for the murders.
Kees may not testify regarding what he heard the next day about who had
committed the murders or why certain persons, including Fields, were chosen for the
assignment. That testimony is hearsay, and possibly second or third-level hearsay, not
subject to any exception established by defendants.
Kees may, however, testify regarding an encounter that he says he had with
Hawkins, Fields, Carter, Andrews, and Green on the day after the Smith/Hickman
murders. He says that, in Fields’s presence, Hawkins said they had killed Smith and
described how the murders occurred, and that Fields said words to the effect that “we
got him” and “it was good exercise.” Fields’s arguments against the admissibility of this
testimony may affect the weight to be given to it, but they do not affect its admissibility.
Finally, the Court reemphasizes a point it has made earlier: Kees may not testify
regarding what he contends Alan Knox told him about bribery of Judge Maloney. The

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testimony is inadmissible hearsay not subject to any exception established by
defendants.
Hunter. According to defendants, Hunter has testified that on the day of the
Smith/Hickman murders, he was at Charles Green’s apartment and saw Green give
Earl Hawkins (Fields’s co-defendant) and Fields ski masks and firearms. According to
Fields, however, Hunter stated that he does not know when this incident occurred or
whether it was on the same day as the Smith/Hickman murders. Hunter’s testimony
regarding the ski masks and guns is admissible only if the appropriate foundation is laid
connecting it with the Smith/Hickman murders. Given the highly prejudicial nature of
this testimony, defendants will be required to make an appropriate offer of proof outside
the jury’s presence to lay the foundation before the Court permits Hunter to testify
before the jury on this point.
Defendants also contend that Hunter will testify that during the same encounter
at Green’s apartment, George Carter and Henry Andrews were present, along with
Andrews’s blue Cadillac, and that the next time Hunter saw the Cadillac, it had been
painted white. The admissibility of this testimony is subject to the same foundational
requirement just stated.
The Court excludes testimony by Hunter regarding a conversation that, according
to defendants, he says he had with Hawkins after the murders in which Hawkins asked
him to look for a gun. This is not probative of Fields’s guilt or innocence, the only
subject on which the testimony conceivably would be admissible.
The remaining testimony by Hunter summarized by defendants at the bottom of
page 12 of their response to Fields’s submission, regarding statements by Rodell

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Banks, may bear on the motive for the murders, but it is unduly cumulative of testimony
offered by others on this point. The Court rules this testimony inadmissible under Rule
403.
Conclusion
In summary, the Court overrules Fields’s request to carve the 2009 retrial out of
his malicious prosecution claim and makes the further rulings described in the text of
this opinion regarding the admissibility of the testimony of and about Trammel Davis,
Jackie Clay, Derrick Kees, and Eugene Hunter.

________________________________
MATTHEW F. KENNELLY
United States District Judge
Date: April 8, 2014

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