Bailiff v. Village of Downers Grove
Filing
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MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order Signed by the Honorable Sheila Finnegan on 12/16/2011: Mailed notice. (is, )
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
ROBERT E. BAILIFF, and all others
similarly situated,
Plaintiffs,
v.
VILLAGE OF DOWNERS GROVE,
Defendant.
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No. 11 C 3335
Magistrate Judge Finnegan
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Robert E. Bailiff has filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 challenging the
constitutionality of a Village of Downers Grove ordinance that requires individuals to pay
an administrative booking fee if they are arrested in the Village. Plaintiff argues that the
ordinance violates the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause by failing to give
arrestees proper notice and an opportunity to be heard. Currently before the Court is
Plaintiff’s motion for class certification pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3).
For the reasons set forth here, the motion is granted.
BACKGROUND1
Plaintiff, a resident of Downers Grove, Illinois, was arrested and charged with
domestic battery on May 31, 2009. At the time of the arrest, a Village ordinance provided
that “[a]n administrative fee of thirty dollars ($30.00) shall be imposed upon an arrestee
when posting bail or bond for any criminal, Village ordinance or bookable arrest, including
but not limited to warrants.” Municipal Code 17.3.2. The Village claims that the fee was
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The parties consented to the jurisdiction of the United States Magistrate
Judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c).
designed to “defray[] some of the cost of processing and booking an arrestee,” and that it
only covered “about half the Village’s cost.” (Doc. 29, at 2). In any event, it is undisputed
that the Village charged Plaintiff the $30 fee and provided him with an Administrative
Booking Fee Receipt. (Doc. 7, Ex. 1).
The Village police department opened a criminal case against Plaintiff on June 1,
2009, but dismissed it on January 3, 2011 nolle prosequi. Several months later on May 18,
2011, Plaintiff filed this class action lawsuit because the ordinance has no provision for
reimbursement, and the Village never gave him back his $30 booking fee. He seeks to
represent:
[a]ll individuals who were deprived of their property pursuant to Downers
Grove Municipal Ordinance 17.3.2 without being provided the constitutionally
guaranteed due process of law.
(Doc. 7, at 2). Though Plaintiff initially sought injunctive relief pursuant to Rule 23(b)(2),
the Village has confirmed that it stopped imposing the booking fee in response to this
lawsuit. (Doc. 29-1 ¶ 9). Plaintiff therefore asks the Court to certify a class under Rule
23(b)(3). The Village objects that the proposed class definition is overly broad, and that
Plaintiff cannot satisfy some of the necessary requirements for certification. As discussed
below, the Court finds that with a slight modification to the class definition, this case may
proceed under Rule 23(b)(3).
DISCUSSION
To obtain class certification, a plaintiff must demonstrate that “the putative class
satisfies all four requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) – numerosity,
commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation – and any one of the conditions
of Rule 23(b).” Siegel v. Shell Oil Co., 612 F.3d 932, 935 (7th Cir. 2010) (citing Oshana v.
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Coca-Cola Co., 472 F.3d 506, 513 (7th Cir. 2006)). The court has broad discretion in
determining whether to certify a class-action lawsuit, Arreola v. Godinez, 546 F.3d 788, 794
(7th Cir. 2008), and “must make whatever factual and legal inquiries are necessary . . .,
even if those considerations overlap the merits of the case.” American Honda Motor Co.
v. Allen, 600 F.3d 813, 815 (7th Cir. 2010) (citing Szabo v. Bridgeport Machines, Inc., 249
F.3d 672, 676 (7th Cir. 2001)). In this case, Plaintiff seeks certification pursuant to Rule
23(b)(3), which requires that “questions of law or fact common to class members
predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action
is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.”
FED. R. CIV. P. 23(b)(3); Siegel, 612 F.3d at 935.
I.
Class Definition
Before addressing the specific requirements of Rule 23, the Court first notes that
there is an implied prerequisite that the class description be “sufficiently defined so that the
class is identifiable.” Martinez v. Haleas, No. 07 C 6112, 2009 WL 2916852, at *3 (N.D.
Ill. Sept. 2, 2009). In that regard, the class definition “must not be so broad as to include
individuals who are without standing to maintain the action on their own behalf.’” Id.
(quoting Oshana v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 225 F.R.D. 575, 580 (N.D. Ill. 2005)). The
Village argues that Plaintiff’s proposed class definition violates this principle because it
improperly includes members whose claims are barred by the applicable statute of
limitations.
There is no dispute that “individuals with time-barred claims may not be included
within a proposed class.” Daniels v. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 194 F.R.D. 609,
618 (N.D. Ill. 2000) (quoting Sample v. Aldi Inc., No. 93 C 3094, 1994 WL 48780, at *4
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(N.D. Ill. Feb. 15, 1994)). In Illinois, § 1983 claims such as Plaintiff’s are subject to a two
year statute of limitations. Dominguez v. Hendley, 545 F.3d 585, 588 (7th Cir. 2008).
Plaintiff filed this lawsuit on May 18, 2011, at which point the statute of limitations was tolled
for all unnamed class members. See Larson v. JPMorgan Chase & Co., 530 F.3d 578, 582
(7th Cir. 2008). Thus, the putative class can include any individual who was charged a
booking fee on or after May 18, 2009.
The Village argues that the Court should deny class certification altogether because
the class definition could be read to include potential plaintiffs who were arrested prior to
May 18, 2009. (Doc. 29, at 5). Plaintiff disagrees that the definition is improper, but
suggests that the Court modify the language to clarify the applicable time-frame. (Doc. 37,
at 2) (citing In re Motorola Sec. Litig., 644 F.3d 511, 518 (7th Cir. 2011) (“[A] district court
has the authority to modify a class definition at different stages in litigation.”)). The Court
finds Plaintiff’s proposed solution both appropriate and reasonable, and adopts the
following class definition:
[a]ll individuals who, on or after May 18, 2009, were deprived of their property
pursuant to Downers Grove Municipal Ordinance 17.3.2 without being
provided the constitutionally guaranteed due process of law.
With this modification, the Village’s objection to certification based on the class definition
is overruled.
II.
Rule 23(a)
The Village does not dispute that Plaintiff has satisfied the requirements of Rule
23(a). Nevertheless, the Court addresses each element pursuant to its “independent
obligation to decide whether an action brought on a class basis is to be so maintained.”
Kasalo v. Harris & Harris, Ltd., 656 F.3d 557, 563 (7th Cir. 2011) (internal quotations
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omitted). See also Davis v. Hutchins, 321 F.3d 641, 649 (7th Cir. 2003) (quoting General
Telephone Co. of the Southwest v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 160-61 (1982)) (the district court
must conduct a “rigorous analysis” to ensure “actual, not presumed, conformance with Rule
23(a).”).
A.
Numerosity
Rule 23(a)(1) requires that the class be “so numerous that joinder of all members
is impracticable.” See Spano v. The Boeing Co., 633 F.3d 574, 583 (7th Cir. 2011).
Plaintiff is not required to specify the exact number of individuals in the class, but he
“cannot rely on conclusory allegations that joinder is impractical or speculation as to the
size of the class in order to prove numerosity.” Chavez v. Don Stoltzner Mason Contractor,
Inc., 272 F.R.D. 450, 453-54 (N.D. Ill. 2011) (quoting Marcial v. Coronet Ins. Co., 880 F.2d
954, 957 (7th Cir. 1989)). There is no magic number requiring or barring a finding of
numerosity, but “a class including more than 40 members is generally believed to be
sufficient.” Barragan v. Evanger’s Dog and Cat Food Co., 259 F.R.D. 330, 333 (N.D. Ill.
2009).
Plaintiff has submitted the 2008 Downers Grove Police Department Annual Report
showing that there were approximately 1,977 arrests that year (consisting of 1,438 adult
arrests and 539 juvenile arrests). (Doc. 7, Ex. C). The Village does not dispute this figure
or suggest that the proposed class is too small for purposes of Rule 23(a)(1). On these
facts, the Court is satisfied that the class is sufficiently numerous to warrant class
treatment.
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B.
Commonality
To establish the commonality requirement of Rule 23(a)(2), Plaintiff must show that
“there are questions of law or fact common to the class.” See Groussman v. Motorola, Inc.,
No. 10 C 911, 2011 WL 5554030, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 15, 2011). This means that “class
members have suffered the same injury” and have claims that “depend upon a common
contention.” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 131 S.Ct. 2541, 2551 (2011) (internal
quotations omitted). That common contention, moreover, “must be of such a nature that
it is capable of classwide resolution – which means that determination of its truth or falsity
will resolve an issue that is central to the validity of each one of the claims in one stroke.”
Groussman, 2011 WL 5554030, at *3 (quoting Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 131 S.Ct. at 2551).
Plaintiff argues that the class members all suffered a violation of their Fourteenth
Amendment rights when the Village seized their property without due process of law. The
putative plaintiffs all seek to redress the common question of whether the $30 booking fee
is unconstitutional, and this is a central issue in the case. When, as here, “a question of
law refers to standardized conduct by [the Village] toward members of the class, . . . the
commonality requirement is usually met.” Westefer v. Snyder, Nos. 00-162-GPM, 00-708GPM, 2006 WL 2639972, at *3 (S.D. Ill. Sept. 12, 2006) (quoting Maxwell v. Arrow Fin.
Servs., LLC, No. 03 C 1995, 2004 WL 719278, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 31, 2004)). As with the
numerosity requirement, the Village does not dispute Plaintiff’s showing of commonality,
and the Court finds that it is satisfied in this case.
C.
Typicality
The claim of a representative party is typical for purposes of Rule 23(a)(3) if it “arises
from the same event or practice or course of conduct that gives rise to the claims of other
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class members and . . . h[is] claims are based on the same legal theory.’” Pezl v. Amore
Mio, Inc., 259 F.R.D. 344, 347 (N.D. Ill. 2009) (quoting Oshana, 472 F.3d at 514). The
Seventh Circuit has explained that “[a]lthough [t]he typicality requirement may be satisfied
even if there are factual distinctions between the claims of the named plaintiffs and those
of other class members, the requirement primarily directs the district court to focus on
whether the named representatives’ claims have the same essential characteristics as the
claims of the class at large.” Muro v. Target Corp., 580 F.3d 485, 492 (7th Cir. 2009)
(internal quotations omitted). Here, Plaintiff alleges that he and the putative class members
were all required to pay an unconstitutional booking fee after being arrested in Downers
Grove. The Court finds, and the Village does not dispute, that Plaintiff’s claim is typical of
the class for purposes of Rule 23(a)(3).
D.
Adequacy of Representation
A court’s inquiry into the adequacy of representation under Rule 23(a)(4) “consists
of two parts: (1) the adequacy of the named plaintiffs as representatives of the proposed
class’s myriad members, with their differing and separate interests, and (2) the adequacy
of the proposed class counsel.” Gomez v. St. Vincent Health, Inc., 649 F.3d 583, 592 (7th
Cir. 2011). A named plaintiff is an adequate representative as long as he does not have
“antagonistic or conflicting claims with other members of the class,” and has a “sufficient
interest in the outcome to ensure vigorous advocacy.” Baxter v. Kawasaki Motors Corp.,
259 F.R.D. 336, 342 (N.D. Ill. 2009) (quoting Lifanda v. Elmhurst Dodge, No. 99 C 5830,
2001 WL 755189, at *3 (N.D. Ill. July 2, 2001)). Class counsel is adequate if the attorneys
are “competent, experienced, qualified and generally able to conduct the proposed litigation
vigorously.” Id.
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Plaintiff affirms that he “understands the obligations of a class representative,” and
contends that “[g]iven the identity of claims between [himself] and the class members, there
is no potential for conflicting interests in this action.” (Doc. 7, at 7, 8). Plaintiff also notes
that he has retained counsel with “extensive experience in class action litigation.” (Id. at
8 and Exs. D and E). The Village does not dispute any of these propositions, and the Court
is satisfied that Plaintiff will adequately represent a class in this case.
III.
Rule 23(b)(3)
As noted, Plaintiff seeks class certification under Rule 23(b)(3), which requires that
“questions [of law] or fact common to class members predominate over any questions
affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available
methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Siegel, 612 F.3d at 935.
In determining whether an action is proper under Rule 23(b)(3), courts consider the
following factors:
(A) the class members’ interests in individually controlling the prosecution or
defense of separate actions; (B) the extent and nature of any litigation
concerning the controversy already begun by or against class members; (C)
the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in
the particular forum; (D) the likely difficulties in managing a class action.
Hawkins v. Securitas Sec. Servs. USA, Inc., No. 09 C 3633, 2011 WL 5598365, at *6 (N.D.
Ill. Nov. 16, 2011). See also Silversman v. Motorola, Inc., 259 F.R.D. 163, 168 (N.D. Ill.
2009). The Village challenges only the predominance requirement.
A.
Predominance
The predominance requirement of Rule 23(b)(3) is more demanding than Rule
23(a)’s commonality requirement. Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 623-24
(1997). It “looks to whether the proposed class is ‘sufficiently cohesive’ to warrant
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‘adjudication by representation.’” Williams-Green v. J. Alexander’s Restaurants, Inc., __
F.R.D. __, 2011 WL 3882797, at *9 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 1, 2011) (quoting Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,
131 S.Ct. at 2566). In evaluating this requirement, the Court must “identify ‘the substantive
issues that will control the outcome, assess[] which issues will predominate, and then
determin[e] whether the issues are common to the class.’” Id. (quoting Hyderi v.
Washington Mut. Bank, FA, 235 F.R.D. 390, 398 (N.D. Ill. 2006)). Where individual issues
predominate, class certification is “usually not a superior method for resolving the
controversy, since management of such issues by a court will not be efficient.” Randolph
v. Crown Asset Mgmt., LLC, 254 F.R.D. 513, 519 (N.D. Ill. 2008).
The Village argues that common issues do not predominate in this case because
the class includes individuals who were ultimately convicted of their crimes.
Such
individuals, the Village insists, “cannot establish, as a matter of law, that their constitutional
rights have been violated.” (Doc. 29, at 6). In support of this argument, the Village directs
the Court to Payton v. County of Carroll, 473 F.3d 845 (7th Cir. 2007), in which the plaintiffs
challenged the constitutionality of a small “administrative fee for the privilege of posting a
10 percent bond with the sheriff.” Id. at 846. The district court dismissed the due process
counts on the grounds that “charging arrestees a fee in exchange for providing a service
simply does not implicate the Constitution.” Id. at 850. The court noted that “arrestees
usually have the alternative of paying their bond to the clerk without the fee . . ., and that
arrestees may petition to have their bail reduced.” Id.
In affirming the dismissal, the Seventh Circuit found it significant that “the system as
a whole contain[ed] a number of safeguards against detention of people who c[ould] not
afford this fee.” Id. at 851. For example, detainees had the option of “paying a county clerk
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(perhaps waiting for that office to open), paying the bond in full, or putting down property
as collateral.” Id. The court observed that “the sheriffs ha[d] a legitimate interest in
recouping some of the costs of administering the bail system,” and concluded that the
plaintiffs had not stated a claim for a deprivation of due process. Id. at 852.
The Village interprets Payton to mean that arrestees who were ultimately convicted
of a crime did not suffer any constitutional injury because “states have a legitimate interest
in transferring the costs of [that] crime from municipalities to criminals.” (Doc. 29, at 6).
From there, the Village posits that “there are a great number of potential plaintiffs” who
were convicted of their crimes and have no viable claims, which defeats the predominance
requirement. (Id.). In making this argument, the Village provides no discussion of Mathews
v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976), which established the general framework for due process
analysis. Nor does the Village explain why its particular booking fee statute provides
adequate procedural due process for individuals who were convicted of crimes. In that
regard, Payton is easily distinguishable from this case because it involved plaintiffs who
could avoid paying the administrative fee by choosing different bail options.
Here,
conversely, Plaintiff and the putative class members had no option but to pay the $30
booking fee.
The Court is not convinced that the putative class “contains a great many persons
who have suffered no injury at the hands of the defendant.” Kohen v. Pacific Inv. Mgmt.
Co., 571 F.3d 672, 677 (7th Cir. 2009). Indeed, it should be relatively easy to determine
who is eligible for inclusion in the class because each arrestee who paid a booking fee was
also issued a receipt. (Doc. 7, at 6). See also Coleman v. County of Kane, 196 F.R.D.
505, 507, 509 (N.D. Ill. 2000) (certifying “readily identifiable class” of “[a]ll persons who
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were detained at the Kane County Jail prior to January 1, 2000, and who were required to
pay an $11.00 sheriff’s processing fee to secure their release on bond.”). To the extent it
may turn out that convicted class members are not in fact entitled to relief, the Court has
broad discretion to modify the class definition as appropriate, In re Motorola Sec. Litig., 644
F.3d at 518, and the Seventh Circuit has instructed that the need for “separate proceedings
of some character” does “not defeat class treatment of the question whether [the Village]
violated [the law].” Carnegie v. Household Int’l, Inc., 376 F.3d 656, 661 (7th Cir. 2004).
See also Randolph, 254 F.R.D. at 519.
In sum, Plaintiff has demonstrated that common issues predominate in this case for
purposes of Rule 23(b)(3).
B.
Superiority
Rule 23(b)(3) also requires that a class action be “superior to other available
methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” In re Aqua Dots Prods.
Liability Litig., 654 F.3d 748, 751 (7th Cir. 2011). Courts have found that “[a] class action
is superior where potential damages may be too insignificant to provide class members with
incentive to pursue a claim individually.” Streeter v. Sheriff of Cook County, 256 F.R.D.
609, 614 (N.D. Ill. 2009) (quoting Herkert v. MRC Receivables Corp., 254 F.R.D. 344, 35253 (N.D. Ill. 2008)). The amount of damages at stake here is extremely small – around $30
per class member – making this case particularly well-suited for class treatment. The
Village does not challenge this element of Plaintiff’s certification case, and the Court finds
that a class action is superior to other methods of adjudicating the putative plaintiffs’ claims.
See, e.g., Coleman, 196 F.R.D. at 509 (class action was superior for plaintiffs who were
required to pay a nonrefundable fee to secure pretrial release where they were “unlikely,
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and probably unable, to pursue individual claims of $11,” and “a class action will prevent
duplicative trials and promote efficiency of resources.”).
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, Plaintiff’s Motion for Class Certification [6] is granted.
ENTER:
Dated: December 16, 2011
_______________________________
SHEILA FINNEGAN
United States Magistrate Judge
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