Healey et al v. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers et al
Filing
111
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER signed by the Honorable Matthew F. Kennelly on 8/22/2013: As described in the accompanying decision, the Court grants plaintiffs' motion for class certification in part and denies it in part [docket no. 77]. The Co urt declines to certify a Rule 23(b)(2) class. The Court certifies, pursuant to Rule 23(b)(3), a class consisting of all Local 134 members who were laid off by Freeman and GES between August 12, 2011 and the end of September 2011. The current named plaintiffs other than Tom O'Driscoll are appointed as class representatives, and plaintiffs' current counsel are appointed as class counsel. The case is set for a status hearing on September 4, 2013, at 9:30 a.m. The parties are directed to meet and confer to attempt to agree upon a proposed class notice. Any proposed draft notices are to be submitted to the Court by no later than August 31, 2013. (mk)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
JOSEPH HEALY, TOM O'DRISCOLL,
ALAN PORTER, JAMES B. HOWLAND,
KARL DIEDE, JIM TIMOTHY, and
JOHN RYAN, on behalf of themselves
and all others similarly situated,
Plaintiffs,
vs.
INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF
ELECTRICAL WORKERS, LOCAL UNION
NO. 134, FREEMAN ELECTRICAL, INC.,
GLOBAL EXPERIENCE SPECIALISTS,
INC., and METROPOLITAN PIER AND
EXPOSITION AUTHORITY,
Defendants.
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Case No. 11 C 8892
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
MATTHEW F. KENNELLY, District Judge:
Plaintiffs Joseph Healey, Tom O'Driscoll, Alan Porter, James B. Howland, Karl
Diede, Jim Timothy, and John Ryan have sued International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers, Local Union No. 134 (the union), Freeman Electrical, Inc., Global Experience
Specialists, Inc. (GES), and the Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority (MPEA).
They assert claims for breach of the union's collective bargaining agreement with
Freeman and GES and breach of the union's duty of fair representation. Plaintiffs also
seek a declaratory judgment that certain contracts are illegal under Illinois law.
Plaintiffs have moved pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(2) and
(b)(3) for certification of two classes. For the reasons stated below, the Court denies
plaintiffs' motion with regard to their proposed Rule 23(b)(2) class but grants the motion
with regard to their proposed Rule 23(b)(3) class.
Background
MPEA, GES, and Freeman are all parties to a collective bargaining agreement
that the union has with the Electrical Contractors' Association of the City of Chicago.
The collective bargaining agreement provides a process by which electricians are
referred to contractors for hire. The agreement provides that the union is the sole
source of referrals to contractors and that "[t]he loaning and borrowing of journeymen
between contractors shall not be tolerated." Pls.' Ex. E § 2.18.
In the referral system, electricians are placed into groups based on their
experience and skills. Within each group, electricians get priority for referrals based
upon when they signed up as available for work. Per the union's written referral hall
procedures, a contractor can place two different types of calls for electricians on the
union's "out-of-work lists": a "short call," for a position that will last less than two weeks,
and a "long call," for a position that will last longer than two weeks.
MPEA is a local government entity that owns and operates Navy Pier and
McCormick Place, a convention center. Prior to 2011, the union's referral hall allowed
MPEA to place a third type of call not documented in the union's written referral
procedures, referred to as a "McCormick Place call" or a "show call." Foley Dep. at 8.
The length of the show call was generally defined by the length of the particular
McCormick Place trade show. Over the years, however, McCormick Place began
asking particular electricians with demonstrated trade show skills to remain on call
beyond the length of their show calls. This group of electricians became known as the
2
"McCormick Place Pool" or "the pool."
In 2009, the sponsors of a number of conventions that previously had been held
at McCormick Place announced that they would not return because union work rules,
electrical services, and food service costs made it uneconomical for exhibitors to use
the convention center. In response, the Illinois legislature amended the Metropolitan
Pier and Exposition Authority Act (MPEA Act) in 2010. The amended MPEA Act
provided that a convention had the right to choose an electrical contractor approved by
MPEA and that MPEA "shall not serve as the exclusive provider of electrical services."
70 ILCS 210/5.4(c)(15) & (f)(2).
Pursuant to the amended MPEA Act, MPEA began to allow Freeman and GES to
provide electrical services at McCormick Place. Freeman and GES signed the
collective bargaining agreement with the union, and in early 2011, they began winning
contracts to provide electrical services at McCormick Place.
By the spring of 2011, Freeman and GES had provided electrical services for a
number of large trade shows using electricians obtained from the union's short and long
call lists. Plaintiffs contend that MPEA struggled to compete with Freeman and GES for
bids on contracts and thus approached the two contractors about entering into new
agreements regarding their work at McCormick Place. Ultimately, the union agreed to
give Freeman and GES access to the McCormick Place Pool of electricians through a
subcontracting arrangement with MPEA. The union also indicated, however, that such
an arrangement would be possible only if Freeman and GES concurrently entered into
Interpretive Side Letters (ISLs). These letters provided that neither Freeman nor GES
could provide electrical work with its own employees at any location owned, operated,
3
or controlled by MPEA (i.e. at McCormick Place). Both Freeman and GES signed ISLs
on June 29, 2011.
Plaintiffs in this case – Freeman and GES electricians on the long and short call
lists – contend that as a result of defendants entering into the ISLs, Freeman and GES
hired only McCormick Place Pool members to perform work at McCormick Place.
Indeed, the record reflects that MPEA called the union referral hall only on occasions
when a show required more electricians than were in the pool. The defendants'
conduct, plaintiffs allege, resulted in a breach by Freeman and GES of the collective
bargaining agreement's mandate against loaning and borrowing journeymen and a
breach of the union's duty of fair representation vis-à-vis union members who were not
in the McCormick Place Pool. Plaintiffs allege that due to the defendants' conduct,
Freeman and GES laid off all of their electricians who had been doing work at
McCormick Place between August 12, 2011 and the end of September 2011.
Around November 2011, the union, MPEA, Freeman, and GES determined that
the ISLs were no longer necessary and that Freeman and GES could again place calls
to the union's referral hall to obtain electricians for their shows. Shortly thereafter, the
ISLs were rescinded. By December 2012, Freeman had ceased using McCormick
Place Pool members, and it sent a letter to MPEA indicating that it no longer intended to
use the pool. By the first quarter of 2013, the entire McCormick Place Pool was laid off.
Discussion
A party seeking class certification bears the burden of showing that the
conditions of Rule 23 are satisfied. Oshana v. Coca-Cola Co., 472 F.3d 506, 513 (7th
Cir. 2006). First, the putative plaintiff must satisfy the four prerequisites of Rule 23(a):
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the class is so numerous that joinder of all of the class members is impracticable
(numerosity); there are questions of law or fact common to the proposed class
(commonality); the class representative's claims are typical of the claims of the class
(typicality); and the representative will fairly and adequately represent the interests of
the class (adequacy of representation). Messner v. Northshore Univ. HealthSystem,
669 F.3d 802, 811 (7th Cir. 2012); Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(1)-(4). Second, the moving
party must demonstrate that the proposed class falls within one of the three categories
in Rule 23(b), which are: "(1) a mandatory class action (either because of the risk of
incompatible standards for the party opposing the class or because of the risk that the
class adjudication would, as a practical matter, either dispose of the claims of nonparties or substantially impair their interests), (2) an action seeking final injunctive or
declaratory relief, or (3) a case in which the common questions predominate and class
treatment is superior." Spano v. Boeing Co., 633 F.3d 574, 583 (7th Cir. 2011); Fed. R.
Civ. P. 23(b)(1)-(3). "Failure to meet any one of the requirements of Rule 23 precludes
certification of a class." Harriston v. Chi. Tribune Co., 992 F.2d 697, 703 (7th Cir. 1993)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
Plaintiffs have moved to certify two classes. First, they request certification of a
class under Rule 23(b)(2) consisting of "all Local 134 members who were on the 'out-ofwork lists' at the Local 134 referral hall at any time between August 12, 2011 and the
present." Pls.' Mot. to Certify Class at 3 (dkt. no. 94). Second, plaintiffs request
certification of a class under Rule 23(b)(3) consisting of "all Local 134 members who
were laid off by Freeman and GES between August 12, 2011 and the end of September
2011." Id.
5
1.
Rule 23(b)(2) class
Rule 23(b)(2) provides that class certification is available if "the party opposing
the class has acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so
that final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting
the class as a whole." Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(2). A request for such injunctive relief,
however, is rendered moot when "there is no reasonable expectation that the wrong will
be repeated." Milwaukee Police Ass'n v. Jones, 192 F.3d 742, 747 (7th Cir. 1999)
(internal quotation marks omitted). "The necessary determination is that there exists
some cognizable danger of recurrent violation, something more than the mere
possibility." Nelson v. Miller, 570 F.3d 868, 882 (7th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
In this case, plaintiffs concede that defendants rescinded the ISLs, stopped using
the McCormick Place Pool, and have laid off all of the electricians in that pool. The
record further shows that Freeman and GES are currently providing electrical services
at trade shows using electricians obtained through the union's referral hall. Thus the
practice that plaintiffs challenge was discontinued, and the pool in question no longer
exists. Plaintiffs nevertheless contend that their request for injunctive relief is not moot
because "[d]efendants still defend the legality of the ISLs." Pls.' Reply Br. at 12. The
fact that defendants are defending this suit, however, does not suggest that they intend
to revive the ISLs. The contention that defendants would do so is entirely speculative,
which is insufficient to defeat defendants' argument that the claim for injunctive relief is
moot. Nelson, 570 F.3d at 882 (the fact that it is "theoretically possible" that the
defendant will resume the allegedly unlawful conduct after the litigation concludes does
6
not defeat mootness where that possibility is based on "speculation and not evidence.").
Because there is no reasonable expectation that defendants' alleged illegal practices
are likely to recur, there is no basis to certify plaintiffs' proposed Rule 23(b)(2) class.
2.
Rule 23(b)(3) class
A proposed class satisfies Rule 23(b)(3) if "the questions of law or fact common
to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members,
and . . . a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently
adjudicating the controversy." Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). Defendants contend that
plaintiffs have not satisfied any of the prerequisites of Rule 23(a) or the predominance
and superiority requirements of Rule 23(b)(3). The Court addresses each argument in
turn.
a.
Commonality and typicality
Defendants contend that plaintiffs have failed to show that there are questions of
law or fact common to the class. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(2). Relying on the Supreme
Court's decision in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 131 S. Ct. 2541 (2011), the Seventh
Circuit has explained that in order to show commonality, a plaintiff must demonstrate
that the class members all "suffered the same injury." Jamie S. v. Milwaukee Pub. Sch.,
668 F.3d 481, 497 (7th Cir. 2012) (citing Wal-Mart Stores, 131 S. Ct. at 2551); Bolden v.
Walsh Const. Co., 688 F.3d 893, 896 (7th Cir. 2012). "[S]uperficial common questions
– like whether . . . each class member suffered a violation of the same provision of law –
are not enough." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Rather, class claims must
depend on a common contention that is capable of classwide resolution, "which means
that determination of its truth or falsity will resolve an issue that is central to the validity
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of each one of the claims in one stroke." Wal-Mart Stores, 131 S. Ct. at 2551.
The evidence presented to the Court indicates that defendants engaged in a
standardized course of conduct pursuant to the ISLs, borrowing electricians from the
McCormick Place Pool rather than obtaining them through the union referral hall, and
that this conduct resulted in laying off all members of the proposed class. The legality
of this practice, which is central to the validity of each of the class members' claims, can
in fact be resolved "in one stroke." This distinguishes the case from Wal-Mart Stores,
where the Supreme Court found that the proposed class lacked commonality. Wal-Mart
Stores concerned employment decisions made by local supervisors who were given
discretion to evaluate employees. As the Supreme Court noted, this was "just the
opposite of a uniform employment practice." Id. at 2554. Here, by contrast, the ISLs
required (or enabled) defendants to engage in a single allegedly unlawful practice –
hiring only McCormick Place Pool members. The legality of this alleged practice is a
key outcome-determinative issue. Unlike in, for example, Wal-Mart Stores and Bolden,
the challenged policy or practice is reasonably concrete and liability-determinative on its
own terms, without the need to delve into how it was used or applied to individual
workers. In addition, the members of the proposed class have all suffered the same
injury, specifically, the denial of work at McCormick Place because they were not part of
the McCormick Place Pool. For these reasons, plaintiffs have met the commonality
requirement.
Defendants nevertheless argue that commonality is lacking because (1) Freeman
had plans to lay off a portion of its employees irrespective of whether it signed ISLs; and
(2) the proposed class members who were longstanding pool members could not have
8
suffered an injury from an alleged breach of the union's duty of fair representation
because they were aware of and benefitted from the system they now contend was
improper. The Court disagrees. With respect to defendants' first argument, Freeman's
director of electrical services admitted in his deposition that entering into the ISLs
required Freeman to lay off its employees. Felton Dep. at 65, 81. The evidence before
the Court thus indicates that the employees who supposedly would have been laid off
anyway did suffer the same harm as the rest of the class because of defendants' use of
the pool pursuant to the ISLs. With respect to defendants' second argument,
defendants say that class representatives O'Driscoll, Howland, and Timothy were all
pool members for varying periods of time between 1987 and 2009 and thus could not
have suffered from the union's alleged breach of its duty of fair representation. But
these three plaintiffs were only McCormick Place Pool members prior to the legislature's
amendment of the MPEA Act in 2010. And the claims of the proposed class are based
on a practice and injuries that allegedly occurred only after the legislature amended the
MPEA Act that year. Thus whether particular class representatives may have benefitted
from the use of the pool in earlier years would appear to be immaterial.
Defendants also argue that plaintiffs have not established typicality. The
typicality requirement focuses on "'whether the named representatives' claims have the
same essential characteristics as the claims of the class at large.'" Muro v. Target
Corp., 580 F.3d 485, 492 (7th Cir. 2009) (citing De La Fuente v. Stokely-Van Camp,
Inc., 713 F.2d 225, 232 (7th Cir. 1983)). The proposed class representatives' claims
meet this requirement if they "arise[ ] from the same event or practice or course of
conduct that gives rise the claims of the other class members and . . . [are] based on
9
the same legal theory." Id. (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted).
Defendants advance the same argument regarding typicality as they do
regarding commonality. As discussed above, however, plaintiffs have provided
evidence of uniform conduct pursuant to the ISLs that caused all of the proposed class
members' injuries. Freeman admitted that it laid off electricians because it entered into
ISLs, and O'Driscoll, Howland, and Timothy's claims, like those of the proposed class,
all concern defendants' conduct that occurred after the MPEA Act was amended. The
Court therefore finds that the proposed class satisfies the typicality requirement as well.
b.
Numerosity
Defendants also contend that plaintiffs have not met the numerosity requirement
of Rule 23(a)(1) with respect to plaintiffs' putative (b)(3) class. As indicated above, Rule
23(a)(1) requires that the class be so numerous that joinder of all members is
impracticable. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(1). There is no bright-line test for numerosity, but
courts have found that a class of forty is, or at least can be, sufficiently large to satisfy
Rule 23(a)(1). See Pruitt v. City of Chicago, 472 F.3d 925, 926-27 (7th Cir. 2006)
("Sometimes even 40 plaintiffs would be unmanageable."); Shields v. Local 705, Int'l
Bhd. of Teamsters Pension Plan, 188 F.3d 895, 897 (7th Cir. 1999) (noting that class
consisted of class representative "and 35 other[s]"); Swanson v. Am. Consumer Indus.,
Inc., 415 F.2d 1326, 1333 n. 9 (7th Cir. 1969) (even forty members could be sufficiently
large to satisfy numerosity); Hinman v. M and M Rental Cent., Inc., 545 F. Supp. 2d
802, 805 (N.D. Ill. 2008) ("[A] class of forty is generally sufficient to satisfy Rule
23(a)(1)."). In addition to considering the size of the proposed class, courts take into
account other factors in determining whether joinder is impracticable. These factors
10
include judicial economy, the ability of class members to initiate individual suits,
geographic dispersion of the putative class, and the practicability of relitigating a
common core of issues. See, e.g., Sorensen v. CHT Corp., Nos. 03 C 1609 & 03 C
7362, 2004 WL 442638, at *8 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 10, 2004).
The putative Rule 23(b)(3) class in plaintiffs' case consists of at least forty
members.1 As discussed above, this number is sufficiently large to satisfy the
numerosity requirement. See 1 William B. Rubenstein & Alba Conte, Newberg on Class
Actions § 3.15 at 3-25 (5th ed. 2013) (suggesting that any class consisting of more than
forty members "raises a presumption of impracticability of joinder based on numbers
alone").
Defendants contend, however, that joinder is not impracticable because plaintiffs
have already identified the proposed class members, and members have organized a
formal group (called Fair Play at MPEA) designed to remedy the alleged harms
described in plaintiffs' complaint. Although the proposed class is not geographically
dispersed and at least some proposed class members may well be identifiable through
their membership in Fair Play at MPEA, the size of the class, the interest of judicial
economy, and the impracticability of relitigating the same issues weigh heavily in favor
of class certification. All of the proposed class members in this case lost their job within
the same, relatively compact time frame, due to the same alleged conduct by the
defendants. To determine liability for forty for more individuals on a person-by-person
basis when the underlying facts and issues are essentially the same would be an
1
The Court rejects defendants' contention that it should view Freeman and GES workers as two
separate classes. Defendants have offered no basis to believe that their liability would turn on
their individual circumstances or on when each entered into its particular ISL and began the
challenged practice. Timing may affect damages, but defendants have not tried to explain how
it would affect liability.
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ineffective use of judicial resources, as well as highly impracticable. As such, the Court
finds that plaintiffs have met the numerosity requirement.
c.
Adequacy of representation
Rule 23(a)(4) requires that the named plaintiffs fairly and adequately represent
the class as a whole. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(4). To evaluate whether plaintiffs have
fulfilled this criterion, the Court looks at both "the adequacy of the named plaintiffs as
representatives of the proposed class's myriad members, with their differing and
separate interests, and . . . the adequacy of the proposed class counsel." Gomez v. St.
Vincent Health, Inc., 649 F.3d 583, 592 (7th Cir. 2011). "A class is not fairly and
adequately represented if class members have antagonistic or conflicting claims."
Rosario v. Livaditis, 963 F.2d 1013, 1018 (7th Cir. 1992).
Defendants do not dispute plaintiffs' contention that their lawyers are adequate to
serve as class counsel. Plaintiffs' attorneys have substantial class action experience
and have obtained multi-million dollar recoveries for classes they have represented.
The Court has no doubt that plaintiffs' attorneys will be able to litigate the case fairly and
adequately on behalf of the proposed class.
Defendants do dispute, however, that Timothy, Howland, and O'Driscoll (three of
the seven proposed class representatives) are adequate class representatives. First,
defendants argue that all three of these plaintiffs are former pool members and that this
places them at odds with the unnamed class members who were not pool members.
But, as discussed earlier, Timothy, Howland, and O'Driscoll were not members of the
McCormick Place Pool during the relevant period, namely, after the MPEA Act was
amended and the ISLs were implemented. There is, in fact, no conflict along the lines
12
defendants claim.
Defendants also contend that O'Driscoll failed to mitigate his alleged damages
after being laid off from Freeman in August 2011 and is therefore "antagonistic as a
representative." Defs.' Resp. Br. at 21. The Seventh Circuit has stated that a plaintiff
may be an inadequate class representative if he is subject to a defense not applicable
to the class as a whole. See CE Design Ltd. v. King Architectural Metals, Inc., 637 F.3d
721, 726 (7th Cir. 2011).
O'Driscoll testified during his deposition that after he was laid off, he passed up
short calls because his dues were delinquent; he missed calls because he "wasn't
paying attention"; and he did not need to look for work because he was living with
relatives rent-free. O'Driscoll Dep. at 54-56. O'Driscoll's alleged failure to mitigate is
not a defense to liability, but it could affect the amount of damages he would recover.
Because the Court is certifying a liability-and-damages class, and because there are
other available class representatives, out of an abundance of caution the Court
concludes that O'Driscoll is a less-than-adequate class representative and thus will not
accord him representative status. No similar concerns or individualized issues have
been asserted, however, regarding the other proposed class representatives, and the
Court finds that all of them meet the adequacy of representation standard.
d.
Rule 23(b)(3)
To certify a Rule 23(b)(3) class, a plaintiff must show that "questions of law or
fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual
members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and
efficiently adjudicating the controversy" Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). The following factors
13
are relevant in making these determinations: (1) "the class members' interests in
individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions"; (2) "the extent
and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already begun by or against
class members"; (3) "the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the
claims in the particular forum"; and (4) "the likely difficulties in managing a class action."
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3)(A)-(D).
i.
Predominance
Rule 23(b)(3)'s predominance criterion is more demanding than Rule 23(a)'s
commonality requirement. Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 623-24
(1997). The issue for Rule 23(b)(3) purposes is not whether there are individual issues
– there are some individual issues in virtually every situation in which class certification
is sought – but rather whether common issues predominate over any individual issues.
In particular, the need for individual damages determinations does not, by itself, defeat
class certification under Rule 23(b)(3). Arreola v. Godinez, 546 F.3d 788, 801 (7th Cir.
2008); see also 2 William B. Rubenstein & Alba Conte, Newberg on Class Actions §
4.54 (5th ed. 2013) ("Courts in every circuit have therefore uniformly held that the
23(b)(3) predominance requirement is satisfied despite the need to make individualized
damage determinations.").
Defendants contend that the "test for predominance dramatically changed" with
the Supreme Court's decision in Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, 133 S. Ct. 1426 (2013),
and that as a result, the common questions in this case do not predominate due to
variations in damages among class members. In the Court's view, however, Comcast
does not come close to saying, as defendants suggest, that a class cannot be certified
14
whenever there are variations among class members' damages.
The district court in Comcast certified a liability-and-damages class composed of
more than two million current and former Comcast subscribers who sought damages for
alleged violations of federal antitrust laws. Comcast, 133 S. Ct. at 1429-31. The
plaintiffs proposed four different theories of antitrust impact (and thus damages), but the
district court ruled that only one could be proven in a manner common to all class
members. Id. at 1430-31. The plaintiffs' expert, however, had calculated damages for
the class using a model that encompassed all four theories and did not isolate the
damages resulting from the single theory of antitrust impact that the district court had
found appropriate. In short, there turned out to be no evidence regarding how damages
actually would be calculated given the court's ruling, and thus no assurance that
damages could be measured without complicated individual calculations for each of the
two million-plus class members. Despite this, the district court certified a class, and the
Third Circuit affirmed.
The Supreme Court reversed, in a decision that it described as turning "on the
straightforward application of class-certification principles." Id. at 1433. The Court
noted that the plaintiffs relied on a damages model that "did not isolate damages
resulting from any one theory of antitrust impact." Id. at 1431. Because the plaintiffs
would be entitled to damages resulting only from the liability theory the district court had
found legally permissible, however, the Court said that any model supporting plaintiffs'
damage case "must be consistent with its liability case." Id. at 1433 (internal quotation
marks omitted). The Court also rejected plaintiffs' "assurance[s]" that complicated
individual calculations would not be required. In this regard, the Court provided an
15
illustration of how damages might differ among class members and noted that "[t]he
permutations involving four theories of liability and 2 million subscribers located in 16
counties are nearly endless." Id. at 1434-35. For this reason, and due to plaintiffs'
failure to offer a damages model that matched the theory of liability on which they would
be proceeding, the Court said that "Rule 23(b)(3) cannot authorize treating subscribers .
. . as members of a single class." Id. at 1435. In a footnote, the Court added that even
if plaintiffs' expert's damage model had been confined to the single authorized theory of
antitrust impact, "it still would not have established the requisite commonality of
damages" unless it plausibly showed that the impact would have been the same from
county to county or that any county-to-county differences would be irrelevant to the
amount of overcharging (i.e. damages). Id. at 1435 n.6.
Defendants appear to read Comcast to say that a Rule 23(b)(3) class can be
certified only if damages can be determined according to a single formula. One
searches in vain, however, for any such statement or suggestion in the Supreme Court's
decision. Nor does the Court understand Comcast to mean that a Rule 23(b)(3) class is
inappropriate whenever damages may differ among class members. When the
Supreme Court said that the plaintiffs in Comcast had failed to show that damages were
"capable of measurement on a classwide basis" and that as a result, "[q]uestions of
individual damage calculations will inevitably overwhelm questions common to the
class," id. at 1433, the Court was making a Rule 23(b)(3) predominance determination
in a case involving a two million member class. The question of whether individual
damages issue predominate over other common issues is necessarily dependent on
(perhaps among other things) the size of the class and the nature of the damage
16
calculation.
Johnson v. Meriter Health Servs. Emp. Ret. Plan, 702 F.3d 364 (7th Cir. 2012),
which defendants cite on the predominance issue, involved a Rule 23(b)(2) class, not a
Rule 23(b)(3) class. The Seventh Circuit's statement in that case that the district court
properly could award damages only if "the calculation of monetary relief will be
mechanical, formulaic, a task not for a trier of fact but for a computer program," id. at
372, concerned only whether "incidental" damages properly could be awarded in a Rule
23(b)(2) class action, not Rule 23(b)(3). Espenscheid v. DirectSat USA, LLC, 705 F.3d
770 (7th Cir. 2013), also cited by defendants, somewhat loosely quoted Johnson in the
context of a Rule 23(b)(3) class certification issue, but it did so in a context involving
whether the need for "2341 separate evidentiary hearings" on damages meant that
individual issues predominated over common issues, which they obviously did in that
context. Neither case stands for the proposition that certification of a Rule 23(b)(3)
liability-and-damages class is per se inappropriate unless damages will be calculated
pursuant to a "mechanical formula." Though the same question – whether common
issues predominate over individual issues – must be asked in every case, the answer
can and will differ from case to case.
In the present case, it is unlikely that damages can be determined on an
overarching, class-wide basis or based on a single formula. Though it is true, as
plaintiffs contend, that "[a]ll class members work for standard wages regulated by
collective bargaining agreements, and their hours are tracked by their union," Pls.'
Reply Br. at 10, that does not mean that calculation of class members' damages will be
mechanical. A particular class member's damages likely will be based on how much
17
work he lost as a result of defendants' conduct, and the odds are that this will differ from
class member to class member. In addition, as plaintiffs effectively concede, some
plaintiffs' damages (like O'Driscoll's) will vary based on whether they did or did not
mitigate their damages.
As the Court has stated, however, the question is not whether there are
individual issues; it is whether such issues predominate over common issues. The
proposed class in this case is not a two million member class as in Comcast, or
anything close to it. Rather, it is a class with around forty members. That fact has a
significant bearing on the predominance issue. With this in mind, and because some
damages-related issues are in fact common (e.g., the wage rate), it defies credulity to
contend, as defendants do, that calculation of individual damages will predominate over
the common issues concerning liability. Rather, the opposite is true. In this particular
case, the common issues concerning liability significantly predominate over any
individual damages issues. The Court finds that plaintiffs have met the predominance
requirement of Rule 23(b)(3).
The Court notes that were it to have concluded otherwise, it would not have
denied class certification altogether. Rather, the Court would have certified a liabilityonly class, as Rule 23 expressly permits. Specifically, Rule 23(c)(4) provides that
"[w]hen appropriate, an action may be brought or maintained as a class action with
respect to particular issues." See also, e.g., Comcast, 133 S. Ct. at 1437 n. *
(Ginsburg, J. and Breyer, J., dissenting) ("A class may be certified for liability purposes
only, leaving individual damages calculations to subsequent proceedings."); see also
Wallace B. Roderick Revocable Living Trust v. XTO Energy, Inc., No. 1203176, 2013
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WL 3389469, at *6 (10th Cir. July 9, 2013) (noting that after Comcast, class certification
under Rule 23(c)(4) remains one way "to preserve the class action model in the face of
individualized damages"). The Seventh Circuit's decision in Arreola supports this
approach. Arreola, 546 F.3d at 800-01. In that case, this Court had expressed
skepticism about the plaintiff's ability to satisfy the predominance requirement for
certifying a 23(b)(3) class in a case involving damages yet had not made a definitive
decision granting or denying certification of such a class. As a result, the Seventh
Circuit was unable to assess whether the plaintiff's case was suitable for (b)(3) class
treatment. Nevertheless, in remanding the case, the Seventh Circuit explained that
district judges can devise alternative solutions to deal with varying damages among
class members so long as substantial common issues predominate. Id. at 800-01. The
court highlighted Rule 23(c)(1)(B), which authorizes the class treatment of "claims" as
well as "issues." Id. at 800. It concluded that the need for individual damages
determinations would not by itself require denial of class certification. Id. at 801. The
Seventh Circuit's treatment of this issue is consistent with decision in other cases in
which the court has repeatedly opined that the need to determine individual issues of
damages does not detract from the efficiency of conducting a class trial on common
issues key to resolving the case. See, e.g., Pella Corp. v. Saltzman, 606 F.3d 391, 394
(7th Cir. 2010) ("A district court has the discretion to split a case by certifying a class for
some issues, but not others, or by certifying a class for liability alone where damages or
causation may require individualized assessments"); In re Allstate Ins. Co., 400 F.3d
505, 508 (7th Cir. 2005); Carnegie v. Household Int'l, Inc., 376 F.3d 656, 661, 663 (7th
Cir. 2004). See also Schleicher v. Wendt, 618 F.3d 679, 685 (7th Cir. 2010) ("The
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possibility that individual hearings will be required for some plaintiffs to establish
damages does not preclude certification."). In short, were the Court to decline to certify
a liability-and-damages class, it would still certify a class, but for liability purposes only.
ii.
Superiority
The Court finds a class action is superior to other methods of adjudicating the
proposed Rule 23(b)(3) class members' claims. There does not appear to be any
conflicting interest in controlling the litigation on the part of other members in the class,
and the Court is aware of no other litigation that has already been commenced
regarding this controversy. Moreover, given the number of plaintiffs in this suit and the
similarity of their claims, disposition by way of a class action represents an efficient use
of judicial resources. See Hinman, 545 F. Supp. 2d at 807. Although there will be
individualized damages issues, there is no reason to believe, based on the record
presented to the Court, that determination of these issues will require much, if any,
heavy lifting. Rather, it is much more likely that if the case reaches that point,
determination of damages will become a relatively simple task that can be dealt with via
a special master, or even by mediation. For these reasons, the Court finds that plaintiffs
have satisfied the superiority requirement of Rule 23(b)(3).
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants plaintiffs' motion for class certification
in part and denies it in part [docket no. 77]. The Court declines to certify a Rule 23(b)(2)
class. The Court certifies, pursuant to Rule 23(b)(3), a class consisting of all Local 134
members who were laid off by Freeman and GES between August 12, 2011 and the
end of September 2011. The current named plaintiffs other than Tom O'Driscoll are
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appointed as class representatives, and plaintiffs' current counsel are appointed as
class counsel. The case is set for a status hearing on September 4, 2013, at 9:30 a.m.
The parties are directed to meet and confer to attempt to agree upon a proposed class
notice. Any proposed draft notices are to be submitted to the Court by no later than
August 31, 2013.
MATTHEW F. KENNELLY
United States District Judge
Date: August 22, 2013
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