Guaranteed Rate, Inc. v. Barr et al

Filing 141

MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order Signed by the Honorable Virginia M. Kendall on 12/12/2012.Advised in open court notice(tsa, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION

GUARANTEED RATE, INC.,
Plaintiff,
v.
WARREN BARR, ANTHONY LUPESCO, 13TH &
STATE, LLC, RENAISSANT DEVELOPMENT
GROUP, LLC, RENAISSANT MANAGEMENT
GROUP, INC., RICHARD BORKOWSKI, JOHN
BORKOWSKI, EDWARD BORKOWSKI, RJE
INVESTMENTS, LLC, JIM CARROL, VASILE SAVA,
GLOBAL FINANCING INVESTMENTS, CORP., ASIF
ASLAM, ASLAM GROUP, INC, JEFFERY BUDZIK,
BUDZIK & DYNIA, LLC, TRACY CAGALA,
STEWART TITLE GUARANTY COMPANY,
ROBERT LATTAS, LATTAS LAW, LLC, a/k/a the
LAW OFFICES OF ROBERT D. LATTAS, HYUN
SOOK KIM, ABDUR RAHMAN, IQBAL WASEEM,
MICHELLE DRUSKA, ROBERT J. JILEK and
SOUTHWEST APPRAISAL & CONSULTING, INC.,
Defendants.

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) No. 12 C 5362
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) Judge Virginia M. Kendall
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MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Guaranteed Rate, Inc. (“Guaranteed Rate”) filed this suit against twenty-six
individuals and entities (collectively “Defendants”), alleging that Defendants conspired to defraud
Guaranteed Rate in connection with the sale of real estate at a condominium development in
Chicago, Illinois, known as Vision on State (“the Development”). Specifically, Guaranteed Rate
alleges Defendants artificially inflated sale prices of units in the Development, recruited straw buyers
to fraudulently obtain financing from Guaranteed Rate, provided the straw buyers’ down payments,
and hired a real estate appraiser to prepare materially inaccurate appraisals as part of a scheme to

eliminate the personal liability of several defendants under personal guaranties executed in
connection with the construction loan used to finance the Development.
Defendants Robert D. Lattas and Lattas Law, LLC d/b/a Law Office of Robert D. Lattas
(collectively “Lattas”) served as counsel for Defendant 13th & State, LLC (“13th & State”), the seller
of the condominium units in the Development. Defendants RJE Investments, LLC, Richard
Borkowski, John Borkowski, and Edward Borkowski (collectively “the RJE Defendants”) are
members of 13th & State. Defendant Warren Barr (“Barr”) is a real estate developer in Illinois and
owner of entity Defendants Renaissant Development Group, LLC, and Renaissant Management
Group, Inc. (collectively “Renaissant”). Lattas and the RJE Defendants move separately to dismiss
Count I of Guaranteed Rate’s Amended Complaint. Additionally, Barr moves to set aside the Order
of Default entered against him on October 30, 2012,1 and various Defendants, including Lattas and
the RJE Defendants, move to dismiss the state law claims asserted against them.2 For the reasons
stated below, Lattas and the RJE Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss Count I are granted, and Count
I of Guaranteed Rate’s Amended Complaint is dismissed in its entirety. As Count I represents the
sole basis for this Court’s federal jurisdiction, the Court relinquishes jurisdiction over the remaining
state law claims asserted in Counts II through XX of the Amended Complaint. The Court chooses

1

Although Barr’s Motion is titled, “Motion for Leave to Appear, Vacate Default and for Extension of Time to
Answer,” which suggests Barr is moving under Rule 60(b) to have a default judgment vacated, the substantive arguments
in the Motion make clear that Barr is in fact moving under Rule 55(c) to set aside the Court’s entry of an Order of
Default. Additionally, Barr has attached a Motion to Dismiss to his Reply Brief in support of his Motion to Vacate. (Dkt.
No. 131 Ex. 2.) However, Barr’s Motion to Dismiss is not properly before the Court at this time because the Order of
Default entered against Barr has not been vacated or set aside.
2

Specifically, Defendant Barr moves to dismiss Count II and IX; Defendant Hyun Soon Kim moves to dismiss
Counts III and IX; Defendant Lupescu moves to dismiss Counts VI, IX, X, and XI; Defendant Lattas moves to dismiss
Count VIII and IX; the RJE Defendants move to dismiss Count IX; Defendants Stewart Title Guaranty Company and
Tracy Cagala move to dismiss Count XIX; Defendants Jeffrey Budzik and Budzik & Dynia, LLC move to dismiss the
Amended Complaint in its entirety and separately argue for the dismissal of Counts IX and XX; and Defendants Robert
J. Jilek and Southwest Appraisal and Consulting, Inc. move to dismiss the Amended Complaint in its entirety.

2

to not exercise its supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims and therefore the
motions to dismiss state law claims are therefore denied for lack of jurisdiction, and Guaranteed
Rate’s Amended Complaint is dismissed in its entirety and must be brought in the state court. Barr’s
motion to set aside the Court’s Order of Default is also granted.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
The following facts are taken from Guaranteed Rate’s Amended Complaint and are assumed
to be true for the purposes of this Motion to Dismiss. See Voelker v. Porsche Cars North America,
Inc., 353 F.3d 516, 520 (7th Cir. 2003). All reasonable inferences are drawn in favor of Guaranteed
Rate, the non-moving party. See Killingsworth v. HSBC Bank, 507 F.3d 614, 618 (7th Cir. 2007)
(citing Savory v. Lyons, 469 F.3d 667, 670 (7th Cir. 2006)).
I.

The Development

On or about September 30, 2005, Defendant 13th & State, LLC (“13th & State”) obtained a
construction loan (“the Loan”) in the amount of $55,725,130 from IndyMac Bank, F.S.B. (“the
Bank”) to construct the Vision on State Development at 1255 S. State Street in Chicago, Illinois. (Pl.
Am. Complaint, ¶ 33.) Defendants Warren Barr, Jim Carrol, Richard Borkowski, John Borkowski,
and Edward Borkowski (collectively, “the Guarantor Defendants”) each executed a personal
guaranty in favor of the Bank as security for the Loan. (Id. ¶ 34.) As of November 30, 2007, 180
residential units in the Development had been sold or were under contract. (Id. ¶ 37.) Seventy-three
units remained unsold (“the Unsold Units”), leaving the Guarantor Defendants exposed to millions
of dollars in personal liability. (Id.)

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II.

The Alleged Scheme

In November of 2007, the Guarantor Defendants, Lattas, and Defendant Asif Aslam
(“Aslam”) devised a scheme to sell Unsold Units in the Development by recruiting straw buyers to
purchase the units at artificially inflated prices (Id. ¶¶ 39–40.) The excess revenue generated by
selling the Unsold Units was to be funneled to Aslam and Defendant Aslam Group, Inc. (“Aslam
Group”), and used to provide illegal incentives for the would-be buyers, including supplying the
buyers’ down payments, mortgage payments, and homeowner’s association assessments. (Id. ¶¶
41–42.)
In early December of 2007, the Guarantor Defendants approached Defendants Global
Financing Investments, Corp., and its owner, Vasile Sava (collectively, “GFI”), to have the Unsold
Units relisted at inflated prices predetermined by the Guarantor Defendants and Aslam. (Id. ¶ 46.)
On December 9, 2007, GFI, at the direction of and in cooperation with the Guarantor Defendants,
Aslam, and Lattas, delisted the 73 Unsold Units from the Multiple Listing Service (“the MLS”), a
service used by real estate professionals to market properties for sale. (Id. ¶ 47.) In January of 2008,
the Guarantor Defendants caused 13th & State to enter a contract with Aslam Group, wherein Aslam
agreed to recruit straw buyers to purchase the Unsold Units at inflated prices. (Id. ¶ 49.) Barr and
Aslam discussed the scheme with Defendants Anthony Lupescu (“Lupescu”), Jeffrey Budzik
(“Budzik”), and Lattas, at various meetings in January and February of 2008. (Id. ¶¶ 50–52.) On or
about January 18, 2008, GFI relisted the Unsold Units on the MLS at the prices set by the Guarantor
Defendants. (Id. ¶ 53.) Defendant Robert J. Jilek (“Jilek”), an employee of Southwest Appraisal &
Consulting, Inc., (“Southwest Appraisal”), provided materially inaccurate appraisals for the Unsold
Units. (Id. ¶ 59.)
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III.

Guaranteed Rate’s Loans

Guaranteed Rate funded the purchase of three Unsold Units in the Development, Unit #’s
617, 1913, and 701. (Id. ¶ 57.) These units were sold to Defendants Hyun Sook Kim (“Kim”) (Unit
# 617), Abdur Rahman (“Rahman”) (Unit # 1913), and Iqbal Waseem (“Waseem”) (Unit # 701)
(collectively, “the Buyers”) (Id. ¶¶ 65, 91, 115.) Lupescu, Guaranteed Rate’s Vice President of
Mortgage Lending, was responsible for collecting information concerning whether the Buyers were
going to reside in the units they sought to purchase, as well as information concerning the Buyers’
assets, liabilities, income, down payments, and other financial information. (Id. ¶¶ 144, 147.)
Lupescu was also responsible for originating the loans, collecting borrower information, arranging
appraisals, and ensuring all information necessary for the loans was accurate. (Id. ¶¶ 144–45.)
Defendant Michelle Druska (“Druska”), whom Guaranteed Rate hired as a mortgage consultant, was
responsible for insuring the information collected by Lupescu was true and accurate. (Id. ¶¶ 146–48.)
Guaranteed Rate also relied on Lupescu to retain a licensed appraiser to determine whether
the properties being purchased by the Buyers were adequate collateral to secure its loans. (Id. ¶¶
156–57.) Lupescu retained Jilek of Southwest Appraisal to conduct an appraisal and provide an
appraisal report for each Unsold Unit sold to the Buyers. (Id. ¶ 158.) In furtherance of the conspiracy
and scheme to defraud Guaranteed Rate, Lupescu and Jilek agreed that Jilek’s appraisal reports for
Unsold Unit #’s 617, 1913, and 701 would reflect appraised values equal to or slightly higher than
the purchase prices identified in the purchase contracts for those units. (Id. ¶¶ 158–59.) Jilek
conducted appraisals of Unsold Unit #’s 701, 1913, and 617 on February 28, March 6, March 14,
2008, respectively. (Id. ¶¶ 160, 170, 179.) For each appraisal, Jilek prepared a written appraisal
report containing false statements and misrepresentations that induced Guaranteed Rate into lending
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to the Buyers. (Id. ¶¶ 161, 164, 171, 174, 180, 183.) Guaranteed Rate alleges Jilek was aware the
statements contained within his appraisal reports were false and that Jilek intended for Guaranteed
Rate to rely on them. (Id. ¶¶ 168, 177, 186.)
In January, 2008, 13th & State, by and through its agent and alter ego, Warren Barr, executed
sales contracts on Unsold Unit #’s 617, 1913, and 701. (Id. ¶¶ 188, 193, 195, 197.) In each instance,
Barr was aware the Buyers had not provided $1,000 in earnest money in accordance with the
contracts. (Id. ¶ 192.) After the loans were funded, 13th & State and Barr provided Aslam and Aslam
Group with fees totaling $226,793.12 in connection with the sale of Unsold Unit #’s 617, 701, and
1913. (Id. ¶ 211.) 13th & State concealed the payment of these fees by intentionally failing to
disclose them in the Buyers’ HUD-1 Settlement Statements (“the HUD-1 Forms”). (Id. ¶ 212.)
Guaranteed Rate relied on the statements contained within the sales contracts and the HUD-1 Forms
when it extended loans to the Buyers. (Id. ¶¶ 203, 213.)
IV.

The Buyers’ Misrepresentations at Closing

The closings for Waseem’s purchase of Unsold Unit # 701 and Rahman’s purchase of Unsold
Unit # 1913 occurred on March 13, 2008 (Id. ¶¶ 102, 126) The closing for Kim’s purchase of
Unsold Unit # 617 took place on May 2, 2008. (Id. ¶ 82.) The Buyers represented in their loan
applications that the units would be occupied as principal residences and that they would provide a
10% down payment toward their purchase. (Id. ¶¶ 70, 95, 119.) Also, at their respective closings,
the Buyers executed Occupancy and Financial Status Affidavits (“the Occupancy Affidavits”)
swearing that within 60 days of the closing date, they would occupy the purchased unit as their
principal residences and would continue to do so for a period of one year. (Id. ¶¶ 82, 108, 136.)
Based on these representations, Guaranteed Rate structured its loans to the Buyers as if they were
6

for the purchase of principal residences. (Id. ¶ 60.) However, unbeknownst to Guaranteed Rate, the
Buyers also purchased other Unsold Units in the Development during the same general time period
with funds provided by other lenders. On March 12, 2008, one day before the closing for Unit # 701,
Waseem purchased two other Unsold Units in the Development, Unsold Unit #’s 1906 and 1908.
(Id. ¶¶ 139–40, 142.) Two weeks prior, on February 28, 2008, Waseem’s wife purchased Unsold
Unit # 1914, and indicated, as Waseem had with respect to Unsold Unit # 701, that the unit would
be used as a principal residence. (Id. ¶ 131.) On April 8, 2008, less than one month after closing on
Unsold Unit # 1913, Rahman purchased Unit # 1813 with a loan from another lender and represented
to that lender that the unit would be used as his principal residence. (Id. ¶ 110.) On the same day
Kim purchased Unsold Unit # 617, he also purchased Unsold Unit # 717 with a loan from another
lender. (Id. ¶ 85.) The Buyers did not disclose these transactions to Guaranteed Rate, and, despite
their representations, never occupied Unit #’s 617, 1913 and 701 as principal residences, (Id. ¶¶
84–85, 107, 110, 138, 141, 143), nor did they provide a 10% down payment at closing (Id. ¶¶ 80,
104, 129.) Instead, Budzik, the attorney representing the Buyers, obtained a cashier’s check from
Aslam equal to the amount of the down payments and brought them to each closing. (Id. ¶¶ 81, 106,
130.) Guaranteed Rate alleges Lupescu and Druska knew at the time they received completed loan
applications from the Buyers that the statements contained in those applications were false. (Id. ¶¶
150–51.) Despite this knowledge, Lupescu executed each loan application, certified the accuracy
of the information contained therein, and submitted the applications to Guaranteed Rate for approval.
(Id. ¶ 152.)
The closings for the purchases of Unsold Unit #’s 617, 717, 1813, 1913, and 1914 took place
at the office of Stewart Title. (Id. ¶¶ 77, 87, 103, 126, 134.) Cagala, a Stewart Title employee, acted
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as the closing agent on each purchase (Id. ¶¶ 78, 87, 103, 127, 134.) With respect to Unsold Units
# 617, 1913, and 701, Cagala also notarized each purchaser’s Occupancy Affidavit. (Id. ¶¶ 83, 109,
137.) Lattas appeared at each closing on behalf of the seller, 13th & State. (Id. ¶¶ 216, 226, 236), and
executed the HUD-1 Forms for the Buyers. (Id. ¶¶ 220, 231, 240.) Guaranteed Rate alleges Lattas
knew that all disbursements made by 13th & State, including those made to Aslam and Aslam Group,
had not been identified in the HUD-1 Forms. (Id. ¶¶ 221–23, 231–33, 241–43.)
Since the dates the loans were extended to the Buyers, Unsold Unit #’s 617, 1913, and 701
have been foreclosed upon. (Id. ¶¶ 254, 259, 264.)
STANDARD OF REVIEW
When considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court accepts as true all facts
alleged in the complaint and construes all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.
Killingsworth, 507 F.3d at 618 (citing Savory, 469 F.3d at 670); accord Murphy v. Walker, 51 F.3d
714, 717 (7th Cir. 1995). To state a claim upon which relief can be granted, a complaint must
contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.”
Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). “Detailed factual allegations” are not required, but the plaintiff must allege
facts that, when “accepted as true . . . ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Ashcroft
v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555
(2007). To determine whether a complaint meets this standard, the “reviewing court [must] draw
on its judicial experience and common sense.” Id. When there are well-pleaded factual allegations,
the Court assumes their veracity and determines if they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.
Id. at 679. A claim has facial plausibility when the pleaded factual content allows the Court to draw
a reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. See Id. at 678.
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DISCUSSION
Count I of Guaranteed Rate’s Amended Complaint alleges that Lattas, the Guarantor
Defendants, 13th & State, Renaissant, Aslam, and Aslam Group (collectively, “the RICO
Defendants”), associated for the purpose of engaging in a scheme to defraud Guaranteed Rate and
other lenders in violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18
U.S.C. § 1961 et. seq, and specifically, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). (Id., Count I, ¶¶ 246, 249.)3 According
to Guaranteed Rate, the RICO Defendants’ association-in-fact was an enterprise within the meaning
of RICO, and was formed to sell the Unsold Units at artificially inflated prices to unqualified straw
buyers with funds provided by Guaranteed Rate and other similarly situated lenders. (Id., Count I,
¶¶ 252–53.)
Lattas and the RJE Defendants move separately to dismiss Counts I of Guaranteed Rate’s
Amended Complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). According to these
Defendants, Guaranteed Rate’s Amended Complaint does not state a cause of action under RICO
because Guaranteed Rate has failed to (1) file a timely complaint within the statute of limitations
period,4 (2) plead its claim with sufficient particularity, (3) plead facts demonstrating the existence
of a RICO enterprise, and (4) establish a pattern of racketeering activity. Various defendants,
including Lattas and the RJE Defendants also move to dismiss the state law claims asserted against
them. However, because the RICO claim is the sole basis for this Court’s jurisdiction, Count I will
be addressed first. See Doe–2 v. McLean County Unit Dist. No. 5 Bd. of Directors, 593 F.3d 507,
3

Guaranteed Rate has pleaded its Amended Complaint by count, with numbered paragraphs beginning again
at the start of each new Count. Therefore, cites to paragraphs in the Amended Complaint that appear under specific
counts include the number of the Count as well as the number of the relevant paragraph.
4

Only the RJE Defendants have moved to dismiss based on the statute of limitations. Lattas does not address
the issue in its Motion.

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513 (7th Cir. 2010) (“[W]hen a district court dismisses the federal claim conferring original
jurisdiction ... it relinquishes supplemental jurisdiction over any state-law claims under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1367(c)(3).”).
The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961–1968 makes
it unlawful “to conduct” an “enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity,” where
“racketeering” is defined as behavior that violates certain enumerated federal statutes or state laws
addressing specific topics and bearing specific penalties. 18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(c); 1961(1). RICO is
a “unique cause of action that is concerned with eradicating organized, long-term, habitual criminal
activity.” Gamboa v. Velez, 457 F.3d 703, 705 (7th Cir. 2006). When Congress enacted RICO, it
chose to supplement criminal enforcement of its provision by providing that “[a]ny person injured
in his business or property” by a RICO violation may seek treble damages and attorney’s fees. 18
U.S.C. § 1964(c); Goren v. New Vision Intern., Inc., 156 F.3d 721, 726 (7th Cir. 1998). While
Congress never intended RICO to be employed to allow plaintiffs to turn garden-variety state law
fraud cases into RICO claims, Jennings v. Auto Meter Products, Inc., 495 F. 3d 466, 472 (7th Cir.
2006), the breadth of RICO’s text and lure of treble damages and attorney’s fees have proven
irresistible to plaintiff’s bent on federalizing such claims. See Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., Inc.,
473 U.S. 479, 499, n.16 (1985) (citing ABA Task Force study finding that only 9% of RICO claims
involve “allegations of criminal activity of a type generally associated with professional criminals”);
see also Gamboa, 457 F.3d at 710 (“Civil RICO plaintiffs persist in trying to fit a square peg in a
round hole by squeezing garden-variety business disputes into civil RICO actions. While it is clear
that the scope of civil RICO extends beyond the prototypical mobster or organized crime syndicate,
it is equally evident that RICO has not federalized every state common law cause of action available
10

to remedy business deals gone sour.”) (quoting Midwest Grinding Co., Inc. v. Spitz, 976 F.2d 1016,
1025 (7th Cir. 1992)). While there are significant substantive differences among the various RICO
provisions contained in § 1962, the existence of an “enterprise” and a “pattern of racketeering” are
elements that are fundamental to each subsection. 18 U.S.C. § 1962. Accordingly, to state a claim
for a RICO violation, a plaintiff must allege a cognizable injury to its business or property resulting
from the “(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity.” Sedima,
473 U.S. at 496; Gamboa, 457 F.3d at 705.
I.

Statute of Limitations

RICO does not provide an express statute of limitations for actions brought under its civil
enforcement provision. However, the Supreme Court has held that civil RICO claims should be
governed by the same four-year statute of limitations period that governs closely related claims under
the Clayton Act. See Agency Holding Corp. v. Malley-Duff & Assocs., Inc., 483 U.S. 143, 150–56
(1987) (analyzing the statutory relationship and legislative history of 18 U.S.C. § 1964 and the
Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 15); Cancer Found., Inc. v. Cerberus Capital Mgmt., LP, 559 F.3d 671,
674 (7th Cir. 2009) (“The statute of limitations for a civil RICO cause of action is a fairly generous
four years.”).
The statute of limitations is an affirmative defense, see Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(c), and need not be
addressed by Guaranteed Rate in its Amended Complaint. See U.S. Gypsum Co. v. Indiana Gas Co.,
Inc., 350 F.3d 623, 626 (7th Cir. 2003); see also United States v. N. Trust Co., 372 F.3d 886, 888
(7th Cir. 2004) (“[A] complaint states a claim on which relief may be granted whether or not some
defense is potentially available.”). Therefore, complaints need not anticipate defenses, and the
resolution of the statute of limitations comes after the complaint stage. See N. Trust Co., 372 F.3d
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at 888 (citing Gomez v. Toledo, 446 U.S. 635 (1980)). This general rule is subject to an important
exception: the statute of limitations issue may be resolved definitely on the face of the complaint
when the plaintiff pleads too much and admits definitively that the applicable limitations period has
expired. See id; Gypsum, 350 F. 3d at 626 (“A litigant may plead itself out of court by alleging (and
thus admitting) the ingredients of a defense ....”). Therefore, this Court must determine whether
Guaranteed Rate has pleaded itself out of court based on the allegations in its Amended Complaint.
A.

The Predicate Acts

A plaintiff’s RICO claim does not accrue until after the alleged defendants have engaged in
a “pattern of racketeering” activity. McCool v. Strata Oil Co., 972 F.2d 1452, 1465 (7th Cir. 1992)
(“There must, of course, be a pattern of racketeering before the plaintiff’s RICO claim accrues, and
this requirement might delay accrual until after the plaintiff discovers her injury.”). Therefore, the
RICO statute of limitations begins to accrue when both a “pattern of racketeering”–i.e. two predicate
acts–has occurred, and when the plaintiff knows or should know he or she was injured. The Court
views the allegations in the Amended Complaint in the light most favorable to Guaranteed Rate and
accepts for the purposes of this analysis that each alleged predicate act is plead with sufficient
particularity and would indeed support Guaranteed Rate’s allegation of a predicate act of
“racketeering” under RICO. Also, as discussed in more detail below, in order to state a viable civil
RICO claim, a plaintiff must, in addition to establishing two predicate acts, satisfy the “continuity
plus relationship” test by demonstrating that the racketeering predicates are related to one another
and pose a threat of continued criminal activity. See Section IV; Gamboa, 457 F.3d at 706.
However, the Court will not delve into the continuity analysis for the purpose of determining the
point at which two predicate acts occurred to make Guaranteed Rate’s underlying RICO claim
12

legally actionable. See e.g., Zalesiak v. UnumProvident Corp., No. 06 C 4433, 2007 WL 4365345,
at *4–5 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 12, 2007) (determining predicate acts for statute of limitations purposes
without assessing whether the first two predicate acts would be sufficient to satisfy either the openor closed-ended continuity analyses); Limestone Development Corp. v. Village of Lemont, 473
F.Supp.2d 858, 868–69 (N.D. Ill. 2007) aff’d , 520 F.3d 797 (7th Cir. 2008) (same).
Guaranteed Rate alleges the RICO Defendants committed predicate acts between December
9, 2007 and May 2, 2008. The first predicate act alleged in the Amended Complaint against the
RICO Defendants occurred on December 9, 2007, when, according to Guaranteed Rate, Lattas,
Aslam, and the Guarantor Defendants directed GFI to relist the Unsold Units in the Development
at inflated prices. (Am. Complaint, ¶¶ 46–47.) Guaranteed Rate alleges that a second predicate act
occurred on January 8, 2008, when the Guarantor Defendants caused 13th & State to enter into a
contract with Aslam Group, wherein Aslam agreed to recruit straw buyers for the Unsold Units at
sales prices identified in a fee schedule created by the Guarantor Defendants. (Id. ¶ 49.) Therefore,
for the purposes of this analysis, a pattern of racketeering activity existed as early as January 8, 2008.
For the sake of argument, the very latest a pattern of racketeering existed was May 2, 2008, the date
of Kim’s closing on Unsold Unit # 617. Therefore, barring the effect of equitable tolling and the
discovery rule, Guaranteed Rate had until January 9, 2012, or May 2, 2012 at the latest, to file its
RICO claim. Guaranteed Rate filed its original Complaint in federal court on July 9, 2012, six
months after the second predicate act and two months after the final closing date.
B.

Guaranteed Rate’s Alleged Injury

However, the four year statute of limitations for civil RICO claims does not begin to run until
a plaintiff knows or should have known he was injured. Barry Aviation Inc. v. Land O’Lakes Mun.
13

Airport Comm’n, 377 F.3d 682, 688 (7th Cir. 2004); McCool, 972 F.2d at 1464; see also Klehr v.
A.O. Smith Corp., 521 U.S. 179, 186–87 (1997) (rejecting “last predicate act” rule for determining
accrual). This rule applies even where the plaintiff has not yet discovered the pattern. See Rotella
v. Wood, 528 U.S. 549, 554 n.2, 555 (2000) (rejecting “last predicate act” rule and “injury and
pattern discovery rule”)
Based on the allegations in the Amended Complaint, the Court finds that Guaranteed Rate
neither knew nor could have known of the alleged injury until at least after the closing dates for the
Unsold Units. Guaranteed Rate could not have known the RICO Defendants were working behind
the scenes with GFI to delist the Unsold Units from the MLS and reslist them at inflated prices, that
the appraisal reports it received from Jilek were the product of a scheme between Lupescu and Jilek
to fraudulently appraise the Unsold Units at values consistent with the inflated prices on the MLS,
or that Aslam was receiving a substantial fee on the back-end for recruiting Waseem, Rahman, and
Kim as buyers. Even as late as the closing dates in March and May of 2008, it is unclear from the
Amended Complaint how Guaranteed Rate could have known it was being duped into lending funds
based on false representations.
The RJE Defendants maintain that knowledge of the alleged fraud is imputed to Guaranteed
Rate based on the fact that Lupescu and Druska were allegedly aware that the completed loan
applications received from the Buyers contained false information. The law does not support that
position. While knowledge obtained by corporate employees acting within the scope of their
employment is imputed to the corporation, “the common law treats the principal as ignorant of facts
known to an agent acting adversely to the principal, and for his own benefit.” Ash v. Georgia-Pac.
Corp., 957 F.2d 432, 436 (7th Cir. 1992); see also Northern Assur. Co. of America v. Summers, 17
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F.3d 956, 964–65 (7th Cir. 1994) (it is “well established that there is an exception to the construction
or imputation of notice from the agent to the principal” where the agent’s conduct “raises a clear
presumption that he would not communicate the fact in controversy, as where the communication
of such a fact would necessarily prevent the consummation of a fraudulent scheme which the agent
was engaged in perpetrating, or when the person claiming the benefit of the knowledge ... collude
with the agent to cheat or defraud the principal”).
Here, Guaranteed Rate’s factual allegations regarding Druska and Lupescu demonstrate they
were, at the very least, complicit in the scheme to obtain mortgages for the sale of Unsold Units at
inflated prices. Druska and Lupescu’s alleged participation in the scheme raises a clear presumption
that they would not have informed Guaranteed Rate that the statements made by the Buyers in their
loan applications were false. Such communication would almost certainly have caused Guaranteed
Rate to terminate its dealings with the Buyers, thereby preventing the consummation of the scheme.
Accordingly, Lupescu and Druska’s knowledge of the alleged scheme did not place Guaranteed Rate
on notice for the purposes of the discovery rule. While it may be possible for the RICO Defendants
to prove by way of an affirmative defense that Guaranteed Rate knew or should have known of its
alleged injury within four years of the second alleged predicate act, the Court finds the situation
presented here is not one where the plaintiff has “pleaded itself out of court” based on the allegations
in its complaint. Therefore, dismissal for failure to file a complaint within the statute of limitations
period is not appropriate at this stage in the proceedings.
II.

Guaranteed Rate has Pleaded its RICO Claims with Sufficient Particularity

Allegations of fraud in a civil RICO complaint are subject to Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading
standard, which requires a plaintiff to plead all averments of fraud with particularity. Fed.R.Civ.P.
15

9(b); see Goren, 156 F.3d at 726. “While dismissal of a RICO claim is appropriate if the plaintiff
fails to allege sufficient facts to state a claim that is plausible on its face, the adequate number of
facts varies depending on the complexity of the case.” Kaye v. D’Amato, 357 Fed.App’x 706, 710
(7th Cir. 2009). Strict adherence to the particularity requirement is especially important in a case
such as this where the predicate fraud allegations provide the only link to federal jurisdiction. See
e.g., R.E. Davis Chemical Corp. v. Nalco Chemical Co., 757 F.Supp. 1499, 1516 (N.D. Ill. 1990)
(Aspen, J.). To plead with particularity means to allege “the who, what, when, where, and how” of
the alleged fraud. Wigod v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 673 F.3d 547, 569 (7th Cir. 2012) (quoting
Windy City Metal Fabricators & Supply, Inc. v. CIT Tech. Financing Svc’s, Inc., 536 F.3d 663, 668
(7th Cir. 2008)).
In alleging a RICO pattern, liability is limited to persons who have “personally committed”
at least two predicate acts of racketeering. See Dudley Enterprises, Inc. v. Palmer Corp., 822 F.Supp.
496, 502 (N.D. Ill. 1993). Accordingly, Guaranteed Rate must, at a minimum, describe two
predicate acts of fraud by each RICO Defendant with some specificity and state the time, place, and
content of the alleged communications perpetrating the fraud, the method by which the
misrepresentations were communicated, and the identities of the parties to those misrepresentations.
See Slaney v. The Int’l Amateur Athletic Federation, 244 F.3d 580, 597 (7th Cir. 2001); Lachmund
v. ADM Investor Services, Inc., 191 F.3d 777, 784 (7th Cir. 1999); see also Ray v. Karris, 780 F.2d
636, 644–45 (7th Cir. 1985) (“A complaint is not sufficient if it does not specify the nature of the
predicate acts to a degree that will allow the defendants to comprehend the specific acts to which
they are required to answer.”). This degree of specificity is made necessary in part by RICO’s
requirement that the predicate acts of racketeering be ongoing over an identified period of time so
16

that they can fairly be viewed as constituted separate transactions. See, e.g., R.E. Davis, 757 F. Supp.
at 1516. In other words, without an adequately detailed description of the predicate acts, a complaint
cannot provide either the defendants or the court with sufficient information to determine whether
or not a pattern of racketeering activity has been established. See id. Where, as here, the plaintiff
brings RICO claims against multiple defendants, the plaintiff must “plead sufficient facts to notify
each defendant of his alleged participation in the scheme.” Id. (citing Vicom, Inc. v. Harbridge
Merchant Svc’s, Inc., 20 F.3d 771, 778 (7th Cir. 1994)).
Guaranteed Rate’s Amended Complaint alleges three predicate acts with the level of
particularity required in a civil RICO claim. Specifically, Guaranteed Rate alleges that on three
separate occasions, Lattas appeared at real estate closings on behalf of 13th & State and executed the
Buyers’ HUD-1 Forms knowing those forms did not reflect disbursements made by 13th & State to
Aslam and Aslam Group. (Am. Complaint., ¶¶ 220–23, 230–33, 240–43.) The Amended Complaint
specifies the date, place, content, and method of communication for each alleged misrepresentation.
Guaranteed Rate also identifies the respective buyers, Lattas, and Guaranteed Rate as parties to the
alleged misrepresentations. Accordingly, the Court finds that Count I of Guaranteed Rates Amended
Complaint meets Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading requirement.
However, Guaranteed Rate’s remaining allegations concerning Lattas are not pleaded with
the requisite level of particularity. Guaranteed Rate alleges Lattas engaged with Aslam and the
Guarantor Defendants to devise a scheme to sell the remaining Unsold Units in the Development to
straw buyers at artificially inflated prices. (Id. ¶¶ 38, 40.) While the Amended Complaint places
Lattas at various meetings with the other RICO Defendants, (Id. ¶¶ 38, 50), Guaranteed Rate fails
to identify any details related to the meetings that would inform Lattas, or this Court, of what was
17

communicated at these meetings or the exact nature of Lattas’s participation. Guaranteed Rate also
alleges that GFI delisted the Unsold Units from the MLS “at the direction of, and in cooperation
with” Lattas, Aslam, and the Guarantor Defendants. (Id. ¶ 47.) This alleged cooperation is
significant to Guaranteed Rate’s claims because it directly links several defendants, including Lattas,
to the relisting of the Unsold Units at inflated prices. Yet the only factual detail related to this
allegation in Guaranteed Rate’s Amended Complaint is the date GFI took the Unsold Units off of
the MLS. (Id.) The pleadings lump Lattas and six other defendants together without stating how,
when, where, and to what extent each is alleged to have worked with GFI. RICO claims against
multiple defendants must “plead sufficient facts to notify each defendant of his alleged participation
in the scheme,” Goren, 156 F.3d at 726 (citing Vicom, 20 F.3d at 778), and pleadings that simply
attribute allegations to defendants as a single group are insufficient to meet the heightened pleading
standard of Rule 9(b). See, e.g., Whitley v. Taylor Bean & Whitacker Mortgage Corp., 607 F.Supp.
885, 898 (N.D. Ill. 2009) (Castillo, J.). Here, not only does Guaranteed Rate’s Amended Complaint
fail to allege the time, place, manner, or contents of a communication between Lattas and GFI, it
does not allege any specific communication involving Lattas at all. This does not pass muster under
Rule 9(b). Lastly, Guaranteed Rate alleges, “[o]n information and belief, and at all times relevant
herein, the RICO Defendants had a working relationship which continues to this day.” (Am.
Complaint, ¶ 250.) Such conclusory allegations are insufficient. Uni*Quality, Inc. v. Infotronx, Inc.,
974 F.2d 918, 923–24 (7th Cir. 1992) (allegations made “upon information and belief” are generally
insufficient). Even where facts are inaccessible to the plaintiff, the plaintiff must, at a minimum,
state the grounds for its suspicions. See Uni*Quality, 974 F.2d at 924 (citing Bankers Trust Co. v.
Old Republic Ins. Co., 959 F.2d 677, 684 (7th Cir. 1992); see also Leaf, Inc. v. Burdeen, No. 95 C
18

5959, 1996 WL 89070, at *7 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 28, 1996) (“[M]ere assertion of ‘information and belief,’
absent the allegation of specific facts upon which that information and belief is founded, is
insufficient to satisfy the requirements of Rule 9(b).”) Because Guaranteed Rate has failed to allege
any grounds for its belief that the RICO Defendants continue to maintain a working relationship with
one another, the Court finds these allegations inadequately plead.
The foregoing deficiencies notwithstanding, however, Guaranteed Rate has alleged three
predicate acts of fraud against Lattas with sufficient particularity. Accordingly, the Court finds that
Count I of Guaranteed Rates Complaint comports with Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard.
III.

Guaranteed Rate has Failed to Plead Facts Establishing a RICO Enterprise

The “first rule” of pleading a RICO claim is that the “plaintiff’s must identify an enterprise.”
Jennings v. Emry, 910 F.2d 1434, 1439–40 (7th Cir. 1990). A RICO enterprise is more than just a
group of people who get together to commit a pattern of racketeering activity. Richmond v.
Nationwide Cassel L.P., 52 F.3d 640, 644 (7th Cir. 1995). RICO defines “enterprise” as “any
individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of
individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity.” 18 U.S.C. § 1961(4). The statutory
language, therefore, allows for causes of action against both formal legal entities and informal
associations-in-fact. Jennings, 910 F.2d at 1440. In this case, Guaranteed Rate alleges the RICO
Defendants comprised an informal association-in-fact, which the Supreme Court has defined as “a
group of persons associated together for a common purpose of engaging in a course of
conduct.” Boyle v. United States, 556 U.S. 938, 946 (2009) (quoting United States v. Turkette, 452
U.S. 576, 583 (1981)).

19

In Boyle, the United States Supreme Court defined a RICO enterprise broadly, effectively
rejecting efforts by many courts to implant additional structural features into the “enterprise”
requirement, such as “structural hierarchy, role differentiation, a unique modus operandi, a chain of
command, professionalism and sophistication of organization, diversity and complexity of crimes,
membership dues, regulations, uncharged or additional crimes aside from predicate acts, an internal
discipline mechanism, regular meetings regarding enterprise affairs, an enterprise names, [and]
induction or initiation ceremonies and rituals.” Id. at 948; compare Limestone Development Corp.
v. Village of Lemont, Ill., 520 F.3d 797 (7th Cir. 2008) (pre-Boyle decision rejecting complaint that
contained “no reference to a system of governance, an administrative hierarchy, a joint planning
committee, a board, a manager, a staff, headquarters, personnel having differentiated functions, a
budget, records, or any other indicator of a legal or illegal enterprise”), with Jay E. Hayden
Foundation v. First Neighbor Bank, N.A., 610 F.3d 382, 388 (7th Cir. 2010) (setting forth pre-Boyle
law defining a RICO enterprise and acknowledging that Boyle “throws [it] all in doubt”). The Court
held in Boyle that a RICO enterprise’s “decisions may be made on an ad hoc basis and by any
number of methods,” that “[m]embers of the group need not have fixed roles; different members may
perform different roles at different times,” and that “[w]hile the group must function as a continuing
unit and remain in existence long enough to pursue a course of conduct, nothing in RICO exempts
an enterprise whose associates engage in spurts of activity punctuated by periods of quiescence.” Id.
Therefore, under Boyle, a plaintiff must simply demonstrate basic three structural features in order
to establish an enterprise: “a purpose, relationships among those associated with the enterprise, and
longevity sufficient to permit these associates to continue to pursue the enterprise’s purpose.” Id; see
also Roa v. BP Products of North America, Inc., 589 F.3d 389, 399 (7th Cir. 2009).
20

Guaranteed Rate’s Amended Complaint fails to establish a RICO enterprise because the
allegations in the Amended Complaint do not demonstrate a common purpose, nor do they
demonstrate a relationship among the RICO Defendants. The existence of a common goal or
purpose is an “essential ingredient” of an association-in-fact enterprise. Baker v. IBP, Inc., 357 F.3d
685, 691 (7th Cir. 2004) (citing United States v. Turkette, 452 U.S. 576, 583 (1981)); see also Boyle,
556 U.S. at 946 (“The concept of ‘association’ requires both interpersonal relationships and a
common interest.”) (internal quotations omitted). According to Guaranteed Rate’s Amended
Complaint, the ultimate goal of the alleged scheme was to “eliminate the personal liability of several
Defendants under personal guaranties executed in connection with the construction loaned used to
originally finance the [Development].” (Am. Complaint, ¶ 1.) However, Guaranteed Rate does not
present a single factual claim asserting the RICO Defendants had any interest in the outcome of the
alleged scheme beyond their own individual interests. For example, there is no indication in the
Amended Complaint that the RICO Defendants shared in the profits of the alleged enterprise as
opposed to merely taking their own respective profits from their respective actions related to the
scheme. See, e.g., Oberoi v. Mehta, No. 10 C 7275, 2011 WL 1337107, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 6,
2011) (finding no RICO enterprise where defendants merely made their own respective profits and
did not share in the profits of the alleged enterprise). Put another way, Guaranteed Rate fails to
demonstrate that the RICO Defendants participated in the conduct of the enterprise’s affairs, not just
their own affairs. See Reves v. Ernst & Young, 507 U.S. 170, 185 (1993) (RICO “liability depends
on showing that the defendants conducted or participated in the conduct of the ‘enterprise’s affairs,’
not just their own affairs.”) (emphasis in original).

21

Guaranteed Rate’s RICO claim also fails because it has not demonstrated any relationship
among the various RICO Defendants. The pleadings make clear that the alleged “enterprise” was
nothing more than a group of otherwise unaffiliated individuals and entities—investors, developers,
and attorneys—that came together to engage in RICO activities. See Jennings, 910 F.2d at 1440 ([An
enterprise] is something more than a group of people go get together and agree to commit a pattern
of racketeering activity.”) (internal quotations omitted). Guaranteed Rate points to no facts
establishing the RICO Defendants were affiliated with one another outside of the interaction
necessary to commit the alleged predicate acts. See, e.g., Starfish Inv. Corp. v. Hansen, 370 F. Supp.
2d 759, 770 (N.D. Ill. 2005) (Castillo, J.) (In assessing whether the plaintiff has established a RICO
enterprise, “it is appropriate for the Court ‘to consider whether the enterprise would still exist were
the predicate acts removed from the equation,’ and whether the defendants’ actions were motivated
by anything other than self interest”) (quoting Okaya v. Denne Indus., No. 00 C 1203, 2000 WL
1727785, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 20, 2000)). While this may be enough to establish a common law
fraud claim, it does not establish the requisite relationship among the defendants necessary to allege
a RICO enterprise. Because Guaranteed Rate’s Amended Complaint does not demonstrate a
common purpose or relationship among the RICO Defendants, the Court finds that it has failed to
plead facts sufficient to establish a RICO enterprise.
With respect to Lattas specifically, even if the Amended Complaint demonstrated the
existence an enterprise, Guaranteed Rate pleads no facts establishing Lattas was a part of it.
Guaranteed Rate has failed to show Lattas shared the enterprise’s alleged goals, or had any interest
in the real estate transactions other than serving as 13th & State’s attorney at closing. Nor has
Guaranteed Rate plead facts establishing Lattas actually used that enterprise to engage in a pattern

22

of racketeering activity. See Jay E. Hayden Found., 610 F.3d at 388–89 (finding that while plaintiffs
demonstrated a purpose, relationships, and longevity, they did not demonstrate that defendants were
“using an enterprise to engage in a pattern of racketeering activity”) (emphasis in original).
According to the Amended Complaint, Lattas’s role in the alleged enterprise was to insure that the
sale of each unit in the Development closed properly by performing the services of a closing attorney
on behalf of the seller, 13th & State. This “role” is indistinguishable from Lattas’s position as legal
representative for 13th & State. The Amended Complaint does not allege Lattas had an ownership
interest in any of the property involved, shared in the profits of enterprise, or had any interaction with
the so-called “enterprise” outside of the specific transactions alleged in the Amended Complaint.
Nor does Guaranteed Rate claim that Lattas received an additional fee or incentive beyond its
customary fee for acting as the seller’s attorney at the real estate closings. An individual or entity
that is a “mere hireling” of a member of an alleged enterprise “cannot be thought to have been
conducting, or to have agreed to conduct, the affairs of [enterprise] through a pattern of racketeering
activity.” Bachman v. Bear, Stearns & Co., Inc., 178 F.3d 930, 932–33 (7th Cir. 1999) (dismissing
plaintiff’s RICO claim against investment company hired to issue a fraudulent report undervaluing
company stock because it was a “mere hireling, as shown by the fact that the only fee it received was
its normal fee for determining a client’s fair market value”). Furthermore, “[t]o be liable under §
1962(c), [a defendant] must participate in the operation or management of the enterprise itself, which
means having some part in directing those affairs,” Richmond, 52 F. 3d 640 (quoting Reves, 507 U.S.
at 183), or exercising “some measure of control” over the enterprise. Bachman, 178 F. 3d at 932–33
(7th Cir. 1999). Aside from its claims that Lattas met with other defendants and directed or
cooperated with GFI, which, as the Court has already stated, fail to meet Rule 9(b)’s particularity

23

requirement, Guaranteed Rate does not allege Lattas directed, controlled, or conducted any aspect
of the alleged enterprise.
IV.

Guaranteed Rate has Failed to Plead Facts Establishing a Pattern of
Racketeering Activity.

Even if Guaranteed Rate could demonstrate that the RICO Defendants formed an enterprise,
its RICO claim would fail because it has not established that the RICO Defendants engaged in a
“pattern of racketeering activity.” The Seventh Circuit has acknowledged that “the tremendous
breadth of the language of civil RICO has caused a large number of garden-variety fraud claims to
be brought in federal court.” Morgan v. Bank of Waukegan, 804 F.2d 970, 973 (7th Cir. 1986).
However, to prevent RICO from being misused as a vehicle for federalizing state law fraud claims,
the courts have sought to limit RICO’s reach by requiring plaintiffs to demonstrate that defendants
engaged in a sufficiently continuous “pattern of racketeering activity.” See H.J. Inc. v. Northwestern
Bell Telephone Co., 492 U.S. 229, 240–42 (1989); Gamboa, 457 F.3d at 710. A pattern of
racketeering activity requires at least two predicate acts of racketeering within a ten year period. 18
U.S.C. § 1961(5); see also Vicom, 20 F.3d at 779. Establishing a pattern also requires a showing of
the “continuity plus relationship” test: that the racketeering predicates are related to one another and
pose a threat of continued criminal activity. See Northwestern Bell, 492 U.S. at 237 (holding that the
definitions set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 1961 do “not so much define a pattern of racketeering activity
as state a minimum necessary condition for the existence of such a pattern”); see also Gamboa, 475
F.3d at 706 (“[I]solated instances of criminal behavior, not presenting at least some threat of future
harm, cannot meet § 1962(c)’s continuity element.”). This approach recognizes that in enacting
RICO, “Congress was concerned ... with long-term criminal conduct.” Vicom, 20 F.3d at 780. In
order to demonstrate sufficient relationship and continuity among the predicate acts, the plaintiff
24

must establish either (1) a series of related predicate acts extended over a substantial period of time
– also known as “closed-ended continuity,” or (2) that the past predicate acts by their very nature
project into the future with a threat of repetition – known as “open-ended continuity.” See
Northwestern Bell, 492 U.S. at 241–242; Jennings, 495 F.3d at 473. Guaranteed Rate maintains it
has shown both closed-ended and open-ended continuity; the Court finds it has shown neither.
A.

Closed-Ended Continuity

Closed-ended continuity “involves a course of criminal conduct which has come to a close.”
Midwest Grinding Co., 976 F.2d at 1022. In order to establish closed-ended continuity, Guaranteed
Rate must allege “a series of related predicates extending over a substantial period of time” such that
the “duration and repetition of the criminal activity carries with it an implicit threat of continued
criminal activity in the future.” Northwestern Bell, 492 U.S. at 242; Midwest Grinding Co., 976 F.2d
at 1022–23. The Court considers the following factors in determining whether Guaranteed Rate’s
alleged pattern qualifies under the closed-ended continuity test: (1) the number and variety of
predicate acts; (2) the length of time over which they were committed; (3) the number of victims;
(4) the presence of separate schemes; and (5) the occurrence of distinct injuries. See Morgan, 804
F.2d at 975. While Morgan envisioned a fact specific inquiry, “with no one factor being necessarily
determinative,” Id. at 976, the second factor – duration – is considered to be the most important and
the “closest thing [the Court has] to a bright-line continuity test.” Midwest Grinding Co., 976 F.2d
at 1024; see also Vicom, 20 F.3d at 781 (recognizing duration as “the single most important aspect
of the closed-ended continuity analysis”); see also Jennings, 495 F.3d at 473–74 (“The duration of
the alleged racketeering activity is perhaps the most important element of RICO continuity.”). Of
course, as with most multi-factor inquiries, no single factor is dispositive. See, e.g., Talbot v. Robert

25

Matthews Distributing Co., 961 F.2d 654, 663 (7th Cir. 1992) (finding no pattern where a single
scheme occurred over a period of years); Equity Residential v. Kendall Risk Mgmt, Inc., No. 04 C
2812, 2005 WL 1026686, at *10 n.7 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 12, 2005) (Gettleman, J.) (a “lengthy scheme
alone is not sufficient to demonstrate a pattern”).
In order to satisfy the duration requirement, the predicate acts must extend over a substantial
period of time; a few weeks or months is considered insubstantial. Midwest Grinding Co., 976 F.2d
at 1024 (citing Northwestern Bell, 492 U.S. at 242). In this case, Guaranteed Rate alleges the RICO
Defendants’ devised the alleged scheme to sell the remaining Unsold Units in the Development in
November of 2007. (Am. Complaint, ¶ 38.) The final real estate closing took place six months later
on May 2, 2008.5 (Id. ¶ 204.) Although the Seventh Circuit has not adopted a per se rule establishing
how a long a scheme must last to satisfy the duration requirement in a closed-ended continuity
analysis, the cases in this Circuit firmly demonstrate that racketeering activity having this kind of
brief duration do not satisfy RICO’s pattern requirement. Compare Vicom, 20 F.3d at 780 (“[A] time
frame of less than nine months likely does not satisfy the duration requirement.”), Midwest Grinding
Co., 976 F.2d at1024 (nine-month period insufficient to satisfy duration factor of the continuity test),
Uni*Quality, Inc., 974 F.2d at 922 (predicate acts comprising “one scheme that lasted at most seven
to eight months” was “precisely the type of short-term, closed-ended fraud that, subsequent to
Northwestern Bell, this circuit consistently has held does not constitute a pattern”), Marshall Intern.,
Inc. v. Redstart, Inc, 935 F.2d 815, 821 (7th Cir. 1991) (13 months and relating to a single scheme
with a single victim insufficient), Short v. Belleville Shoe Mfg. Co., 908 F.2d 1385, 1393 (7th Cir.

5

Although Guaranteed Rate’s pleadings with respect to Lattas’s alleged involvement in the scheme in 2007 do
not meet Rule 9(b)’s pleading requirements, the Court gives Guaranteed Rate the benefit of the doubt and proceeds under
a more generous reading of Guaranteed Rate’s Complaint for the purposes of the duration analysis.

26

1990) (four separate transactions spanning a four-to five-month period insufficient to establish
pattern), Olive Can Co., Inc., v. Martin, 906 F.2d 1147, 1149 (7th Cir. 1990) (finding no pattern
where a six-month scheme was set to end naturally with the repayment of a loan), Sutherland v.
O’Malley, 882 F.2d 1196, 1204 (7th Cir. 1989) (no pattern where single scheme spanned a fivemonth period), Starfish, 370 F.Supp. At 776 (fourteen month period insufficient to meet duration
requirement), and Katris v. Doherty, No. 01 C 6885, 2001 WL 1636914, at *8 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 19,
2001) (eleven to twelve month period insufficient), with Morgan, 804 F.2d 970 (reversing dismissal
and finding RICO claim properly alleged where scheme lasted four-and-a-half years), Equity
Residential, 2005 WL 1026686, at *8 (duration requirement satisfied where alleged scheme spanned
five years), and Shapo v. O’Shaughnessy, 246 F.Supp. 2d 935, 960 (N.D. Ill. 2002) (St. Eve, J.) (“[I]t
is hard to imagine that a pattern of seven years does not meet the minimum requirement.”).
The remaining factors also weigh against a finding of closed-ended continuity. While a
plaintiff need not prove multiple schemes to show a RICO pattern, see Northwestern Bell, 492 U.S.
at 236–37 (rejecting circuit court’s proposition that “predicate acts of racketeering may form a
pattern only when they are part of separate illegal schemes”), the presence or absence of multiple
schemes is highly relevant to the court’s determination of whether a RICO pattern has been
established. See Gamboa, 457 F.3d at 709 (“[W]hen ... a complaint explicitly presents a distinct and
non-reoccuring scheme with a built-in termination point and provides no indication that the
perpetrators have engaged or will engage in similar misconduct, the complaint does not sufficiently
allege continuity for § 1962(c) purposes even if the purported scheme takes several years to unfold,
involves a variety of criminal acts, and targets more than one victim.”); Talbot, 961 F.2d at 663 (no
pattern where a single scheme involving multiple acts of mail fraud occurred over a period of several

27

years and injuring more than one victim); Olive Oil, 906 F.2d at 1151 (no pattern where single
scheme involved multiple acts of mail fraud); Oberoi, 2011 WL 1337107, at *3 (no pattern where
fraudulent transactions at issue related to three separate closing dates that were part of a single
broader scheme to defraud investors). Guaranteed Rate’s Amended Complaint alleges a single
scheme with a single point of completion, namely, the elimination of personal liability of the
Guarantor Defendants. This counsel’s against a finding of closed-ended continuity.
Next, Guaranteed Rate identifies only itself as a victim of the alleged RICO scheme. Courts
have repeatedly found that the existence of only one victim cuts against closed-ended continuity. See,
e.g., Jennings, 495 F.3d at 495 (finding no pattern in part based on the fact that plaintiff was the only
identifiable victim); Triad Assoc., Inc. v. Chicago Housing Authority, 892 F.2d 583, 595 (7th Cir.
1989) (no pattern where one general scheme, two transactions-only one of which came to fruition,
one victim, and one type of injury was alleged); Equity Residential, 2005 WL 1026686, at *9 (no
pattern where plaintiffs identified only themselves as victims); Meyer Material Co. v. Mooshol, 188
F. Supp. 2d 936, 942 (N.D. Ill. 2002) (Castillo, J.) (no pattern where scheme occurred over four years
and involved a single victim). Although the Amended Complaint references five other Unsold Units
purchased by the Buyers through different lenders, Guaranteed Rate does not provide any details
regarding those transactions aside from its claim that two of them involved representations that the
buyer would maintain the unit as a primary residence. Guaranteed Rate does not allege the terms
or circumstances of those sales, nor does it offer the identity of the lenders or claim that those units
were sold at inflated prices. Accordingly, the Court determines that Guaranteed Rate is the only
victim alleged in the scheme.

28

The last Morgan factor is whether a RICO plaintiff has alleged non-distinct injuries. Here,
Guaranteed Rate alleges one kind of injury–economic loss resulting from the disbursement of funds
based on false information. Although Guaranteed Rate alleges its injuries result from three separate
transactions, courts have consistently viewed repeated economic injuries based on a single scheme
to defraud as non-distinct. See, e.g., Triad, 892 F.2d at 595; CIB Bank v. Esmail, No. 04 C 4870,
2004 WL 3119027, at *6 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 28, 2005) (Aspen, J.) (“The occurrence of distinct injuries
is the occurrence of different types of injuries, not multiple instances of the same injury.”) (emphasis
in original) (citing U.S. Textiles, 911 F.2d at 1269); Meyer, 188 F.Supp.2d at 941 (N.D. Ill. 2002)
(finding no distinct injuries where the defendant repeatedly embezzled from the plaintiff using
similar predicate acts as part of a single scheme); VKS Investors v. VKS Management, Inc., No. 94
C 543, 1994 WL 722035, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 29, 1994) (loss of money resulting from two allegedly
fraudulent offerings to potential investors as part of single scheme were not distinct injuries).
Therefore, the final Morgan factor also weighs against Guaranteed Rate.
Having alleged a single scheme with only one victim over a period of six months, Guaranteed
Rate now asks this Court to take judicial notice of three additional units sold by 13th & State
involving different mortgage lenders.6 Guaranteed Rate does not cite a single authority – nor could
this Court find one – supporting such a peculiar use of judicial notice. A court may take judicial
notice of an adjudicative fact that is both “not subject to reasonable dispute” and either: (1)
“generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court” or (2) “capable of accurate and
ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.”

6

Taking judicial notice of these transactions would expand the pool of victims from one to three, and broaden

the time frame of the alleged scheme from six months to eighteen months.

29

Fed.R.Evid. 201(b); see Hennessy v. Penril Datacomm Networks, Inc., 69 F.3d 1344, 1354 (7th Cir.
1995) (“In order for a fact to be judicially noticed, indisputability is a prerequisite.”). Courts strictly
adhere to this criteria because once a court takes judicial notice under Rule 201(b) in a civil case,
“the court must instruct the jury to accept the noticed fact as conclusive.” Fed.R.Evid 201(f). Details
related to mortgage transactions involving other buyers and lenders do not remotely fall within the
ambit of Rule 201; such details are not generally known in this or any other jurisdiction, nor are they
capable of accurate and ready determination through undisputable sources. Accordingly, the Court
will not use Federal Rule of Evidence 201 as an instrument to cure deficiencies in Guaranteed Rate’s
Complaint.
Next, Guaranteed Rate relies almost entirely on Liquid Air Corp. v. Rogers to support its
position that the Morgan factors favor a finding of closed-ended continuity. In that case, the court
found a continuous pattern of racketeering activity in a scheme that lasted seven months and
involved only one victim. Liquid Air Corp. v. Rogers, 834 F. 2d 1297, 1304 (7th Cir. 1987). The
court in Liquid Air noted that “[t]he mere fact that the predicate acts relate to the same overall
scheme or involve the same victim does not mean that the acts automatically fail to satisfy the
pattern requirement” Id. at 1304. The court also determined that “the repeated infliction of economic
injury upon a single victim of a single scheme is sufficient to establish a pattern of racketeering
activity for the purposes of civil RICO.” Id. at 1305. Liquid Air, however, does not persuade the
Court to find a pattern of racketeering activity in this case.
First, Liquid Air is distinguishable on the facts, as it involved nineteen separate acts of fraud,
each one causing a separate and distinct injury to the plaintiff. Id. at 1304. Here, Guaranteed Rate
alleges only three acts of fraud over a slightly shorter time period. Second, and more importantly,

30

Liquid Air predates the Supreme Court’s decision in Northwestern Bell, where the Court refined the
focus of the continuity component of the pattern requirement in civil RICO cases. See 420 East Ohio
Ltd. Partnership v. Cocose, 980 F. 2d 1122, 1124 (7th Cir. 1992) (finding that after Northwestern
Bell, the Seventh Circuit “examines the facts with an eye toward not only the Morgan factors, but
also toward the [Supreme] Court’s suggestion that continuity encompass a lengthy period of
racketeering activity or threat of continued criminal activity”). Other district courts in this circuit
have also recognized that Liquid Air has been partially abrogated by Northwestern Bell. See, e.g.,
CIB, 2004 WL 3119027, at *7 n. 5 (rejecting plaintiff’s reliance on Liquid Air and three other cases
predating Northwestern Bell, finding those cases “partially abrogated by [Northwestern Bell]”);
Equity Residential, 2005 WL 1026686, at *10 n.7 (“Liquid Air was decided prior to the Supreme
Court’s decision in Northwestern Bell, which altered the pattern analysis, and this court is unable
to identify any cases subsequent to Northwestern Bell in which the Seventh Circuit held that a pattern
had been properly alleged or proved under the circumstances of Liquid Air.”). This Court’s own
research yielded similar findings – an overwhelming number of cases Seventh Circuit decided after
Northwestern Bell have consistently refused to find closed-ended continuity in cases involving a one
type of injury resulting from a single scheme lasting less than two years. Accordingly, the Court
finds Guaranteed Rate has not plead facts sufficient to established a pattern of racketeering activity
under the closed-ended continuity test.
B.

Open-Ended Continuity

Open-ended continuity exists when a plaintiff alleges “past conduct that by its nature projects
into the future with a threat of repetition.” Northwestern Bell, 492 U.S. at 241. Unlike RICO claims
involving closed-ended continuity, a plaintiff may satisfy the pattern requirement under the open-

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ended continuity test regardless of its brevity. See Vicom, 20 F.3d at 782; see also Midwest Grinding
Co., 976 F.2d at 1023 (“An open-ended period of racketeering ... is a course of criminal activity
which lacks the duration and repetition to establish continuity.”). A civil RICO plaintiff may
establish open-ended continuity by demonstrated that a conspiracy, though short-lived, shows clear
signs of threatening to continue in the future. Midwest Grinding Co., 976 F.2d at 1024. In order to
do so, the plaintiff must show: (1) a “specific threat of repetition”; (2) that the “predicate acts or
offenses are part of an ongoing entity’s regular way of doing business; or (3) that defendants operate
a “long term association that exists for criminal purposes.” Id. at 1023 (quoting Northwestern Bell,
492 U.S. at 242–43); see also Vicom, Inc., 20 F.3d at 782.
None of these circumstances are present in this case. There is no specific threat of repetition
because the alleged scheme has come to its natural end. “[S]chemes which have a clear and
terminable goal have a natural ending point. Such schemes therefore cannot support a finding of any
specific threat of continuity that would constitute open-ended continuity.” Vicom, 20 F.3d at 782–83.
For example, in Olive Can Co., Inc. v. Martin, the Court found no continuity based “primarily on
the undisputed evidence that the purpose of the alleged fraudulent scheme was to pay [the
defendant’s] loan. The scheme, therefore, had a natural ending with no threat of continued criminal
activity.” Olive Can, 906 F. 2d at 1151. The Court determined that “[t]his single scheme was to be
short-lived and there is no evidence that, had the scheme worked, it would have repeated in the
future.” Id.
The circumstances in this case are analogous. Guaranteed Rate alleges in its Amended
Complaint that the purpose of the scheme was to sell the remaining Unsold Units to generate funds
that would pay off 13th & State’s loan from IndyMac Bank in order to eliminate the personal liability

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of the Guarantor Defendants. (Am. Complaint, ¶¶ 1, 33.) Were the RICO Defendants to achieve that
goal, the alleged scheme would have come to its natural end. No Unsold Units would remain, and
the Guarantor Defendants would no longer be on the hook for any losses arising from 13th & State’s
failure to sell the remaining units in the Development.
Nevertheless, Guaranteed Rate urges in its response brief that the alleged scheme, “by its very
nature ... is capable of repetition and poses a clear and present danger of repetition.” (Resp. Brief,
p. 11). According to Guaranteed Rate, “[t]he scheme, as designed and carried out, can be used by
the defendants to sell condominium units and other real property.” However, Guaranteed Rate
pleads no facts in its Amended Complaint and offers no insight in its brief as to why this is the case.
Aside from the fact that it is still generally possible for a group of individuals and entities to engage
in real estate fraud in the manner alleged, it is unclear what natural feature of the alleged scheme
renders it so uniquely susceptible to repetition so as to warrant a finding of open-ended continuity.
Nor has Guaranteed Rate sufficiently alleged that the Defendants’ predicate acts are part of
an ongoing entity’s regular way of doing business. There are no allegations suggesting the RICO
Defendants comprised an ongoing entity, or that the predicate acts of fraud reflect any defendant’s
ongoing way of doing business. Finally, Guaranteed Rate has not shown the Defendants’ operated
a long term association that existed for criminal purposes. Guaranteed Rate does not allege the
RICO Defendants were affiliated with one another before November of 2007, nor has it plead that
they maintained a relationship for the purposes of engaging in criminal activity after engaging in the
alleged predicate acts. The only allegation in Guaranteed Rate’s Amended Complaint that even
remotely alludes to a threat of future repetition appears in paragraph 250, where Guaranteed Rate
asserts “[o]n information and belief, and at all times relevant herein, the RICO defendants had a

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working relationship which continues to this day.” (Am. Complaint, Count I, ¶ 250.) As this Court
has already stated, allegations framed in this manner are insufficient unless they are accompanied
by facts providing a basis for the plaintiff’s belief. Uni*Quality, 974 F.2d at 923. Here, Guaranteed
Rate offers no facts to support its belief that the RICO Defendants continue to maintain a working
relationship. Rather, the allegations in the Amended Complaint demonstrate that the RICO
Defendants were nothing more than a group of unrelated individuals and entities who came together
and defrauded Guaranteed Rate in order to reap separate profits.
Guaranteed Rate cites, without analysis, a string of cases to support its position that openended continuity exists in this case.7 Not one of them is on point. Most of the cases cited by
Guaranteed Rate are distinguishable on the facts. Phillips and Liquid Air involved nine and nineteen
separate acts of fraud, respectively, not three. Horak involved a scheme that lasted several years, not
six months. The defendants in Ashland Oil harmed four different victims through a variety of
predicate acts, including wire fraud, bankruptcy fraud, and arson; here, Guaranteed Rate alleges one
victim with a smaller variety of predicate acts. Second, every case Guaranteed Rate cites predates
the Supreme Court’s decision in Northwestern Bell, which, again, narrowed the continuity element
of civil RICO’s pattern requirement. See, e.g., 420 East Ohio, 980 F. 2d at 1124; CIB, 2004 WL
3119027, at *7 n. 5; Equity Residential, 2005 WL 1026686, at *10 n.7. Third, the cases cited by
Guaranteed Rate do not apply the open-ended continuity test. Indeed, any plaintiff would be hardpressed to find support for a finding of open-ended continuity in cases predating Northwestern Bell

7

Guaranteed Rate cites Ashland Oil Inc. v. Arnett, 875 F. 2d 1271 (7th Cir. 1989); United States v. Horak, 833
F. 2d 1235 (7th Cir. 1987); Appley v. West, 832 F. 2d 1021 (7th Cir. 1987); Liquid Air Corp. v. Rogers, 834 F. 2d 1297
(7th Cir. 1987); and Illinois Dep’t of Revenue v. Phillips, 771 F. 2d 312 (7th Cir. 1985).

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because the pattern-of-activity inquiry had not been parsed into the closed-and open-ended tests until
Northwestern Bell. Therefore, the Court does not find these cases instructive.
For the reasons stated, Guaranteed Rate is unable to allege a pattern of racketeering activity
or an enterprise as required by RICO. Count I of Guaranteed Rate’s Complaint is therefore
dismissed, with prejudice, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6).
V.

The Court Relinquishes its Supplemental Jurisdiction Over the Remaining State
Law Claims

Once Guaranteed Rate’s RICO claim – the sole premise of federal jurisdiction here – is
dismissed, there remain nineteen state law causes of action. All nineteen of these claims arise from
the same nucleus of operative facts as Guaranteed Rate’s RICO claims in Count I. However, where
“the sole basis for invoking federal jurisdiction is non-existent ... the federal courts should not
exercise supplemental jurisdiction over his remaining state law claims.” Aztar Ind. Gaming, 351 F.
3d 294, 300 (7th Cir. 2000); see also Al’s Service Center v. BP Products North America, Inc., 599
F.3d 720, 727 (7th Cir. 2010) (“When all federal claims in a suit in federal court are dismissed before
trial, the presumption is that the court will relinquish federal jurisdiction over any supplemental
state-law claim.”); Rennell v. Rowe, No. 09 C 2193, 2010 WL 99409, at *3 (Pallmeyer, J.) (declining
to exercising supplemental jurisdiction over remaining state law claims after dismissing plaintiff’s
RICO claims).
There are three exceptions to this general rule: (1) when the refiling of the state claims is
barred by the statute of limitations; (2) where substantial judicial resourcse have already been
expended on the state claims; and (3) when it is clearly apparent how the state claim is to be decided.
Williams v. Rodriguez, 509 F. 3d 392 (7th Cir. 2007) (citing Wright v. Associated Ins. Companies,
Inc., 29 F. 3d 1244, 1251 (7th Cir. 1994); Williams Electronic Games, Inc. v. Garrity, 479 F. 3d 904,
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906 (7th Cir. 2007)). None of these exceptions apply to Guaranteed Rate’s state law conspiracy to
defraud, breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, common law fraud, negligent
misrepresentation, or negligence claims. First, because these claims are being dismissed on
jurisdictional grounds, Illinois law gives Guaranteed Rate one year to refile them in state court. See
735 ILCS 5/13–217 (“[If] the action is dismissed by a United States District Court for lack fo
jurisdiction, ... then, whether or not the time limitation for bringing such action expires during the
pendency of such action, the plaintiff ... may commence a new action [in state court] within one year
or within the remaining period of limitation, whichever is greater, after ... the action is dismissed by
a United States District Court for lack of jurisdiction ...); Davis v. Cook County, 534 F. 3d 650, 654
(7th Cir. 2008). Second, as the Court has disposed of the federal claims on a motion to dismiss,
“substantial judicial resources” have not yet been committed to the case. See, e.g., Davis, 534 F. 3d
650 (no substantial resources committed where federal claims dismissed at summary judgment
phase). Lastly, it is not “clearly apparent” how Guaranteed Rate’s state law claims will be decided.
Finding no justification to depart from the general rule requiring dismissal of supplemental
state law claims in these circumstances, the Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over
the remaining state law claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3).
VI.

Warren Barr’s Motion to Vacate Default Judgment

On October 30, 2012, this Court entered an Order of Default against Defendant Warren Barr.
(Dkt. No. 119.) Barr was served with the Complaint and Summons on July 26, 2012, (Dkt. No. 78),
but failed to timely appear, file an Answer, or otherwise respond to Guaranteed Rate’s Complaint
or Amended Complaint. Barr maintains he was unable to timely respond to the because he was in
Saudi Arabia for an extended period of time and returned to the United States on October 30, 2012,

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the same day the Order of Default was entered against him. Barr states that he was attempting to
settle this case and was in the process of retaining counsel while working full-time overseas, but was
unable to arrive at a final representation agreement with his current counsel, Joseph T. Gentleman,
until October 31, 2012. On November 2, 2012, three days after the Order of Default was entered
against him, Barr filed a Motion a Motion for Leave to Appear, Vacate Default, and for Extension
of Time to Answer.
A district court may in its discretion set aside an entry of default for “good cause” under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(c), or vacate a default judgment under the rationales set forth in
Rule 60(b). Fed.R.Civ.P. 55(c), 60(b); see also Judson Atkinson Candies, Inc. v. Latini-Hohberger
Dhimantec, 529 F.3d 371, 385 (7th Cir. 2008). Rule 55 governs in this case because the Court has
made an entry for default against Barr but has not yet entered a final default judgment awarding
damages to Guaranteed Rate. See Cracco v. Vitran Exp., Inc., 559 F.3d 625, 630 (7th Cir. 2009).
The Seventh Circuit has provided somewhat conflicting guidance with respect to Rule 55(c)’s “good
cause” standard. In Sims v. EGA Prods., Inc., 475 F.3d 865 (7th Cir. 2007), the court explained that
a defaulting party need not demonstrate a good reason for the failure that led to the default in order
to have that default set aside. Rather, the court held that “Rule 55(c) requires ‘good cause’ for the
judicial action, not ‘good cause’ for the defendant’s error; as used in this Rule, the phrase is not a
synonym for ‘excusable neglect.’ ” Id. at 868. The court in Sims determined there was good cause
to set aside the entry of default “even though there was no good excuse for the defendant’s
inattention to the case.” Id. This proposition was cited with approval (albeit parenthetically) in
Cracco v. Vitran Exp., Inc., 559 F.3d at 630. However, Cracco also appears to contradict Sims by
applying to Rule 55(c) the same test used by courts to determine whether to vacate a default

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judgment under Rule 60(b). Id. That test places a heavier burden on the defaulting party, as it
requires the defaulting party to demonstrate (1) good cause for the default, (2) quick action to correct
the default, and (3) a meritorious defense to the Complaint. United States v. Di Mucci, 879 F.2d
1488, 1495 (7th Cir. 1989); Breuer Elec. Mfg. v. Toronado Sys. of Am., 687 F.2d 182, 185 (7th Cir.
1982). However, Cracco recognized that this test is “more liberally applied in the Rule 55(c)
context,” and ultimately set aside the default judgment entered against the defendant because the
defendant “did not wilfully ignore the pending litigation, but, rather, failed to respond to the
summons and complaint through inadvertence” and responded to the entry of default within eight
days satisfied the first two prongs of the test. Cracco, 559 F.3d at 631.
Here, although Barr was clearly aware of the lawsuit against him during the time he was
overseas and should have been more diligent in participating in this litigation, he did not “willfully
ignore” the pending litigation. Rather, he was remotely (and albeit sluggishly) attempting to retain
counsel to represent him in this case. Furthermore, Barr acted quickly to correct his default by filing
the instant motion just three days after the entry of default. See, e.g., Cracco, 559 F.3d at 631 (filing
motion to set aside eight days after entry of default constituted “quick action”); Indian Ind., Inc. v.
Rainbow Play Systems, Inc., No. 3:11-cv-139-RLY-WGH, 2012 WL 1409637, *2–3 (S.D. Ind. Apr.
23, 2012) (setting aside default judgment where defaulting party hired counsel and filed an answer
and counterclaim four days after entry of default); Armfield v. Key Plastics, LLC, , 2008 WL
2397684, at *1 (N.D. Ind. June 9, 2008) (setting aside where motion to vacate was filed “a few days
after default was entered”). Lastly, and most obviously, Barr has a meritorious defense in this case.
The Court has determined that Guaranteed Rate’s has failed to state a claim under RICO, dismissed
Count I of the Amended Complaint, and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Counts

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II and IX, the only remaining causes of action against Barr. Where a court determines it no longer
has jurisdiction over a case, it may, in its discretion, vacate or set aside a default judgment entered
against a defendant. See, e.g., Gee Chan Choi v. Jeong-Wha Kim, No. 04-CV-4693, 2006 WL
3535931, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 7, 2006) (setting aside order of default previously entered against
defendants after dismissing plaintiff’s RICO claim for failure to allege the existence of an enterprise
or pattern of racketeering activity and refusing to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiff’s
remaining state law claims); APCO Willamette Corp. v. PI.T.W.U. Health & Welfare Fund, 390
F.Supp. 2d 696, 700–701 (N.D. Ill. 2005) (vacating default judgments previously entered against five
defendants after determining the court had no jurisdiction over the case because the plaintiff lacked
standing). Accordingly, the Court finds it appropriate to set aside the default judgment previously
entered against Barr.
Nevertheless, the Court recognizes that Guaranteed Rate’s counsel was forced to
unnecessarily expend time and effect resources as a result of Barr’s inattention to this case. Had Barr
acted in a timely fashion, Guaranteed Rate would not have had to move for default or respond to
Barr’s Motion to Vacate. Therefore, the Court awards Guaranteed Rate their actual attorneys’ fees
and costs associated with filing their Motion for Default and response to Barr’s Motion to Vacate
Default Judgment.
CONCLUSION AND ORDER
For the reasons stated, Lattas’s Motion to Dismiss Count I is granted with prejudice. The
Court chooses to relinquish supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims, Counts
II through XX are dismissed without prejudice to re-file these claims in state court, and Stewart Title,
Cagala, Budzik, Budzik & Dynia, LLC, the RJE Defendants, Kim, Jilek, Southwest Appraisal, and

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Lupescu’s Motions to Dismiss are denied as moot. Barr’s Motion to Vacate is granted, and
Guaranteed Rate is awarded actual attorneys fees associated with the filing of their Motion for
Default Judgment and response to Barr’s Motion to Vacate.

________________________________________
Virginia M. Kendall
United States District Court Judge
Northern District of Illinois
Date: December 12, 2012

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