Sehgal et al v. Beers et al
Filing
33
MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order Signed by the Honorable John Robert Blakey on 5/14/2015. Mailed notice(gel, )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
Ankush Seghal and Mohit Segal,
Plaintiffs,
v.
Case No. 13 C 8576
Judge John Robert Blakey
Jeh Johnson, et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiffs Ankush Seghal and Mohit Seghal seek to have this Court reverse
the Board of Immigration Appeals’ June 7, 2013 decision denying the Form I-130
Petition for Alien Relative filed by Ankush, an American citizen, on behalf of her
husband Mohit, an Indian citizen. Defendants, principally, officers at the United
States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) and the United States
Department of Homeland Security, seek to affirm the underlying decision.
Form I-130 is meant to assist relatives of American citizens immigrate to the
United States. There is no present dispute that Mohit and Ankush entered into a
bona fide marriage. The Board instead denied the Form I-130 on other grounds,
that is, there was substantial and probative evidence that Mohit had entered into a
sham marriage with his first wife, Renee Miller—another American citizen who also
filed Form I-130s on behalf of Mohit. Under 8 U.S.C. § 1154(c), no Form 1-130 can
be approved if the beneficiary has ever sought immigration benefits based on a
sham marriage. That is the situation here.
The parties have cross-moved for summary judgment [28] [29]. This Court
grants Defendants’ motion [28] and denies Plaintiffs’ motion [29].
I.
Legal Standards
A.
Administrative Standard and Burden of Proof
When an American citizen marries a non-citizen, the couple can file a Form I130 to petition the government to recognize the non-citizen as a legal permanent
resident.
The couple has the burden to persuade the government that they
intended to establish a life together when they married. Matter of McKee, 17 I. & N.
Dec. 332, 334-35 (BIA 1980).
Separate from the couple’s burden, the government must deny the petition if
it finds that the non-citizen ever entered into a sham marriage. All prior marriages
can be considered, and if the government finds that any one of them is fraudulent,
the beneficiary is forever barred from receiving immigration benefits through
marriage.
8 U.S.C. § 1154(c); 8 C.F.R. § 204.2(a)(1)(ii); see also Ogbolumani v.
Napolitano, 557 F.3d 729, 736 (7th Cir. 2009). That is a statutory bar that cannot
be avoided. Ogbolumani, 557 F.3d at 733.
The burden initially is on the government.
The government must find
“substantial and probative evidence” that the marriage was a sham from its
inception.
8 C.F.R. § 204.2(a)(1)(ii).
The government may look at all relevant
evidence, including evidence originating from the agency’s prior dealings with the
beneficiary. 8 C.F.R. § 204.2(a)(1)(ii); see also Matter of Tawfik, 20 I. & N. Dec. 166,
167-68 (BIA 1990). The beneficiary need not have been prosecuted or convicted of
2
marriage fraud. 8 C.F.R. § 204.2(a)(1)(ii). If the government identifies substantial
and probative evidence of marriage fraud, then the burden shifts to the couple to
show otherwise. Matter of Kahy, 19 I. & N. Dec. 803, 806-07 (BIA 1988).
B.
Standard of Review in this Court
The Administrative Procedure Act governs this Court’s review of a final
decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals. 5 U.S.C. §§ 702, 704. Under the Act,
this Court’s review is limited to the Administrative Record [20] (and, for this
reason, this Court finds Defendants’ failure to submit a statement of facts to be a
harmless mistake, at worst). 5 U.S.C. § 706. This Court may reverse the Board’s
decision under limited circumstances, such as where the decision is arbitrary and
capricious or without observance of procedure required by law. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2);
Mt. Sinai Hospital Medical Center v. Shalala, 196 F.3d 703, 708 (7th Cir. 1999).
These are demanding standards. So long as a reasonable mind could find adequate
support for the administrative decision, it is not arbitrary or capricious.
Ogbolumani, 557 F.3d at 733; Mt. Sinai Hospital Medical Center, 196 F.3d at 70809.
The decision need not be compelling or even convincing to be sufficient.
Ogbolumani, 557 F.3d at 735; Ghaly v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 48
F.3d 1426, 1430-31 (7th Cir. 1995).
II.
Facts
A.
The Two Marriages
Mohit is an Indian citizen who entered the United States on September 10,
2000 on a B-2 visitor’s visa. Administrative Record (“AR”) at 0097. This action
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concerns Mohit’s marriages to two American citizens and corresponding efforts to
obtain a green card.
On June 26, 2003, Mohit married Renee Miller (who will be called Renee for
clarity because she took Mohit’s last name during their marriage). AR at 0185.
Later that summer, on August 22, Renee filed a Form I-130 on behalf of Mohit. AR
at 0069-70, 0088. On February 2, 2005, Mohit and Renee appeared for an interview
in connection with the Form I-130. AR at 0088, 0093. Also while the Form I-130
was pending, the couple submitted extensive evidence of their purported marriage,
including TCF Bank statements and two affidavits from Mohit’s mother dated
February 1, 2005 and January 11, 2006. AR at 0089-90.
USCIS denied the Form I-130 on November 17, 2005. AR at 0088. The
notice denying the Form I-130 stated that Renee claimed to be living in Mohit’s
parent’s house until June 3, 2005. AR at 0088, 0093. Yet when an investigator
called the house on March 16, 2005, Mohit’s mother answered and stated, according
to the notice, that “she had no idea where you [Renee] were and did not have a
contact number for you.” AR at 0088. Renee appealed the denial. AR at 0088. Yet
the appeal was rendered moot when Mohit and Renee divorced on July 31, 2008.
AR at 0088.
While the appeal from the first Form I-130 was pending, on October 26, 2006,
Renee filed a second Form I-130 on behalf of Mohit. AR at 0071-72, 0088. The
same day, Mohit filed a corresponding Form I-485 to change his residence status.
AR at 0088. In connection with the second Form I-130, on February 12, 2007, Mohit
4
and Renee appeared for an interview and gave their shared address as 1004 West
Euclid Avenue, Arlington Heights, Illinois. AR at 0088.
Sometime in late 2007 (the exact date is redacted from the Administrative
Record), Renee gave birth to a child. AR at 0089, 0091. Mohit is not the father. AR
at 0091 n.3, 0185, 0247.
Returning to the second Form I-130, USCIS scheduled a second interview for
January 29, 2008, but neither Mohit nor Renee appeared. AR at 0089. USCIS
issued Requests for Evidence after the first and second interviews, requesting
further proof of a genuine marriage. AR at 0088-89. USCIS received two letters in
response, both purportedly from Mohit (as will be discussed below). AR at 0089-90.
One letter was signed with the name Mohit; the other was unsigned. AR at 0089.
Mohit and Renee also re-submitted many of the same documents sent with the first
Form I-130.
AR at 0090.
They submitted new documents as well, including
photographs with Renee’s family in New Mexico. AR at 0090.
On July 31, 2008, Mohit and Renee divorced. AR at 0089, 0184-86. The
Judgment for Dissolution of Marriage entered in Illinois state court stated that the
parties had separated on or about October 2003. AR at 0089, 0185.
USCIS scheduled a third interview for December 8, 2008, again, neither
Mohit nor Renee appeared. AR at 0089. As a result, on or about January 16, 2009,
USCIS denied the second Form I-130 as abandoned. AR at 0089.
On September 9, 2009, Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers
interviewed Mohit about his association with Tess Zarrabian and Mohit gave a five-
5
page written statement.
AR at 0091, 0390-95.
Ms. Zarrabian was under
investigation for certain immigration services she provided. See [28] at 3; [29-1] at
3. Mohit signed or initialed every page in his statement. AR at 0091, 0390-95. He
also signed a Record of Sworn Statement witnessed by an immigration officer,
swearing that he read or had read to him the statement and that it was true and
correct. AR at 0091, 0395.
In the sworn statement, Mohit apologized “for putting myself in this situation
and breaking the law.” AR at 0091. Specifically, Mohit described how he entered
into a fraudulent marriage with Renee to obtain permanent resident status. AR at
0091. Mohit first met Renee through Ms. Zarrabian at Ms. Zarrabian’s office. AR
at 0091. Mohit initially believed Ms. Zarrabian was a lawyer although she later
said she was not.
AR at 0091.
Mohit paid Renee $6,000 and Ms. Zarrabian
thousands of dollars as well. AR at 0092.
Mohit explained the steps he and Renee took to create the false impression of
a legitimate marriage to USCIS. AR at 0092. Many of the documents the two
submitted were false. AR at 0092. For example: (1) a woman from Ms. Zarrabian’s
office took Mohit and Renee to a TCF Bank to open joint bank accounts; (2) Ms.
Zarrabian took photographs of Mohit and Renee wearing different clothes at
different locations to create the appearance that the pictures were taken on
different days; and (3) after the February 12, 2007 interview, when USCIS
requested more photos of the couple, Mohit and Renee flew to New Mexico to take
pictures with Renee’s family. AR at 0092.
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Mohit also recounted that he and his parents visited Renee in January 2008,
after the birth of her child, and offered Renee $500 to identify Mohit as the father.
AR at 0092.
Renee declined the offer, so Ms. Zarrabian told Mohit to tell
immigration officials that Renee had an affair. AR at 0092.
On January 12, 2010, Mohit married Ankush. AR at 187. On February 23,
2010, Ankush filed the third Form I-130 on behalf of Mohit. AR at 0087, 0097-98.
On March 11, 2011, during the pendency of the third Form I-130, Renee sent
a handwritten letter to USCIS about her marriage with Mohit. AR at 0090-91,
0380-83. Why Renee sent this letter is not answered by the Administrative Record.
See [29-1] at 4. Renee confirmed that Ms. Zarrabian, who she also initially believed
was a lawyer, arranged for her marriage with Mohit on June 26, 2003 so that Mohit
could obtain a green card. AR at 0090. In return, Renee would receive $5,000. AR
at 0091. Ms. Zarrabian gave Renee an envelope containing $2,500 the day of the
marriage and promised Renee the remaining $2,500 once Mohit received his green
card. AR at 0091. Renee also confirmed that Mohit and his parents visited Renee
after she gave birth and asked her to identify Mohit as the father on the birth
certificate. AR at 0091. Renee said no. AR at 0091.
On March 15, 2011, USCIS interviewed Mohit and Ankush in connection
with the third Form I-130. AR at 0092, 0196-206. In another sworn statement,
Mohit repudiated his earlier September 9, 2009 sworn statement.
AR at 0092.
Contrary to his prior statement, Mohit now said that his marriage to Renee was
genuine and valid, and that Ms. Zarrabian was just a form preparer. AR at 0092.
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Mohit said Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers had typed up his
September 9, 2009 statement, did not allow him to read the statement before
signing it and mistreated him. AR at 0092.
Also in the March 15, 2011 statement, Mohit denied sending the two letters
USCIS received in response to their February 12, 2007 and January 29, 2008
Requests for Evidence.
AR at 0089, 0091, 0095.
Mohit also claimed that the
signature on one of the letters was not his (recall that the second letter was
unsigned). AR at 0091. Mohit further denied the veracity of many other documents
USCIS received in connection with the first and second Form I-130s. For example,
Mohit claimed that the February 1, 2005 and January 11, 2006 affidavits from his
mother were false documents not actually signed by her. AR at 0091.
B.
Administrative Record
Based on this factual record, USCIS and the Board of Immigration Appeals
denied the February 23, 2010 Form I-130 at every stage in the administrative
process.
1.
Notice of Intent to Deny
On March 25, 2011, the Field Office Director issued a nine-page Notice of
Intent to Deny Petition for Alien Relative (“Notice of Intent to Deny”) notifying
Ankush of USCIS’s intention to deny the February 23, 2010 Form I-130. AR at
0087. The Director reviewed the record, recounted the preceding factual record (as
shown by the citations to the Notice of Intent to Deny, from AR 0087 to 0095) and
stated the applicable law. See generally AR at 0087-95.
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The Director concluded that, while the record contained substantial evidence
of a marital union, that evidence was impossible to reconcile with Mohit’s
September 9, 2009 sworn statement and Renee’s March 11, 2011 letter. AR at 0090.
First, Mohit gave inconsistent testimony about when he lived with Renee.
The Director reviewed Mohit’s March 15, 2011 sworn statement and observed that
Mohit had difficulty describing the chronology of his marriage to Renee. AR at
0092. However, Mohit was clear that he lived with his parents throughout the time
he was married to Renee. AR at 0092. Mohit also was clear that Renee lived with
him and his parents for just six non-consecutive months spread out over 2003 and
2004 and that the couple did not live together after 2004. AR at 0092-93. Mohit
said that he and Renee lived together at two addresses: (1) 131 Catalpa Avenue,
Chicago, Illinois and (2) 7709 North Kolmar Avenue, Skokie, Illinois. AR at 0092 &
n.5. When asked if he previously had told the government that he had lived with
Renee in 2005, Mohit answered: “No.” AR at 0093.
By comparison, on February 2, 2005, when first interviewed by USCIS, Mohit
and Renee claimed to be living together. AR at 0093. Moreover, on October 26,
2006 and February 12, 2007, when Mohit filed a Form I-485 and Mohit and Renee
appeared for an interview, respectively, Mohit and Renee claimed they were living
together in Arlington Heights. AR at 0094.
Second, much of the evidence Plaintiffs submitted to USCIS post-dated
Mohit’s separation with Renee—which occurred either in October 2003 (according to
the Judgment for Dissolution of Marriage) or 2004 (according to Mohit’s March 15,
9
2011 testimony)—and falsely represented that the two lived together. AR at 0094.
This included:
•
rent receipts from July to December 2003 from Mohit’s mother;
•
a state ID for Renee issued January 11, 2005 and listing her address as
7709 North Kolmar Avenue, Skokie, Illinois, which is where Mohit’s
family resided;
•
a cell phone bill due February 25, 2007 for both Mohit and Renee and
listing their address as 1004 West Euclid Avenue, Arlington Heights,
Illinois; and
•
copies of a driver’s license for Mohit and another state ID for Renee both
issued February 9, 2007 and listing their address as 1004 West Euclid
Avenue, Arlington Heights, Illinois.
AR at 0089-90, 0092 & n.5, 0094.
Third, the Director found that the chronological contradictions disappeared
by assuming Mohit’s September 9, 2009 sworn statement and Renee’s March 11,
2011 letter to be true—and not Mohit’s March 15, 2011 sworn statement. AR at
0094.
The Director emphasized that, not only did Mohit’s first statement and
Renee’s letter agree with one another, but they also explained the other evidence in
the record. AR at 0094. For example, in the September 9, 2009 sworn statement,
Mohit explained that Ms. Zarrabian said she would produce the two letters sent in
response to the government’s Requests for Evidence—the ones Mohit later said
were not written by him. AR at 0094-95.
The Director concluded by informing Plaintiffs of their right to submit
countervailing evidence in support of the February 23, 2010 Form I-130. AR at
0095.
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2.
Decision on Petition for Alien Relative
On May 9, 2011, after receiving a response from Plaintiffs, the Field Office
Director issued a six-page Decision on Petition for Alien Relative (“Decision on
Petition”) denying the February 23, 2010 Form I-130. AR at 0002-07. The Director
concluded that the record contained “substantial and probative evidence” that
Mohit’s marriage to Renee “was a sham intended to evade the immigration laws of
the United States.” AR at 0003; see also AR at 0007.
In reaching that decision, the Director considered the brief and supplemental
evidence Plaintiffs submitted in response to the March 25, 2011 Notice of Intent to
Deny. AR at 0003, 0005, 0147-66. Plaintiffs principally argued that: (1) Mohit’s
September 9, 2009 sworn statement should be given no weight because Immigration
and Customs Enforcement officials coerced Mohit into signing the statement
without reviewing it; and (2) USCIS had not met its burden to show that Mohit and
Renee had entered into a sham marriage. AR at 0003.
The Director rejected both arguments. He found nothing in the record to
support Plaintiffs’ contention that immigration officials coerced Mohit. AR at 0003,
0006 (citing Matter of Luis-Rodriguez, 22 I. & N. Dec. 747, 759 n.5 (BIA 1999)). The
Director also noted that Mohit signed or initialed every page, thereby attesting that
Mohit had read and agreed with every page. AR at 0003.
As for the second argument, the Director echoed the Notice of Intent to Deny:
while Plaintiffs had indeed submitted substantial evidence of a valid marriage
between Mohit and Renee, much of that evidence was: (1) inconsistent with Mohit’s
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September 9, 2009 sworn statement and Renee’s March 11, 2011 letter; (2)
manufactured after Mohit and Renee separated in October 2003 or 2004; or (3)
repudiated by Mohit. AR at 0004-05. The Director further found that Plaintiffs had
failed to explain the origin of the allegedly false evidence. AR at 0004. Nor did
Plaintiffs explain the numerous inconsistences in the record (which marshal against
him). AR at 0004. In particular, the Director found unpersuasive Mohit’s claim
that he could not recall when he lived with Renee; the questions to Mohit about
when he lived with Renee were framed in terms of residences and years, not specific
dates. AR at 0006.
Plaintiffs argued that USCIS must have told Renee what to include in her
March 11, 2011 letter. AR at 0004. Mohit also submitted an affidavit denying the
accuracy of Renee’s March 11, 2011 letter and stating that Renee only sent the
letter to hurt him. AR at 0006, 0147-50. The Director rejected both arguments,
explaining that there was no evidence that USCIS told Renee what to include in her
letter and that Mohit stated on March 15, 2011 that he did not have a hostile
relationship with Renee after their divorce. AR at 0004.
3.
Board of Immigration Appeals Decision
Plaintiffs appealed the May 9, 2011 Decision on Petition.
The Board of
Immigration Appeals denied the appeal on June 7, 2013 in a two-page decision that
incorporated by reference the May 9, 2011 Decision on Petition. AR at 0053-54.
On appeal, Plaintiffs principally argued that Mohit’s September 9, 2009
sworn statement was produced under duress and signed only because Mohit was in
12
pain following a recent car accident. AR at 0053. The Board reiterated that Mohit
signed or initialed every page of his September 9, 2009 statement and that no
evidence supported his argument that the statement was produced under duress.
AR at 0053.
The Board further found that Renee’s March 11, 2011 letter
corroborated the information in Mohit’s earlier statement. AR at 0053.
Having addressed this argument, the Board concluded that the evidence of a
bona fide marriage between Mohit and Renee was insufficient to overcome Mohit’s
September 9, 2009 sworn statement and Renee’s March 11, 2011 letter. AR at 0053.
4.
Denial of Reconsideration
On July 8, 2013, Plaintiffs moved to have the Board of Immigration Appeals
reconsider its June 7, 2013 decision. AR at 0037-50. The Board denied the motion
in a two-page decision issued on April 10, 2014, after this lawsuit was commenced.
AR at 0016-17.
The Board found that Plaintiffs had merely recast arguments already made,
which was not an appropriate ground for a motion for reconsideration. AR at 0016.
The Board in particular rejected Plaintiffs’ argument that the Director erred by not
disclosing a copy of Renee’s March 11, 2011 letter.
AR at 0016.
The Board
explained that it had reviewed the full letter which was in the record; and that no
legal error was committed because the text of the letter was fully quoted in the
March 25, 2011 Notice of Intent to Deny. AR at 0016-17. That was enough under
Seventh Circuit law. AR at 0017 (citing Ghaly v. Immigration and Naturalization
Service, 48 F.3d 1426, 1435 (7th Cir. 1995)).
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III.
Analysis
The sole issue in this case is whether the marriage between Mohit and Renee
was a fraud. If so, then Mohit cannot receive immigration benefits through his
marriage with Ankush, even if that later marriage is bona fide. See 8 U.S.C. §
1154(c). Here, Plaintiffs assert that two categories of errors under 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)
were made: (1) the government departed from established policies by failing to
disclose the March 11, 2011 letter from Renee; and (2) the Board of Immigration
Appeals’ June 7, 2013 decision was arbitrary and capricious because it lacked
adequate support for the conclusion that Mohit had entered into a fraudulent
marriage. This Court addresses each argument in turn.
A.
Procedural Violation
The Director quoted the entire March 11, 2011 letter from Renee in the
March 25, 2011 Notice of Intent to Deny but did not attach the actual statement or
otherwise provide Plaintiffs with the statement until this litigation.
Compare
3/25/11 Notice of Intent to Deny, AR at 0090-91, with 3/11/11 Renee Letter, AR at
0380-83. Plaintiffs argue that Defendants violated their statutory obligation under
8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(16)(ii) by failing to disclose the letter to them. [29-1] at 10-12;
[31] at 4. Under the right circumstances, a procedural violation can warrant setting
aside the government’s decision. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(D); see also Mt. Sinai Hospital
Medical Center, 196 F.3d at 708; Ghaly, 48 F.3d at 1431.
Plaintiffs are correct that the administrative regulations require the
“determination of statutory eligibility … be based only on information contained in
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the record of proceeding which is disclosed to the applicant or petitioner,” unless
that information is classified. 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(16)(ii). The Seventh Circuit has
interpreted this language to mean, however, that the government is not required to
provide Plaintiffs with an opportunity to view each and every statement. Ghaly, 48
F.3d at 1434-35. Instead, the Court in Ghaly found that the plaintiffs there had
sufficient notice because the government summarized the relevant statement in the
notice of intent to revoke. Id. at 1434-35.
Here, of course, quoting Renee’s entire March 11, 2011 letter in the Notice of
Intent to Deny provides more information than just the summary provided in
Ghaly. Indeed, the Board of Immigration Appeals considered and rejected this very
argument based on Ghaly. AR at 0017. Perhaps in an ideal world, it would have
been better had the government disclosed a copy of the letter itself to Plaintiffs, see
Ghaly, 48 F.3d at 1436-37 (Posner, J., concurring), but the government nonetheless
satisfied its obligations under 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(16)(ii).
B.
Arbitrary and Capricious Decision
Plaintiffs face a high hurdle when arguing that the Board of Immigration
Appeals made an arbitrary and capricious decision, lacking adequate evidence to
find that the marriage between Mohit and Renee was a sham. The role of this
Court is not to re-weigh the administrative record anew. Ghaly, 48 F.3d at 1430-31,
1433; see also Ogbolumani, 557 F.3d at 733. Increasing the burden for Plaintiffs,
the Board only had to find “substantial and probative evidence” of marriage fraud.
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8 C.F.R. § 204.2(a)(1)(ii). This is evidence a reasonable mind would find adequate to
support a conclusion. Ghaly, 48 F.3d at 1431.
The Seventh Circuit has repeatedly affirmed administrative decisions finding
substantial and probative evidence of marriage fraud where just one of the parties
to the marriage admitted to the fraud, even if that person later backtracked from
the admission. Ogbolumani, 557 F.3d 729; Ghaly, 48 F.3d 1426; see also Matter of
Kahy, 19 I. & N. Dec. 803. In particular, two controlling cases from the Seventh
Circuit guide this Court’s decision.
First, in Ogbolumani, the Court affirmed denial of a Form I-130 submitted by
Lacey Ogbolumani (an American citizen) for her husband David Ogbolumani (a
Nigerian citizen) because David had entered into a fraudulent marriage with his
first wife, Jamiler Cooper (an American citizen). 557 F.3d at 731, 736. Jamiler had
submitted an earlier Form I-130 on behalf of David and during the subsequent
government investigation, Jamiler and David admitted that their marriage was a
fraud. Id. at 731-32. Jamiler said she agreed to marry David in exchange for
money to pay for school. Id. at 732. David did not explicitly concede that the
marriage was a fraud, but he may as well have. He told investigators:
I felt I had no other way to obtain my immigration benefits. I did what
I felt I had to do. You are intelligent investigators and basically have
my head on a platter. However, I can’t bring myself to “mouth” the
words that will destroy any remaining hope I may have.
Id. at 732-33. Jamiler ultimately withdrew her Form I-130. Id. at 732.
In connection with the second Form I-130 filed by Lacey, USCIS sent David
and Lacey a Notice of Intent to Deny based on the earlier evidence of marriage
16
fraud.
Id. at 732.
In response, as here, Lacey supplemented the record with
substantial evidence that the first marriage was legitimate. Id. at 732. Similar to
the evidence sent here, Lacey sent: (1) two leases that David and Jamiler had
signed together, (2) electric bills and car insurance cards in both their names and
(3) a letter from the bank certifying that David and Jamiler had opened a joint
checking account. Id. at 732. Lacey later added an affidavit from David stating
that he was genuinely in love with Jamiler when they married. Id. at 732. David,
however, did not deny paying for Jamiler’s education. Id. The additional evidence
of a bona fide marriage thus was insufficient, so the Director denied the Form I-130
and the Board of Immigration Appeals and district court agreed. Id. at 732.
The Seventh Circuit affirmed, finding that the most damaging evidence came
from David and Jamiler themselves.
Id. at 732-34.
While David did try to
backtrack from his prior admissions, he never expressly denied them. Id. at 734.
Moreover, David’s initial statements were corroborated by the statement from
Jamiler (as well as another statement from her sister-in-law). Id.
Second, in Ghaly, the Seventh Circuit found that the government had
correctly denied a visa petition filed by the University of Illinois at Chicago (the
employer) on behalf of their employee, Dr. Ramsis Ghaly (an Egyptian citizen),
based on Dr. Ghaly’s fraudulent marriage. 48 F.3d at 1427. Years earlier, in July
1985, Dr. Ghaly married Ann Wager (an American Citizen) and Ms. Wagner
petitioned for a visa for Dr. Ghaly. Id. Ms. Wagner withdrew the petition and the
marriage ended in a divorce in January 1986. Id. at 1427-28. Also in January
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1986, Immigration and Naturalization Service agents interviewed Ms. Wagner who
signed a statement stating that she married Dr. Ghaly for a $2,000 fee and that the
two were introduced through a man named Thomas Fix. Id.
Almost nine years later, in January 1993 and during the proceedings for the
visa petition, the University responded to this evidence by submitting a notarized
letter from Ms. Wagner dated October 8, 1992. Id. at 1428. Ms. Wagner stated that
she and Dr. Ghaly married because they thought they were in love and the
marriage failed because of cultural differences. Id. at 1428. The University also
submitted affidavits from Dr. Ghaly and Mr. Fix. Id. at 1429. Dr. Ghaly admitted
that his immigration status was a consideration in his decision to marry Ms.
Wagner but further explained that he had not promised to pay Ms. Wagner and
that the couple did not marry for any fraudulent purpose. Id. Mr. Fix asserted that
the marriage was based on love. Id.
The government weighed this evidence and concluded that the rebuttal
evidence was not sufficient to overcome the prior admission by Ms. Wagner. Id. at
1429.
The Seventh Circuit agreed.
While Dr. Ghaly denied that he paid Ms.
Wagner for marrying him, neither Ms. Wagner nor Mr. Fix explicitly denied the fee
arrangement in their affidavits. Id. at 1432. The Seventh Circuit found that the
government was entitled to (1) discount these rebuttal affidavits because all three
individuals were purportedly involved in a fraudulent marriage scheme, which
undermined their credibility; and (2) give more weight to Ms. Wagner’s testimony in
1986, which was temporally closer to the marriage than Dr. Ghaly’s conflicting
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affidavit and the other evidence. Id. at 1432-33. These same two points are equally
applicable here.
The record before the Board of Immigration Appeals in this case supplies
even more compelling evidence of marriage fraud than in Ogbolumani and Ghaly.
Unlike in those cases, here, both parties to the marriage explicitly have admitted
that their marriage was a sham. In a September 9, 2009 sworn statement, Mohit
explained the marriage fraud scheme, including how he and Renee manufactured
evidence of a legitimate marriage to send to USCIS. AR at 0390-95. In a March 11,
2011 letter, Renee confirmed that the marriage was a sham and corroborated much
of the specific factual detail from Mohit’s September 9, 2009 sworn statement. AR
at 0380-83. Renee stated that in exchange for $5,000, she agreed to marry Mohit so
that Mohit could obtain a green card. AR at 0090-91, 0381-82.
Plaintiffs attempt to discredit this evidence, but that argument does not take
them far.
Plaintiffs argue that Mohit’s September 9, 2009 statement was the
product of duress, that is, immigration officials coerced Mohit into making false
admissions and Mohit was in pain as a result of a recent car accident. [29-1] at 9;
[31] at 3.
Yet the Director and then the Board of Immigration Appeals both found
nothing in the record substantiating those allegations. AR at 0003, 0053. Mohit
signed or initialed every page, attesting that he had read and agreed with every
page, and further swore that the statement was true and correct. AR at 0003, 0053.
Even setting aside this absence of evidence, the record corroborated the statement.
19
The Director and the Board of Immigration Appeals found that the chronological
contradictions in the record disappeared by finding Mohit’s September 9, 2009
sworn statement to be true—and not his later March 15, 2011 statement. AR at
0003, 0006, 0053, 0094-95. The Board added that Renee’s March 11, 2011 letter
also corroborated the factual information from Mohit’s first sworn statement. AR at
0053.
Plaintiffs also argue that the Board gave Renee’s letter too much weight
because it was not sworn and was otherwise unreliable, for example, coming three
years after the marriage ended. [29-1] at 8-9; [31] at 2. Hearsay is admissible in
administrative proceedings, however, so long as the evidence is probative and its
use is not fundamentally unfair. Ogbolumani, 557 F.3d at 734; see also Pouhova v.
Holder, 726 F.3d 1007, 1011 (7th Cir. 2013); Olowo v. Ashcroft, 368 F.3d 692, 699
(7th Cir. 2004).
Ogbolumani shows that both conditions are met here. In that case, Jamiler’s
(the ex-wife) statement not only was unsworn but also the Board of Immigration
Appeals only considered a summary of the statement written by investigators—not
the statement itself. 557 F.3d at 734. Despite the inherent risks associated with
unsworn statements and summaries, the Seventh Circuit found that the Board
properly considered the statement. Id. Renee’s letter is even more reliable in this
case, and the Board of Immigration Appeals considered the letter itself and not just
a summary. AR at 0016-17.
20
Relatedly, Plaintiffs argue that the Director and Board of Immigration
Appeals mischaracterized Renee’s letter as sworn. [29-1] at 10; [31] at 2. They are
correct that the letter was not sworn and that a sworn letter would have further
bolstered the Board’s decision, but that mistake was immaterial. The Board had
access to the original letter, see AR at 0016-17, and the mischaracterization of the
letter is harmless given the overall weight of the evidence showing a fraudulent
marriage between Mohit and Renee. See Ogbolumani, 557 F.3d at 734.
The admissions by Mohit and Renee alone—even if they could somehow be
discredited in some way—supply a sufficient basis to uphold the underlying
decision. And there is more. Much of the evidence submitted by Plaintiffs to USCIS
was rendered false by Mohit’s sworn statement that he and Renee separated in
2004.
AR at 0004-05, 0053, 0089-90, 0092 & n.5, 0094.
The July 31, 2008
Judgment for Dissolution of Marriage indicated that Mohit and Renee separated
even earlier, in October 2003.
AR at 0185.
Plaintiffs also claimed that other
evidence of the purported marriage between Mohit and Renee was false, such as
two letters and affidavits from Mohit’s mother, yet failed to explain the origin of
this allegedly false evidence. AR at 0004-05.
At bottom, this Court cannot conclude that the Board of Immigration Appeals
made an arbitrary and capricious decision when the record contained not only
admissions by both parties to the marriage that it was a sham but also a timeline of
events consistent only with the conclusion that there was marriage fraud. 1
Plaintiffs also argue that the government engaged in misconduct when, in a December 2,
2011 letter, they misrepresented that they would forward Plaintiffs’ appeal of the May 9,
1
21
IV.
Conclusion
Defendants’ motion for summary judgment [28] is granted and Plaintiffs’
cross-motion for summary judgment [29] is denied.
Dated: May 14, 2015
Entered:
____________________________
John Robert Blakey
United States District Judge
2011 Decision on Petition. [29-1] at 12-13; [31] at 4. That did not occur until early 2013.
The Board of Immigration Appeals acknowledged that the letter was not artfully worded.
AR at 0017. But the Board nonetheless found that the argument did not deny the fact that
Mohit and Renee had entered into a fraudulent marriage. AR at 0017. This Court agrees.
22
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