Van Noppen v. InnerWorkings, Inc. et al
Filing
69
MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order Signed by the Honorable John Robert Blakey on 9/30/2015. Mailed notice(gel, )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
Peter Ikai Van Noppen,
Plaintiff,
v.
InnerWorkings, Inc., Eric Belcher and
Joseph Busky,
Case No. 14 C 1416
Judge John Robert Blakey
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Peter Van Noppen, individually and on behalf of all others who
purchased InnerWorkings, Inc. (“InnerWorkings”) common stock between February
15, 2012 and November 6, 2013, brings this action for securities fraud against
InnerWorkings and two of its executives, CEO Eric Belcher and CFO Joseph Busky.
Plaintiff alleges violation of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act
of 1934, 15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b) and 78t(a), and SEC Rule 10b-5, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5.
Pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 9(b) and 12(b)(6), Defendants
now move to dismiss [41] the three-count Amended Complaint [38] in its entirety.
That motion is granted in part and denied in part. Plaintiff may proceed with
Counts I to III with respect to the statements about Productions Graphics and
InnerWorkings’ putative class period financials.
Conversely, Plaintiff cannot
proceed with Counts I to III with respect to the statements about the inside sales
group, the internationalization of PPM4 and the enterprise client retention rate.
I.
Legal Standard
Under Rule 12(b)(6), this Court must construe the Amended Complaint in the
light most favorable to Plaintiff, accept as true all well-pleaded facts and draw
reasonable inferences in his favor. Yeftich v. Navistar, Inc., 722 F.3d 911, 915 (7th
Cir. 2013); Long v. Shorebank Development Corp., 182 F.3d 548, 554 (7th Cir. 1999).
Statements of law, however, need not be accepted as true. Yeftich, 722 F.3d at 915.
Rule 12(b)(6) limits this Court’s consideration to “allegations set forth in the
complaint itself, documents that are attached to the complaint, documents that are
central to the complaint and are referred to in it, and information that is properly
subject to judicial notice.” Williamson v. Curran, 714 F.3d 432, 436 (7th Cir. 2013).
To survive Defendants’ motion under Rule 12(b)(6), the Amended Complaint
must “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Yeftich, 722 F.3d at 915.
“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows
the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
misconduct alleged.” Id.
More is required from plaintiffs in actions for securities fraud than is
typically required at the motion to dismiss stage. The Private Securities Litigation
Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”), 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b), raises the pleading standard
for securities fraud claims beyond the requirements of even Rule 9(b). Makor Issues
& Rights, Ltd. v. Tellabs, Inc. (“Tellabs I”), 437 F.3d 588, 594 (7th Cir. 2006),
vacated, 551 U.S. 308 (2007); Conlee v. WMS Industries, Inc. (“Conlee II”), No. 113503, 2013 WL 1767648, at *3 n.1 (N.D. Ill. April 24, 2013); Garden City Employees’
2
Retirement System v. Anixter International, Inc. (“Garden City II”), No. 09-5641,
2012 WL 1068761, at *2 (N.D. Ill. March 29, 2012). In this way, the PSLRA acts as
a “check against abusive litigation by private parties,” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues
& Rights, Ltd. (“Tellabs II”), 551 U.S. 308, 313 (2007), as Congress implemented the
statute’s exacting pleading requirements “to screen out frivolous suits, while
allowing meritorious actions to move forward,” id. at 313, 324.
In charging
misrepresentations or omissions of material fact, Plaintiff must “specify each
statement alleged to have been misleading [and] the reason or reasons why the
statement is misleading.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1).
II.
Facts
A.
InnerWorkings’ Business
InnerWorkings, a global company based in Chicago, Illinois, provides print
management and promotional solutions to corporate clients. Amended Complaint
(“AC”) ¶¶ 2, 16, 30. InnerWorkings procures printed products from suppliers and
sells those products to clients.
AC ¶ 3.
“Enterprise” clients—with whom
InnerWorkings contracts to provide some or substantially all of their printed
products on a recurring basis—accounted for 70 to 75 percent of the Company’s
revenue during the putative class period. AC ¶¶ 3, 45, 50. The putative class
period is from February 15, 2012 to November 6, 2013. AC ¶ 242. Conversely,
“middle market” clients, also known as the “small to medium-sized business
market” or “SMB,” accounted for 25 to 30 percent of revenue during the putative
3
class period. AC ¶¶ 3, 38, 46. As of December 31, 2012, InnerWorkings achieved
annual revenue of approximately $800 million and operated globally. AC ¶¶ 30, 40.
During the putative class period, InnerWorkings used a proprietary software
system known as “PPM4,” which stored, analyzed and tracked the production
capabilities of the Company’s supplier network in the United States. AC ¶ 43.
PPM4 enabled InnerWorkings to gather job specifications, identify suppliers,
establish pricing, manage print production and coordinate purchase and delivery of
the finished product. AC ¶ 43.
B.
Inside Sales
During the second half of 2010, InnerWorkings began testing and investing
in a new telesales project, dubbed “inside sales.” AC ¶ 61. The purpose of inside
sales was to generate new SMB clients through an in-house cold-call center. AC ¶
6. After an initial testing period of 18 months, InnerWorkings was encouraged by
the project’s preliminary results.
AC ¶ 61.
In February 2012, the Company
announced plans to expand the inside sales group, expecting that its workforce
would more than triple, from 60 to 200 sales representatives, by the end of 2012.
AC ¶ 61. Although the project was not profitable at the time, InnerWorkings stated
its expectation that it would become profitable in 2013. AC ¶ 61.
Over the remainder of 2012 and during the first half of 2013, InnerWorkings
reiterated its expectation that the Company’s continued investment in inside sales
would prove successful. E.g., AC ¶¶ 183, 187, 194, 202, 206, 216. This action for
securities fraud concerns many of those statements.
4
For example, during the
November 8, 2012 earnings call, InnerWorkings’ CEO Eric Belcher stated that the
project represented a “huge opportunity for the Company” and that the Company
was “laying the groundwork” for future success. AC ¶ 194. Likewise, at a May 7,
2013 investor conference, InnerWorkings’ Vice President of Corporate Development
Brad Moore noted that although inside sales represented “still a relatively small
portion of the overall revenue of the Company, and still an overall small portion of
the middle-market business for us,” the Company believed that the project would
become the future “driver for us in this segment of the business.” AC ¶ 216.
During the August 8, 2013 earnings call, however, Belcher announced that
the inside sales group’s performance during Q2 2013 had not met InnerWorkings’
expectations and that the Company was rethinking its “bigger picture strategic
ideas for the group.” AC ¶ 225; 8/8/13 Earnings Call Tr. [43-26] at 4, 7. In the same
call, Belcher stated that InnerWorkings had made changes to the inside sales
group’s management and was looking to align with a partner to bolster the
Company’s SMB client-acquisition capability going forward.
AC ¶ 225; 8/8/13
Earnings Call Tr. [43-26] at 4. Belcher acknowledged that InnerWorkings “had
some learnings along the way, which I guess in hindsight would be anticipated,
always the case when you try something new and bold like this.” AC ¶ 225.
C.
Productions Graphics
On October 24, 2011, InnerWorkings acquired all of the securities of
Productions Graphics through a Share Purchase Agreement.
AC ¶¶ 102, 104.
Productions Graphics was a print management firm based in France with
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operations in 12 countries and 2011 sales of $30 million that was primarily driven
by enterprise clients.
AC ¶ 102.
At the time of its acquisition, Productions
Graphics was fully held by Christophe Delaune, CEO of Productions Graphics, and
Winthrop Limited (“Winthrop”), an organization affiliated with Delaune.
Share
Purchase Agreement at 1, attached to 10/25/11 8-K [43-3]; 2/18/14 8-K [43-29] at 2.
Delaune signed a long-term contract with InnerWorkings, agreeing to serve as
President of Productions Graphics going forward. AC ¶¶ 8, 116.
Pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, InnerWorkings’ acquisition of
Productions Graphics was valued at €67,911,000.
AC ¶ 8; Share Purchase
Agreement at 2, attached to 10/25/11 8-K [43-3]. Only a small portion of the deal’s
value—8%, or €4,191,000—was paid upfront to Delaune and Winthrop. AC ¶ 8;
Share Purchase Agreement at 2, attached to 10/25/11 8-K [43-3]. InnerWorkings
was to pay the remainder in the form of “earn-outs” only if Productions Graphics
met certain financial milestones over a four-year period. AC ¶ 8; Share Purchase
Agreement at 2, attached to 10/25/11 8-K [43-3]. In 2011 and 2012, Productions
Graphics initially appeared to exceed those targets. Consequently, Delaune and
Winthrop obtained their payments for those first two periods: 1.2 million euros and
5.9 million euros for 2011 and 2012, respectively, for a total of 7.1 million euros. AC
¶¶ 9, 16; Share Purchase Agreement at 2, attached to 10/25/11 8-K [43-3]; 11/6/13 8K [43-29] at 3.
In October 2013, InnerWorkings removed Delaune as President of
Productions Graphics. AC ¶ 21. Thereafter, InnerWorkings informed the market
6
that the Company had investigated Delaune’s conduct relating to certain
transactions affecting earn-out payments under the Share Purchase Agreement.
2/18/14 8-K [43-29] at 2. InnerWorkings revealed that, based on the results of the
review, “the Company concluded it was the victim of a fraud perpetrated by
[Delaune]” and that “[Delaune] artificially inflated results to meet earn-out targets
and induce the Company to make earn-out payments relating to the Productions
Graphics acquisition.” 2/18/14 8-K [43-29] at 2. To reverse the revenue recognized
in connection with Delaune’s suspect transactions in 2011 and 2012, the Company
issued restated financials, according to the Amended Complaint, on April 21, 2014,
see AC ¶ 160—although the correct date apparently is March 18, 2014, see 3/18/14
10-K [43-30] at 3. InnerWorkings has filed a criminal complaint in France “seeking
to redress the harm caused by [Delaune’s] conduct.” 3/18/14 10-K [43-30] at 53.
Delaune, as well as Productions Graphics’ Finance Director Jean Philippe Calzolari,
have acknowledged their role in the fraud but also have implicated Belcher and
InnerWorkings’ CFO Joseph Busky as being co-participants. AC ¶¶ 132-34, 139-48,
154-58.
D.
Stock Price Drop
After the market closed on November 6, 2013, and following the removal of
Delaune and lagging inside sales growth, InnerWorkings announced lower profits
than expected that quarter and slashed its revenue guidance for 2013. AC ¶¶ 23232.
The market responded the next day: InnerWorkings’ stock price fell 40.57
percent in a day marked by heavy trading volume. AC ¶ 234.
7
III.
Analysis
A.
Counts I and II: Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5
In Counts I and II, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants violated Section 10(b)
and Rule 10b-5(a) to (c) through misrepresentations made in SEC filings, earnings
calls and investor conferences from February 15, 2012 to August 8, 2013. Counts I
and II rise and fall together, see [43] at 37-38, so the parties addressed them
together and so will this Court.
Under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, Plaintiff can obtain damages if he can
prove: (1) Defendants made a false or misleading statement or omission; (2) of
material fact; (3) with scienter; (4) in connection with the purchase or sale of
securities; (5) upon which Plaintiff justifiably relied; and (6) that the false
statement proximately caused Plaintiff damages. Tellabs I, 437 F.3d at 595; see
also Pugh v. Tribune Co., 521 F.3d 686, 693 (7th Cir. 2008).
Before addressing these substantive elements of Plaintiff’s claims, however,
this Court must first resolve two preliminary matters raised by Defendants.
Defendants argue that the Amended Complaint cannot get off the ground because
Plaintiff did not plead his claims with the particularity required by the PSLRA.
Defendants also dispute the scope of the putative class period, arguing that
Plymouth County Retirement System, the designated Lead Plaintiff, lacks standing
to contest statements made after February 5, 2012, when Plaintiff last purchased
InnerWorkings securities.
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First, under the PSLRA, Plaintiff is required to “specify each statement
alleged to have been misleading [and] the reason or reasons why the statement is
misleading.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1). While Plaintiff perhaps could have been more
artful at times, the Amended Complaint is not so vague or confusing as to warrant
dismissal. In the Amended Complaint, Plaintiff sets forth block quotes that are
followed by one or more paragraphs that are broken-up by subject matter and that
identify the relevant portions of the block quote, often through quoting snippets.
E.g., AC ¶ 194 (block quote from 11/8/12 earnings call), ¶¶ 195-96 (two paragraphs
broken up by subject matter and quoting snippets from the block quote). In the
paragraphs following the block quote (AC ¶¶ 195-96 in this example), Plaintiff
explains, with cross-citations to the factual allegations made earlier in the Amended
Complaint, why the snippets are false or misleading. This Court can follow that
organization.
So can other Courts, indeed, Defendants themselves cite a case
crediting the organization employed here.
[43] at 8 (citing Conlee v. WMS
Industries, Inc. (“Conlee I”), No. 11-3503, 2012 WL 3042498, at *4 (N.D. Ill. July 25,
2012)). Furthering this point, the Amended Complaint is better organized than
other complaints that have been deemed adequate. For example, the complaint in
Davis v. SPSS, Inc. (“Davis I”), 385 F. Supp. 2d 697, 708-09 (N.D. Ill. 2005), unlike
here, lumped statements from press releases and SEC filings together and then
provided “a series of reasons why the statements as a whole [were] misleading.” See
also Garden City Employees’ Retirement System v. Anixter International, Inc.
9
(“Garden City I”), No. 09-5641, 2011 WL 1303387, at *21 & n.12 (N.D. Ill. March 31,
2011). That was not done here.
Second, Defendants argue that Plaintiff lacks standing to challenge
statements made after February 5, 2012, when designated Lead Plaintiff Plymouth
County Retirement System, last bought InnerWorkings stock.
Plymouth County Retirement System [15-2].
Certification of
Based on the fraud-on-the-market
theory, which Plaintiff relies upon here, AC ¶ 250, the Seventh Circuit has held that
shareholders lack standing to bring a Rule 10b-5 claim based on allegedly false or
misleading statements or omissions made by corporate defendants after the
shareholders purchased their securities. Roots Partnership v. Lands’ End, Inc., 965
F.2d 1411, 1416 n.4, 1420 (7th Cir. 1992).
Plaintiff, acknowledging Roots Partnership, responds, and this Court agrees,
that the Amended Complaint cures the standing defect by naming State-Boston
Retirement System as an “Additional Plaintiff.” AC ¶ 29. State-Boston Retirement
System purchased InnerWorkings stock later in the putative class period, on
September 26, 2013, than Plymouth County Retirement System. Certification of
State-Boston Retirement System [38-2].
Lead plaintiffs can cure standing
deficiencies by adding an additional plaintiff who purchased securities later in the
putative class period. See, e.g., Ong v. Sears, Roebuck & Co. (“Ong I”), 388 F. Supp.
2d 871, 890-92 (N.D. Ill. 2004) (Pallmeyer, J.) (finding standing problems); Ong v.
Sears, Roebuck & Co. (“Ong II”), No. 03-4142, 2005 WL 2284285, at *24 (N.D. Ill.
Sept. 14, 2005) (Pallmeyer, J.) (standing problems from Ong I were cured through
10
an additional plaintiff); Davis I, 385 F. Supp. 2d at 705-07 (finding standing
problems); Davis v. SPSS, Inc. (“Davis II”), 431 F. Supp. 2d 823, 825, 833-34 (N.D.
Ill. 2006) (Coar, J.) (standing problems from Davis I were cured through an
additional plaintiff). In fact, Defendants rely on Davis I to challenge Plaintiff’s
standing yet omit the subsequent discussion from Davis II.
Defendants also cite Local Rule 83.16(b), but that Rule is unavailing here.
Local Rule 83.16(b) requires the attorneys who represent State-Boston Retirement
System to have made an appearance. They have. See [3], [4], [6], [22]. This Court,
moreover, reviewed the docket in Davis v. SPSS, Inc., Case No. 04-3427, where
adding another plaintiff cured standing problems, and observes that no attorney
made a separate appearance for the additional plaintiff named in that case. This
case thus is analogous to Davis.
Finally, even if there was a technical failure to add State-Boston Retirement
System as an additional plaintiff, this Court would have given Plaintiff leave to
amend only to correct that deficiency at this initial stage in the proceedings. Fed.
R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2); see also In re Guidant Corp. Securities Litigation, 536 F. Supp.
2d 913, 925-26 (S.D. Ind. 2008), affirmed, 583 F.3d 995 (7th Cir. 2009); Greater
Pennsylvania Carpenters Pension Fund v. Whitehall Jewellers, Inc., No. 04-1107,
2005 WL 61480, at *7-8 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 10, 2005). For these reasons, naming StateBoston Retirement System as an “Additional Plaintiff” enables Plaintiff to challenge
statements and omissions made by InnerWorkings after February 15, 2012.
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Having resolved Defendants’ two preliminary matters in Plaintiff’s favor, this
Court now turns to the substantive elements of Plaintiff’s securities fraud claim
under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants made five
categories of false or misleading statements or omissions. They are Defendants’
statements and omissions about: (1) the inside sales group; (2) Productions
Graphics; (3) the internationalization of PPM4; (4) the enterprise client retention
rate; and (5) InnerWorkings’ putative class period financials. In Subsections 1 to 5
below, this Court addresses each category in turn and concludes that, when
Plaintiff’s allegations are viewed individually and collectively, only two are viable.
1.
Inside Sales Group
In response to Defendants’ motion, Plaintiff distills his 110-page, 281paragraph Amended Complaint into six allegations that Defendants made false or
misleading statements or omissions about inside sales. In doing so, Plaintiff chose
not to respond fully to Defendants, who for their part, responded to every allegedly
false or misleading statement about inside sales in their moving papers and
summary table [43-2]. Based on Plaintiff’s election, this Court declines to address
the abandoned statements expressly, yet notes its agreement with Defendants’
analysis, and further notes that its present analysis would extend to the abandoned
statements too. See McCready v. Title Services of Illinois, Inc., No. 06-6280, 2008
WL 2435933, at *3 (N.D. Ill. June 16, 2008) (citing Seventh Circuit law to discuss
principles of waiver and abandonment). The six statements about inside sales that
remain are:
12
1. During the May 3, 2012 earnings call, Belcher said that InnerWorkings’
inside sales representatives went through “very extensive training
programs.” AC ¶ 183.
2. During the August 10, 2012 earnings call, Belcher said that
InnerWorkings’ hard work in recruiting and training inside sales
representatives “is being rewarded with sharply improving sales and
productivity measures.” AC ¶ 187.
3. During the February 13, 2013 earnings call, Belcher said that revenue
from inside sales more than doubled in 2012, and that InnerWorkings
expected revenue from inside sales “to more than double again this year
becoming the equivalent of a top five customer for us in 2013.” AC ¶ 197;
see also AC ¶ 202 (similar statement from Belcher during InnerWorkings’
annual “Investor Day” nine days later, on February 22, 2013).
4. During a March 11, 2013 investor conference, Belcher said that
InnerWorkings had developed an “Internet lead generation solution …
that allows us to prospect in an extremely aggressive and very efficient
manner.” AC ¶ 206.
5. During the May 10, 2013 earnings call, Belcher said that InnerWorkings
“continue[s] to develop and improve upon our key performance metrics,”
and that the Company believed that the inside sales “is going to be …
large and successful.” AC ¶ 219.
6. During the August 8, 2013 earnings call, Belcher noted that, despite the
lower than expected revenue from inside sales group and internal
reorganization, InnerWorkings remained “very confident about the role
this group will play in the long term growth of our business,” and, going
forward, the inside sales group will be “as switched on as any part of our
business is right now.” AC ¶ 225.
For every statement, Defendants argue that one or more of the first three
elements of the securities fraud test is not met. This Court analyzes each statement
in turn and concludes that dismissal is warranted.
a)
False or Misleading Statement or Omission
Under the PSLRA, Plaintiff must “specify each statement alleged to have
been misleading [and] the reason or reasons why the statement is misleading.” 15
13
U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1).
enough.
Claiming that a particular statement was untrue is not
Plaintiff must explain, with particularity, the factual basis for his
assertion that the statement was untrue. Garden City II, 2012 WL 1068761, at *4
(collecting cases); Garden City I, 2011 WL 1303387, at *20 (collecting cases). The
relevant question is whether the facts alleged are “sufficient to support a reasonable
belief as to the misleading nature of the statement or omission.” Tellabs I, 437 F.3d
at 595 (internal quotations omitted). These facts must show that the statements
Defendants made were false when made and not incorrect in retrospect.
Higginbotham v. Baxter International Inc., 495 F.3d 753, 759-60 (7th Cir. 2007);
Garden City I, 2011 WL 1303387, at *20.
Here, to substantiate that Belcher’s six statements about inside sales were
false or misleading, Plaintiff relies exclusively on eight confidential witnesses. This
Court refers to the confidential witnesses as “CW1” to “CW8.” Plaintiff generally
argues that the confidential witnesses show that Defendants knew that
InnerWorkings was hiring inexperienced, unproductive sales personnel, and that
InnerWorkings knew that the inside sales group and its sales representatives were
not meeting sales targets. See AC ¶¶ 184, 188, 198, 208, 220, 226. This Court first
summarizes the allegations from CW1 to CW8; then analyzes Seventh Circuit law
about confidential witnesses; and, having parsed the witness allegations and
analyzed the relevant law, last concludes that CW1 to CW8 do not show that
Statements 1 to 6 are false or misleading.
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CW1, a Business Development Consultant from October 2011 to August
2013, alleged that he often saw internal reports that projected sales targets greater
than what the inside sales group was able to deliver, with the group being “nowhere
near there.” AC ¶ 72. These reports originated from two Vice Presidents of Sales,
Lindsey Campbell and Mark Holmes, who replaced their predecessor Brian Simms
in July 2013.
AC ¶¶ 72, 74.
CW1 also referenced emails from Campbell and
Holmes “during the last couple of months of [CW1’s] tenure,” that is, July and
August 2013, showing that the inside sales group was missing sales targets. AC ¶
72.
CW1—as well as CW2 and CW5—further observed that inside sales
representatives often were hired straight from college and lacked sales experience.
AC ¶¶ 73, 75, 83.
From December 2010 to August 2013, CW2 was first an Account Manager
and then a Sales Manager at InnerWorkings. AC ¶ 74. As a Sales Manager, CW2
reported to the Vice President of Sales. AC ¶ 74. Plaintiff did not expressly allege
that CW2 was a member of the inside sales group. See AC ¶¶ 72-79.
CW2 alleged that the inside sales group in “no way” met InnerWorkings’
goals for 2012. AC ¶ 74. CW2 added that, for an unstated timeframe, no more than
15 percent of middle market account executives met their internal targets, and that
those targets were unrealistic. AC ¶ 76. In support, CW2 described an internal
InnerWorkings sales report for Q3 2013 that showed the Company’s sales targets
for each month during July to September 2013; and actual sales for July 2013 and
part of August 2013. AC ¶ 77. The report showed: (1) approximately $1 million in
15
sales for July 2013; (2) approximately $900,000 in sales for part of August 2013; and
(3) an estimate of approximately $2.9 million in sales for the remainder of the
quarter, meaning the remainder of August 2013 and all of September 2013. AC ¶
77. The report also showed that the average ratio of actual bookings to target
bookings across the seven inside sales teams in July 2013 was 47 percent. AC ¶ 77.
According to CW2, Senior Vice President of Business Technology Rob Burkart, who
reported to Belcher, received an email attaching this report.
AC ¶ 78.
When
Burkart received the email is not pled. See AC ¶ 78.
CW2 also recalled seeing a graph “during his tenure” that showed that the
inside sales group achieved $4 million in sales in 2012. AC ¶ 77. Plaintiff contrasts
that number with his inference that InnerWorkings had inside sales of $19.9
million.
AC ¶ 79.
Specifically, InnerWorkings’ Form 10-K for 2012 reported
$199,424,718 in middle market revenue; and, according to a Barrington Research
report, the inside sales group generated approximately 10 percent of middle market
revenues. AC ¶ 79. Ten percent of $199,424,718 is approximately $19.9 million.
Neither CW3 nor CW4 add much relevant to Plaintiff’s inside sales claim.
CW3, a Financial Account Manager from August 2012 to March 2014, stated that
Belcher and Busky could access the PPM4 reports generated by inside sales. AC ¶
80. CW4, a Brand Delivery Associate from May 2012 to August 2013, made no
allegations about the inside sales group’s performance. AC ¶ 81.
CW5, a Sales Manager from 2012 to January 2014 who supervised an inside
sales team and reported to the Vice President of Sales, alleged that, at an
16
undisclosed time, he spoke with Belcher about “growing pains” in the group,
managerial issues and strategy. AC ¶ 82. Plaintiff did not elaborate on the nature
of CW5’s “growing pains.”
See AC ¶ 82.
CW5 alleged that inside sales
representatives were not making much money because there was an extended
period of time when sales were “bad.” AC ¶ 83. CW5 believed that Belcher and
Busky had access to “information” about SMB quotes and sales that “were regularly
discussed via email.” AC ¶ 83.
CW6, a Business Development Specialist from May 2012 to January 2014,
alleged that Simms was terminated in July 2013 because “SMB” had been missing
their sales goals by “millions” every quarter. AC ¶¶ 84-85. CW6 estimated that
only 5 percent of SMB sales representatives met their quotas for any given month.
AC ¶ 85. CW6 reported to sales managers who reported to the Vice President of
Sales. AC ¶ 85.
CW7, a Sales Executive and Lead Generation Manager from September 2011
to December 2012, recalled that “SMB was consistently not meeting revenue goals.”
AC ¶¶ 87, 91. CW7 further recalled that “by the end of summer 2012, SMB was
only at 20 percent of sales goals for the year, and only at 40 percent by the end of
that year.” AC ¶ 91.
CW8 was a Senior Sales Manager from January 2013 until his resignation in
August 2013. AC ¶ 92. CW8 alleged that he resigned because “the writing was on
the wall,” and InnerWorkings had given up on its investment in the “SMB division.”
AC ¶ 92. CW8 alleged that it became apparent by June 2013 that the Company had
17
stopped investing in “SMB,” as CW8 recalled receiving pushback when he asked for
more personnel. AC ¶ 92.
Defendants argue that, as a categorical matter, these allegations are subject
to a “heavy discount” because CW1 to CW8 are not named. Not so. There is no
categorical discount of confidential witness allegations where, as here, Plaintiff has
described the witnesses with enough detail that this Court can determine that the
confidential witnesses have a foundation for their allegations. See City of Sterling
Heights General Employees’ Retirement System v. Hospira, Inc., No. 11-8332, 2013
WL 566805, at *17 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 13, 2013) (reaching the same conclusion); see also
Ross v. Career Education Corp., No. 12-276, 2012 WL 5363431, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Oct.
30, 2012); Davis II, 431 F. Supp. 2d at 828, 831. In 2006, the Seventh Circuit noted
that when plaintiffs support their allegations with confidential sources, they “must
… describe their sources with sufficient particularity to support the probability that
a person in the position occupied by the source would possess the information
alleged.” Tellabs I, 437 F.3d at 596. That decision was vacated by the Supreme
Court’s decision in Tellabs II, and, following Tellabs II, the Seventh Circuit, in 2007,
reasoned that the Tellabs II “competing inference” analysis required Courts to
“discount allegations that the complaint attributes to … confidential witnesses.”
Higginbotham, 495 F.3d at 757.
The next year, however, the Seventh Circuit clarified that a particularly
troubling use of the confidential sources prompted the holding in Higginbotham.
Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd. v. Tellabs, Inc. (“Tellabs III”), 513 F.3d 702, 711-12 (7th
18
Cir. 2008). In Higginbotham, as explained by Tellabs III, 513 F.3d at 711-12, the
plaintiffs described their confidential witnesses “merely as three ex-employees of
Baxter and two consultants,” but gave no further detail, such as their job
descriptions.
Consistent with Higginbotham and Tellabs III, six years later in City of
Livonia Employees’ Retirement System & Local 295 / Local 851 v. Boeing Co., 711
F.3d 754, 759 (7th Cir. 2013), the Seventh Circuit discounted a reference to internal
emails. The reference implied that someone inside the corporate defendant was
aiding plaintiffs, but no person was identified and described in the initial complaint,
so neither the district court nor the Seventh Circuit could evaluate those
allegations. Boeing, 711 F.3d at 759. While those allegations could not survive a
motion to dismiss, when the complaint was amended to describe the confidential
witness, including giving his job title and describing the information the witness
had access to, the district court denied the motion to dismiss. Id. at 759-60. That
result stood until the district court learned that the confidential witness’ allegations
had been falsified. Id. at 760-61. In reviewing the district court’s decision, the
Seventh Circuit did not suggest that the district court had erred at any stage. See
id. at 759-61.
In light of this law, this Court declines to discount categorically the
allegations from CW1 to CW8. Yet, where particular allegations lack a sufficient
foundation, they will be discounted on an allegation-by-allegation basis.
See
Hospira, 2013 WL 566805, at *17 (adopting the same approach). Having parsed
19
each confidential witness’ allegations and found that they are not subject to a
categorical discount, this Court now turns to the challenged statements:
Statement 1: Beginning with Statement 1 (that inside sales personnel went
through “very extensive training programs”), Plaintiff makes no allegation that
InnerWorkings’ training programs were not in fact extensive. Plaintiff nowhere
alleges that inside sales representatives did not undergo extensive training after
they were hired.
To the contrary, Plaintiff’s own confidential witness, CW5,
credited InnerWorkings’ training program for its length—five to six weeks long. AC
¶ 83.
Thus Plaintiff has offered no specific information known to Belcher and
contradicting Statement 1, so this Court has no basis to conclude that it was false or
misleading. See Garden City II, 2012 WL 1068761, at *5-6, 8 (reaching the same
conclusion for certain statements at issue there).
Statements 2 to 5:
Statements 2 to 5 (which are Belcher’s optimistic
statements from August 2012 to May 2013 about the direction of the inside sales
group’s performance) are not false or misleading for multiple, independent reasons.
First, Plaintiff relies on circumstantial evidence, namely, the confidential
witnesses allegations that inside sales hired inexperienced sale personnel “right out
of college” and that the group was not meeting sales goals, to infer that Statements
2 to 5 are false. See AC ¶¶ 188, 198, 208, 220. Perhaps in hindsight there were
more productive salesmen than recent college graduates, but it does not follow that
Statements 2 to 5 were false or misleading when made. Inside sales could have
been growing and improving in spite of not having the best sales personnel.
20
To Plaintiff’s next point, CW2 was the only confidential witness who offered
any information about the inside sales group’s ability to meet internal sales targets
during August 2012 to May 2013—the relevant timeframe for Statements 2 to 5.
AC ¶ 74. CW2 generally alleged that the group in “no way” met InnerWorkings’
goals for 2012. AC ¶ 74. Plaintiff did not plead sufficient detail, however, to lay the
foundation that CW2 was a member of the inside sales group or that he knew the
information alleged. There is simply no support for CW2’s broad allegation. Absent
that support, this Court finds that Statements 2 to 5 do not meet the exacting
pleadings requirements of the PSLRA.
Beyond CW2, Plaintiff argues that CW6 and CW7 also provided information
about unmet sales goals during the relevant timeframe. CW6 alleged that “SMB”
had been missing their sales goals by “millions of dollars each quarter,” and that
“SMB” sales representatives had not met their sales quotas for any given month.
AC ¶¶ 84-85. CW7 alleged that “SMB” failed to meet its sales goals in 2012. AC ¶
91.
Defendants respond by distinguishing the performance of “SMB” with the
performance of inside sales. Defendants, citing to AC ¶ 79, argue that inside sales
generated just 10 percent of SMB’s revenue during 2012 and 2013, so CW6 and
CW7’s allegations that “SMB” fell short of sales targets does not mean that each of
its segments, such as inside sales, also fell short.
This Court agrees.
Poor
performance by a department does not necessarily translate to poor performance by
each of its segments. Another Court in this District echoed this same principle,
21
finding that evidence of a worsening economic climate in Europe in 2008 did not
render false or misleading a company’s statement that it had a “solid backlog of
orders” in that region. Garden City I, 2011 WL 1303387, at *21.
Plaintiff responds that it was “entirely plausible” that CW6 and CW7 meant
inside sales when they said “SMB.”
Plaintiff explains that employees at
InnerWorkings, such as CW5, used the acronym “SMB” also to refer to inside sales.
AC ¶ 82. Plaintiff continues that, in a February 2013 call, Belcher said that the
inside sales group had been placed on the sixth floor of a new facility, and that
confidential witnesses, including CW6, referred to the “sixth floor” as “SMB.” AC
¶¶ 68, 81, 86. This chain of inferences spanning multiple people may or may not be
plausible, but it remains insufficient at this stage of the proceedings.
Indeed, Plaintiff’s interpretation of “SMB” is unlikely based upon the current
allegations. Plaintiff did not plead that CW6 and CW7 were members of the inside
sales group and, in fact, the opposite may be true where the relevant witnesses were
not members of the group they were discussing. CW6’s responsibilities did include
“telephonically developing and maintaining both small and mid-level customers,”
AC ¶ 84, and inside sales made cold-calls to prospective clients, AC ¶¶ 6, 61, but
this Court cannot infer from CW6’s telephonic activity alone that he was a member
of the inside sales group. Plaintiff did not plead that only SMB members in the
inside sales group conducted telephonic sales calls. The evidence that CW7 was not
a member of inside sales is even stronger. CW7 was responsible for generating new
leads for large accounts, AC ¶ 87, whereas inside sales focused on small to mid-sized
22
customers, AC ¶¶ 6, 62. CW7 also did not report to the Vice President of Sales who
ran the inside sales group. AC ¶¶ 68, 87.
There are further obstacles in the allegations preventing this Court from
simply inferring that CW6 and CW7 used the word “SMB” to mean inside sales.
Neither one gave any basis for their recollection that “SMB” was not meeting sales
goals. See AC ¶¶ 85, 91. This Court reviewed the testimony about the “sixth floor,”
AC ¶¶ 68, 81, 86, and finds no strong basis to draw Plaintiff’s inference. Belcher did
not say that the sixth floor was exclusive to inside sales, so “sixth floor” and “inside
sales” are not necessarily coterminous. AC ¶ 68. Even if coterminous, inside sales
is part of SMB, so CW6 is correct to say that “SMB had moved to the 6th floor in
February 2013,” even if he meant inside sales specifically. AC ¶ 86. Calling “inside
sales” “SMB,” however, does not prove the converse—that references to “SMB”
necessarily mean “inside sales.”
Even if CW6 and CW7 referenced inside sales, their allegations that “SMB”
was performing poorly are insufficient to meet the PSLRA’s exacting pleadings
requirements. CW6 and CW7 failed to supply the detail this Court requires under
the PSLRA to conclude that their recollections are based on personal knowledge.
Neither specified when SMB was “consistently” below sales goals or when SMB
sales goals were doubling. See AC ¶¶ 85, 91. And neither gave a basis, such as
pointing to a particular document, for those allegations. See AC ¶¶ 85, 91.
At bottom, the PSLRA requires more than what CW6 and CW7 (as well as
CW2) have supplied. For example, the confidential witnesses in In re Zumiez Inc.
23
Securities Litigation, No. 07-1980, 2009 WL 901934, at *8-9 (W.D. Wash. March 30,
2009), made broad allegations about the corporate defendants’ performance without
laying the required foundation to show they were positioned to make those
assessments. The statements in that case mirror the ones here, such as that the
company: (1) was “expanding too rapidly and … everyone knew it,” and (2) “did not
have enough experienced employees to expand as fast as [it] did.” Id. at *8.
Second, even assuming that InnerWorkings missed internal sales targets,
this fact does not, without more, render Belcher’s public statements false. Internal
sales targets may be designed as incentives as much as predictions, In re Smith &
Wesson Holding Corp. Securities Litigation, 669 F.3d 68, 75 (1st Cir. 2012), so
unmet sales targets do not imply that the company’s performance was actually poor.
Even if poor, unmet sales targets do not deny that sales were improving. Plaintiff
overlooks this distinction.
Statements 2 and 3—that unidentified “sales and
productivity metrics” were “sharply improving,” and that inside sales revenue was
expected to “double”—regard only the directional performance of sales (improving or
declining) and not their absolute level (good or bad). Those are far different claims.
See In re Smith & Wesson, 669 F.3d at 75; Garden City I, 2011 WL 1303387, at *24
n.21.
Plaintiff relies most heavily on In re St. Jude Medical, Inc. Securities
Litigation, 836 F. Supp. 2d 878 (D. Minn. 2011), where the Court denied a motion to
dismiss in a securities fraud action, but that case is distinguishable. Unlike here,
there was direct evidence in St. Jude Medical contradicting St. Jude Medical’s rosy
24
financial guidance to investors. Id. at 884, 898-99. In particular, internal financial
forecasts and daily reports that were circulated among the company’s management
showed that sales of St. Jude Medical’s principal product (CRM devices, which
accounted for 60 percent of sales) were falling and, more generally, market
conditions were weakening. Id. at 898-99, 903. This stark contrast between public
guidance and internal knowledge is not present here.
Statement 6: Turning last to Statement 6, in the August 8, 2013 earnings
call, Belcher said that, despite the lower than expected revenue from inside sales,
he was “very confident about the role this group will play in the long term growth of
our business.” AC ¶ 225. Belcher added that the initiative, going forward, will be
“as switched on as any part of our business is right now.” AC ¶ 225. Plaintiff
argues that these statements are false, and further adds that Belcher omitted two
material pieces of information from the call: (1) Defendants had terminated Vice
President of Sales Brian Simms in July 2013; and (2) Defendants were planning to
terminate 40 inside sales employees, which Defendants did in fact do on or around
August 30, 2013. AC ¶¶ 72, 75, 81, 92, 226.
Addressing first the alleged misstatements, in the context of the entire
August 8, 2013 earnings call, neither one is false or misleading within the meaning
of the PSLRA.
Belcher acknowledged the inside sales group’s disappointing
performance on the call, but he reaffirmed InnerWorkings’ confidence in the group’s
long-term trajectory, including by outlining a strategy to turnaround the group’s
performance. On the earnings call, the public specifically learned that: (1) inside
25
sales had not met InnerWorkings’ “expectations;” (2) InnerWorkings had “recently
reorganized the management of the group;” (3) InnerWorkings was looking to align
with a channel partner to enhance the Company’s client acquisition capability; and
(4) InnerWorkings had “some bigger picture strategic ideas for the group … that
will be coming online here later in the year.” 8/8/13 Earnings Call Tr. [43-26] at 1,
4, 7. Analysts reporting on the earnings call took away that InnerWorkings had
made a management change, which was Simms’ termination, and inside sales had
been performing below expectations. See AC ¶¶ 228-30.
Turning now to the purported omissions, as stated above, material omissions
can be actionable. Tellabs I, 437 F.3d at 595. The first one, that Belcher omitted
that InnerWorkings had terminated Simms, was in fact addressed on the August 8,
2013 earnings call; Belcher said that InnerWorkings had “recently reorganized the
management of the group.” AC ¶ 225. The omission of Simms’ name does not
render the statement materially false or misleading.
The second omission, Belcher not saying that the Company was going to
terminate 40 inside sales employees, also fails. Beyond general allegations that
inside sales was not meeting sales goals, Plaintiff made no showing that Belcher, or
anyone else at InnerWorkings for that matter, knew that layoffs were forthcoming
on August 8, 2013.
Nor does Plaintiff suggest when InnerWorkings decided to
conduct layoffs—which may very well have occurred after August 8, 2013.
Plaintiff’s strongest allegations perhaps come from CW8. CW8, a member of the
inside sales group, alleged that “it was apparent by at least June 2013 that the
26
Company had stopped investing in SMB.”
AC ¶ 92.
CW8 recalled “receiving
pushback when he asked for certain resources like more personnel.”
AC ¶ 92.
Receiving
with
pushback
for
wanting
more
personnel
is
consistent
an
underperforming group, but that does not substantiate the far broader claim that
InnerWorkings had “stopped investing” in the inside sales group. This Court parsed
the remaining allegations about the layoffs, see AC ¶¶ 72, 75, 81, 226, and finds
nothing else supporting that Belcher omitted material knowledge known to him.
Based on this factual record, this Court finds that, whether framed as an omission
or Belcher’s lack of scienter, Plaintiff has not satisfied the PSLRA’s exacting
pleading requirements.
Even had Belcher known that layoffs were possible, and there are no
allegations suggesting that he did, the Seventh Circuit has found this failure of
candor to be inactionable under circumstances more compelling than here.
In
Boeing, 711 F.3d at 757-59, the Seventh Circuit, based on the principle that there is
a “difference … between a duty of truthfulness and a duty of candor, or between a
lie and reticence,” affirmed dismissal of a securities fraud action, finding that
Boeing’s failure to disclose the risk that the first flight of the new 787-8 Dreamliner,
an important developmental milestone for an aircraft, may be delayed was not
fraudulent under the PSLRA.
The Seventh Circuit reached this decision even
though, worse than here, Boeing executives made public predictions that the
Dreamliner would fly in June 2009 despite knowing that the Dreamliner had failed
a recent, May 17, 2009 internal test. Id. at 757-58. On June 1, 2009, Boeing’s CEO
27
stated publicly that he thought the Dreamliner would fly in June 2009. Id. at 757.
Later that month and without reservation, the head of Boeing’s commercial aircraft
division told Bloomberg that the Dreamliner “definitely will fly” this month. Id.
Shortly thereafter, on June 23, 2009, Boeing announced an indefinite postponement
of the first flight because of an anomaly revealed by internal tests. Id. at 757-58.
Instructive here, the Seventh Circuit did not find the inference of scienter
cogent in Boeing.
Indeed, that inference was less plausible than the innocent
explanation: Boeing was reluctant to tell the world “we have a problem and maybe
it will cause us to delay the First Flight and maybe not, but we’re working on the
problem and we hope we can fix it in time to prevent any significant delay, but we
can’t be sure, so stay tuned.” Id. at 758-59. The Seventh Circuit further found that
Boeing lacked any incentive to delay the announcement of the indefinite
postponement. Id. at 758. Had Boeing known on May 17 (the date of the internal
test) that the first flight would necessarily be postponed, then Boeing risked
undermining its credibility with customers and exposing itself to a securities fraud
lawsuit by delaying that postponement five weeks, until June 23. Id. Conversely,
Boeing had nothing to gain financially during those five weeks. Id.
Here, as in Boeing, Belcher recognized during the August 8, 2013 earnings
call that the inside sales group was facing challenges.
See AC ¶ 225; 8/8/13
Earnings Call Tr. [43-26] at 1, 4, 7. Yet, even if Belcher suspected that layoffs
would be forthcoming as a result of those challenges, Boeing shows that Belcher had
no obligation to be candid about the worst case scenario while InnerWorkings was
28
trying to avoid that outcome. Belcher, to be sure, did have an obligation not to
speak falsely, see Boeing, 711 F.3d at 759, and Hospira, 2013 WL 566805, at *17,
and he did not. Whereas Belcher was painting a mixed picture of the inside sales
group’s performance three weeks before the layoffs, the head of Boeing’s commercial
aircraft division could not have been more optimistic by comparison, saying less
than two weeks before the Dreamliner’s first flight was indefinitely postponed that
the Dreamliner “definitely will fly.”
Moreover, Plaintiff has not shown that Belcher had any incentive to omit
information about layoffs on the August 8, 2013 earnings call. If the layoffs were
coming, then, as in Boeing, Plaintiff has not shown what Belcher had to gain from
delaying the inevitable. Belcher did make stocks sales in the interim—two sales on
August 16 and 19, 2013 with net proceeds of $146,412.80, AC ¶ 236—but those sales
were made automatically pursuant to Belcher’s Rule 10b5-1 trading plan that he
had entered into months earlier. SEC Form 4 [43-31] at 2 n.1; Garden City II, 2012
WL 1068761, at *13. Plaintiff also has not shown that the sales were profitable or
otherwise part of a scheme to defraud.
For these reasons, Statements 1 to 6 are not false or misleading statements
or omissions. Thus they are not actionable.
b)
Material
Separate from whether a statement is false or misleading, statements also
are not actionable under the PSLRA unless they are material.
Statements are
material if they affect an investor’s perception of the security, “significantly altering
29
the total mix of information.” Searls v. Glasser, 64 F.3d 1061, 1065-66 (7th Cir.
1995); see also Tellabs I, 437 F.3d at 596.
Each statement must be viewed in
context. Tellabs I, 437 F.3d at 597. As a general matter, one consequence of this
construction of “material” is that predictions and forecasts which are not of the type
subject to objective verification are “rarely” actionable under the PSLRA. Searls, 64
F.3d at 1066.
One
kind
of
immaterial
statement
is
“puffery”—“loosely
optimistic
statements that are so vague, so lacking in specificity, or so clearly constituting the
opinions of the speaker, that no reasonable investor could find them important to
the total mix of information available.”
In re Midway Games, Inc. Securities
Litigation, 332 F. Supp. 2d 1152, 1164 (N.D. Ill. 2004); see also Tellabs I, 437 F.3d
at 596; Conlee II, 2013 WL 1767648, at *6; Anderson v. Abbott Laboratories, 140 F.
Supp. 2d 894, 902, 905, 908 (N.D. Ill. 2001), affirmed, 269 F.3d 806 (7th Cir. 2001).
Analysts rely on facts in determining the value of a security, not mere expressions
of optimism from company spokesmen. In re Midway Games, 332 F. Supp. 2d at
1165. Puffery can take multiple forms, and, from reviewing Seventh Circuit law,
e.g., Tellabs I, 437 F.3d at 596-98, and Searls, 64 F.3d at 1066-67, this Court has
discerned four categories of puffery relevant here: (1) indefinite predictions of
growth; (2) optimistic rhetoric and hype; (3) subjective statements; and (4) vague
statements.
In Searls, 64 F.3d at 1066-67, the Seventh Circuit found that two statements
were puffery. In the first, GATX Corporation’s (“GATX”) CEO James Glasser said
30
that the GATX was “recession-resistant” in the company’s 1990 annual report, and
repeated that message in later communications to shareholders. Id. at 1064, 1066.
The following year, however, GATX’s net income fell below expectations. Id. at
1065. The Seventh Circuit found that the phrase “recession-resistant” was “simply
too vague to constitute a material statement of fact.” Id. at 1066. The statement
was “optimistic rhetoric” used to champion GATX but “devoid of any substantive
information.” Id.
As for the second statement, Glasser twice assured investors that GATX
would maintain a “high” level of “disposition gains,” which accrued from selling
used aircrafts and railcars at a price in excess of the equipment’s accounting value.
Id. at 1064, 1066-67. Disposition gains played “significant roles” in GATX’s success.
Id. at 1064. Despite investors having a vested interest in GATX’s disposition gains,
Glasser’s “high” statements remained puffery according to the Seventh Circuit. See
id. at 1067. It was nothing more than an indefinite, “loose prediction” that was of
no help to investors. Id. No investor could determine, for example, if disposition
gains would be “high” relative to the previous year or previous few years. Id. Nor
could any investor determine how far into the future “high” disposition gains would
last. Id. More was required. See id.
Indeed, the Seventh Circuit contrasted Glasser’s statement with the even
more definite comments from other cases that nonetheless were found to be puffery.
Id. (collecting cases).
For example, the Seventh Circuit cited Raab v. General
Physics Corp., 4 F.3d 286, 289-90 (4th Cir. 1993), where the Fourth Circuit found
31
that a projection of annual growth in the range of “10% to 30% over the next several
years” was too indefinite to support a claim for securities fraud. That statement in
Raab, according to the Seventh Circuit, was not at all definite: the range of rates
was broad and the period over which the growth was to occur was left open. Searls,
64 F.3d at 1067.
The Court’s decision in Anderson also is informative. In that case, Abbott’s
annual report said the company was a leader and had grown in certain market
segments, potentially suggesting future performance. 140 F. Supp. 2d at 905. The
Court
described
those
vague
statements
about
industry
leadership
and
unquantified growth as “classic puffery.” Id. A public statement from Abbott’s CEO
Miles White also was not actionable. White said Abbott had a goal of reaching a
“higher level of performance,” and that the company was “building on the strength
established over the decades.”
Id. at 908 (internal brackets omitted).
That,
according to the Court, was “incredibly vague puffery,” and “even that stretches the
words’ meanings.”
Id.
Many other cases also show that loosely optimistic
statements about a company’s present or future performance are puffery, e.g., In re
Midway Games, 332 F. Supp. 2d at 1164 (collecting examples), but this Court can
end its discussion of case law here.
These cases, and others, show that Statements 4 to 6 are immaterial puffery.
Consider the following table which matches each statement with their types of
puffery. Plaintiff, for his part, omits discussing these statements in the puffery
section of his motion papers.
32
InnerWorkings Statement
Types of Puffery
Statement 4.
Belcher
stated
that
InnerWorkings had developed an
“Internet lead generation solution
… that allows us to prospect in an
extremely aggressive and very
efficient manner.” AC ¶ 206.
Subjective and Vague Statement.
As in Conlee II, 2013 WL 1767648, at *6, where the
corporate defendant touted its “intense focus” and
“vigilance” in executing operational improvements (all
puffery), Belcher opined here on InnerWorkings’
subjective efforts: its ability to prospect effectively.
Belcher did not say that InnerWorkings actually would
prospect effectively. Nor did Belcher give any metrics for
measuring InnerWorkings’ ability to prospect, so his
statement also is devoid of any particular information an
investor would find important.
Statement 5.
Belcher said that InnerWorkings
“continue[s] to develop and
improve
upon
our
key
performance metrics.” AC ¶ 219.
Subjective and Vague Statement.
Same comments as for Statement 4. Similar statements,
moreover, were found inactionable in Hospira, 2013 WL
566805, at *24-25, where Hospira said it was “redoubling
its commitment to quality” and “raising the bar
internally.”
Statement 5.
Indefinite Predictions of Growth and Optimistic
Belcher believed that inside sales Rhetoric.
“is going to be … large and As with the growth comments in Anderson and the
successful.” AC ¶ 219.
“recession-resistant” and “high” comments in Searls,
Belcher’s “large and successful” statement here is a “loose
prediction” of inside sales growth.
That prediction,
importantly, is not tied to concrete numbers, and the
prediction certainly is more vague than the immaterial
puffery in Raab (“10% to 30% over the next several
years”). See also Hospira, 2013 WL 566805, at *23-24
(statement that a business initiative “is really serving to
transform the company” was puffery).
Statement 6.
Belcher said that InnerWorkings
remained “very confident about
the role this group will play in the
long term growth of our business”
despite lower than expected
revenue. AC ¶ 225.
Indefinite Predictions of Growth and Optimistic
Rhetoric.
This statement tracks the “recession-resistant” and
“building on the strength established over the decades”
comments in Searls and Anderson. In those cases, as
here, the CEO expressed optimism about their Company’s
performance but gave no specifics.
Statement 6.
In Belcher’s view, the internal
sales group will be “as switched on
as any part of our business is right
now.” AC ¶ 225.
Optimistic Rhetoric and Subjective and Vague
Statement.
In addition to comments for Statement 4, Belcher’s
statement gives no details about the phrase “switched on.”
As with the “high” comment in Searls, no investor could
understand precisely what Belcher meant.
33
Further compelling this Court’s conclusion that Statements 4 and 5 (but not
Statement 6) constitute puffery, Plaintiff has not shown that the market reacted to
those statements.
See AC ¶¶ 207-08, 220-24.
This is a proper consideration.
Hospira, 2013 WL 566805, at *24; Anderson, 140 F. Supp. 2d at 902. Regarding
Statement 5, Plaintiff did plead that InnerWorkings’ stock price closed up 2.15
percent on May 10, 2013, following the earnings call that day, AC ¶ 221 n.17, but
alleged that the increase was due to other factors.
Plaintiff pled that analysts
“concentrated on the enterprise ‘wins’ and an expected bump in revenues from
Productions Graphic’s ‘seasonal’ strengths in the second half of the year.” AC ¶ 222;
see also AC ¶¶ 223-24.
For these reasons, Statements 4, 5 and 6 are immaterial puffery. Thus they
are not actionable for this second reason.
c)
Scienter
Defendants’ statements about inside sales are inactionable for yet another
reason. For each one, the PSLRA requires that Plaintiff “state with particularity
facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required
state of mind.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2). That “required state of mind” is an intent to
deceive, shown by knowledge of the statement’s falsity or reckless disregard of a
substantial risk that the statement is false. Higginbotham, 495 F.3d at 756. A
reasonable person must be able to deem the inference of scienter cogent and “at
least as compelling” as any opposing inference that could be drawn from the facts
alleged. Tellabs II, 551 U.S. at 324. This inquiry is “inherently comparative,” see
34
Tellabs II, 551 U.S. at 323, as this Court must weigh the competing inferences from
the facts pled in the Amended Complaint.
In many ways, this Court’s preceding analysis overlaps with its scienter
analysis.
Plaintiff, as shown above, has failed to plead that any of Belcher’s
statements or omissions were false, so it follows that Defendants could not have
made those same statements with the state of mind required by the PSLRA. This
Court, nonetheless, addresses Plaintiff’s two additional arguments that Defendants
acted with the required state of mind. Both regard Defendants’ financial motive to
mislead the public about the inside sales group’s performance.
First, Plaintiff points to the allegedly odd timing of Belcher’s stock sales, as
Belcher made gross sales totaling $1,818,743.10 during the putative class period but
made comparatively few sales at other times.
AC ¶ 236.
However, because
“executives sell stocks all the time, stock sales must generally be unusual or
suspicious to constitute circumstantial evidence of scienter.” Pugh, 521 F.3d at 695.
While Belcher’s stock sales certainly are probative of scienter, they do not get
Plaintiff far enough along to survive dismissal when viewed against the entire
record.
Belcher’s stock sales lack enough context for this Court to draw the required,
demanding inference of scienter from the pleadings. Total sales amounting to a low
percentage of an insider’s percentage of stock holdings undercut any inference of
scienter, as Courts have found scienter lacking under those circumstances. E.g.,
Tellabs I, 437 F.3d at 604 (insider sold 80,000 shares, but that was only 1 percent of
35
his holdings); Garden City I, 2011 WL 1303387, at *31 (insider sold 1,045 shares
amounting to only 7.17 percent of his holdings); In re Gildan Activewear, Inc.
Securities Litigation, 636 F. Supp. 2d 261, 270-71 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (two insiders sold
4.9 percent and 22.5 percent of their holdings).
Also undermining any inference of scienter is the lack of evidence showing
that the insider made a net profit. Garden City II, 2012 WL 1068761, at *14; In re
Gildan Activewear, 636 F. Supp. 2d at 270-71.
Plaintiff pled Belcher’s “net
proceeds” from his sales, AC ¶ 236, but net proceeds is the amount received from
stock sales minus transaction costs. Net proceeds is not profits. On both issues, the
Amended Complaint is silent. It may be that Belcher sold less than 25 percent of
his stock holdings during the putative class period, like the one investor in In re
Gildan Activewear.
It also may be that Belcher made no net profit—or even
incurred a loss—on his stock sales. That possible outcome, of course, contradicts
Plaintiff’s belief that Belcher was profiting on his allegedly false and misleading
statements and omissions.
Though not outcome determinative, this Court adds that it gives no weight at
this stage to Defendants’ argument that Belcher’s stock sales were not planned but
rather prescheduled and automatic, having been made pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1
trading plan. Belcher entered into this trading plan on November 14, 2012, see SEC
Form 4 [43-31] at 2 n.1, during the middle of the putative class period, and this
Court finds compelling the analysis from Freudenberg v. E*TRADE Financial Corp.,
712 F. Supp. 2d 171, 200-01 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). The Court in Freudenberg explained
36
why a “clever insider” might disguise unlawful conduct by entering into a Rule
10b5-1 plan only after the securities fraud (and, in turn, the putative class period)
has commenced.
Perhaps that strategy may not “maximize illicit profits,” as
Defendants suggest, but it could lessen the risk of being caught—the other half of
the risk-reward equation.
Setting aside Belcher’s stock sales, Plaintiff’s allegations are silent about
whether other InnerWorkings insiders, such as Busky, sold their stocks during the
putative class period. That too cuts against any strong inference of scienter, as the
Courts found in In re Gildan Activewear, 636 F. Supp. 2d at 271-72 (collecting
cases), and Davis I, 385 F. Supp. 2d at 715. Plaintiff names two individuals as
defendants and alleges a corporate scheme to inflate InnerWorkings’ stock prices,
yet fails to allege that insiders other than Belcher profited. See id.
Second, Plaintiff infers scienter from Belcher’s and Busky’s compensation
package. Belcher and Busky received InnerWorkings stock and options as part of
their compensation, and their bonus was based in part on the Company’s
performance. AC ¶¶ 237-41. For both men, 40 percent of their 2012 and 2013
bonus was tied to the Company’s “revenue growth.” AC ¶¶ 239-40.
The Seventh Circuit, however, has considered and rejected Plaintiff’s
argument as “too generic” to satisfy the pleading requirements set forth by Tellabs
II. Plumbers & Pipefitters Local Union 719 Pension Fund v. Zimmer Holdings, Inc.,
679 F.3d 952, 956 (7th Cir. 2012). The Seventh Circuit explained that Plaintiff’s
37
allegation is flawed because it could be levied against “about every firm in the
world.” Id. The Court stated:
Plaintiffs contend that we should infer scienter because … top
managers had an incentive to make Zimmer [the defendant
corporation] look good in order to keep their jobs, improve their
bonuses, and increase the value of their stock options. This is too
generic to satisfy Tellabs. A similar assertion could be made about
every firm in the world, but the fact that managers benefit from higher
stock prices does not imply that any particular manager committed
fraud. Quite the contrary. Managers usually do best when a firm has
long-term success.
Zimmer Holdings, 679 F.3d at 956; see also Davis I, 385 F. Supp. 2d at 714
(collecting cases, including Chu); Chu v. Sabratek Corp., 100 F. Supp. 2d 827, 841
(N.D. Ill. 2000) (rejecting motive allegations that merely illustrated “the goals of all
corporate executives”).
The executives in Zimmer Holdings, 679 F.3d at 956, also lacked the
requisite scienter because the marginal bonus they would have received from
committing securities fraud was not worth “putting their fortunes and careers at
stake.” The same is true here. It would have been a bad gamble for Belcher and
Busky to risk their fortunes and careers on misrepresenting the inside sales group’s
performance. The Amended Complaint is replete with allegations confirming that
the bulk of InnerWorkings’ revenue growth derived from enterprise clients and
mergers and acquisitions—and, conversely, that SMB and inside sales did not
contribute much to that growth. E.g., AC ¶ 50 (a February 2012 William Blair
report stated that “growth continues to be driven by strength in the enterprise
business (75% of total revenue),” and that enterprise growth “contributed 18
38
percentage points to total revenue growth”); ¶ 53 (Belcher stated in February 2013
that the “enterprise solution … represents three quarters of our business today and
is also represented over the last few years the majority of our growth by far”); ¶ 61
(in a February 2012 report, Barrington Research expected SMB to contribute 2 to 4
percentage points of growth in 2013); ¶ 90 (CW7 stated that “90% of the Company’s
revenue was a result of mergers and acquisitions, not internal growth”). Because
the inside sales group’s contribution to InnerWorkings’ revenue growth was small,
misrepresenting the group’s growth would not have contributed much to Belcher
and Busky’s bonus.
Instead, their bonus was tied to the Company’s overall
“revenue growth,” not just the inside sales group’s growth. AC ¶¶ 3, 79, 239-40.
Weighing the inferences from these facts separately and collectively, as this
Court must do, Tellabs II, 551 U.S. at 322-23, this Court finds that Plaintiff has not
met his burden of pleading scienter.
Plaintiff’s inside sales claim fails for this
additional reason. With multiple bases to dismiss Plaintiff’s inside sales claim, this
Court finds its unnecessary to address one last potential grounds: the PSLRA’s safe
harbor.
2.
Productions Graphics
Plaintiff next argues that Belcher and Busky directed Christophe Delaune,
the former President of Productions Graphics, to inflate Productions Graphics’
perceived performance by conducting a false-invoicing scheme. Having misled the
market about Productions Graphics’ actual performance, Plaintiff argues that
Belcher and Busky made false or misleading statements or omissions about that
39
performance during the putative class period.
See AC ¶¶ 187, 189-90 (8/10/12
earnings call), ¶¶ 194, 196 (11/8/12 earnings call); ¶¶ 197, 199-200 (2/13/13 earnings
call), ¶¶ 216-17 (5/7/13 conference), ¶¶ 219, 221-23 (5/10/13 earnings call), ¶¶ 225,
227-28 (8/8/13 earnings call). For example, on August 8, 2012, Busky said that
InnerWorkings had “confidence that [Productions Graphics] are going to hit their
earn-out payments.”
AC ¶ 187.
Similar comments about the strength of
Productions Graphics’ performance followed. AC ¶¶ 194, 219, 225. Belcher and
Busky also characterized the Company’s growth in Europe as “strong.” AC ¶¶ 194,
197. Unlike with the preceding statements about inside sales, Plaintiff may proceed
with the challenged statements about Productions Graphics.
The dispute between the parties turns, at least at this initial stage, on the
weight this Court must give to the factual allegations by Delaune and Finance
Director Jean Philippe Calzolari. Even under the PSLRA, this Court must “accept
all factual allegations in the complaint as true,” as is typical at the motion to
dismiss stage. Tellabs II, 551 U.S. at 322; see also Tellabs II, 551 U.S. at 323-24,
326; Garden City I, 2011 WL 1303387, at *18. Unlike the typical motion to dismiss
though, this Court does not draw all reasonable inferences in Plaintiff’s favor but
instead weighs the competing inferences from those facts to determine if the
inference of scienter from them is cogent and compelling. Tellabs II, 551 U.S. at
314, 324. This Court, therefore, takes the Amended Complaint’s factual allegations
as true but weighs the inferences drawn from those facts when analyzing the
instant motion to dismiss.
40
Based on this governing standard, this Court accepts as true Delaune and
Calzolari’s allegations that Belcher and Busky initiated a false-invoicing scheme.
Whether in fact true, an issue this Court does not reach at this stage, their
allegations are unequivocal. Delaune describes Belcher as the fraud’s architect. On
July 19, 2012, Belcher, according to Delaune, proposed a false-invoicing scheme to
prop-up Production Graphics’ earnings.
AC ¶ 132. Belcher, again according to
Delaune, described how the scheme should be funded and carried out to remain
undetected. AC ¶¶ 133-34, 137. Delaune stated that, “at a minimum,” he spoke
with Belcher every two weeks about the false-invoicing scheme. AC ¶ 138. As for
Busky, Delaune alleged that Busky, among other things, advised him on the
mechanics of keeping the false-invoicing scheme undetected.
AC ¶¶ 139-40.
Corroborating Delaune, Calzolari “firmly believe[d] that this scheme was requested
by Eric Belcher and Joe Busky for the sole purpose of improving the results of the
group and the stock exchange rating.” AC ¶ 155; see also AC ¶¶ 154, 156-58. These
are just some examples of the factual allegations this Court must accept as true at
this initial stage.
Defendants, raising the issue of scienter, respond that Delaune and Calzolari
were “admitted fraudsters” with an “axe to grind” against InnerWorkings.
Defendants thus seek to discount their allegations. Challenging witness credibility
is another way of arguing that their testimony is false.
Defendants’ defenses,
accordingly, go to the truth of Delaune and Calzolari’s allegations, but, as explained
41
above, this Court’s role at the motion to dismiss stage is not to make those kinds of
factual determinations. Tellabs II, 551 U.S. at 322-24, 326.
Instructive is the Court’s decision in Lewy v. SkyPeople Fruit Juice, Inc., No.
11-2700, 2012 WL 3957916 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 10, 2012).
In that case, the Court
denied a motion to dismiss Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 claims because, as here,
credibility determinations were improper at that stage. Id. at *13. The plaintiffs
relied on two analyst reports that claimed that SkyPeople Fruit Juice, the corporate
defendant, had overstated its revenues in SEC filings. Id. SkyPeople Fruit Juice
responded that the reports were “unreliable” because their authors intended to
“short” the company’s stock, that is, the authors stood to profit from SkyPeople
Fruit Juice’s stock price falling.
The Court rejected that argument as
Id.
premature, explaining that it “must accept plaintiffs’ factual allegations as true”
and that a “motion to dismiss is not the proper vehicle to test the credibility of
witnesses or the manner in which the plaintiffs will attempt to prove their
allegations.” Id.
Also instructive is In re Retek Inc. Securities, No. 02-4209, 2005 WL 1430296
(D. Minn. March 7, 2005). There, once the plaintiffs had laid a foundation for the
allegations by their confidential witnesses, the Court declined to consider the
corporate defendant’s claim that those witnesses were not credible. Id. at *4. The
Court found that it had to assume the truth of the pled allegations and thus could
not make credibility determination at the motion to dismiss stage.
guidance from Lewy and In re Retek holds true here.
42
Id.
The
Nothing in the cases cited by Defendants changes this Court’s conclusion.
While the Courts granted motions to dismiss in both In re Satyam Computer
Services Ltd. Securities Litigation, 915 F. Supp. 2d 450, 480-81 (S.D.N.Y. 2013), and
SEC v. Cohmad Securities Corp., No. 09-5680, 2010 WL 363844, at *2-3 (S.D.N.Y.
Feb. 2, 2010), neither involved, unlike here, direct factual allegations that the
defendants had been involved in the underlying fraud. Instead, the Courts in those
cases had to infer the existence of scienter from circumstantial evidence. Those
Courts, moreover, confirmed that factual allegations must be accepted as true on a
motion to dismiss, even if those allegations are “doubtful in fact.” In re Satyam
Computer Services, 915 F. Supp. 2d at 469, 478; Cohmad Securities, 2010 WL
363844, at *2.
Defendants point to the Seventh Circuit’s decision in Higginbotham, which
discounted information obtained from confidential witnesses.
By applying this
principle to named witnesses, however, Defendants extend Higginbotham beyond
its limits. Not only does this Court’s obligation to accept factual allegations as true
remain, but also Higginbotham, as explained above, was addressing a problem
unique and inherent to confidential witnesses: their anonymity. See Tellabs III, 513
F.2d at 711-12. Anonymity can frustrate the judiciary’s ability to determine if the
confidential witnesses have or lack a foundation for their allegations—an
evidentiary concern heightened by the risk that, all else equal, anonymity promotes
misrepresentations by hiding the speaker. See Boeing, 711 F.3d at 759; Tellabs III,
513 F.3d at 711-12; Higginbotham, 495 F.3d at 756-57. Anonymity further conflicts
43
with the PSLRA’s requirements that claims be stated with particularity. Garden
City I, 2011 WL 1303387, at *20. The Seventh Circuit expressed these concerns in
Higginbotham, 495 F.3d at 756-57, where the confidential witnesses were described
merely as three ex-employees of the corporate defendant and two consultants, and
no further foundational evidence was pled. See also Tellabs III, 513 F.3d at 711-12
(analyzing Higginbotham). These concerns also exist, at times, here, such as when
CW2 claimed there was “no way” the inside sales group met InnerWorkings’ goals
for 2012 but Plaintiff did not lay a foundation for that statement.
These foundational concerns, by comparison, are not present with respect to
Delaune and Calzolari, so Higginbotham is inapplicable. The two men were highranking executives at Productions Graphics and participants in the fraud, and they
detail their involvement with Belcher and Busky. See generally the Delaune Note
[38-6]; Calzolari Statement [38-7]. Defendants challenge Delaune and Calzolari’s
credibility and not, as in Higginbotham, the basis for their knowledge.
Higginbotham thus is inapplicable.
Having taken the Amended Complaint’s well-pled factual allegations as true,
there is no escaping the conclusion that Belcher and Busky, through their purported
involvement in the false-invoicing scheme, are alleged to have made false and
misleading statements and omissions about Productions Graphics to investors.
Assuming arguendo that this Court had to make credibility determinations, and it
does not need to do so, Plaintiff nonetheless has raised a cogent and compelling
inference of scienter against Defendants. This Court reaches that conclusion based
44
on its review of: (1) the Delaune Note [38-6]; (2) the Calzolari Statement [38-7]; and,
(3) setting aside Plaintiff’s motion to strike, the criminal complaint drafted and
submitted to French authorities by InnerWorkings [43-32]. These documents detail
the particulars of the false-invoicing scheme.
And the Note and Statement are
sufficiently specific that, even though Delaune and Calzolari are admitted members
of the fraud and without taking a position on the merits of the documents, Plaintiff
has raised a cogent and compelling inference that Belcher and Busky were also
involved.
Defendants attempt to impeach Delaune by arguing that, in his Note, he
adopted the criminal complaint, which contradicts certain factual allegations in the
Note. This argument is unavailing because Delaune did not adopt the criminal
complaint wholesale.
Instead, in his Note, Delaune expresses his general
agreement with the “substance of the facts” stated in the criminal complaint and, in
the next sentence, clarifies that he does not view the criminal complaint as fully
accurate:
Christophe Delaune has taken note of this complaint (but not the
attached documents): he does not contest the substance of the facts
stated therein.
On the other hand, they are set out in a way which does not correspond
to the truth, which Eric Belcher and Joe Busky, the chairman and
financial director of InnerWorkings Inc. (1) are only too aware of.
Criminal Complaint [38-6] at 1. Thus, contradictions between the Delaune Note (as
well as the Calzolari Statement) and the criminal complaint, which was drafted by
InnerWorkings, are to be expected. Delaune, Calzolari and InnerWorkings agree
that a fraud occurred but disagree on its scope.
45
Defendants also argue that Belcher and Busky had no motivation to risk
their careers and going to jail by involving themselves in the false-invoicing scheme.
Defendants further argue that InnerWorkings would have been better off had
“Productions Graphics just missed its earnings targets” because InnerWorkings had
to pay Productions Graphics more for meetings earnings targets than the revenue
generated when Productions Graphics met those targets. Not only is a showing of
motive not required to plead scienter, see Tellabs II, 551 U.S. at 325, but also
Defendants here view the motivations at play too narrowly.
Productions
Graphics
was
InnerWorkings’
largest
acquisition,
and
InnerWorkings, and therefore Belcher and Busky as well, had incentives to prop-up
Productions Graphics’ sales to maintain market confidence and InnerWorkings’
stock prices. See AC ¶¶ 8, 35, 129-30. InnerWorkings needed to maintain market
confidence to obtain funding for new acquisitions, which drove the Company’s
revenue growth. AC ¶ 129. Confirming that new acquisitions drove InnerWorkings’
revenue growth, on August 17, 2012, one analyst reported that contributions from
InnerWorkings’ acquisitions over the past year—“primarily Productions Graphics in
Europe”—contributed 10 percentage points to revenue growth in Q2 2012. AC ¶
190. Revenue growth comprised 40 percent of Belcher and Busky’s bonus criteria in
2012 and 2013. AC ¶¶ 239-40.
Defendants last argue, yet do so only in a general manner, that certain
statements about Productions Graphics are protected by the PSLRA’s safe harbor,
15 U.S.C. § 78u-5(c)(1).
Summary Table [43-2], attached as Exhibit A to
46
Defendants’ Memorandum of Law, No. 10 (corresponding to AC ¶ 187), No. 16 (AC ¶
194), Nos. 21-22, 24 (AC ¶ 197), No. 40 (AC ¶ 219), No. 45 (AC ¶ 225). All of these
statements were made during earnings calls between August 10, 2012 and August
8, 2013. This Court cannot conclude that these statements are protected by the safe
harbor at this initial stage.
The safe harbor contains two independent prongs.
A statement is not
actionable if: (1) identified as a forward-looking statement, and accompanied by
“meaningful cautionary statements” identifying important factors that could cause
actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statement; or
(2) Plaintiff fails to prove that the forward-looking statement was made with actual
knowledge that the statement was false or misleading. 15 U.S.C. § 78u-5(c)(1); see
Selbst v. McDonald’s Corp., No. 04-2422, 2005 WL 2319936, at *16 (N.D. Ill. Sept.
21, 2005).
Neither prong is met here, for reasons this Court can dispense with quickly.
Defendants cannot seek safe harbor refuge by representing a risk that already has
materialized (here, the fraudulent false-invoicing scheme), as a risk that could
develop in the future. Brasher v. Broadwind Energy, Inc., No. 11-991, 2012 WL
1357699, at *18 n.7 (N.D. Ill. April 19, 2012). Moreover, with respect to the first
prong, a disclaimer is “meaningful” and covered by the safe harbor only if it
mentions those sources of variance that, at the time of the projection, were the
“principal or important risks.” Tellabs I, 437 F.3d at 599-600. This Court reviewed
the disclaimers accompanying the earnings calls, see Exhibits J, N, P, X and Y to
47
Defendants’ Memorandum of Law [43], and finds that none discloses the risk here:
fraud. Not all risks, of course, have to be disclosed for the safe harbor defense to
accrue to Defendants, but, at this stage, this Court has no reason to believe that
fraud was not one of the important and principal risks that should have been
disclosed. See Asher v. Baxter International Inc., 377 F.3d 727, 734-35 (7th Cir.
2004). Additionally, Plaintiff has shown in the allegations that Defendants made
forward-looking statements with actual knowledge that they were false or
misleading. Thus the safe harbor provision is unavailable for this second reason.
For these reasons, Plaintiff may proceed with the challenged statements
about Productions Graphics.
3.
Internationalization of PPM4
Plaintiff challenges a statement by Belcher involving InnerWorkings’ use of
technology, see AC ¶¶ 191, 206, but fails to allege adequately that the statement
was false or misleading when made or that Belcher spoke with the requisite
scienter.
During a March 11, 2013 investor conference, Belcher said that
InnerWorkings was going to roll out “our technology,” that is, the proprietary sales
technology called “PPM4,” AC ¶¶ 2, 43, on a global basis and convert Europe during
that quarter: “Today we are rolling out our technology on a global basis, all
currencies, all languages on one platform.
America last quarter, Europe this quarter.”
We have already converted Latin
AC ¶ 206.
Plaintiff alleges this
statement was false or misleading because, according to Delaune, Production
Graphics, InnerWorkings’ French acquisition, was not converted to PPM4 through
48
at least October 2013, months after Belcher’s “this quarter” timetable. AC ¶¶ 162,
207, 232.
The challenged statement is a classic example of inactionable “fraud by
hindsight.” Higginbotham, 495 F.3d at 759-60; Garden City I, 2011 WL 1303387, at
*20 (collecting cases).
There is no allegation that Belcher reasonably knew on
March 11, 2013, when he spoke, that not all of InnerWorkings’ European affiliates
would be converted to PPM4 that same quarter.
The statement only “became”
incorrect, therefore, when viewed in hindsight. For these reasons, not only is the
statement not false or misleading when made, but Plaintiff has also not adequately
pled that Belcher acted with the requisite scienter.
4.
Enterprise Client Retention Rate
Plaintiff next alleges that certain statements Defendants made about
InnerWorkings’ enterprise client retention rate were misleading because the
Company failed to disclose that it had lost Google as a client. Specifically, Plaintiff
challenges two comments made at InnerWorkings’ February 22, 2013 Investor Day:
(1) COO John Eisel’s statement that the Company had a “98% client retention rate”
with its enterprise customers; and (2) Belcher’s statement that “[w]e’ve resigned
every major contract that’s come up, really throughout our history.”
AC ¶202.
Plaintiff also challenges Busky’s statement, made at a May 7, 2013 investor
conference, that InnerWorkings had a “98% retention rate on our enterprise deals.”
AC ¶216.
49
Plaintiff claims that Defendants “knew, but failed to disclose, that 2012
revenues had been adversely affected by the loss of major clients like Google.” AC
¶¶ 203, 217; see also AC ¶ 143. Defendants respond, among other things, that
Plaintiff failed to plead that: (1) Google was one of InnerWorkings’ enterprise
clients, as required to disprove the 98 percent client enterprise retention comments;
and (2) Google provided a material amount of revenue to InnerWorkings’ bottomline.
This Court agrees with Defendants. None of the challenged statements or
the omission of mentioning Google’s loss are false or misleading or even material.
The fatal flaw in Plaintiff’ argument is that InnerWorkings did not lose Google as a
client—another company did.
This is confirmed by Plaintiff’s own factual
allegations. In Paragraph 143 of the Amended Complaint, which comprises the
basis of Plaintiff’s claim, see AC ¶¶ 203, 217 (both citing AC ¶ 143), Plaintiff quotes
Delaune who said that Busky told him in early October 2012 that “the planned
acquisition of the company Merchandise Media … would not meet its targets,
because they lost their biggest client, Google.” Accordingly, Merchandise Media, not
InnerWorkings, lost Google as a client; Google was the “biggest client” for
Merchandise Media, not InnerWorkings; and, at the time of the loss, Merchandise
Media had not yet been acquired by InnerWorkings. Plaintiff glosses over these
distinctions, perhaps assuming that Google was a “major client” for InnerWorkings
just because it was Merchandise Media’s “biggest client.” See AC ¶¶ 203, 217. That
is not enough to meet the PSLRA’s heightened pleading requirements. Plaintiff has
50
made no showing that Google was an enterprise client, let alone one that generated
a material amount of revenue, if any, for InnerWorkings.
5.
InnerWorkings’ Putative Class Period Financials
Plaintiff finally challenges InnerWorkings’ financials during the putative
class period, including revenue figures and gross margins for the fiscal years ending
December 31, 2011 and 2012, and for Q4 2011, Q1 to Q4 2012 and Q1 to Q3 2013.
AC ¶179. InnerWorkings restated its financial results for those periods on April 21,
2014, as a result of the false-invoicing scheme at Productions Graphics. AC ¶¶ 15960; see also AC ¶ 179. Plaintiff pled, although neither party expressly analyzes this
allegation in their motion papers, that the “aggregate net impact of the corrections
across all affected periods is a net decrease in income before taxes of $2.2 million.”
AC ¶ 160; see AC ¶ 159 (2/18/14 press release anticipating the magnitude of the
restatements). Plaintiff also pled that InnerWorkings acknowledged a “material
weakness” in internal control over financial reporting for the affected periods. AC ¶
161.
Defendants argue that Plaintiff has not shown that the alleged inaccuracies
are material because Plaintiff has not pled “even a general figure” by which he
contends that InnerWorkings’ class-period financials were inaccurate. That is not
quite right, as Plaintiff did plead that InnerWorkings restated its financial results
by $2.2 million across all affected periods. AC ¶ 160; see AC ¶ 159. Yet Defendants
nevertheless have a viable argument, because they are correct that Plaintiff failed
to plead what the restated revenue and gross margin numbers were in each period,
51
and facts showing that those restatements are material in light of InnerWorkings’
overall financial figures.
Nonetheless, the factual allegations here are sufficient at this initial stage,
although perhaps just barely.
Courts in this District have found restatements
material even when the plaintiff did not plead the precise amount by which the
corporate defendant’s financial statements were in error. E.g., Chu, 100 F. Supp. 2d
at 821-22 (Castillo, J.) (citing Danis v. USN Communications, Inc., 73 F. Supp. 2d
923, 935 n.6 (N.D. Ill. 1999) (Conlon, J.)); see also Roth v. OfficeMax, Inc., No. 05236, 2006 WL 2661009, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 13, 2006) (Gottschall, J.); Davis I, 385
F. Supp. 2d at 708-09 (Moran, J.). The Court in Chu found that restated financial
results were material under circumstances less compelling than here. The plaintiff
gave examples of transactions where Sabratek, the corporate defendant, did not
recognize revenue in compliance with GAAP, but failed to give “the dollar amounts
by which Sabratek’s financial statements have been misstated as a result of these
transactions.” 100 F. Supp. 2d at 821-22. In Roth, 2006 WL 2661009, at *1, 3-4,
OfficeMax, the corporate defendant, restated its financial statements for Q1 to Q3
2004, and the Court found these restatements were material based on, as here, the
plaintiff, unlike the one in Chu, pleading the amount by which revenues were
overstated ($7.1 million for Q1, and $1 million for each of Q2 and Q3) and
acknowledging internal control problems.
The Court explained that the
misstatements are material because they reflect “consequential facts about the
52
Company, namely, its financial health.” Id. at *4. These cases guide this Court’s
decision here.
While there may be some tension between these cases and the ones from
outside this District that Defendants argue require more at the pleading stage, e.g.,
In re Hansen Natural Corp. Securities Litigation, 527 F. Supp. 2d 1142, 1161 (C.D.
Cal. 2007), and Gavish v. Revlon, Inc., No. 00-7291, 2004 WL 2210269, at *15-16
(S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2004), this Court is disinclined to depart from the consensus rule
in this District. In re Hansen Natural and Gavis also are not inconsistent with this
Court’s decision today, because Plaintiff has quantified the magnitude of the
restatement here—an important factual allegation that the Courts in In re Hansen
Natural and Gavis emphasized was missing there.
For
these
reasons,
Plaintiff
may
proceed
with
his
claims
about
InnerWorkings’ putative class period financials.
B.
Count III: Section 20(a)
In Count III, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants are liable under Section 20(a)
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Defendants seek to dismiss this “controlperson” claim on the ground that Plaintiff has failed to allege a primary securities
fraud violation. Section 20(a) provides in relevant part that: “Every person who,
directly or indirectly, controls any person liable under any provision of this chapter
… shall also be liable jointly and severally with and to the same extent as such
controlled person to any person to whom such controlled person is liable.” 15 U.S.C.
§ 78t(a).
To state a Section 20(a) claim, Plaintiff must allege: (1) a primary
53
securities violation; (2) that each of the Defendants exercised general control over
the operations of InnerWorkings; and (3) that each of the Defendants “possessed the
power or ability to control the specific transaction or activity upon which the
primary violation was predicated, whether or not that power was exercised.”
Harrison v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 974 F.2d 873, 881 (7th Cir. 1992); accord
Hospira, 2013 WL 566805, at *28.
Because Plaintiff has pled a primary securities violation as to the statements
about Productions Graphics and InnerWorkings’ putative class period financials
only, and Defendants have not challenged Plaintiff’s Section 20(a) claims on any
other grounds, the Section 20(a) claim stands as to those claims only. Conversely,
with respect to the other allegedly false or misleading statements or omissions for
which Plaintiff has failed to plead a primary securities law violation, Plaintiff’s
Section 20(a) claim fails. See Pugh, 521 F.3d at 693; Hospira, 2013 WL 566805, at
*28.
IV.
Conclusion
Defendants’ motion to dismiss [41] is granted in part and denied in part.
Consistent with this Court’s Memorandum Opinion and Order, Plaintiff may
proceed with Counts I to III with respect to the statements about Productions
Graphics and InnerWorkings’ putative class period financials. Conversely, as set
forth in this Opinion, Plaintiff may not proceed with Counts I to III with respect to
the statements about the inside sales group, the internationalization of PPM4 and
the enterprise client retention rate. These portions of Counts I to III are hereby
54
dismissed with prejudice and without leave to amend. In declining to give leave to
amend, this Court notes that had Plaintiff believed that a Second Amended
Complaint was warranted after reviewing Defendants’ moving papers, then, for the
reasons discussed in Fannon v. Guidant Corp., 583 F.3d 995, 1001-02 (7th Cir.
2009), and Pugh, 521 F.3d at 698, Plaintiff should have sought leave to amend then
in lieu of opposing the motion and thereby compelling the expenditure of time and
resources by Defendants to reply and this Court to render a decision.
This case is set for a status hearing on October 7, 2015 at 9:45 a.m. in
Courtroom 1725.
At the status, the parties shall come prepared to: (1) set a
deadline for the Defendants to file their Answer to the remaining portions of the
Amended Complaint; (2) discuss a proposed discovery plan; and (3) report on the
status of any settlement discussions. On or before the status hearing, the parties
shall file a joint status report not to exceed five pages addressing Sections 2(b) and
4 of this Court’s “Initial Status Report Template,” which can be found in this
Court’s Standing Order for “Initial Status Conferences.”
Dated: September 30, 2015
Entered:
____________________________
John Robert Blakey
United States District Judge
55
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