Dumka et al v. Johnson

Filing 75

MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order signed by the Honorable Edmond E. Chang. For the reasons stated in the Opinion, Defendant's motion 64 for summary judgment is granted in part and denied in part. Also, the Clerk's Office shall substitute Elaine Duke, Acting Secretary for the Department of Homeland Security, as the named Defendant. The status hearing of 11/16/2017 remains as scheduled. Emailed notice(slb, )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
FRASNEY DUMKA,
Plaintiff,
v.
ELAINE DUKE, Acting Secretary,
Department of Homeland Security,
Defendant.

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No. 14 C 02711
Judge Edmond E. Chang

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
In October 2010, Frasney Dumka was fired from her job at the Federal
Emergency Management Agency. Dumka claims that FEMA violated the
Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 701, et seq,.1 by failing to accommodate her
disability, by treating her differently based on her disability, and by retaliating
against her because she requested accommodations. R. 25, Am. Cmplt. ¶¶ 54-72.
FEMA now moves for summary judgment, arguing that the record demonstrates
that there are no issues of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. R. 63, Def. Mot. Summ. J. For the reasons explained below, the
government’s motion is granted as to Dumka’s disparate-treatment and retaliation
claims (Counts 2 and 3), but denied for her failure-to-accommodate claim (Count 1).

The Court has federal-question jurisdiction over Dumka’s claims under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1331. Citations to the record are noted as “R.” followed by the docket number and the
page or paragraph number. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), the Clerk’s Office
shall substitute the current Acting Secretary of Homeland Security, Elaine Duke, as the
defendant in this case.
1

I. Background
In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the Court views the evidence in
the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v.
Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). The facts outlined here are
undisputed unless otherwise noted.
Frasney Dumka suffers from a disability stemming from a brain injury
sustained in a bike accident that happened in the 1970s. R. 66, DSOF2 ¶ 4. The
parties agree that Dumka suffers from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD), and Dumka also testifies that she suffers from a cognitive learning
disability that hinders her ability to understand certain information. R. 68, Pl.
Resp. DSOF ¶ 4, R. 68, PSOF Exh. A at 18:5-19:6, Exh. B at 16:18-18:5; DSOF Exh.
3 at ¶ 5. The exact nature of Dumka’s disability is unclear, but the government does
not contest that she is disabled within the meaning of the Rehabilitation Act. See
generally R. 65, Def. Mem; see also R. 67, Pl. Resp. at 2.
In April 2010, Dumka was hired as a “disaster assistance employee” with
FEMA. DSOF ¶ 2. Disaster assistance employees are activated to work for FEMA
during disasters, and are paid only for the time that they work. Id. at ¶ 3. During
her application process with FEMA, Dumka was open about her disability and

Citations to the parties’ Local Rule 56.1 Statements of Fact are identified as
follows: “DSOF” for the government’s Statement of Facts [R. 66], “PSOF” for Dumka’s
Statement of Additional Facts [R. 68], “Pl. Resp. DSOF” for Dumka’s response to the
government’s Statement of Facts [R. 68], and “Def. Resp. PSOF” for the government’s
response to Dumka’s Statement of Additional Facts [R. 78].
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discussed her need for accommodation with multiple individuals at FEMA.3 Id. ¶ 6;
Pl. Resp. DSOF ¶ 6; R. 68, PSOF ¶¶ 1, 4-6, 9-10. Dumka was told that she should
inform her site supervisor about her disability and need for accommodation. DSOF
¶ 7.
Dumka’s first (and last) FEMA deployment began on August 30, 2010. DSOF
¶ 8. Her supervisor during the deployment was Cassandra Ringsdorf; Ringsdorf’s
second-in-command was Jean McGhee. DSOF ¶¶ 9-10. On the evening of Dumka’s
first day of deployment, she informed Ringsdorf about her disability. DSOF ¶ 13. In
her deposition, Dumka claims that she told Ringsdorf that she needed to be allowed
to ask questions and to be shown “hands on” (rather than simply be told) how to do
things the first time. Pl. Resp. DSOF ¶ 13; PSOF ¶ 12; PSOF Exh. A at 42:17-44:10;
Exh. B at 121:8-126:11. The government, on the other hand, characterizes Dumka’s
requested accommodation as merely being allowed to ask questions, DSOF ¶ 13, but
the government does not point to any facts contradicting Dumka’s testimony that
she asked to be shown how to do things. See R. 73, Def. Resp. PSOF ¶ 12.
Dumka asserts that after telling Ringsdorf about her disability, she felt
ignored and shunned by Ringsdorf and McGhee. PSOF ¶ 13. For example, on the
second day of the deployment, Dumka rode in a car with Ringsdorf and McGhee and
they did not talk to her. DSOF ¶ 15. Dumka also attempted to participate in
activities at her worksite, but felt ignored. PSOF Exh. A at 45:7-49:4. Dumka

The parties have minor disagreements about which individuals Dumka informed of
her disability and when. See Pl. Resp. DSOF ¶ 6. But the Court need not address these
inconsistencies because the government does not argue that the relevant FEMA officials
were unaware of her disability. See generally Def. Mem; see also Pl. Resp. at 2.
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believed that the lack of communication was preventing her from learning how to do
her job. PSOF ¶ 13. At a lunch with Ringsdorf and McGhee, Dumka tearfully
confronted Ringsdorf and asked if she was being ignored because of her disability.
Pl. Resp. DSOF at ¶ 15. Ringsdorf responded by scolding Dumka. PSOF ¶ 13.
During the deployment, Dumka struggled with understanding how to fill in
her timesheet—an issue that would eventually lead to her termination. The facts
here are the subject of some dispute. Dumka’s version of the story is that she asked
Ringsdorf for help filling out her timesheet, but Ringsdorf refused, telling Dumka to
figure it out on her own when she got home. PSOF ¶ 14. Dumka did get help from
another FEMA employee, Joe Gibson, who helped her fill in her timesheet for the
first day of deployment. Pl. Resp. DSOF ¶ 16. Gibson was too busy to help her fill
out the other days, so he introduced Dumka to two other employees, Watson and
Robinson. Id. Watson offered to help Dumka with her timesheet the following
morning before Dumka’s flight home to Indiana. Id. As Dumka was leaving the
office for the day, Ringsdorf overheard her say “See you tomorrow” to Watson and
Robinson. Id. Hearing this, Ringsdorf told Dumka not to come back the next day. Id.
Dumka explained that she needed help with her timesheet because of her disability,
but Ringsdorf again told Dumka not to come back to the worksite. Id.; PSOF Exh. A
at 50:13-52:23. The government denies that Ringsdorf told Dumka she could not
return for help, but does not cite evidence refuting Dumka’s testimony. Def. Resp.
PSOF ¶ 14. Despite the friction between Dumka and Ringsdorf over the timesheet,

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Dumka states that Ringsdorf gave her a positive review at the end of her
deployment. DSOF ¶ 17.
Dumka’s problems with her timesheet continued after she returned home
from her deployment. The main problem4 was that the timesheet claimed—as
compensable work—the time between Dumka’s arrival at her hotel on August 30
and her arrival at the FEMA worksite. According to the government, those were
hours that are not compensable. DSOF ¶ 26.5 Upon receiving Dumka’s timesheet,
McGhee alerted Ringsorf and Dumka’s “cadre” manager, Kent Huizinga, that she
believed Dumka might have “padded her timesheet.” DSOF Exh. 21. This triggered
a back-and-forth between Dumka, Huizinga, and other FEMA employees over
whether and how Dumka needed to correct her timesheet. DSOF ¶¶ 30.
There is some (mostly irrelevant) dispute about the details of these
conversations, but the parties agree that on September 15, Huizinga emailed
Dumka and told her that she needed to correct her time entry for August 30 to
reflect “actual time worked.” DSOF ¶ 31. Dumka responded by email that her
timesheet was correct and that she had already reduced her hours by over forty-five
minutes that she was entitled to claim “according to policy.” DSOF ¶ 32. Huizinga
asked Dumka to send him a copy of this policy, and Dumka responded by requesting
a phone call so she could confirm that she was doing everything correctly. DSOF
¶ 33-34. Huizinga called Dumka at home on September 16 or 17 and told her that
There was also an issue with the lunch time Dumka claimed, but that problem was
corrected and does not seem to have been the basis for Dumka’s termination. See DSOF
¶ 37.
5 The parties spend some time debating the actual policy, but it does not matter for
the purposes of this lawsuit whether or not Dumka was actually entitled to claim this time.
4

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she could not claim the time spent at her hotel before reporting to her worksite.
DSOF ¶ 35.
The government claims that during the course of Huizinga’s interactions with
Dumka, he became concerned that she “refused to have her timesheet properly
reflect her time worked.” DSOF ¶ 35. Dumka, on the other hand, denies that she
ever refused to change her time. Pl. Resp. DSOF ¶ 35. Dumka states that she told
Huizinga that she could not understand because of her disability, and asked if she
could come to Chicago to meet with him so he could show her in person how to
complete the timesheet. PSOF ¶ 17; PSOF Exh. A at 78:11-79:11; PSOF Exh. B at
169:3-14, 185:25-186:16. Huizinga refused to meet in person, and instead continued
to ask Dumka over the phone whether the time she claimed was “correct.” PSOF
¶ 17. Dumka told Huizinga that she did not understand, and that he could correct
her timesheet however he wanted: “You know, I don’t know what to do. Whatever
you do is okay with me. I just wanna do it right.” Pl. Resp. DSOF ¶ 35; PSOF Exh.
B at 184:21-185:9. Dumka submitted another signed timesheet on September 16
still claiming the disputed hours as time worked. DSOF ¶ 37.
In early October 2010, Dumka received a notice of termination stating that
she was being terminated for submission of a false timesheet and for “inappropriate
conduct.” DSOF ¶ 38. The notice stated that Dumka had made inappropriate
comments while on deployment, including referring to a coworker as the “little or
short Italian guy,” commenting on another employee’s Hispanic heritage and skin

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color, and referring to homosexuals6 as “queers.” DSOF Exh. 22. Dumka
emphatically denies making these comments, though she does admit that she
referred to another employee as someone who “looks Italian.” Pl. Resp. DSOF ¶ 39;
Exh. A 88:17-93:5. There is no documentation of the alleged “inappropriate conduct”
before the government issued the October notice of termination. PSOF ¶ 18.
II. Summary Judgment Standard
Summary judgment must be granted “if the movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine issue of material fact exists if “the
evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving
party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). In evaluating
summary judgment motions, courts must view the facts and draw reasonable
inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Scott v. Harris, 550
U.S. 372, 378 (2007). The Court may not weigh conflicting evidence or make
credibility determinations, Omnicare, Inc. v. UnitedHealth Grp., Inc., 629 F.3d 697,
704 (7th Cir. 2011), and must consider only evidence that can “be presented in a
form that would be admissible in evidence.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2). However,
affidavits, depositions, and other written forms of testimony can substitute for live
testimony. Malin v. Hospira, Inc., 762 F.3d 552, 554-55 (7th Cir. 2014). The party

The federal Office of Personnel Management does not use the term “homosexual,”
but instead refers to lesbian and gay individuals. See https://www.opm.gov/policy-dataoversight/diversity-and-inclusion/reference-materials/addressing-sexual-orientation-andgender-identity-discrimination-in-federal-civilian-employment.pdf (accessed November 3,
2017). The notice of termination issued to Dumka, however, did use that term. DSOF Exh.
22.
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seeking summary judgment has the initial burden of showing that there is no
genuine dispute and that they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Carmichael v. Village of Palatine, 605 F.3d 451, 460 (7th Cir. 2010); see also Celotex
Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986); Wheeler v. Lawson, 539 F.3d 629, 634 (7th
Cir. 2008). If this burden is met, the adverse party must then “set forth specific
facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256.
III. Analysis
A. Failure to Accommodate
Dumka’s first theory of liability is that FEMA refused to provide her with a
reasonable accommodation for her cognitive disability in violation of the
Rehabilitation Act. In order to prevail at trial, she must show that (1) she is a
qualified individual with a disability; (2) her employer was aware of her disability;
and (3) her employer failed to reasonably accommodate the disability. EEOC v.
Sears Roebuck & Co., 417 F.3d 789, 797 (7th Cir. 2005).7 Because the government is
the moving party on summary judgment, it has the burden of demonstrating that no
reasonable factfinder could find for Dumka. The government has not met this
burden.
Dumka testified in depositions (and will presumably testify at trial) that she
has a cognitive disability. See, e.g., PSOF Exh. A at 18:5-24:23. She asked that her
supervisors accommodate this disability by allowing her to ask clarifying questions,
and, crucially, by showing her how to do things. See, e.g., PSOF Exh. A. at 43:21Claims under the Rehabilitation Act are analyzed under the same standards as
claims under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Peters v. City of Mauston, 311 F.3d 835,
842 (7th Cir. 2002).
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44:2 (“I process things differently. I need to be able to ask questions for clarity, and
I need—not orally. I need you to show me hands on in technical support.”); Exh. B
at 20:5-15, 64:20-65:4; 77:24-25. The government does not dispute that Dumka has
a cognitive disability, or cite evidence contradicting Dumka’s testimony that she
asked to be shown how to do tasks. And, significantly, the government has not
argued

(at

least

for

summary

judgment

purposes)

that

her

requested

accommodation of being shown how to perform tasks was unreasonable. So the only
remaining issue is whether FEMA failed to provide Dumka with her requested
accommodation.
The evidence in the record demonstrates that there is at the very least a
dispute of material fact on this point. It is true, as the government points out, that
Dumka’s supervisors told her how to complete her timesheets. See Def. Reply at 2-3;
DSOF ¶ 20-21, 31-34. But Dumka’s uncontroverted testimony is that she requested
to be shown in person how to accomplish her tasks, and the government does not
meaningfully dispute that Dumka was not shown how to fill in her timesheet. See
Def. Reply at 3-4. The government does point out that Joe Gibson, another FEMA
employee, helped Dumka fill in her time for her first day of work. Id. at 3. But given
Dumka’s later struggles, there is a question of fact about whether Ringsdorf,
Huizinga, or another supervisor should have, in order to provide a reasonable
accommodation, shown her how to correctly complete her timesheet. It is worth
noting that Huizinga, Dumka’s cadre manager, refused to show Dumka how to
complete her timesheet even when she offered to visit the office in person for a

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demonstration. PSOF ¶ 17. A reasonable jury could find, based on this evidence,
that by refusing to show Dumka how to complete her timesheets, Dumka’s
supervisors failed to provide a reasonable accommodation for her disability. Her
failure-to-accommodate claim therefore survives summary judgment.
B. Disparate Treatment
Dumka’s next claim is that she was treated less favorably than similar nondisabled employees because of her disability. Specifically, Dumka claims that she
was fired because of her disability, and that her supervisor failed to train her
because of her disability. These two theories, for the most part, overlap with her
failure-to-accommodate claim. Dumka’s main argument seems to be that Ringsdorf
and Huizinga’s failure to adequately train her to complete her timesheets—that is,
their failure to provide her requested accommodation—resulted in her firing. Pl.
Resp. at 11. This is just the accommodation claim in different packaging.
To the extent that the disparate-treatment claim is independent of the
accommodation claim, it does not survive summary judgment. The key question in a
disparate-treatment employment discrimination case is whether a reasonable
factfinder could conclude, based on the evidence as a whole, that an adverse
employment action happened because of the employee’s protected characteristic. See
Ortiz v. Werner Enter., Inc., 834 F.3d 760, 765 (7th Cir. 2016). On this record, there

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is insufficient evidence for a reasonable factfinder to conclude that either the
termination or the failure to train was caused by Dumka’s disability.8
Dumka testified that Ringsdorf ignored her after learning of her disability,
and argues that Ringsdorf’s treatment was motivated by discriminatory animus. Pl.
Resp. DSOF ¶ 14. As evidence of mistreatment, Dumka states that Ringsdorf talked
to McGhee but not to her during a shared car ride. DSOF ¶ 14. Dumka also points
out that when she confronted Ringsdorf and asked if Ringsdorf was ignoring her
because of her disability, Ringsdorf scolded her. PSOF ¶ 13. Dumka further asserts
that Ringsdorf would not show her how to complete her timesheets or allow other
employees to help her. PSOF ¶ 14. All this, says Dumka, is sufficient to support an
inference of discrimination. Pl. Resp. at 10-11.
But even if this evidence was enough to prove that Ringsdorf disliked Dumka
because of her disability, Dumka has not connected Ringsdorf’s animus to any
adverse employment action. When it comes to Ringsdorf’s failure to train Dumka,
there is insufficient evidence on the record to establish that Ringsdorf denied
Dumka training to which she was entitled or which was given to similarly situated
employees. See, e.g., Malacara v. City of Madison, 224 F.3d 727, 729 (7th Cir. 2000)
(employee was required to demonstrate that he was denied training under
circumstances giving rise to an inference of discrimination). And when it comes to
Dumka’s firing, there is no evidence that Ringsdorf’s possible animus played any
motivating role. Dumka’s unsupported assertion that Ringsdorf “appears to have

Except insofar as the firing resulted from a failure to accommodate, which, as
discussed, is just Count 1 in different words.
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played an integral part” in the firing, Pl. Resp. at 11, does not establish the
requisite connection between the discriminatory animus and the adverse
employment action.
Nor has Dumka made out a disparate treatment claim under the McDonnell
Douglas burden-shifting framework. See Ortiz, 834 F.3d at 766 (noting that the
McDonnell Douglas framework remains intact). The McDonnell Douglas method of
proof allows the plaintiff in a discrimination case to shift, at least provisionally, the
burden of proof to the defendant if the plaintiff can make a certain prima facie
showing. Bunn v. Khoury Enterprises, Inc., 753 F.3d 676, 685 (7th Cir. 2014). To
make this prima facie showing, the plaintiff must demonstrate, among other
things,9 that similarly situated employees without a disability were treated more
favorably.
Although the similarly situated inquiry is flexible, see Humphries v. CBOCS
West, Inc., 474 F.3d 387, 405 (7th Cir. 2007), it is not expansive enough to
encompass Dumka’s case. As evidence that similarly situated employees were
treated more favorably, Dumka points only to her own testimony about employees
who told her that they also experienced difficulties with their timesheets. Pl. Resp.
at 12-13. There are two problems with this strategy. First, Dumka has provided no
affidavits or depositions from her supposed comparators; all the information about
them comes from Dumka’s own depositions. This statements of these other
To make out a prima facie case, the employee must show that (1) that he is
disabled under the ADA (or the Rehabilitation Act); (2) that he was meeting his employer's
legitimate expectations; (3) that he suffered an adverse employment action; and (4) that
similarly situated employees without a disability were treated more favorably. Bunn, 753
F.3d at 685.
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employees—as reported by Dumka—is hearsay, and thus is neither evidence
presented in a form that would be admissible at trial or evidence that could be
reduced to admissible form for trial (Dumka does not offer affidavits from these
other employees). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2); Eisenstadt v. Centel Corp., 113 F.3d
738, 742 (7th Cir. 1997) (“[H]earsay is inadmissible in summary judgment
proceedings to the same extent that it is inadmissible in a trial.”). But the bigger
problem for Dumka is substantive. Her evidence lacks factual detail that would
allow a reasonable jury to conclude that these other employees were similarly
situated to Dumka. Dumka has offered no evidence that the supposed comparators
had comparable positions at FEMA, that they made similar mistakes with their
timesheets, or even that they are not disabled. See, e.g., Snipes v. Illinois Dep't of
Corrections, 291 F.3d 460, 463 (7th Cir. 2002) (the similarly-situated showing
“normally entails establishing that the two employees dealt with the same
supervisor, were subject to the same standards, and had engaged in similar conduct
without such differentiating or mitigating circumstances as would distinguish their
conduct or the employer's treatment of them.” (quotation marks omitted)). Because
Dumka cannot meet her burden or shift it to the government, the government is
entitled to summary judgment on the disparate-treatment claim.
C. Retaliation
Last up is Dumka’s retaliation claim. As with the disparate treatment claim,
Dumka can proceed either by presenting sufficient evidence for a reasonable
factfinder to conclude that there was a causal connection between her firing and her

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statutorily protected activity, or by establishing a prima facie case and shifting the
burden to the defendant. Anderson v. Donahoe, 699 F.3d 989, 994-95 (7th Cir. 2012).
Again, Dumka has not succeeded on either method, so government is entitled to
summary judgment.
Dumka has not proffered evidence that Ringsdorf, Huizinga, or any other
decisionmaker fired her because she engaged in protected activity by requesting an
accommodation. The facts on the record are consistent with FEMA’s assertion that
Dumka was fired because she incorrectly completed her timesheet (though she did
not get, for summary judgment purposes, the reasonable accommodation that she
asked for). See DSOF Exh. 22. Her testimony that Ringsdorf and McGhee were
unfriendly to her and that she did not receive in-person help with her timesheet
does not undermine this stated reason for the firing.
Nor are the allegedly false allegations of inappropriate comments sufficient to
establish retaliation. Yes, it is suspicious that the inappropriate comments were not
documented until the notice of termination. But remember, Dumka must prove not
only that the stated reasons for the firing were pretextual, but also that the true
motivation for the firing was retaliation. Even if her evidence demonstrated the
first, it does not establish the second enough for a reasonable jury to find in her
favor. Of course, evidence of an employer’s dishonesty might be enough in some
cases for a factfinder to infer discrimination. See, e.g., Baines v. Walgreen Co., 863
F.3d 656, 665 (7th Cir. 2017). But this case is not one where “the only reason an
employer offers for firing an employee is a lie.” See Shagher v. Upjohn Co., 913 F.2d

14

398, 401 (7th Cir. 1990). Nor is this a case where the employer’s alleged falsehood is
one of many pieces of circumstantial evidence of the employer’s suspicious behavior.
See Baines, 863 F.3d at 663. Here, where Dumka’s evidence at best shows that her
employer was dishonest about one of two legitimate grounds for termination (again,
“legitimate” if there had been a reasonable accommodation), and where there is no
other reason to think her supervisors acted with discriminatory intent, it would be
unreasonable for a factfinder to find that Dumka’s firing was retaliatory.
As for the indirect method, Dumka has not identified any similarly situated
employees, and so has not made out a prima facie case of retaliation. See Mannie v.
Potter, 394 F.3d 977, 984 (7th Cir. 2005) (employee must show that she was treated
less favorably than similarly situated employees who did not engage in the
protected activity). Dumka argues that the comparator employees identified for her
disparate-treatment claim are also sufficient comparators for her retaliation claim,
but this argument is unpersuasive. As discussed above, Dumka has not provided
enough evidence to demonstrate that her supposed comparators are similarly
situated. What’s more, there is little reason to think that employees who were
similarly situated for purposes of the timesheet issue are similarly situated for
purposes of proving retaliation. Dumka’s failure to back up her retaliation claim
with evidence entitles the government to summary judgment.
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons explained above, the Court denies summary judgment on
Dumka’s failure-to-accommodate claim. Her disparate-treatment claim overlaps

15

with the accommodation claim; but in the interest of avoiding the confusion of
overlapping theories and jury instructions, the parties should proceed purely on the
failure-to-accommodate theory. Summary judgment is granted for the defendant on
the disparate-treatment claim (to the extent it is different than the failure-toaccommodate claim) and on the retaliation claim. The Court orders that the parties
start engaging in settlement negotiations, and the status hearing of November 16,
2017, remains as scheduled. It is worth emphasizing that the summary judgment
evaluation is very different from trial, where Dumka will have the burden of proof
not just on liability but also on the extent of damages. Good-faith efforts at
settlement are truly in both sides’ best interests.
ENTERED:

s/Edmond E. Chang
Honorable Edmond E. Chang
United States District Judge
DATE: November 6, 2017

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