Montgomery et al v. Village of Posen, The et al
Filing
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MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order - Signed by the Honorable Maria Valdez on 3/23/2017. [For further detail see order] Mailed notice (np, )
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
CLARENCE MONTGOMERY,
Plaintiff,
v.
VILLAGE OF POSEN; DONALD
SCHUPEK; DOUGLAS
HOGLUND; FRANK GIORDANO;
and VICKIE PAGGI,
Defendants.
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No. 14 C 3864
Magistrate Judge
Maria Valdez
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Pro se Plaintiff Clarence Montgomery brought this complaint under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 to redress Defendants’ alleged violation of his Fourth Amendment rights
related to a warrantless search of Montgomery’s leased property. On the morning of
trial, the parties reached a settlement agreement, and the jury trial was stricken.
Plaintiff subsequently filed the present motion to withdraw from the settlement
agreement [Doc. No. 100]. For the reasons that follow, Plaintiff’s motion is denied.
BACKGROUND
Montgomery’s complaint alleges that Defendant Village of Posen’s President,
Chief of Police, and building inspector, among others, unconstitutionally authorized
and/or conducted a search of his rented business property and ultimately issued a
number of code violation tickets. See Montgomery v. Village of Posen, No. 14 C 3864,
2015 WL 6445456, at *1-2 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 23, 2015) (denying Defendants’ motion for
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summary judgment). Defendants do not deny that a search took place but contend
they had the authority to do so because Montgomery’s landlord consented to the
search. Id. at *2.
The parties consented to the jurisdiction of the United States Magistrate
Judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. ' 636(c) on April 30, 2015. At a status hearing shortly
after the reassignment, Defendants indicated their intent to file a motion for
summary judgment. That motion was denied on October 23, 2015. Montgomery,
2015 WL 6445456, at *3. Shortly thereafter, the matter was set for a settlement
conference, which took place on March 3, 2016. No settlement was reached that day,
and a further status was set to schedule a trial date. (3/3/16 Minute Order [Doc. No.
77].) The jury trial was then set for June 27, 2016. (3/17/17 Minute Order [Doc. No.
80].)
A jury instruction conference was held on Thursday, June 23, 2016, four days
before the trial was to begin. During that conference, the Court took a break to
allow the parties to discuss settlement options. (See 3/2/17 Hr’g Tr. [hereinafter
“Tr.”] at 8:25-11:1, 33:6-34:1 [Doc. No. 125].) Those discussions were not fruitful,
and the parties appeared for trial on June 27, 2016.
Shortly after the case was called, and before the jury venire was brought in,
the Court inquired whether the parties had explored all settlement options. (Tr. at
12:16-13:1, 34:8-18.) Both sides ultimately agreed to meet with the Court in
chambers to revisit the possibility of settlement. (Tr. at 35:19-23, 35:12-17.) The
settlement conference lasted a couple of hours, and each side came into chambers to
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speak to the Court several times. (Tr. at 35:19-22.) Those conferences resulted in a
settlement agreement, and the parties signed a Settlement Checklist/Term Sheet,
the terms of which were written by the Court to reflect the parties’ agreement.
(Defs.’ Resp., Ex. A.) The checklist provided that Defendants were to pay Plaintiff a
total of $10,000 and move to dismiss with prejudice all administrative tickets issued
to Plaintiff as a result of the search of his property on May 15, 2014. (Ex. A at 1-2.)
In exchange, Plaintiff agreed to dismiss his lawsuit with prejudice. (Id. at 3.) Under
the section captioned Effective Date, the checklist stated that there would be “A
binding agreement today.” (Id.) The other Effective Date option – “No binding
agreement until the typed settlement agreement is signed” – specifies that it
applies only “in instances where parties need to obtain further approval given the
structure of the company or municipality . . .” (Id.)
After the parties signed the agreement, they appeared in court to put the
settlement on the record. (See Tr. at 14:12-15:19, 18:21-19:12, 39:14-40:1; Defs.’
Resp., Ex. B.) The following colloquy occurred:
THE COURT:
Good morning to you both. The Court has just concluded a
settlement conference, and based on what the parties have
stated to the Court a settlement has been reached. Is that, in
fact, correct, Mr. Montgomery?
THE PLAINTIFF: That is correct.
THE COURT:
And is that correct, Mr. Niemeyer?
MR. NIEMEYER: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT:
All right. The specific terms of the settlement are confidential.
The Court has provided Mr. Niemeyer with a settlement
checklist that he needs to work out with Mr. Montgomery. At
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the end of the settlement checklist is a space for signatures. I
need a signature of Mr. Montgomery and Mr. Niemeyer on
behalf of the defense.
Mr. Montgomery, I want to make sure you understand that
during the course of the settlement conference that we had, you
were completely free to say yes or no, depending on what you
wanted to do. Is that, in fact, correct?
THE PLAINTIFF: That is correct.
THE COURT:
All right. And Mr. Niemeyer, you also?
MR. NIEMEYER: Yes, Judge.
(Ex. B at 2-3.)
Three days later, Plaintiff filed the present Motion to Withdraw from
Settlement Agreement. Defendants filed a response and Plaintiff replied pursuant
to a briefing schedule set by the Court. On September 14, 2016, the Court entered
an order scheduling an evidentiary hearing on the motion for October 19, 2016. 1
One week before the evidentiary hearing was to take place, Plaintiff filed a
motion to recuse. In light of that motion, the evidentiary hearing date was stricken;
it was reset after the motion to recuse was denied. (1/24/17 Mem. Op. [Doc. No.
119].) The evidentiary hearing finally took place on March 2, 2017, and both
Plaintiff and defense counsel Stephen Niemeyer offered testimony.
Although it is questionable whether an evidentiary hearing was required under the
circumstances, one was scheduled in an abundance of caution. See Wilson v. Wilson, 46 F.3d
660, 664 (7th Cir. 1995) (explaining that an evidentiary hearing is required “where the
material facts concerning the existence or terms of an agreement to settle are in dispute”
but finding no error in district court’s refusal to conduct a hearing on an agreement
memorialized in open court).
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DISCUSSION
I.
MOTION TO STRIKE
As an initial matter, the Court will address Defendants’ Motion to Strike
Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law in Support of Plaintiff’s Motion to Withdraw from
Settlement Agreement [Doc. No. 111]. On October 4, 2016, nearly a month after the
pleadings on Plaintiff’s motion to withdraw were completed, Plaintiff filed a
memorandum of law in support of his motion to withdraw. [Doc. No. 110.] The
motion was not noticed for presentment and was filed without prior leave of court.
The following day, Defendants filed their motion to strike the memorandum on the
basis that it introduces new arguments, and Plaintiff failed to provide notice or
properly move to file a supplemental proceeding, in violation of Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure (“Rule”) 15(d) (“On motion and reasonable notice, the court may, on just
terms, permit a party to serve a supplemental pleading . . .”).
The Court agrees that the memorandum should be stricken, and it will not be
considered. Although Plaintiff is acting pro se, he has shown himself to be a
relatively sophisticated litigator in the course of the case. Moreover, he is clearly
aware of the need to obtain leave to file documents in certain circumstances. For
example, on September 9, 2016, he filed a Motion to File Exhibits Instanter [Doc.
No. 107]2 to excuse his late filing of exhibits requested by the Court in July. In any
event, a supplemental pleading filed pursuant to Rule 15(d) is allowed in order to
set out “any transaction, occurrence, or event that happened after the date of the
That motion was not properly noticed and thus was not heard by the Court. The motion is
now granted.
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pleading to be supplemented.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(d). Nothing in his supplemental
memorandum relates in any way to events occurring after his motion pleadings
were filed. Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to strike is granted.
II.
MOTION TO WITHDRAW
Plaintiff’s one-page motion states that he is entitled to withdraw from the
settlement agreement because: (1) he signed the agreement under duress; (2) his
exhibits were not admissible into evidence; (3) he could have continued to trial with
the testimony of two witnesses; (4) he was under the belief that his case would be
dismissed if no settlement was reached; and (5) he was not told he could continue
with the trial with just the witnesses’ testimony and without the inadmissible
evidence. He alleges that had he known, he would have continued to trial as
scheduled.
Plaintiff’s reply brief goes into more detail about the reasons the settlement
was invalid. Plaintiff argued that he was under duress on the morning of trial
because he was prepared only for trial, not for settlement; the Court advised
Plaintiff the case was not worth much and challenged Plaintiff’s interpretation of
the “fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine in the context of this case; and the Court
stated “I will shut you down, I will,” leading him to believe the case would be
dismissed. (Pl.’s Reply at 6-7.) In addition, Plaintiff’s brief alleges that the Court
“pushed for a signature on the checklist before the agreement was worked out,” and
that “[t]he court did not give time to clearly view the checklist.” (Id.)
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A.
Testimony
At the hearing, Plaintiff repeated his claims the settlement was invalid due
to duress. (Tr. at 6:10-12, 19:17-23.) He stated that the notion of duress occurred to
him shortly after the conference, because the decision to settle was “against [his]
better judgment,” (Tr. at 7:16-18). The nature of the claimed duress was that he
only prepared for trial, not settlement, on June 27, (Tr. at 4:4-8, 14-21), and thus
the settlement discussions were unexpected, “an ambush because of the fact that I
was unaware of it and it was sprung on me,” (Tr. at 7:4-5). Plaintiff further offered
his belief that if he did not “respond in a favorable way, that everything would be
over and I would walk away just like I came in.” (Tr. at 20:23-25.)
Plaintiff defined duress as having “some pressure on you . . . coming from
[other] sources. It could be coming from anywhere.” (Tr. at 20:10-13.) According to
Plaintiff, “[d]uress also deprives you of your free will to think clearly at the time
and it also robs you of your clear judgment because you’re put in a situation – this is
so much like an interrogation where you get a person in a certain position when
they become vulnerable and you add a little pressure to it and you get the person to
say what they want – that you desire.” (Tr. at 20:13-19.)
Plaintiff testified that the settlement checklist he signed at the end of the
conference is not binding because he did not read it before it was put before him to
sign, (Tr. at 7:19-20, 7:23-8:4, 21:18-23, 22:13-23:2), and he could not read it well
due to the lighting of the courtroom, (Tr. at 7:22-23, 22:7-8, 31:5-23). He asserted
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that if someone had told him to take a few minutes to look at the checklist, he would
have done so. (Tr. at 22:9-12.)
Although he later backtracked and claimed he was rushed into signing the
agreement, (Tr. at 24:4-10), he admitted that “no time restraint was mentioned”
when he was given the checklist and before he signed it, (Tr. at 21:1-13, 28:24-29:1).
Defense counsel also testified that he observed “absolutely” no time constraints on
Plaintiff’s review of the settlement checklist. (Tr. at 48:8-49:1.) While defense
counsel calculated that it took Plaintiff less than a minute to review the checklist at
the evidentiary hearing, (Tr. at 27:12-25), Plaintiff claims he was not given even
that amount of time to review it on June 27. (Tr. at 28:2-5.)
Plaintiff’s explanation of the reasons he was allegedly unable to review the
agreement are somewhat muddled. He testified that he was not given the
opportunity to review it “[b]ecause it was passed to [defense counsel] first from hand
to hand to hand. Three hands it went through, from the Clerk --- . . . . Because
under the circumstances again, asked to sign a document, we had talked about it in
the room and what appeared on the docket is not what we talked about it once you
look at it. It wasn’t time given. . . . Because I’m listening to the Judge and she said
she needed a signature and I signed it.” (Tr. at 28:7-23.) But Plaintiff had previously
stated that “I went at that desk and looked at it closely and then I would have made
my decision then.” (Tr. at 22:11-12.)
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After he finished his testimony, the Court stated, without objection from
Plaintiff, that the record reflected that Plaintiff “had opportunity to testify and he
was not limited in any way.” (Tr. at 32:5-7.)
B.
Analysis
A court’s decision whether to enforce a settlement agreement is reviewed
under the deferential abuse of discretion standard. Dillard v. Starcon Int’l, Inc., 483
F.3d 502, 507 (7th Cir. 2007); see Carr v. Runyan, 89 F.3d 327, 331 (7th Cir. 1996).
A district court’s findings of fact “must not be set aside unless clearly erroneous,
and the reviewing court must give due regard to the trial court’s opportunity to
judge the witnesses’ credibility.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)(6); see Glass v. Rock Island
Refining Corp., 788 F.2d 450, 455 (7th Cir. 1986) (noting that Rule 52 applies to a
court’s findings “with regard to whether a plaintiff knowingly and voluntarily
entered a settlement agreement”).
It is well settled that “‘a settlement agreement or stipulation voluntarily
entered into cannot be repudiated by either party and will be summarily enforced
by the Court.’” Wilson v. Wilson, 46 F.3d 660, 667 (7th Cir. 1995) (quoting Cummins
Diesel Mich., Inc. v. The Falcon, 305 F.2d 721, 723 (7th Cir. 1962). “[I]n the absence
of a showing of fraud, duress, or other circumstances suggesting that the settlement
was not knowing or voluntary, the district court need not examine the
circumstances surrounding the settlement.” Newkirk v. Vill. of Steger, 536 F.3d 771,
774 (7th Cir. 2008).
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The enforceability of a settlement agreement, like any contract, is governed
by local state law. Carr, 89 F.3d at 331. Under Illinois law, a settlement agreement
is enforceable if there is an offer, acceptance, and a meeting of the minds as to the
agreement’s terms. Dillard., 483 F.3d at 507. “Whether a ‘meeting of the minds’
occurred depends on the parties’ objective conduct, not their subjective beliefs.” Id.;
see also Newkirk v. Vill. of Steger, 536 F.3d 771, 774 (7th Cir. 2008) (explaining that
under Illinois law’s objective theory of intent, the parties’ “[s]ecret hopes and wishes
count for nothing. The status of a document as a contract depends on what the
parties express to each other and to the world, not on what they keep to
themselves”) (citation and internal quotations omitted).
“Illinois courts favor voluntary settlements, and litigants are bound by them,
regardless of how unwise they may seem in retrospect, unless they are grossly
unfair or unconscionable.” Opper v. Brotz, 661 N.E.2d 1159, 1162 (Ill. App. Ct.
1996). Accordingly, voluntary agreements in Illinois are presumptively valid unless
a party proves, for example, “(1) fraud; (2) unconscionable settlement terms . . .; (3)
mutual mistake or material fact; (4) the subsequent occurrence of unforeseeable
events; (5) legal disability . . . ; or (6) a serious inequity in the bargaining process,
such as the existence of grossly disparate bargaining positions, which includes such
factors as the parties’ relative education and sophistication, representation by legal
counsel, and the presence of duress or oppression.” Id. Moreover, the party seeking
to set aside a voluntary settlement agreement must prove invalidity by clear and
convincing evidence. Id.
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The Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to prove duress under any standard,
and certainly not by clear and convincing evidence. “Duress is a condition where one
is induced by a wrongful act or threat of another to make a contract under
circumstances which deprive one of the exercise of free will. The acts or threats
must be ‘wrongful’ if they are to constitute duress. Wrongfulness is not limited to
acts that are criminal, tortious or in violation of a contractual duty, but extends to
acts that are wrongful in the moral sense.” Enslen v. Village of Lombard, 470
N.E.2d 1188, 1190 (Ill. App. Ct. 1984); see also Porter v. Chi. Bd. of Educ., 981 F.
Supp. 1129, 1132 (N.D. Ill. 1997) (explaining that the party claiming duress must
prove it by clear and convincing evidence).
Plaintiff’s testimony that he was under such duress during the conference
that he lacked free with was not credible. He had participated in two previous
conferences, one mediated by the Court, that did not result in settlement. He
certainly knew he could say no, having done so at least twice before. Furthermore, it
is telling that only after the conference was completed did he look back and
conclude that because the settlement was “against [his] better judgment,” (Tr. at
7:16-19), he must have been under duress. It is clear under the circumstances that
Plaintiff merely had a change of heart, which is not a reason not to enforce a valid
settlement agreement. See Hyde Park Union Church v. Curry, 942 F. Supp. 360, 363
(N.D. Ill. 1996) (“[D]efeated expectations do not entitle a party to repudiate
promises made to opposing parties or the court.”); Glass, 788 F.2d at 454 (“A party
to a settlement cannot avoid the agreement merely because he subsequently
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believes the settlement insufficient . . .”); In re Marriage of Maher, 420 N.E. 2d
1144, 1147 (Ill. App. Ct. 1981) (“[S]ettlements which have been assented to by the
parties may not be cancelled solely upon the withdrawal of one party’s assent prior
to entry of the judgment.”).
The Court does not doubt that Plaintiff felt some pressure during the
conference; that is inherent in the nature of any settlement conference, particularly
one on the eve of trial. See Berntson v. Cheney, 815 F. Supp. 1145, 1147 (N.D. Ill.
1993) (“People have many reasons for agreeing to a settlement. Avoiding the stress
of a trial is probably a fairly common reason.”). But the pressure Plaintiff faced is
not the equivalent of duress. “Duress does not exist . . . where consent to an
agreement is secured because of hard bargaining positions or the pressure of
financial circumstances unless the conduct of the party obtaining the advantage is
shown to be tainted with some degree of fraud or wrongdoing.” Enslen, 470 N.E.2d
at 1190.
Similarly, any pressure put on Plaintiff by the Court’s assessment of his case
and evidence did not constitute duress. “Coercion occurs when a judge threatens to
penalize a party that refuses to settle. . . . But a judge may encourage settlement, . .
. and he or she is not prohibited from expressing a negative opinion of a party’s
claim during discussions as a means to foster an agreement.” Gevas v. Ghosh, 566
F.3d 719-20 (7th Cir. 2009) (holding that a plaintiff’s assertion that a judge
“prematurely and disparagingly assessed the merits of his claim” does not amount
to coercion). And while Plaintiff’s pleadings argue that he interpreted certain of the
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Court’s remarks as threats to dismiss his case if he did not settle, he offered no
admissible evidence or testimony to support the notion that he was actually
threatened in any way.
Plaintiff’s contentions that he did not read the checklist because he was
under oppressive time constraints and the courtroom had insufficient lighting
cannot be believed. His conflicting testimony about whether time limits were even
placed on him cannot possibly meet the clear and convincing standard of duress. If
poor lighting were a problem, Plaintiff failed to explain why he did not raise the
issue on June 27. And whether or not he read the document, he does not dispute
that he did in fact sign it, meaning he is bound by its terms. See Paper Express, Ltd.
v. Pfankuch Maschinen GmbH, 972 F.2d 753, 757 (7th Cir. 1992) (“It is a
fundamental principle of contract law that a person who signs a contract is
presumed to know its terms and consents to be bound by them.”). In any event,
Plaintiff’s reported failure to read the agreement before signing appears to be
irrelevant, as he does not dispute that the checklist reflected the terms the parties
had agreed to that day.
Plaintiff’s testimony that he can withdraw from the settlement because
defense counsel lack authority to enter the agreement is also a non-starter. The
unrebutted testimony of defense counsel established that he was in contact with his
clients and could not have entered into a settlement agreement without their
express authority, (Tr. at 45:1-12), and it is not Defendants who seek to undo the
settlement.
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Plaintiff freely and fully participated in the settlement conference. He is a
sophisticated businessman who was well aware of the various possible outcomes of
a settlement conference. His testimony did not establish that at any time during the
conference he was confused about the nature of the proceedings or agreement.
Mattingly v. City of Chi., 897 F. Supp. 375, 378 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 8, 1995) (finding no
duress where the plaintiff fully participated in settlement discussions, never
appeared confused about the agreement’s terms, and provided no factual support
other than conclusory statements). He never expressed that he needed more time,
better lighting, or otherwise felt undue pressure to settle. Plaintiff not only signed
the agreement but memorialized his assent on the record in open court. See
Zendejas v. Reel Cleaning Servs., Inc., No. 05 C 6933, 2009 WL 2431299, at *9 (N.D.
Ill. Aug. 6, 2009). The Court concludes that the settlement agreement was not the
product of duress and is therefore enforceable on its terms. Plaintiff’s motion to
withdraw must be denied. 3
Shortly before the evidentiary hearing in this matter, Plaintiff filed two nearly identical
motions – a Motion to Suppress [Doc. No. 123] and a Motion in Limine [Doc. No. 124]. Both
motions related to exhibits Defendants had proposed to enter at trial and are thus
irrelevant to this case. The motions are denied as moot.
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CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s Motion to Withdraw from Settlement
Agreement [Doc. No. 100] is denied. Plaintiff’s Motion to File Exhibits Instanter
[Doc. No. 107] is granted. Defendants’ Motion to Strike Plaintiff’ Memorandum of
Law in Support of Plaintiff’s Motion to Withdraw from Settlement Agreement [Doc.
No. 111] is granted. Plaintiff’s Motion to Suppress [Doc. No. 123] and Motion in
Limine [Doc. No. 124] are denied. Civil case terminated.
SO ORDERED.
ENTERED:
DATE:
___________________________
HON. MARIA VALDEZ
United States Magistrate Judge
March 23, 2017
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