Fultz v. Target Corporation
Filing
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MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order. Target's counsel is therefore ordered to file a submission in accordance with the requirements of this opinion on or before July 14, 2014. This Court will then determine whether or not Section 1446(b)(3) is applicable here, so as to render the Notice timely or untimely. Signed by the Honorable Milton I. Shadur on 7/1/2014. Mailed notice(tlp, )
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
MONIQUE FULTZ,
Plaintiff,
v.
TARGET CORPORATION,
Defendant.
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Case No. 14 C 4871
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
On June 27, 2014 counsel for Target Corporation ("Target"), the defendant in this
personal injury action brought against it by Monique Fultz ("Fultz"), filed a Notice of Removal
("Notice") to bring the case from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Law Division to this District
Court. Because this Court's mandated obligation is to "police subject matter jurisdiction sua
sponte" (Wernsing v. Thompson, 423 F.3d 732, 743 (7th Cir. 2005)), and because it finds the
effort by Target's counsel to remove this action is problematic because of its belated filing, this
memorandum opinion and order directs counsel to address the subject anew.
Although Target was admittedly served with a copy of the Complaint on or about
May 15, 2014 and filed its responsive pleading in the Circuit Court on June 11, its filing of the
Notice did not take place until fully six weeks had elapsed after the May 15 date of service -- and
that was so even though 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1) 1 requires the notice of removal to be filed within
30 days after defendant's receipt of a copy of the complaint. Target's counsel tries to find refuge
1
All further references to Title 28's provisions will simply take the form "Section --,"
omitting the prefatory "28 U.S.C. §."
in Section 1446(b)(3), which under appropriate circumstances says that "a notice of removal may
be filed within 30 days after receipt by the defendant, through service or otherwise, of a copy of
an amended pleading, motion, order or other paper from which it may first be ascertained that the
case is one which is or has become removable." And to that end counsel seeks to rely on the
June 23 date of receipt of Fultz's response to a Request To Admit Facts that "refused to agree or
stipulate that the amount in controversy is less than $75,000.00 exclusive of interest and costs"
(Notice ¶ 4). But the troublesome aspect of such reliance is that Section 1446(b)(3) comes into
play only "if the case stated by the initial pleading is not removable" -- and for the reasons
explained later, Target's counsel has not established that precondition.
Target's counsel's approach to this aspect of the removal process finds its antecedent in
the two-decades-old case of Shaw v. Dow Brands, Inc., 994 F. 2d 364 (7th Cir. 1993), in which
this Court (sitting with a Seventh Circuit panel by invitation) dissented from the two-Judge
majority opinion that allowed a pleading admission that the requisite amount was in controversy
to prevail over hard evidence to the contrary. 2 Although the majority did not buy this Court's
ultimate view as set out in detail at 994 F.2d 371-78, it found "eminently sensible" (id. at 367)
this Court's contention "that, before the defendant seeks to remove a case, she should request the
specific amount in controversy from the plaintiff by interrogatory" (id.) -- sound familiar?
This Court was then chairman of this District Court's Rules Committee, and in that
capacity it drafted -- and our District Court adopted -- the version of LR 81.2 quoted in Rubel v.
Pfizer Inc., 363 F.3d 1016, 1018 (7th Cir. 2004) (to which LR Target's Notice ¶ 4 refers). That
2
As a minor digression, to this Court's knowledge every other circuit that has considered
the same problem since Shaw has followed the analysis put forth in this Court's dissent, rather
than the majority opinion in that case.
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LR sought to establish a bright-line rule that would eliminate the type of uncertainty, on the part
of a defendant trying to decide when a notice of removal must be filed, that can be posed by a
complaint such as the one brought by Fultz here. 3
That uncertainty is created by the Illinois statute (which has its counterpart in some other
states as well) that prohibits setting out an express ad damnum in personal injury cases. What
that prohibition does is to foster the filing of complaints that, like Fultz's, seek judgment "in a
sum of money exceeding $50,000.00 as and for compensatory damages" -- a demand that under
Ill. S. Ct. Rule 222 allows a broader type and scope of discovery than is available in a case
seeking a lesser amount.
But Target's counsel has not faced up to the situation that existed back in mid-May of this
year, when Target first received service of Fultz's Complaint. At that time counsel knew not
only that Fultz and her counsel regarded her claim as exceeding $50,000 but also that her slip
and fall at a Target store had these asserted consequences (Complaint ¶ 7):
That as a direct and proximate result of one or more of the foregoing careless and
negligent acts of the defendant, Target Corporation plaintiff, Monique Fultz was
injured in body and mind and became sore, lame and disabled and suffered pain
and anguish and will continue to so suffer in the future; further, the plaintiff, was
caused to incur medical expenses in endeavoring to be cured of her said injuries
and will incur further such expenses in the future; further the plaintiff was
prevented from attending to her ordinary daily affairs and activities which she
would otherwise would have engaged and was prevented from attending to or
engaging in her occupation or employment and loss great gains, profits, salaries or
earnings; further, the plaintiff suffered a loss of normal life and/or disability.
3
In Rubel our Court of Appeals cast doubt on the validity of the detailed LR 81.2(a)
requirements in a situation in which the asserted amount in controversy is dependent on the
plausibility of a defendant's estimate of the stakes, as with a prayer for injunctive relief (301 F.3d
at 1020). Rather than wrestle with further fine tuning, our District Court repealed the version
quoted in Rubel.
-3-
At that point Target and its counsel were certainly on notice that Fultz's Complaint and her
injuries were serious and not trivial -- or at a minimum that they were regarded by Fultz and her
counsel in that light (which suffices for amount-in-controversy purposes). Even though
Complaint ¶ 7's language is familiar and may sometimes be employed as boilerplate in less
serious cases, Fultz's over-$50,000 demand is totally at odds with any notion of a trivial
occurrence or trivial claim. 4
What all of this tells us is that it cannot fairly be said, just because Target's counsel chose
to go the interrogatory route, that "the case stated by the initial pleading [was] not removable"
(Section 1446(b)(3)). And that being so, it also cannot be said that the 30 day removal clock had
not already begun to tick by May 27, thus rendering Target's Notice untimely. No information
has been provided to this Court as to the steps that were, or could, or should have been taken by
Target or its counsel or both early on to learn the nature of the occurrence and of Fultz's injuries,
either from Target's records or from inquiries directed to Fultz's counsel or both.
In short, a good deal more factual input is essential so that this Court can determine the
timeliness of the removal. It must always be remembered that, as Meridian Sec. Ins. Co. v.
Sadowski, 441 F.3d 536, 542 (7th Cir. 2006) has quoted from Shaw as sound principle even
while disavowing another aspect of the Shaw majority opinion:
[T]he burden rests on the defendant in a removal action to prove that the amount
in controversy is sufficient. Wilson v. Republic Iron & Steel Co., 257 U.S. 92,
97, 42 S.Ct. 35, 37, 66 L.Ed. 144 (1921). Defendants seeking removal may meet
that burden by a preponderance of the evidence, McNutt v. General Motors
Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 189, 56 S.Ct. 780, 785, 80 L.Ed. 1135 (1936).
4
In the real world, what percentage of personal injury cases are viewed by plaintiffs or
their lawyers as giving rise to a potential claim of more than $50,000 but less than $75,000?
-4-
Target's counsel is therefore ordered to file a submission in accordance with the
requirements of this opinion on or before July 14, 2014. This Court will then determine whether
or not Section 1446(b)(3) is applicable here, so as to render the Notice timely or untimely.
__________________________________________
Milton I. Shadur
Senior United States District Judge
Date: July 1, 2014
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