Park Pet Shop, Inc. et al v. City of Chicago
Filing
78
MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order. The Court grants defendants' motion to dismiss 64 .Moreover, because the claims cannot be cured by amendment, the dismissal is with prejudice. This case is terminated. Civil case terminated. Signed by the Honorable Jorge L. Alonso on 11/5/2015. Notice mailed by judge's staff (ntf, )
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
PARK PET SHOP, INC., POCKET
PUPPIES BOUTIQUE, INC., JIM
PARKS, SR., LANE BORON, SUSAN
REID, and CEDAR WOODS FARM,
Plaintiffs,
v.
THE CITY OF CHICAGO through the
City Council of Chicago, SUSANA A.
MENDOZA, in her official capacity as
City Clerk of the City of Chicago, and
SANDRA ALFRED, in her official
capacity as Executive Director of the
City of Chicago Department of Animal
Control,1
Defendants.
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15 C 1450
Judge Jorge L. Alonso
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
In their second amended complaint, plaintiffs, Cedar Woods Farm, a Missouri dog breeder
that supplies dogs to Chicago pet stores, and Park Pet Shop and Pocket Puppies, two pet stores in
Chicago, allege that a Chicago ordinance regulating the sale of certain animals is unconstitutional,
preempted by federal and state law, and violates the City’s home rule powers. The City has filed
a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss the second amended complaint. For
the reasons set forth below, the Court grants the motion.
1
Because Mendoza and Alfred are sued only in their official capacities, and those claims
are redundant of the claims asserted against the City, see Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159,
165-66 (1985), the Court dismisses them.
Ordinance
In relevant part, the contested ordinance states:
(b) Restrictions on the retail sale of animals. A retailer [defined as “any person
licensed or required to be licensed under this chapter who offers for sale any dog, cat
or rabbit in the City”] may offer for sale only those dogs, cats or rabbits that the
retailer has obtained from:
(1) an animal control center, animal care facility, kennel, pound or
training facility operated by any subdivision of local, state or federal
government; or
(2) a humane society or rescue organization.
(c) Exemptions. The restrictions on retailers set forth in subsection (b) . . . shall not
apply to any entity listed in paragraphs (1) or (2) of subsection (b) of this section, or
to any veterinary hospital or clinic licensed pursuant to the Veterinary Medicine and
Surgery Practice Act of 2004, codified at 226 ILCS 115.
Chi., Ill., Code § 4-384-015.
Discussion
On a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the Court accepts as true all well-pleaded factual
allegations of the complaint, drawing all reasonable inferences in plaintiff’s favor. Hecker v. Deere
& Co., 556 F.3d 575, 580 (7th Cir. 2009). “[A] complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to
dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations” but must contain “enough facts to state a claim
for relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A
claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw
the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570).
Preemption & Home Rule
2
Plaintiffs argue that the ordinance is preempted by the federal Animal Welfare Act. See
DeHart v. Town of Austin, Ind., 39 F.3d 718, 721 (7th Cir. 1994) (quoting Hines v. Davidowitz, 312
U.S. 52, 67 (1941)) (stating that a federal law preempts a local law if: (1) the federal statute so
states; (2) there is “a pervasive scheme of federal regulation” such that preemption is implied; or (3)
a local law “conflicts with [a] federal law,” or “‘stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and
execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.’”). The federal statute, however,
explicitly contemplates that state and local governments will enact animal welfare regulations. See
7 U.S.C. § 2143(a)(1), (8) (stating that the grant of federal authority “[to] promulgate standards to
govern the humane handling, care, treatment, and transportation of animals by dealers, research
facilities, and exhibitors . . . . shall not prohibit any State (or a political subdivision of such State)
from promulgating standards in addition to those standards promulgated by the Secretary”); §
2145(b) (“The Secretary is authorized to cooperate with the officials of the various States or political
subdivisions thereof in carrying out the purposes of this chapter and of any State, local, or municipal
legislation or ordinance on the same subject.”); DeHart, 39 F.3d at 722 (“[I]t is clear that the Animal
Welfare Act does not evince an intent to preempt state or local regulation of animal or public
welfare.”). Thus, plaintiffs’ federal preemption argument fails.
Plaintiffs also argue that the ordinance exceeds the City’s home rule powers under the
Illinois Constitution and is preempted by the state Animal Welfare Act. The Illinois Constitution
permits a home rule unit like the City “[to] exercise any power and perform any function pertaining
to its government and affairs including . . . the power to regulate for the protection of the public
health, safety, morals and welfare” and “exercise and perform concurrently with the State any power
or function of a home rule unit to the extent that the General Assembly by law does not specifically
3
limit the concurrent exercise or specifically declare the State’s exercise to be exclusive.” Ill. Const.
art. 7, § 6(a), (I). The phrase “pertaining to its government and affairs” means “that the powers of
home-rule units relate to their own problems, not to those of the state or the nation.” City of Des
Plaines v. Chi. & N.W. Ry. Co., 357 N.E.2d 433, 435 (Ill. 1976) (quotation omitted).
The
“pertaining to” phrase:
[L]eaves some leeway for judicial intervention. But . . . the courts should step in to
compensate for legislative inaction or oversight only in the clearest cases of
oppression, injustice, or interference by local ordinances with vital state policies.
That is, because the legislature can always vindicate state interests by express
preemption, only vital state interests would allow a court to decide that an exercise
of home rule power does not pertain to local government and affairs.
City of Chi. v. StubHub, Inc., 979 N.E.2d 844, 851 (Ill. 2011) (quotation omitted).
To determine whether a problem is appropriately addressed at the local level, the Court must
determine “the nature and extent of the problem” and whether “the state has a vital interest [in it]”
and “a traditionally exclusive role” in addressing it. Id. at 852-853 (quotation omitted). The
problem the ordinance attempts to address is the adverse impact of the sale of mill animals, a
problem that affects both state and local governments. See Mo. Pet Breeders Ass’n v. Cnty. of Cook,
No. 14 C 6930, 2015 WL 2448332, at *4 (N.D. Ill. May 21, 2015) (noting that “both state and local
governments have a vital interest in animal control”); Cnty. of Cook v. Vill. of Bridgeview, 8 N.E.3d
1275, 1279, appeal denied, 23 N.E.3d 1200 (Ill. 2015) (“In Illinois, the problem of animal control,
overpopulation, and the spread of rabies is both a local and statewide concern.”). However, the state
has not traditionally had an exclusive role in addressing issues of animal control; in fact, the state
started licensing pet sellers more than forty years after the City started doing so. (See City’s Mot.
Dismiss, Ex. C, Chi., Ill., Code §§ 2072-75 (1922)); 1965 Ill. Laws 2956. Moreover, none of the
state statutes pertaining to animal control and welfare contains “specific language limiting or
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denying the power or function” of a home rule unit, as required to vitiate home rule powers. See 5
Ill. Comp. Stat. 70/7 (“No law enacted after January 12, 1977, denies or limits any power or function
of a home rule unit . . . unless there is specific language limiting or denying the power or function
and the language specifically sets forth in what manner and to what extent it is a limitation on or
denial of the power or function of a home rule unit.”). In fact, at least one statute explicitly permits
local regulation. See 510 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/24 (“Nothing in this Act shall be held to limit in any
manner the power of any municipality or other political subdivision to prohibit animals from running
at large, nor shall anything in this Act be construed to, in any manner, limit the power of any
municipality or other political subdivision to further control and regulate dogs, cats or other animals
in such municipality or other political subdivision provided that no regulation or ordinance is
specific to breed.”). In short, because the City and state both have an interest in this area, and the
state has not barred home rule units from enacting ordinances that impact it, the ordinance does not
exceed the City’s home rule authority.
Plaintiffs fare no better with their claim that state law preempts the ordinance. “To
determine whether a local law is preempted by Illinois law, courts must ‘determine whether the
legislature has specifically limited the concurrent exercise of this power or specifically declared that
the state’s exercise of this power is exclusive.’” Mo. Pet Breeders, 2015 WL 2448332, at *5
(quoting City of Chi. v. Roman, 705 N.E.2d 81, 88 (Ill. 1998)). As discussed above, the state
legislature has done neither. Thus, the ordinance is not preempted by state law.
Commerce Clause
5
Plaintiffs allege that the ordinance violates the Commerce Clause. See U.S. Const. art. I, §
8, cl. 3 (giving Congress the power “[t]o regulate Commerce . . . among the several States”).
“Although [the Commerce Clause] does not expressly limit the states’ ability to interfere with
interstate commerce, the Supreme Court consistently has held that the Clause contains a further
negative command, known as the ‘dormant Commerce Clause,’ which ‘prohibits States from taking
certain actions respecting interstate commerce even absent congressional action.’” Nat’l Solid
Wastes Mgmt. Ass’n v. Meyer, 63 F.3d 652, 656-57 (7th Cir. 1995) (quoting CTS Corp. v. Dynamics
Corp. of Am., 481 U.S. 69, 87 (1987)). The Supreme Court:
[H]as adopted a two-tiered approach to analyzing state economic regulation under
the [dormant] Commerce Clause. When a state statute directly regulates or
discriminates against interstate commerce, or when its effect is to favor in-state
economic interests over out-of-state interests, [the Court has] generally struck down
the statute without further inquiry. . . . When, however, a statute has only indirect
effects on interstate commerce and regulates evenhandedly, [the Court has] examined
whether the State’s interest is legitimate and whether the burden on interstate
commerce clearly exceeds the local benefits. Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc., 397 U.S.
137, 142, 90 S.Ct. 844, 847, 25 L.Ed.2d 174 (1970). [The Court has] also recognized
that there is no clear line separating the category of state regulation that is virtually
per se invalid under the Commerce Clause, and the category subject to the Pike v.
Bruce Church balancing approach. In either situation the critical consideration is the
overall effect of the statute on both local and interstate activity. . . .
Brown-Forman Distillers Corp. v. N.Y. State Liquor Auth., 476 U.S. 573, 578-79 (1986); see United
Haulers Ass’n, Inc. v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Mgmt. Auth., 550 U.S. 330, 338 (2007)
(quotations omitted) (“In this context, ‘discrimination’ simply means differential treatment of
in-state and out-of-state economic interests that benefits the former and burdens the latter.”).
On its face, the ordinance does not discriminate against out-of-state interests; it permits City
retailers to sell animals obtained from one kind of source, i.e., government-operated facilities,
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humane societies, and rescue organizations, and bars them from selling animals from any other
source, regardless of where the sources are located.
Nonetheless, plaintiffs contend that the ordinance is discriminatory because its preamble
contains the following: “According to Illinois Department of Agriculture records, in the City alone,
City pet stores purchased approximately 1,500-2,000 dogs from out-of-state breeders for sale to the
public in 2011 and 2012.” (See 2d Am. Compl., Ex. A, Ordinance at 1.) But the preamble also
notes that dogs purchased from in-state breeders, which are not subject to the state’s record-keeping
requirements, contribute to the problem. See id. (“The number of dogs purchased for sale, and sold
to the public, is likely higher as these records do not reflect dogs purchased from in-state breeders.”);
see also 8 Ill. Admin. Code § 25.47 (requiring pet shops to obtain a health certificate for any animal
imported into Illinois from another state and file a copy of it with the Illinois Department of
Agriculture.) More importantly, as a matter of Illinois law, “a preamble is not a part of [a statute]
and has no substantive legal force.” Atkins v. Deere & Co., 685 N.E.2d 342, 345 (Ill. 1997)
(quotations omitted). Thus, the reference to out-of-state breeders in the preamble does not make the
ordinance facially discriminatory.2
Alternatively, plaintiffs argue that the ordinance has a disparate impact on interstate
commerce because it “provide[s] favored access to . . . . animals [that are] bred within the state.”
(Pls.’ Resp. Mot. Dismiss at 12.) However, the ordinance does not allow City retailers to sell
animals obtained from breeders located in Illinois; in fact, it prohibits them from doing so.
2
City Clerk Mendoza’s statement that the ordinance “is the beginning of the end for the
puppy mill industry and its powerbase in Iowa, Missouri and Indiana,” (see 2d Am. Compl., Ex.
2, 2/20/15 Press Release), does not change the fact that the ordinance, by its terms, does not
favor Illinois animal sources over those located elsewhere.
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Moreover, it does not prohibit out-of-state breeders or in-state breeders that are not “retailers” from
selling animals to Illinois residents directly, via the internet, or through any means other than a City
retailer, and does not require that animals be “processed” in Illinois, i.e., rescued or housed in a
humane society or government-operated facility located here. Thus, it is difficult to see how the
ordinance burdens interstate commerce at all.
Even if it has some incidental impact, however, the ordinance still “[would] be upheld unless
the burden [it] impose[s] on . . . [interstate] commerce [is] clearly excessive in relation to the
putative local benefits.” Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc., 397 U.S. 137, 142 (1970); see Nat’l Paint &
Coatings Ass’n v. City of Chi., 45 F.3d 1124, 1131 (7th Cir. 1995) (stating that for “laws with mild
disparate effects and potential neutral justifications . . . [,] the state must establish that reasonable
persons who held all states’ interests in equal regard could think that net benefits remained”). The
City has a legitimate interest in the welfare of both animals and its treasury, C&A Carbone, Inc. v.
Town of Clarkstown, New York, 511 U.S. 383, 429 (1993) (Souter, J., dissenting) (noting that
“[p]rotection of the public fisc is a legitimate local benefit”), Cavel International, Inc. v. Madigan,
500 F.3d 551, 557 (7th Cir. 2007) (“States have a legitimate interest in prolonging the lives of
animals that their population happens to like.”), and both of those interests animate the ordinance.
(See 2d Am. Compl., Ex. 1, Ordinance, Preamble (stating that: (1) “[p]et stores . . . have
traditionally been a sales outlet for young dogs, cats and rabbits bred in ‘puppy mills,’ ‘kitten mills,’
and ‘rabbit mills’”; (2) “[t]he documented abuses of puppy and kitten mills include over-breeding;
inbreeding; minimal to non-existent veterinary care; lack of adequate food, water and shelter; lack
of socialization; lack of adequate space; and the euthanization of unwanted animals”; (3) “The
Chicago Commission on Animal Care and Control (the ‘CACC’) impounds approximately 20,000
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animals each year” and “the City spent between $234,864-$303,188 euthanizing dogs and cats in
2011” and between “$199,124-$251,381” doing so in 2012; (4) “[b]y promoting the adoption of
dogs and cats [in CACC custody], this Ordinance will reduce the financial burden on Chicago
taxpayers, who pay much of the cost to care for and euthanize many thousands of animals”; (5) “The
City incurs significant costs caring for and treating animals brought into the CACC”; (6)
“Consumers may be more likely to adopt a dog or cat if dogs or cats were not readily available for
purchase in pet stores.”). Thus, even if the ordinance has some minimal effect on interstate
commerce, plaintiffs have not carried “the[ir] burden of showing that [that impact] . . . is excessive
compared to the local interest[s]” served by the ordinance. DeHart, 39 F.3d at 723.
Equal Protection
The ordinance violates the Equal Protection Clause only if “there is [no] reasonably
conceivable state of facts that could provide a rational basis” for the distinction it draws between
retailers and other animal sources. FCC v. Beach Commc’ns, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313 (1993); see
Nat’l Paint & Coatings, 45 F.3d at 1127 (quoting Beach Commc’ns, 508 U.S. 307, 313) (“[A]
legislative decision ‘is not subject to courtroom factfinding and may be based on rational speculation
unsupported by evidence or empirical data.’”). As discussed above, the justifications the City offers
for the ordinance, concern for animal welfare and the condition of the City’s coffers, are rational
bases for the ordinance. See Beach Commc’ns, 508 U.S. at 315 (“[B]ecause we never require a
legislature to articulate its reasons for enacting a statute, it is entirely irrelevant for constitutional
purposes whether the conceived reason for the challenged distinction actually motivated the
legislature.”).
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Even so, plaintiffs argue that the ordinance is infirm because it is both over-inclusive, by
banning retailers from selling animals that come from reputable breeders, and under-inclusive, by
applying the ban solely to retailers. “But legislation ‘does not violate the Equal Protection Clause
merely because the classifications [it makes] are imperfect.’” Goodpaster v. City of Indianapolis,
736 F.3d 1060, 1072 (7th Cir. 2013) (quoting Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 485 (1970)).
“A law can be underinclusive or overinclusive without running afoul of the Equal Protection
Clause.” Id.; see Mo. Pet Breeders Ass’n, 2015 WL 2448332, at *7 (quoting City of New Orleans
v. Dukes, 427 U.S. 297, 303 (1976)) (“A government entity may . . . ‘adopt[] regulations that only
partially ameliorate a perceived evil and defer[] complete elimination of the evil to future
regulations.’”). The ordinance’s focus on retailers is rationally related to the goal of decreasing the
number of mill-produced animals sold in the City, even if it does not entirely solve the problem.
Thus, it does not violate the Equal Protection Clause.
Contracts Clause
Plaintiffs also allege that the ordinance violates the Contracts Clause of the Constitution.3
See U.S. Const. art 1, § 10 (prohibiting the states from making any law “impairing the Obligation
of Contracts”). To determine whether the ordinance violates the Contracts Clause, the Court asks
whether: (1) “the [o]rdinance in fact operates as a substantial impairment of existing contractual
3
Though plaintiffs appear to allege a takings claim in this count as well (see 2d Am.
Compl. ¶ 111), they do not respond to the City’s motion to dismiss that claim. Accordingly, they
have waived it. See Bonte v. U.S. Bank, N.A., 624 F.3d 461, 466 (7th Cir. 2010) (“Failure to
respond to an argument–as the Bontes have done here–results in waiver.”).
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relationships; (2) “the [C]ity has a significant and legitimate public purpose justifying the
[o]rdinance”; and (3) “the effect of the [o]rdinance on contracts is reasonable and appropriate given
the public purpose behind [it]. Chi. Bd. of Realtors, Inc. v. City of Chi., 819 F.2d 732, 736 (7th Cir.
1987) (citations omitted). Plaintiffs’ claim fails at each level.
With respect to the first inquiry, plaintiffs do not specifically identify any current contractual
relationship that the Ordinance impairs or explain how the ordinance impairs it. (See 2d Am.
Compl. ¶ 13 (alleging that plaintiff Cedar Woods Farm “currently has agreements in place to do a
significant portion of its business” in Chicago); id. ¶ 43 (alleging that, as a result of the ordinance,
plaintiff “Pet Shops’ . . . contracts will be violated”); id. ¶ 49 (alleging that the ordinance will force
plaintiff Pet Shops “[to] violate their long term leases and other agreements”); id. ¶ 114 (alleging
that the ordinance will “will prevent plaintiffs from fulfilling their obligations [under their current
contracts], including fulfilling warranties they have granted to clients and maintaining their
commercial property that is specifically built to conduct the sale of companion animals”).)
Plaintiffs’ failure to do so dooms their Contracts Clause claim. See Active Disposal, Inc. v. City of
Darien, No. 09 C 2930, 2010 WL 1416461, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 31, 2010), aff’d, 635 F.3d 883 (7th
Cir. 2011) (holding that a complaint’s “passing reference to ‘maintaining existing contracts’”
without allegations about “which (if any) plaintiffs held such contracts, the terms of those contracts,
or how they were impaired by the contested ordinances” was insufficient to state a Contracts Clause
claim).
Even if plaintiffs had satisfied the first step of the analysis, their claim would still fail at the
second and third. As discussed above, the City has significant and legitimate public purposes –
protecting animals and the public fisc – for enacting the ordinance, and the Contracts Clause does
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not strip the City of its power to protect those interests. See Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton, 462 U.S. 176,
190 (1983) (quoting U.S. Trust Co. v. New Jersey, 431 U.S. 1, 22 (1977)) (“The Contract Clause
does not deprive the States of their ‘broad power to adopt general regulatory measures without being
concerned that private contracts will be impaired, or even destroyed, as a result.’”); Chi. Bd. of
Realtors, 819 F.2d at 735 (7th Cir. 1987) (noting that the Contracts Clause “does not abrogate a
state’s inherent power to protect the interests of its citizens”). Moreover, because the City is not a
party to the allegedly impaired contracts, “the . . . scrutiny [at step three] is relaxed,” and the Court
“defer[s] to legislative judgment as to the necessity and reasonableness of a particular measure.”
Id. Because, as discussed above, the ordinance survives rational basis review, it also passes muster
at step three of the Contracts Clause analysis. See Mo. Pet Breeders, 2015 WL 2448332, at *11
(The inquiry under the Contract Clause resembles rational basis review.”).
Vagueness
Plaintiffs’ final argument is that the ordinance is unconstitutionally vague because it does
not define “kennel” and “shelter.” That flaw, plaintiffs say, means that Park Pet Shop can be both
a “retailer,” which cannot sell animals from breeders, and a “kennel,” which can, thereby “allowing
law enforcement to pick and choose what facilities it wishes to prosecute.” (2d Am. Compl. ¶ 134);
see Karlin v. Foust, 188 F.3d 446, 458-59 (7th Cir. 1999) (a statute is unconstitutionally vague “if
it fails to provide fair warning as to what conduct will subject a person to liability” or lacks “an
explicit and ascertainable standard to prevent those charged with enforcing [it] from engaging in
arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement”) (quotations and citations omitted).
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The Court disagrees. Though the ordinance does not define “kennel” (or “shelter,” though
that term appears only in the preamble), it makes clear that a kennel is a type of governmentoperated animal facility. See Chi., Ill., Code § 4-384-015(b)(1) (stating that a retailer may only sell
cats, dogs, and rabbits obtained from “an animal control center, animal care facility, kennel, pound
or training facility operated by any subdivision of local, state or federal government”). Because a
privately-owned pet shop cannot possibly be a kennel, plaintiffs’ vagueness argument and alleged
fear of selective prosecution are unfounded.
Alternatively, plaintiffs contend that the ordinance is vague because its preamble states that
it “will not affect a consumer’s ability to obtain a dog or cat of his or her choice directly from a
breeder,” but its definition of “retailer”–“any person licensed or required to be licensed under this
chapter who offers for sale any dog, cat or rabbit in the City”–can include breeders. However, as
noted above, the ordinance’s preamble “has no substantive legal force.” Atkins, 685 N.E.2d at 345
(quotations omitted). Thus, any alleged conflict between the preamble and the substantive
provisions does not render the ordinance unconstitutionally vague.
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, the Court grants defendants’ motion to dismiss [64].
Moreover, because the claims cannot be cured by amendment, the dismissal is with prejudice. This
case is terminated.
SO ORDERED.
ENTERED: November 5, 2015
________________________________
HON. JORGE L. ALONSO
United States District Judge
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