AON Corporation v. Contreras Cabezas

Filing 65

MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order signed by the Honorable Andrea R. Wood on 3/7/2018. Mailed notice(ef, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
AON CORPORATION,
Plaintiff,
v.
JOSE LUIS CONTRERAS CABEZAS,
Defendant.

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No. 15-cv-04980
Judge Andrea R. Wood

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Aon Corporation (“Aon”) alleges that Defendant Jose Luis Contreras Cabezas
(“Contreras”), the former Chief Executive Officer, General Manager, and Chairman of the Board
of two of Aon’s Bolivian-based wholly-owned subsidiaries, committed fraud and breached the
fiduciary duty he owed to Aon. Contreras has moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing that this
Court should dismiss the case on three separate grounds: (1) pursuant to the doctrine of forum non
conveniens, so that the case may be litigated in Bolivia; (2) because this Court lacks personal
jurisdiction over Contreras; and (3) because Aon lacks prudential standing, as the claims that Aon
attempts to assert do not belong to Aon but rather must be asserted by the Bolivian subsidiaries.
For the reasons discussed below, the Court denies Contreras’s motion to dismiss on each of the
three grounds.
BACKGROUND
For the purposes of Contreras’s motion to dismiss, this Court accepts as true the following
well-pleaded facts and views them in the light most favorable to Aon. See, e.g., Apex Digital, Inc.
v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 572 F.3d 440, 443–44 (7th Cir. 2009).

Aon is the parent company and sole shareholder of two Bolivian-based wholly-owned
subsidiaries, Aon Bolivia S.A. Corredores de Seguros (“Aon Bolivia”) and Aon Re Bolivia S.A.
Corredores de Reaseguros (“Aon Re Bolivia”) (together, “the Bolivian Companies”). Aon formed
Aon Bolivia and Aon Re Bolivia in 2001 for the purpose of conducting licensed retail insurance
brokerage in Bolivia. Aon also owns 99% of Aon Consulting, a non-regulated Bolivian company
that was formed in 2004 for the purpose of providing consulting services in Bolivia. Contreras, a
Bolivian resident, served as Chief Executive Officer, General Manager, and Chairman of the
Board of the Bolivian Companies from September 2001 until April 2014. From 2004 until April
2014, Contreras also served as General Manager of Aon Consulting pursuant to a Power of
Attorney.
Between at least 2011 and 2014, Contreras misappropriated funds belonging to Aon
Bolivia and Aon Re Bolivia and engaged in self-dealing with respect to the business of both
companies. Specifically, in February 2012, Contreras formed and became 50% owner of Grupcor
S.R.L. (“Grupcor”), a Bolivian company not associated with Aon or its subsidiaries. Contreras
then misappropriated Aon Re Bolivia funds to purchase a building in La Paz, Bolivia and offices
and parking spaces in Santa Cruz de La Sierra, Bolivia in the name of Grupcor. He also
misappropriated Aon Bolivia funds to make rental payments to Grupcor for the La Paz building
and to enter into a lease and make lease payments to Grupcor for the Santa Cruz properties.
In order to conceal this misconduct, Contreras made a number of fraudulent
representations and omissions to Aon in Illinois, including: (1) sending or causing to be sent to
Aon false quarterly financial statements and accounting records for the Bolivian Companies that
misrepresented the financial results of the companies and did not accurately reflect the
transactions relating to Contreras’s self-dealing through Grupcor; (2) sending or causing to be

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sent communications to Aon seeking approval for a lease with Grupcor for the Santa Cruz
property that misrepresented the true owner of Grupcor to be someone other than Contreras or his
business partner; (3) failing to disclose in Aon’s annual Conflict of Interest Questionnaire that he
had an interest in Grupcor or that he violated the Aon Code of Conduct by causing the Bolivian
Companies to enter into business transactions with Grupcor; (4) sending or causing to be sent
emails to Aon regarding the financial results of Aon Re Bolivia that failed to disclose he
underreported Aon Re Bolivian’s revenues; and (5) misrepresenting and failing to disclose
material information regarding the financials of Aon Re Bolivia in his proposal to purchase that
company that he sent to Aon employees in Illinois.
Aon alleges that Contreras owed fiduciary duties directly to Aon as the parent of the
wholly-owned Bolivian subsidiaries, and that Contreras’s breaches of those duties and fraudulent
misrepresentations injured Aon in the following ways:


Aon was forced to hire an outside firm to engage in a costly investigation and
special audit after Aon discovered unexplained payments that Contreras was
making to himself;



Aon lost its ability to conduct reinsurance brokerage business locally in Bolivia
because Bolivian regulators permanently revoked Aon Re Bolivia’s brokerage
license;



Aon lost substantial value in the Aon Bolivia business because it was impaired by
the regulatory sanctions placed on Aon Re Bolivia; and



Aon was forced to make hundreds of thousands of dollars in capital contributions
to Aon Re Bolivia to make up for the shortfall of funds caused by Contreras’s
misappropriation.

Notably, Contreras does not seek to recover through this action damages in the form of funds
misappropriated from the Bolivian Companies; instead, such damages are the subject of separate
litigation in Bolivia brought by Aon Bolivia and Aon Re Bolivia.

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DISCUSSION
As noted above, Contreras raises three arguments for dismissal of this the lawsuit: first,
applying the doctrine of forum non conveniens; second, citing this Court’s purported lack of
personal jurisdiction over Contreras; and third contending that Aon lacks prudential standing to
pursue its claims. The Court takes each argument in turn.
I.

Forum Non Conveniens

Forum non conveniens is a common-law doctrine that “allows a trial court to dismiss a suit
over which it would normally have jurisdiction if it best serves the convenience of the parties and
the ends of justice.” Clerides v. Boeing Co., 534 F.3d 623, 627‒28 (7th Cir. 2008) (internal
quotation marks omitted). A defendant seeking dismissal bears the burden of persuasion on all
elements of a forum non conveniens claim. E.g., Gupta v. Austrian Airlines, 211 F. Supp.2d 1078,
1085 (N.D. Ill. 2002). The defendant must first prove that an alternative forum exists that is both
available and adequate to resolve the dispute. Id. The Court must then balance a series of private
and public interest factors to determine if dismissal is warranted. See, e.g., Clerides, 534 F.3d at
628. Private interest factors include “‘the relative ease of access to sources of proof; availability
of compulsory process for attendance of unwilling, and the cost of obtaining attendance of
willing, witnesses; . . . and all other practical problems that can make trial of a case easy,
expeditious, and inexpensive.’” Id. (quoting Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 508 (1947)).
Public interest factors include the relative congestion of the courts’ dockets, local interest in
having localized disputes decided at home, avoidance of the application of foreign law or conflict
of law issues, and the unfairness of burdening citizens in an unrelated forum with jury duty. Id.
“[T]here is a strong preference for conducting the litigation in the plaintiff’s chosen forum, and []
only rare circumstances make honoring this choice inequitable. Unless the balance is strongly in

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favor of the defendant, the plaintiff’s choice of forum should rarely be disturbed.” ISI Int’l, Inc. v.
Borden Ladner Gervais LLP, 256 F.3d 548, 557 (7th Cir. 2001), as amended July 2, 2001
(internal quotation marks omitted). “Before a court should grant a defendant’s motion, the
plaintiff’s chosen forum must be oppressive and vexatious to the defendant, out of all proportion
to the plaintiff’s convenience.” In re Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 420 F.3d 702, 703 (7th Cir.
2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). When the alternative forum is another country, “the
choice of a United States forum by a plaintiff who is a citizen of this country should be given”
even greater deference. Wesendorf v. DBH Brokerhaus AG, No. 04 C 1904, 2004 WL 2872763, at
*7 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 13, 2004).
Turning first to the private interest factors,1 the unavailability of compulsory process to
secure the attendance of unwilling witnesses at a trial in this District weighs in favor of dismissing
this action. Contreras provides a list of nine individuals residing in Bolivia who he describes as
key witnesses in his defense—for example, the former Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating
Officer, accountant, accounts analyst, and legal counsel of the Bolivian Companies, who would
testify regarding the companies’ finances and reporting.2 Because these witnesses are no longer
employees of the Bolivian Companies and they live in Bolivia, the Court would not be able to
require them to appear for trial. If the identified witnesses are indeed unwilling to appear

1
Aon does not dispute Contreras’s claim that Bolivia is an available and adequate alternative forum given
the ongoing litigation there involving Contreras and the Bolivian Companies.
2

By separate motion, Aon has moved to strike Contreras’s affidavit identifying the key witnesses and
documents located in Bolivia because the affidavit was attached to Contreras’s reply brief, while his
opening brief only referenced Bolivian witnesses and documents without specifically identifying them.
(Mot. to Strike, Dkt. No. 39.) The Court declines to strike the information from Contreras’s reply brief and
affidavit, as the disputed information does not constitute a new argument but rather clarifies a point raised
in Contreras’s original brief and responds to arguments raised in Aon’s opposition brief. See, e.g., Beck v.
Univ. of Wisc. Bd. of Regents, 75 F.3d 1130, 1134 n.1 (7th Cir. 1996); Dyson, Inc. v. Sharkninja Operating
LLC, No. 14-cv-00779, 2016 WL 4720019, at *1 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 9, 2016). Aon’s motion to strike is
therefore denied.

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voluntarily,3 while their videotaped deposition testimony may be introduced at trial, live testimony
is preferable in a fraud case so that the factfinder may better assess the demeanor and credibility
of witnesses. See, e.g., ISI Int’l, 2001 WL 1382572, at *5. Moreover, should Contreras’s
identified witnesses decide to testify, the time and expense for them to travel in order to attend
trial also favors dismissal. See, e.g., Chelios v. Nat’l Hockey League Players’ Ass’n, No. 06-cv5333, 2007 WL 178326, at *5 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 18, 2007).
The remaining private interest factors do not favor either forum. With respect to ease of
access to documentary evidence, although Contreras identifies documents located in Bolivia that
he asserts are key to his defense (including board of directors’s minutes, financial statements, and
accounting records of the Bolivian Companies and loan and lease documents relating to Grupcor),
he provides no explanation or proof of why it would be impossible or even inconvenient to have
any such documents sent to Illinois, either electronically or otherwise. Presumably, Contreras will
be obligated to turn the documents over to Aon in Illinois during the course of discovery well
before any trial in this case. The Court also is not persuaded that the fact that many of the
documents are in Spanish presents any significant hurdle, as translation services are readily
available. In addition, any inability of Aon to collect a judgment against Contreras in the United
States—which Contreras argues weighs in favor of dismissal—is an issue that Aon presumably
considered and weighed when choosing to bring this case in Illinois, and the Court does not find it
a compelling factor in favor of dismissal. See also Walpex Trading Co. v. Yacimientos
Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos, 712 F. Supp. 383, 393 (S.D.N.Y. 1989) (“While plaintiff may

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Contreras does not provide any evidence to support his contention that the witnesses would actually be
unwilling to testify at trial. See, e.g., Gupta, 211 F. Supp. 2d at 1087 (noting that movant failed to identify
“any specific witness who refuses to submit to discovery here, and some of these witnesses may be willing
to testify here”).

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well face some difficulty in satisfying a judgment, if it ultimately recovers one from this Court,
that uncertainty does not presently rise to a level sufficient to require dismissal.”).
The public interest factors favor retaining the case in this forum. Illinois has an interest in
having this dispute resolved locally, given that the action is for an injury to Aon in Illinois, not an
injury to the Bolivian Companies. As Illinois has a strong interest in providing a forum to redress
injury to Illinois corporations, the Court does not find any unfairness to Illinois citizens charged
with jury duty in this case.
The remaining public interest factor relevant here4 is the choice of law and avoidance of
application of foreign law. The parties dispute what jurisdiction’s law should be applied under
Illinois choice-of-law rules—Contreras insists Bolivian law is appropriate, while Aon argues that
Illinois and Delaware law will apply to its fraud and fiduciary duty claims, respectively. A federal
court sitting in diversity must apply the choice-of-law rules of the state in which it sits. AutoOwners Ins. Co. v. Websolv Computing, Inc., 580 F.3d 543, 547 (7th Cir. 2009). For fraud claims,
an Illinois court deciding what law to apply would consider “(a) the place where the injury
occurred, (b) the place where the conduct causing the injury occurred, (c) the domicil, residence,
nationality, place of incorporation, and place of business of the parties, and (d) the place where
the relationship, if any, between the parties is centered.” Wilcox v. Incandela, No. 91 C 5730,
1992 WL 137165, at *4 (N.D. Ill. June 1, 1992). Generally, “the law of the state where the injury
occurred applies unless another state has a more significant relationship to the occurrence and
parties.” Id. (citing Ingersoll v. Klein, 262 N.E.2d 593, 595 (Ill. 1970)). Aon alleges an injury that
occurred in Illinois; the complaint explicitly states that Aon does not seek redress for injuries to

4
Contreras put forward an argument about the relative congestion of the proposed forums’ dockets for the
first time in his reply. But after Aon moved to strike the argument and corresponding exhibit, Contreras
voluntarily withdrew them. Thus, the Court will not consider the argument or exhibit in weighing the
relevant public and private interest factors.

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the Bolivian Companies. (Compl. ¶ 39, Dkt. No. 1.) The Court therefore finds that Illinois law
applies to the fraud claims.
With respect to Aon’s fiduciary duty claims, the parties agree that under Illinois choice-oflaw rules, this Court should apply the law of the place of incorporation. Contreras argues that this
is Bolivian law, as the Bolivian Companies are incorporated in Bolivia. Meanwhile Aon argues
for Delaware law, as Aon is alleging breach of fiduciary duties owed to it as the parent company,
and Aon is incorporated in Delaware. The Court finds that because the law recognizes fiduciary
duties owed directly to a parent in a wholly-owned subsidiary context and Aon indeed alleges
breach of fiduciary duties owed directly to it as the parent company, Delaware law applies. See
Brown v. Tenney, 532 N.E.2d 230, 235 (Ill. 1988) (“Illinois law has long recognized that
corporate officers and directors owe a fiduciary relationship towards their corporations and
shareholders . . . .”); Anadarko Petroleum Corp. v. Panhandle E. Corp., 545 A.2d 1171, 1174
(Del. 1988) (“[I]n a parent and wholly-owned subsidiary context, the directors of the subsidiary
are obligated only to manage the affairs of the subsidiary in the best interests of the parent and its
shareholders.”); 3 Fletcher Cyc. Corp. § 844.30 (2017 ed.) (“A wholly owned subsidiary has only
one shareholder, the parent corporation, so there is only one interest to be protected and hence no
opportunity for divided loyalties.”).
In sum, the public interest factors weigh in favor of retaining the case in this Court.
Although the private interest factors—specifically, the possibility of reluctant Bolivian witnesses
not being subject to compulsory process, and the time and expense required for willing witnesses
to travel to Illinois—weigh toward dismissal, the Court cannot say that, on balance, the public and
private interest factors rebut the strong presumption to which Aon’s chosen forum is entitled,
particularly given that the alternative forum is not domestic. ISI Int’l, 256 F.3d at 557; Wesendorf,

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2004 WL 2872763, at *7 (“[T]he choice of a United States forum by a plaintiff who is a citizen of
this country should be given a great amount of deference.”); FMC Corp. v. Varonos, No. 87 C
9640, 1988 WL 116825, *4 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 21, 1988) (“The doctrine of forum non conveniens is
not favored where its invocation deprives a United States citizen of potential remedies under
United States law in a United States forum.”), aff’d, FMC Corp. v. Varonos, 892 F.2d 1308 (7th
Cir. 1990). The Court therefore denies Contreras’s motion to dismiss based on the forum non
conveniens doctrine.
II.

Personal Jurisdiction

The Court next considers Contreras’s argument that the Court should dismiss this lawsuit
because the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over Contreras. “The plaintiff bears the burden of
establishing personal jurisdiction, but where, as here, the issue is raised on a motion to dismiss,
the plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing of jurisdictional facts.” Felland v. Clifton, 682
F.3d 665, 672 (7th Cir. 2012). The Court must accept as true all well-pleaded facts and resolve
any factual disputes in favor of the plaintiff. Id. For a court sitting in diversity, personal
jurisdiction is governed by the law of the forum state—that is, “[t]he court’s exercise of
jurisdiction over the defendant must be authorized by the terms of the forum state’s personaljurisdiction statute and also must comport with the requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment’s
Due Process Clause.” Id. The Illinois long-arm statute permits the exercise of jurisdiction to the
full extent permitted by the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause, “so here the state
statutory and federal constitutional inquiries merge.” Tamburo v. Dworkin, 601 F.3d 693, 701 (7th
Cir. 2010). The key question is therefore whether the defendant has “purposely established
minimum contacts with the forum state such that he [] ‘should reasonably anticipate being haled
into court’ there.” Id. (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 474 (1985)).

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In this case, Aon claims that this Court has specific personal jurisdiction over Contreras.
To have specific personal jurisdiction over a defendant, the defendant’s contact with the forum
state must directly relate to the challenged conduct. Id. Put another way, the exercise of
“[s]pecific personal jurisdiction is appropriate where (1) the defendant has purposefully directed
his activities at the forum state or purposefully availed himself of the privilege of conducting
business in that state, and (2) the alleged injury arises out of the defendant’s forum-related
activities.” Id. at 702. Once minimum contacts are established, personal jurisdiction exists unless
the defendant makes a “compelling case” that litigating in the forum would violate traditional
notions of fair play and substantial justice. Burger King Corp, 471 U.S. at 477.
The Seventh Circuit in Tamburo, interpreting the Supreme Court’s decision in Calder v.
Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984), articulated the following requirements for finding specific personal
jurisdiction in an intentional tort context: “(1) intentional conduct (or intentional and allegedly
tortious conduct); (2) expressly aimed at the forum state; (3) with the defendant’s knowledge that
the effects would be felt—that is, the plaintiff would be injured—in the forum state.” Tamburo,
601 F.3d at 703 (internal quotation marks omitted). The parties agree that Tamburo provides the
correct standard, but they disagree on whether the requirements are met here. Contreras argues
that the second and third requirements have not been met because the alleged fraud, self-dealing,
and misappropriation of assets occurred in Bolivia, and Aon does not allege that the
communications between Contreras and Aon enabled or effectuated the alleged fiduciary breach
or fraud. If anything, according to Contreras, the alleged intentionally tortious conduct was aimed
at Bolivia, while the communications aimed at Illinois merely aided in the concealment of the
wrongdoing. Under Contreras’s view, that Aon alleges it experienced injury in Illinois is not

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enough, as the proper question is whether the defendant’s conduct connects him to the forum in a
meaningful way. Aon, of course, disagrees.
In Tamburo, the Seventh Circuit reconciled its interpretation of Calder in Janmark, Inc. v.
Reidy, 132 F.3d 1200 (7th Cir. 1997), which could arguably be “understood as [interpreting
Calder to] broadly authoriz[e] personal jurisdiction wherever a tort victim is injured,” with its
decisions in Wallace v. Herron, 778 F.2d 391 (7th Cir. 1985), and Indianapolis Colts, Inc. v.
Metropolitan Baltimore Football Club Ltd. Partnership, 34 F.3d 410 (7th Cir.1994), which “read
Calder to require a forum state injury and ‘something more’ directed at that state before
jurisdiction over a foreign defendant may be considered proper.” Tamburo, 601 F.3d at 705‒06.
The Tamburo court reasoned that Janmark’s jurisdictional conclusion was actually “premised on
the Illinois-based injury and the fact that defendant acted with the purpose of interfering with
sales originating in Illinois. Thus, despite its broad language about Calder, Janmark ultimately
considered the relationship between the allegedly tortious conduct and the forum state itself.” Id.
at 706 (emphasis in original). The Tamburo court concluded that the Calder requirements were
met in the case before it, where the defendants were alleged to have used their websites to defame
an Illinois-based businessman and encourage readers to boycott his products, with the knowledge
that he lived in Illinois and operated his business there. The court concluded that “these
defendants specifically aimed their tortious conduct at Tamburo and his business in Illinois with
the knowledge that he lived, worked, and would suffer the brunt of the injury there. These
allegations suffice to establish personal jurisdiction over these defendants under either a broad or
a more restrictive view of Calder.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, Aon has alleged that Contreras purposefully directed material misrepresentations to
Aon in Illinois, including, among other things, false quarterly financial statements and accounting

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records for the Bolivian Companies, his response to Aon’s annual Conflict of Interest
Questionnaire where he misrepresented his lack of conflicts related to his ownership of Grupcor,
and communications seeking approval of a lease with Grupcor that misrepresented Grupcor’s true
owners. (Compl. ¶¶ 19, 36, 44‒46, 53‒54, Dkt. No. 1.) The complaint further alleges that
Contreras expressly aimed his misrepresentations at Aon in Illinois as the parent company, with
the intent that Aon would rely on the misrepresentations, in order to conceal and perpetuate his
conduct for his continued monetary benefit and to receive approval from Aon for the Grupcor
lease. (Id. ¶¶ 17, 19, 37.) Finally, the complaint alleges that Contreras acted with knowledge that
Aon would rely on the misrepresentations and omissions in carrying out its obligations as the
parent company and that he would therefore cause injury to Aon in Illinois. (Id.) In short, the
tortious conduct that Aon alleges is conduct specifically directed to Aon in Illinois as the parent
company (with parent-company obligations including monitoring financial condition and
approving lease transactions), with knowledge that the misrepresentations would induce Aon to
act (or fail to act), thereby injuring Aon the parent in Illinois. These allegations are sufficient at
the motion to dismiss stage to meet both Tamburo’s enumerated requirements and its less specific
“forum-state injury and ‘something more’” interpretation of Calder. See Tamburo, 601 F.3d at
706; see also FMC Corp. v. Varonos, 892 F.2d 1308 (7th Cir. 1990) (holding that allegations that
defendant sent communications containing material misrepresentations regarding expenditures to
plaintiff’s Chicago office in furtherance of defendant’s scheme to defraud the Illinois company
were sufficient to establish specific personal jurisdiction within the “commission of a tortious act
within the State” prong of the Illinois long-arm statute).
Contreras’s attempt to equate this case to Young v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 790 F.2d 567
(7th Cir. 1986), and West Virginia Laborers Pension Trust Fund v. Caspersen, 829 N.E.2d 843

12

(Ill. App. Ct. 2005), is unconvincing. Young was decided before the Illinois long-arm statute was
amended in 1989 to extend the scope of the statute to allow jurisdiction on any basis allowed by
the United States Constitution. Young, 790 F.2d at 569‒70; see generally FMC Corp., 892 F.2d at
1310 n.5 (discussing the 1989 amendment to the Illinois long-arm statute). Thus, the Young court
was deciding only if it had personal jurisdiction over defendants within the specific contexts
provided at that time in the Illinois long-arm statute, which were limited to the transaction of any
business within Illinois and the commission of a tortious act within Illinois. Young, 790 F.2d 567
at 569‒570. The Young court concluded that the defendant-corporation’s mailings to shareholders,
including the plaintiff-shareholder who lived in Illinois, were “not the type of purposeful contacts
recognized as the transaction of business under § 2-209(a)(1),” and the alleged breach of fiduciary
duties was unrelated to the mailings and therefore the mailings did not constitute the commission
of a tortious act within Illinois. Id. at 570. The court further held that the fact that the plaintiff
lived in Illinois and therefore was injured there was not enough to constitute the commission of a
tortious act within Illinois. Id. Similarly, the Illinois Appellate Court in West Virginia Laborers
Pension Trust Fund, “following the decision in Young,” held that an “injurious consequence in
Illinois . . . does not mean that the tort was committed wherever the[] [injured party] reside[s],”
reasoning that the plaintiff had alleged only “harm [] felt in Illinois,” but not that the “defendants
intended to affect an Illinois interest.” 829 N.E.2d at 847‒48. As previously discussed, Aon here
alleges not only that it was injured in Illinois, but also that Contreras intended for the
misrepresentations to induce Aon to act (or fail to act) and thereby injure Aon in Illinois.5

5
The case before this Court is also different from Mcllewee v. ADM Industries, Inc., 17 F.3d 222 (7th Cir.
1994), cited by Contreras for the proposition that allegations that a defendant failed to disclose information
he had a duty to disclose during communications directed at Illinois are insufficient to establish personal
jurisdiction. The Mcllwee court reasoned that the defendants there had the obligation and opportunity to
disclose at all times, not just during telephone conversations with Illinois plaintiffs where the parties
discussed business matters generally. Id. at 224. The court then held that the plaintiff was also required to

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The Court’s final inquiry is whether Illinois’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over
Contreras would offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Tamburo, 601 F.3d
at 709. In making this determination, the Court considers the following factors: “the burden on the
defendant, the forum State’s interest in adjudicating the dispute, the plaintiff’s interest in
obtaining convenient and effective relief, the interstate judicial system’s interest in obtaining the
most efficient resolution of controversies, and the shared interest of the several States in
furthering fundamental substantive social policies.” Burger King, 471 U.S. at 477 (internal
quotation marks omitted). Applying these factors here, the Court finds that exercising personal
jurisdiction over Contreras would not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial
justice. Illinois is Aon’s home forum, and Aon therefore has a strong interest in obtaining relief
here. Moreover, as discussed above, Illinois has a strong interest in providing a forum for its
businesses to seek redress for injuries inflicted by out-of-state actors. These factors are not
outweighed by any inconvenience to Contreras.
III.

Prudential Standing

The Court next considers Contreras’s argument that the case should be dismissed because
Aon lacks prudential standing, as Aon’s claimed injury is derivative of the alleged injury to the
Bolivian Companies. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(a) requires that every “action must be
prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(a)(1). One application of
this rule is the “shareholder-standing rule,” which dictates that “a shareholder generally cannot
sue for indirect harm he suffers as a result of an injury to the corporation.” Rawoof v. Texor

allege facts showing an intent to affect Illinois interests and had not done so. For example, the court
reasoned that an Illinois court may have jurisdiction if plaintiff had alleged facts showing that defendants
had placed the telephone calls to Illinois for the purpose of furthering their fraudulent scheme affecting
plaintiff’s stock ownership in Illinois. Id. As discussed above, Aon has made such allegations here.

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Petroleum Co., 521 F.3d 750, 757 (7th Cir. 2008). Rule 17(a) is a “procedural rule requiring that
the complaint be brought in the name of the party . . . who according to the governing substantive
law, is entitled to enforce the right.” Id. at 756 (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, courts
sitting in diversity look to the state substantive law that created the right being sued upon to
determine if the action has been instituted by the party possessing the substantive right to relief.
See e.g., 6A Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 1544 (3d ed.). As discussed above, Aon brings its fraud
claim under Illinois law and its fiduciary duty claim under Delaware law. In applying the
shareholder-standing rule, Illinois and Delaware law is substantively the same. Compare Tooley v.
Donaldson, 845 A.2d 1031, 1033 (Del. 2004), with Mann v. Kemper Fin. Co., Inc., 618 N.E. 2d
317, 323 (Ill. App. Ct. 1992). Moreover, the parties both argue the prudential standing issue under
Delaware law. The Court will therefore also rely on decisions interpreting Delaware law. See,
e.g., Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Websolv Computing, Inc., 580 F.3d 543, 547 (7th Cir. 2009)
(“Courts do not worry about conflict of laws unless the parties disagree on which state’s law
applies.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In applying the shareholder-standing rule, courts differentiate between derivative and
direct claims. Tooley, 845 A.2d at 1033. Where a claim is derivative—that is, the injury occurred
to the subsidiary—a shareholder may only sue on behalf of a subsidiary “so that any damages
recoverable by the subsidiary would be available not only to the shareholder-parent, as the
residual claimant, but also to the subsidiary’s creditors.” Case Financial, Inc. v. Alden, No. 1184VCP, 2009 WL 2581873, at *6 (Del. Ch. Ct. Aug. 21, 2009). To determine whether a claim is
direct or derivative, a court looks to “the nature of the wrong and to whom the relief should go”—
that is: “(1) who suffered the alleged harm (the corporation or the suing stockholders,
individually); and (2) who would receive the benefit of any recovery or other remedy (the

15

corporation or the stockholders, individually)?” Tooley, 845 A.2d at 1033, 1039. “The
stockholder’s claimed direct injury must be independent of any alleged injury to the corporation.
The stockholder must demonstrate that the duty breached was owed to the stockholder and that he
or she can prevail without showing an injury to the corporation.” Id. at 1039.
Focusing on “the nature of the wrong” alleged by Aon and “to whom the relief should go,”
Tooley, 845 A.2d at 1039, it is clear that Aon’s complaint alleges direct fraud and breach of
fiduciary duty claims against Contreras. With respect to both claims, Aon has alleged injury
unique to Aon as the parent company and separate from the harm to the Bolivian Companies,
including the costs to Aon of the investigation and audit and the cost to Aon of losing the ability
to conduct reinsurance business in Bolivia. (Compl. ¶¶ 26, 51, 57, 58, Dkt. No. 1.) It is clear that
Aon’s alleged injury is not derivative of the Bolivian subsidiaries’ injuries because to require
“that any damages recoverable . . . be available not only to the shareholder-parent, as the residual
claimant, but also to the subsidiary’s creditors,” Case Fin., 2009 WL 2581873, at *6, simply
would not make sense. With respect to the fraud claim, Aon further alleges fraudulent
misrepresentations and omissions made directly to Aon. Aon thus has standing to pursue the fraud
claim directly. Id. at *5 (“[Defendant] allegedly perpetrated the fraud on Case Financial [the
parent company]-not Case Capital [the subsidiary] . . . . Case Financial has alleged that it suffered
a direct injury from the fraud and not an injury suffered solely by virtue of its ownership stake in
Case Capital. Thus, Case Financial has standing to pursue the fraud count directly.”). With respect
to the breach of fiduciary duty claim, Aon alleges that Contreras owed fiduciary duties directly to
it as the parent company of the wholly-owned Bolivian Companies. (Compl. ¶ 15, Dkt. No. 1.)
This comports with Delaware law. E.g., Anadarko Petroleum Corp. v. Panhandle E. Corp., 545
A.2d 1171, 1174 (Del. 1988) (“[I]n a parent and wholly-owned subsidiary context, the directors of

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the subsidiary are obligated only to manage the affairs of the subsidiary in the best interests of the
parent and its shareholders.”). Thus, not only has Aon alleged direct injury independent of any
harm to the Bolivian Companies, it has also established that the alleged “duty breached was owed
to the stockholder and that he or she can prevail without showing an injury to the corporation.”
Tooley, 845 A.2d at 1039. As a result, Aon has standing to pursue both its breach of fiduciary
duty claim and its fraud claim directly.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Contreras’s Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. No. 25) is DENIED.
Aon’s Motion to Strike (Dkt. No. 39) is also DENIED.

Dated: March 7, 2018

__________________________
Andrea R. Wood
United States District Judge

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