Gavin/Solmonese LLC v. Kunkel
Filing
146
MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order Signed by the Honorable John Robert Blakey on 3/12/2019. Mailed notice(gel, )
Case: 1:16-cv-01086 Document #: 146 Filed: 03/12/19 Page 1 of 32 PageID #:2632
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
Gavin/Solmonese LLC.,
Plaintiff,
Case No. 16-cv-1086
v.
Judge John Robert Blakey
Stephen L. Kunkel,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
This case involves a dispute between Plaintiff, Gavin/Solmonese LLC, and its
former employee, Defendant Stephen L. Kunkel. Plaintiff filed its First Amended
Complaint (FAC) on April 21, 2016, asserting claims for: (1) breach of fiduciary duty
(Count I); (2) unjust enrichment (Count II); (3) tortious interference with contract
(Count III); (4) tortious interference with prospective economic advantage (Count IV);
and (5) fraud (Count V). [19].
On May 9, 2016, Defendant filed a motion to dismiss, [24], which this Court
granted as to Counts III, IV, and V, but denied as to Counts I and II. [35].
Defendant now seeks summary judgment on Plaintiff’s remaining breach of
fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment claims. [100]. Defendant also seeks to strike
certain statements from two declarations introduced in opposition to the motion for
summary judgment.
[111].
For the reasons stated below, this Court denies
Defendant’s motion for summary judgment and denies Defendant’s motion to strike.
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I.
Background & Evidentiary Issues
The following facts come from Defendant’s Local Rule 56.1 statement of facts
[99], Plaintiff’s response to Defendant’s statement of facts, [106], Plaintiff’s Local
Rule 56.1 statement of additional facts, [107], and Defendant’s response to Plaintiff’s
statement of additional facts, [116]. 1
A.
Defendant’s Motion to Strike
Defendant moves this Court to strike certain portions of the Declarations of
Ross Waetzman (Waetzman Declaration), [109], and Edward T. Gavin (Gavin
Declaration), [108], as improper summary judgment evidence. [111]. Specifically,
Defendant maintains that: (1) both declarations attempt to create issues of fact by
contradicting sworn deposition testimony; and (2) the Gavin Declaration contains an
intentionally false statement. [112] at 1. As such, Defendant asks this Court to strike
the otherwise relevant statements under the Sham Affidavit Doctrine.
1.
The Sham Affidavit Doctrine
Regarding the Sham Affidavit Doctrine, the Seventh Circuit has held that
“parties cannot thwart the purposes of Rule 56 by creating ‘sham’ issues of fact with
affidavits that contradict their prior depositions.” Bank of Illinois v. Allied Signal
Safety Restraint Sys., 75 F.3d 1162, 1168 (7th Cir. 1996). Thus, when deciding
summary judgment motions, “courts must disregard contradictory affidavit
At the parties’ motion hearing, Defendant orally moved for this Court not to consider the Declaration
of Gail Meinen, [110-11] Exhibit NN, and “notes” written by Ross Waetzman, [124], because Plaintiff
failed to timely file them. Because this Court need not consider or otherwise rely upon either document
in its analysis, it denies Defendant’s motion as moot.
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statements that are material to the motion and that create a “sham” factual dispute.”
Arce v. Chi. Transit Auth., 311 F.R.D. 504 (N.D. Ill. 2015).
To determine whether a contradictory statement constitutes a “sham,” courts
in this circuit “examine the particular circumstances of a change in testimony to see
whether it is plainly incredible or merely creates a credibility issue for the jury.” Id.
(citing Patton v. MFS/Sun Life Fin. Distribs., Inc., 480 F.3d 478, 488 (7th Cir. 2007)).
The Seventh Circuit has made clear that courts should make this determination “with
caution,” as credibility and weight are generally issues of fact for the jury, and “we
must be careful not to usurp the jury’s role.” Flannery v. Recording Indus. Ass’n of
Am., 354 F.3d 632, 638 (7th Cir. 2004) (citing Bank of Illinois, 75 F.3d at 1170).
Therefore, the Sham Affidavit Doctrine applies “upon a threshold determination of a
‘contradiction,’ which only exists when the statements are ‘inherently inconsistent’”
and the discrepancies are “incredible and unexplained.” Id.; McCann v. Iroquois
Mem’l Hosp., 622 F.3d 745, 751 (7th Cir. 2010) (quoting Commercial Underwriters
Ins. Co. v. Aires Envtl. Servs., Ltd., 259 F.3d 792, 799 (7th Cir. 2001)). In contrast,
when the change is “plausible and ‘the party offers a suitable explanation such as
‘confusion, mistake, or lapse in memory,’” a change in testimony affects only its
credibility, not its admissibility.”
McCann, 622 F.3d at 751 (citing Commercial
Underwriters, 259 F.3d at 799).
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2.
The Waetzman Declaration
Waetzman works as a director for Plaintiff.
[110-4] Exhibit E at 4. 2
Defendant’s counsel deposed Waetzman as a 30(b)(6) representative on May 25, 2017.
Id. at 1. Defendant argues that while under oath, Waetzman admitted that he was
aware Defendant sat on the Tamarack Ski Resorts (Tamarack) Board of Directors,
and that Defendant informed Waetzman that he was traveling and on calls related
to Tamarack business while working at Soo Tractor. [112] at 2. Specifically, the
deposition testimony is as follows:
Q: Are you aware whether or not [Defendant] disclosed that he sat on a
number of boards of directors when he began to work at –
A: The only board that I’m aware of that he was on was Tamarack. And
he asked me – he said that I would help him with that kind of work, that
that’s something we could do together. And then later on he indicated
that he was just doing that work on his own. And he started asking
people at [Soo Tractor] to help him with that work.
[110-4] Exhibit E at 89.
Defendant contends that this deposition is therefore
inconsistent with Waetzman’s declaration, which states: “[Defendant] did not disclose
that he was a Board Member of the Tamarack Board.” [109] ¶ 6. Due to this
discrepancy, Defendant argues that Plaintiff violated the Sham Affidavit Doctrine
and that this Court should strike paragraph six of the Waetzman Declaration. [112]
at 7.
This Court denies Defendant’s motion to strike paragraph six of the Waetzman
Declaration. First, consistent with paragraph six, Waetzman repeatedly testified
In some instances, Plaintiff has filed multiple exhibits under a single docket number. To prevent
confusion when citing to such an exhibit, this Court will clarify both the docket number and the
individual exhibit letter.
2
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that while Defendant worked for Plaintiff, Waetzman did not know Defendant sat on
Tamarack’s Board. See, e.g., [110-4] Exhibit E at 88, 93−94, 98−99. Waetzman’s
statement that “[t]he only board that I’m aware of that [Defendant] was on was
Tamarack. And . . . he said that I would help him with that kind of work,” admittedly
creates some confusion when taken out of context.
Id. at 89.
But, it remains
consistent with Waetzman’s immediately preceding answer: “I understood that
[Defendant’s Tamarack work] was an engagement that [Defendant] . . . was
performing for Gavin/Solmonese. I now understand that [Defendant] was doing
[Tamarack Board member] work without Gavin/Solmonese’s knowledge.” Id. at 88.
A complete reading thus demonstrates that Waetzman simply elaborated upon his
earlier belief that Defendant worked with Tamarack only on Plaintiff’s behalf. This
testimony does not constitute a contradiction “inherently inconsistent” with
paragraph six. Flannery, 354 F.3d at 638. Rather, it is, at most, a statement of
“confusion” that ultimately affects “credibility, not its admissibility.” McCann, 622
F.3d at 751. This Court therefore declines to strike paragraph six of the Waetzman
Declaration, [109] ¶ 6, and instead reserves any credibility disputes for the jury.
3.
The Gavin Declaration
Gavin serves as Plaintiff’s President. [99] ¶ 12. Defendant’s counsel deposed
Gavin on June 21, 2017. [110-3] at 1. Defendant identifies a variety of deposition
statements as contradicting Gavin’s Declaration.
[112] at 2−6.
For example,
Defendant argues that: (1) Gavin admitted in his deposition testimony that he knew
of only McMichael Mierau’s allegations against Defendant prior to Soo Tractor’s
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terminating Plaintiff, and did not know about Alex Peterson’s allegations, [110-3] at
92; (2) Gavin admitted that prior to Plaintiff’s termination, he was not aware of
Peterson’s allegations against Defendant, id. at 124; and (3) on January 28, 2015—
the day after Soo Tractor terminated Plaintiff—Gavin wrote an email to Soo Tractor’s
owner Allen Mahaney, for the first time mentioning Mierau’s allegations against
Defendant, [110-3] at 91. [112] 2−6.
Defendant argues that these deposition statements conflict with the Gavin
Declaration, which states, in relevant part:
¶ 15: In late December 2014, [Plaintiff] learned that [Defendant] had
sexually harassed and spanked young male subordinates at Soo
Tractor.
¶ 16: When confronted with allegations that [Defendant] had sexually
harassed and spanked young male subordinates at Soo Tractor,
[Defendant] denied these allegations.
¶ 17: Shortly after Defendant denied these allegations of sexual
harassment and spanking, [Plaintiff’s] counsel received a recording that
Alex Peterson, one of [Defendant’s] victims, had made of one of the
incidents. [Plaintiff’s] counsel informed me of this recording.
¶ 18: On the morning of January 28, 2015, before receiving a letter from
Soo Tractor terminating [Plaintiff’s] services, I sent Mahaney an email
informing him of the allegations regarding [Defendant].
[108] ¶¶ 15−18 (emphasis added).
This Court declines to strike any portion of Gavin’s Declaration.
First,
Defendant argues that by using the plural “subordinates,” paragraph 15 “falsely
states” that, in late December 2014, Plaintiff knew of allegations that Defendant had
sexually harassed and spanked multiple young male subordinates at Soo Tractor.
[112] at 7. But, looking at Gavin’s deposition testimony as a whole, this Court finds
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that this is an issue of credibility for the jury to decide. Gavin’s deposition testimony
clearly states that by December 20th he had been informed about Mierau’s
allegations, which included statements that Defendant had spanked another
employee in addition to Mierau. [110-3] at 91; [110-5] Exhibit I at 56−57, 147. Thus,
the testimony does not constitute a contradiction that is “inherently inconsistent”
with paragraph 15. Flannery, 354 F.3d at 638.
Second, Defendant argues that the order of paragraphs 15 through 18 “gives
the false impression that Gavin informed Mahaney about multiple employee
allegations against [Defendant] on January 28, 2015.”
[112] at 8.
Absent any
showing that the Gavin Declaration testimony actually contains false statements,
rather than it simply giving a possible false impression based upon the order of its
paragraphs, this Court declines to apply the Sham Affidavit Doctrine. See Flannery,
354 F.3d at 638 (Explaining that courts should apply this doctrine “with caution” so
as to not “usurp the jury’s role.”) (citing Bank of Illinois, 75 F.3d at 1170). 3
Third, Defendant argues that the ordering of paragraphs in the Gavin
Declaration also “creates the false impression that Gavin informed Mahaney about
more details, including that the allegations were sexual in nature and involved
spanking.” [112] at 8. Not so. The relevant email, referenced in Gavin’s testimony,
clearly states that “a deeply troubled employee raised allegations directed at
Plaintiff’s argument that “Gavin’s Declaration insinuates that paragraphs 15−18 occurred in
chronological order, creating the false impression that prior to January 28, 2015, [Plaintiff] received a
recording of one of the incidents from Peterson”, [112] at 8, fails for this same reason.
3
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[Defendant].” [110-13] Exhibit VV; [110-3] at 91. Paragraph 18 merely reflects this
exact language and is therefore not contradictory in any way.
Thus, this Court denies Defendant’s motion to strike. [111].
B.
The Parties
Plaintiff is a management consulting firm that provides corporate turnaround
solutions and organizational effectiveness strategies to clients throughout the United
States. [110-4] Exhibit E at 17−18. As part of these services, Plaintiff evaluates a
client’s current business, provides an assessment, and formulates a preliminary
action plan for implementing a turnaround strategy. Id.; [110-3] at 33. Occasionally,
Plaintiff also assists clients in executing its recommendations, either by providing
interim management services or assisting with the sale of the business. Id. at 34−35.
In August 2013, Plaintiff hired Defendant as Managing Director of its Chicago,
Illinois office. [99-2]. In this role, Defendant served as an “at-will employee,” rather
than a corporate officer or director. [99] ¶ 4. Plaintiff paid Defendant an annual
salary starting at $250,000, plus a discretionary bonus and Defendant’s health
insurance. [99-2]. On March 31, 2015, Plaintiff increased Defendant’s annual salary
to $300,000. Id.
In September 2013, Soo Tractor Sweeprake Co. (Soo Tractor), a steel
fabrication company that produces farming equipment, retained Plaintiff to provide
advisory services. [99-3]. Soo Tractor is incorporated in Iowa and its manufacturing
facilities and headquarters are located in Sioux City. [99] ¶ 7. In October 2013, Soo
Tractor retained Plaintiff to implement its recommendations. Id. ¶ 5. The parties
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memorialized this agreement by entering into a Management Agreement (the
Agreement), effective October 21, 2013. Id.; [99-3]. Iowa law governs the Agreement,
and both parties retained the right to terminate it at will upon seven days’ notice.
[99] ¶¶ 6, 9.
Under the Agreement, Plaintiff agreed to provide Soo Tractor with an interim
Chief
Executive
Officer
(CEO)
to
assist
with
implementing
Plaintiff’s
recommendations. [99-3] at 1−2. Plaintiff selected Defendant to serve in this role.
[99] ¶ 8.
Pursuant to the Agreement, Defendant performed his duties as an
independent contractor, rather than a Soo Tractor employee. [99-3] at 6. The parties
dispute whether Defendant’s CEO role required him to relocate to and perform the
majority of his services for Soo Tractor in Iowa, [99] ¶ 21, as opposed to Plaintiff’s
Chicago office, [107] ¶ 2. Nevertheless, both parties agree that Defendant spent a
significant amount of time working out of Soo Tractor’s Sioux City facility. See [99]
¶ 8; [106] ¶ 8.
Plaintiff also appointed its President, Ted Gavin, and Defendant to Soo
Tractor’s Board of Directors due to the company’s “unique circumstances.” [110-15]
Exhibit ZZ at 4. Specifically, Soo Tractor’s bank conditioned any refinancing upon
the company obtaining independent board members, and “Soo Tractor was under a
tight timeline to receive refinancing.” Id.; [106] ¶ 62.
C.
The “Success Fee”
Plaintiff retained a right to a “success fee” upon Soo Tractor’s sale, albeit under
certain circumstances. [99] ¶ 10. Specifically, the Agreement provided:
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If requested in writing by Client, Manager shall seek purchaser(s) for
all or part of Client’s business, and shall be Client’s exclusive agent
therefore. Manager shall assist Client in preparing a Confidential Sales
Memorandum, canvassing prospective purchasers, obtaining execution
of non-disclosure agreements in cooperation with Client’s legal counsel,
soliciting proposals from prospective purchasers, negotiating financing
terms and documentation in cooperation with Client’s legal counsel,
making recommendations to Client concerning the purchase proposal(s)
submitted, and supporting the due diligence process through to
closing(s).
Id.; [99-3] at 2. Plaintiff could earn a success fee under the Agreement upon meeting
three conditions: (1) Soo Tractor requesting in writing that Soo Tractor sell the
business; (2) the sale closing occurring within one year from the Agreement’s
execution; and (3) Plaintiff performing and completing such documentation,
solicitation, and due diligence tasks “routinely associated with a sale for each such
transaction . . . through closing.” [99] ¶ 11; [99-3] at 5.
1.
Whether Plaintiff Modified the Agreement Through its
Negative Notice Letter
The parties spend considerable time disputing the Agreement’s one-year
execution deadline for any sale and whether the parties extended it. Defendant
contends that per its language, the Agreement—and thus the execution deadline—
could “not be amended, changed, modified, or supplemented except in writing by each
party, for which purposes an exchange of electronic mail or faxes clearly indicating
mutual agreement shall be acceptable.” Id. ¶ 14. Plaintiff agrees, but argues that
the parties did just that in November 2014. [106] ¶ 14.
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Specifically, Plaintiff asserts that on November 18, 2014, Ted Gavin sent a
letter to Allen Mahaney, Soo Tractor’s owner, through John Anderson, Mahaney’s
attorney. [99] ¶ 12. The letter states in relevant part:
Dear Allen,
I have received your memorandum dated November 17, 2014, a copy of
which is attached. Gavin/Solmonese will carry out your wishes using
our reasonable efforts as you have instructed. As you have directed, we
will reset the sale timeline to start on January 2, 2015 with a goal of a
completed sale no later than April 30, 2015. Accordingly, certain dates
in the Management Agreement between Soo Tractor Sweeprake Co. and
Gavin/Solmonese LLC will be adjusted to reflect your instructions. . . .
If you have any questions related to this issue, or disagree with any of
the points raised herein, please let me know immediately. Otherwise, if
this is consistent with your wishes, you need do nothing – I will attach
it to the executed Management Agreement and we will proceed
accordingly.
[99-5].
a.
Disputes Regarding the Letter
Neither party disputes that: (1) Mahaney never signed, nor returned, the
letter, [99] ¶ 13; and (2) Anderson never indicated to Plaintiff that he received it. [991] at 51. The parties do dispute: (1) whether Gavin sent the letter in the first place;
(2) whether the letter required a signature to be effective; and (3) if not, whether the
letter reflected a prior agreement between Plaintiff and Mahaney.
First, Gavin testified that he remembers sending the letter, but admits that he
cannot recall how he did so. [99] ¶ 15; [110-3] at 72. Anderson cannot recall receiving
the letter. [96-6] at 94−95. The parties do not dispute that as of today, Gavin does
not “have any Metadata” showing the letter’s creation. [99] ¶ 17. Plaintiff notes,
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however, that Gavin created the letter on a laptop that the company subsequently
decommissioned, wiped, and disposed of in the normal course of business when Gavin
switched to a new computer in early 2015. [110-15] Exhibit DDD at 3. Therefore,
Plaintiff states that there could have been Metadata on the decommissioned laptop.
[106] ¶ 17.
Second, Plaintiff maintains that the letter did not require Mahaney’s signature
because the letter: (1) simply reflected the parties’ earlier agreement to adjust the
deadline, [107] ¶ 3; and (2) as a “Negative Notice Letter,” did not require a signature,
[99-1] at 51. Defendant counters that the letter did not constitute writing sufficient
to amend the Agreement, [116] ¶ 3, and as discussed below, did not reflect an earlier
agreement between the parties.
Third, the parties dispute whether the letter memorialized an earlier directive
and/or conversation between the parties about extending the one-year execution
deadline. Defendant asserts that Mahaney made the decision to sell Soo Tractor in
November 2014, without Plaintiff’s assistance or knowledge, and planned to
terminate Plaintiff as soon as he secured a confirmed buyer. [99] ¶ 60. Defendant
also states that Mahaney and Gavin never agreed to a success fee for a potential 2015
sale, and in fact, Mahaney told his accountant that he “did not want [Plaintiff]
involved in selling the business.” [99] ¶ 18. Plaintiff counters that on November 17,
2014, Mahaney sent a memorandum to the Soo Tractor Board of Directors instructing
it to sell Soo Tractor by April 30, 2015. [106] ¶ 18. At that time, Gavin and Defendant
still sat on the Board of Directors, id., and thus Plaintiff took this as a directive to
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assist in a sale. Id. ¶¶ 14, 18. Gavin also testified that around that same time,
Mahaney personally told him to send a document memorializing Plaintiff’s
“authorization to sell the company” in order to extend the one-year deadline. Id. ¶
18; [110-3] at 44−45.
2.
The Sale Itself
Due to Plaintiff’s ultimate termination, it did not secure a buyer for Soo
Tractor. [99] ¶ 19. Plaintiff does, however, note that it assisted in the sale process,
for example by: (1) “cleaning up the books, getting the financials closed, identifying
what type of due diligence information should be marshaled and prepared for
parties,” [110-3] at 54; (2) enhancing Soo Tractor’s operational performance and
researching potential buyers, [110-4] Exhibit E at 26−28; (3) preparing a
nondisclosure agreement, [110-3] at 153−54; and (4) identifying 500 target companies
for sale and narrowing down that list, [110-4] Exhibit E at 28, 70.
D.
Defendant’s Conduct at Soo Tractor
While assigned to Soo Tractor, Defendant engaged in misconduct toward young
male employees, including: (1) approving benefits such as unlimited overtime and
recommending promotions and wage increases for certain young men, despite their
lack of qualifications, [107] ¶¶ 5−6; (2) doing so despite knowing that Soo Tractor
wanted to limit overtime and drastically reduce operating costs, id. ¶ 11; and (3)
giving out these benefits to young men for purposes of getting close to them and
engaging in sexualized conduct, mainly spanking, id. ¶¶ 5, 9. 4
Defendant responds to many of Plaintiff’s Local Rule 56.1 statements regarding the misconduct by
stating merely that they are “inconsistent with the record as a whole” and “irrelevant to the several
4
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1.
Benefits to Specific Employees
Defendant promoted young male Soo Tractor employees—including McMichael
Mierau, Alex Peterson, and Joey Perera, to positions or responsibilities for which they
were not qualified. Id. ¶¶ 6, 8. The promotions placed these employees on the
“Special Projects Team,” which resolved inventory and warranty issues, among other
tasks, and came with raises and unlimited overtime. Id. ¶ 6. For example, Defendant
increased Mierau and Peterson’s wages multiple times in less than a year, resulting
in overall hourly pay increases in excess of 50% for Mierau and 15% for Peterson, not
including overtime payments. Id. ¶ 7. Moreover, Defendant’s misconduct included
arranging for Soo Tractor to pay for Peterson’s, Mierau’s, and Perera’s personal legal
expenses at significant cost to Soo Tractor, as well as preventing Mahaney and his
advisors from accessing law firm invoices to Soo Tractor that reflected these expenses.
Id. ¶ 12.
Further, Defendant replaced or terminated employees who had confrontations
with Defendant’s favored employees—known as “Steve’s boys”—yet failed to
discipline or hold accountable “Steve’s boys” who misbehaved at, or missed, work. Id.
¶ 13. For example, Defendant arranged for Soo Tractor to pay Peterson, Mierau, and
Perera when they did not work and did not discipline them when they failed to seek
prior approval for time off, but threatened other employees for taking unapproved
bases on which Defendant seeks, and upon which the Court should order, summary judgment.” See,
e.g., [116] ¶¶ 5−8, 12−18, 20. Absent any reference to record evidence to dispute these statements,
this Court exercises its broad discretion to enforce the local rules governing summary judgment and
deems admitted the following paragraphs in Plaintiff’s statement of additional facts: [107] ¶¶ 5−8,
11−18, 20. See Petty v. City of Chicago, 754 F.3d 416, 420 (7th Cir. 2014).
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time off. Id. ¶ 14. Defendant similarly favored certain employees by allowing them
to take extended lunches, paying for expensive lunches and dinners, and providing
them with free hockey tickets—all at Soo Tractor’s expense. Id. ¶ 15. At the same
time, Defendant required these favored employees to provide personal services to
him, such as dog walking and working on Defendant’s personal business interests.
Id. ¶ 16.
2.
Physical Misconduct
Plaintiff says that Defendant made Mierau, Perera, and Peterson “take their
pants down and allow him to physically spank their naked and partially clothed
buttocks using belts, paddles and/or his hands while they were on the clock being
paid by Soo Tractor and in Soo Tractor’s offices.” Id. ¶ 9. Defendant disputes whether
he spanked Perera and Mierau. See [116] ¶ 9. Defendant “instructed, threatened,
and/or attempted to bribe” the employee(s) he abused not to report his misconduct by:
(1) recommending and approving the promotions and wage increases discussed above;
(2) providing them with gifts, loans, and payment of their personal debts, as discussed
above; and (3) threatening to deduct wages if employees did not submit to spanking.
[107] ¶¶ 17−18, 20.
3.
Reporting & Investigating Defendant’s Conduct
The parties agree that Peterson reported Defendant’s behavior to Soo Tractor’s
Human Resource Director, Amanda Sturenberg, and his supervisor, Jerami
Stratmeyer, before Soo Tractor terminated Plaintiff in January 2015. [99] ¶ 50; [116]
¶ 10. The parties spend considerable time, however, debating whether Peterson made
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any additional reports before Plaintiff’s termination, [106] ¶ 31, as well as whether
Mierau reported Defendant’s behavior before Plaintiff’s termination. [106] ¶ 30; [116]
¶ 10.
For example, Plaintiff contends that on May 8, 2014, Peterson showed
Stratmeyer photos of his buttocks after Defendant spanked him.
[106] ¶ 31.
Plaintiffs also maintain that Peterson tried to show Sturenberg the photos, but she
did not want to see them. Id. Plaintiff also points to testimony from Plant Manager
Mike Felts, who stated that a Soo Tractor employee informed him in July 2014 that
Peterson had “sexual photos, connected with his relationship with [Defendant].” Id.
¶ 32; [110-7] Exhibit N at 39. At this time, Felts testified that he told Mahaney about
“rumors” that Defendant “was doing some stuff with some of these young men,” and
that the “stuff” was “sexually inappropriate.” Id. Moreover, Felts testified that
around Thanksgiving 2014, Mierau called Ross Waetzman—a director for Plaintiff—
sounding “very distressed, emotional, distraught” to tell him about Defendant’s
behavior. [106] ¶ 41; [110-4] Exhibit E at 176−178. Defendant, however, counters
that Peterson never shared photos with anyone at Soo Tractor and that Mierau never
reported the spanking to Soo Tractor. [116] ¶ 10; [99] ¶ 41.
In December 2014, Defendant informed Bruce Smith, outside counsel for Soo
Tractor, of the various allegations against him. [99] ¶ 43; [99-21] at 48−49. Smith
began an internal investigation, but never completed it or relayed details about the
investigation to Mahaney, as Soo Tractor terminated his law firm’s services before
the investigation’s completion. [99] ¶¶ 43−45. In April 2015, Mierau and Peterson
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filed discrimination charges with the Iowa Civil Rights Commission and U.S. Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission, respectively, based upon sexual harassment
by Defendant. [99] ¶ 28.
E.
Plaintiff’s Termination & Mahaney’s Knowledge
On January 27, 2015, Soo Tractor terminated Plaintiff by letter. Id. ¶ 50; [9924]. Defendant maintains that Mahaney’s friend, Jim Mack, and accountant, Richard
Grenko, secured a buyer for Soo Tractor, and Mahaney subsequently terminated
Plaintiff “because they were depleting the company’s assets.” [99] ¶ 65. Plaintiff
counters that as Soo Tractor personnel escorted Waetzman out of the building upon
the termination, Felts informed Waetzman that “this situation with Mierau and . . .
all the other issue[s] with these young boys” caused the termination. [106] ¶ 65; [1104] Exhibit E at 137.
Defendant states that Mahaney first learned of the allegations against
Defendant the day after Soo Tractor terminated Plaintiff—January 28, 2015—when
Gavin sent Mahaney an email explaining that “a deeply troubled employee raised
allegations directed at [Defendant] and it would not be appropriate to have [him] on
site. We are investigating these allegations and the company’s counsel is looking over
our shoulder through this process.” [106] ¶ 51; [110-3] at 91. Plaintiff states that
Gavin did not receive the termination letter until after he sent this email. [106] ¶ 49.
Mahaney became terminally ill in 2014 and died on or about February 15,
2015. [99] ¶ 15.
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F.
Defendant’s Board Activities
Prior to accepting a position with Plaintiff, Plaintiff knew that Defendant had
financial interests in various business and served on multiple corporate boards of
directors. Id. ¶ 90. Specifically, Defendant disclosed to Plaintiff that he served on
boards for Crownline Boats, Birch Telecom, Ames/Axia, Kil-Bar Engineering, the
TWA Post-Confirmation Board of Directors, Compass Aeronautics, Zomax
Technologies, and Sterling/Tenetronics, among others. Id. ¶ 72.
In early 2013, prior to working for Plaintiff, Invesco Senior Secured
Management (ISSM) approached Defendant about potentially sitting as an
independent board member of Tamarack Ski Resorts. Id. ¶ 73; [99-32] ¶ 3. Tamarack
subsequently appointed Defendant to its Board of Directors in or around March 2014.
[99-32] ¶ 3. Defendant claims that he told Gavin about this opportunity at the time
Tamarack appointed him, [99] ¶ 75, and notes that Mahaney discussed Defendant’s
Board work with Gavin, [116] ¶ 23. Plaintiff denies that Defendant disclosed his
Tamarack board position, and counters that Mahaney’s discussion with Gavin
consisted of a memo in which Mahaney accused Defendant of “[p]ossibly charging Soo
Tractor for time on tele-conferences with other company boards.” [110-11] Exhibit
LL. Tamarack paid Defendant $25,000 for sitting on its Board. [106] ¶ 77.
While serving on the Tamarack Board, Defendant suggested to the Board that
his firm—Plaintiff—could take over management of the ski resort.
[99] ¶ 76.
Defendant identified this as a potential “lead” to Plaintiff. [116] ¶ 23. But, the Board
ultimately chose not to change the resort’s management, [99] 76, and Defendant
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subsequently declared Tamarack a “dead lead” to Plaintiff. [116] ¶ 23. Plaintiff
sometimes required “Steve’s boys” to work on Tamarack projects while they were on
Soo Tractor’s clock. Id. ¶ 16.
II.
Summary Judgment Legal Standard
Summary judgment is proper where there is “no dispute as to any material fact
and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A
genuine dispute as to any material fact exists if “the evidence is such that a
reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The party seeking summary judgment has the
burden of establishing that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact. See
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).
In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, this Court must
construe all facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See CTL ex rel. Trebatoski v. Ashland Sch. Dist., 743 F.3d 524, 528
(7th Cir. 2014). The non-moving party has the burden of identifying the evidence
creating an issue of fact. Harney v. Speedway SuperAmerica, LLC, 526 F.3d 1099,
1104 (7th Cir. 2008). To satisfy that burden, the non-moving party “must do more
than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.”
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986).
Thus, a mere “scintilla of evidence” supporting the non-movant’s position does not
suffice; “there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find” for the nonmoving party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252.
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III.
Summary Judgment Analysis
A.
Count I: Breach of Fiduciary Duty
1.
Governing Law
Before turning to the merits of the parties’ arguments, this Court first
determines what substantive law applies to Plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty claim.
Here, the parties dispute whether Illinois or Iowa law governs Plaintiff’s claim.
Defendant argues that under a choice-of-law analysis, the place of contracting,
negotiation, performance, location of the contract’s subject matter, as well as the
parties’ domicile, residence, incorporation, and business location, all weigh in favor
of Iowa law. [100] at 10−11. Plaintiff counters that Illinois law applies because: (1)
Illinois law formed the basis of this Court’s July 2016 ruling on Defendant’s motion
to dismiss; (2) applying Illinois, as opposed to Iowa law, will not make a difference in
the outcome of this case, and thus this Court need not perform a choice of law
analysis; and (3) even under a choice of law analysis, the relevant factors require that
Illinois law governs Plaintiff’s claim. [105] at 5−7. This Court agrees with Plaintiff;
because Defendant fails to identify any actual conflict between the two states’
relevant laws, it need not conduct a choice-of-law analysis.
Federal courts sitting in diversity apply the choice-of-law rules of the state in
which they sit. Dobbs v. DePuy Orthopedics, Inc., 842 F.3d 1045, 1048 (7th Cir. 2016).
In Illinois, “[a] choice-of-law determination is required only when a difference in law
will make a difference in the outcome.” Bridgeview Health Care Ctr., Ltd. v. State
Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 10 N.E.3d 902, 905 (Ill. 2014); Spitz v. Proven Winners N. Am.,
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LLC, 759 F.3d 724, 729 (7th Cir. 2014) (instructing that a “choice-of-law
determination is required only when the [party seeking a choice-of-law
determination] has established an actual conflict between state laws.”). The party
seeking the choice-of-law determination “bears the burden of demonstrating” an
outcome-determinative difference in the relevant laws. Bridgeview, 10 N.E.3d at 905.
Here, Defendant not only fails to identify such a difference between Illinois and
Iowa law, but also expressly asserts that the outcome is the same under both states’
laws. See [100] at 12, 26 (explaining that Illinois law leads to the same result as Iowa
law); Gould v. Artisoft, Inc., 1 F.3d 544, 549 n.7 (7th Cir. 1993) (“Where the parties
have not identified a conflict between the two bodies of state law that might apply to
their dispute, we will apply the law of the forum state—here, Illinois.”). 5 This Court
thus applies Illinois law to the parties’ breach of fiduciary duty dispute.
2.
Genuine Disputes of Material Facts Exist as to Count I
To prevail on its breach of fiduciary duty claim, Illinois law requires that
Plaintiff establish: (1) that a fiduciary duty existed; (2) Defendant breached that duty;
and (3) that the breach proximately caused damages.
Chicago Title Ins. Co. v.
Moreover, for purposes of Plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty claim, Iowa law mirrors Illinois law.
Under Iowa law, an employee can be held to the same fiduciary duties as an agent, subject to liability
for breach of a fiduciary duty. PFS Distrib. Co. v. Raduechel, 492 F. Supp. 2d 1061, 1074 (S.D.Iowa
2007) (citing Condon Auto Sales & Service, Inc. v. Crick, 604 N.W.2d 587 (Iowa 1999)). The duty of
loyalty for an employer-employee relationship is generally confined to instances of “direct competition,
misappropriation of profits, property, or business opportunities, trade secrets and other confidences,
and deliberately performing acts for the benefit of one employer which are adverse to another
employer.” Id. The “key is whether the breach committed by the employee resulted in ‘substantial
assistance to the competitor.’” Id. Further, Iowa law also allows for salary forfeiture—which Plaintiff
seeks as part of its damages—under such circumstances. PFS Distrib. Co. v. Raduechel, 574 F.3d 580,
597−598 (8th Cir. 2009).
5
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Sinikovic, 125 F. Supp. 3d 769, 777 (N.D. Ill. 2015) (citing Gross v. Town of Cicero,
Ill., 619 F.3d 697, 709 (7th Cir. 2010)).
a.
A Fiduciary Duty of Loyalty Existed
First, Defendant argues that he worked for Plaintiff as an at-will employee,
rather than a corporate officer or director, and thus that he did not owe any fiduciary
duty of loyalty to Plaintiff. [100] at 9−10. But, as this Court found in its prior motion
to dismiss opinion, Illinois courts have long held that employees “who are not officers
or directors are also bound by fiduciary obligations.” [35] at 11 (quoting LCOR Inc. v.
Murray, No. 97 C 1302, 1997 WL 13672, at *7 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 20, 1997)); see also Laba
v. Chicago Transit Auth., No. 14 C 4091, 2016 WL 147656, at *6 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 13,
2016) (“Illinois law recognizes that employees, as well as officers and directors, owe a
duty of loyalty to their employer”) (internal citations and quotations omitted)).
Moreover, these “fiduciary obligations include an undivided duty of fidelity and
loyalty, which includes acting solely in the interest of the employer.” [35] at 11 (citing
RKI, Inc. v. Grimes, 177 F. Supp. 2d 859, 877 (N.D. Ill. 2001)). Thus, this Court rejects
Defendant’s argument that, as an at-will employee, he did not owe a fiduciary duty
of loyalty to Plaintiff.
Second, Defendant argues that, at best, Defendant owed a fiduciary to Soo
Tractor, rather than Plaintiff. See [100] at 14. But Defendant performed his duties
as an independent contractor, not as a Soo Tractor employee.
[99-3]. Further,
Defendant received his compensation (in the form of salary, discretionary bonuses,
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and healthcare) from Plaintiff, rather than Soo Tractor. [99-2]. Therefore, Defendant
clearly owed Plaintiff, as its employee, a fiduciary duty of loyalty.
b.
Whether Defendant Breached a Fiduciary Duty of
Loyalty
Illinois courts recognize that “self-dealing scenarios,” as opposed to instances
of “negligent or substandard job performance,” typically form the basis for viable
breach of fiduciary duty claims. Beltran v. Brentwood N. Healthcare Ctr., LLC, 426
F. Supp. 2d 827, 831 (N.D. Ill. 2006). Courts applying Illinois law have construed
“self-dealing scenarios” to include employees “improperly competing with their
employer, soliciting the employer’s customers, enticing co-workers away from the
employer, diverting business opportunities, engaging in self-dealing and/or otherwise
misappropriating the employer’s property or funds.” Id. at 831 (internal citations
omitted). Employees’ fiduciary duties “are not limited to usurpation of the employer’s
interest, but extend to a myriad of infidelities and betrayals.” See Robinson v. SABIS
(R) Educ. Sys., No. 98 C 4251, 2000 WL 343251, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 31, 2000) (citing
TMF Tool Co. v. Siebengartner, 899 F.2d 584, 589 (7th Cir. 1990) (treasurer found
liable to his employer for breach of fiduciary duty for not timely forwarding loan
money, commingling funds with his own money, and not explaining the reasons for
delay in forwarding loan money)).
Plaintiff argues that Defendant breached his fiduciary duty of loyalty by: (1)
abusing his position to prey on young male subordinates; and (2) usurping a business
opportunity from Plaintiff by way of Defendant’s Tamarack board position. See [105]
at 8, 12. Defendant argues that the record evidence demonstrates his behavior
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constituted, at most, negligent or substandard job performance, and thus he did not
breach a duty of loyalty as a matter of law. [100] at 15.
i.
Employee Misconduct Breach
In this Court’s prior motion to dismiss opinion, it applied Robinson based upon
Plaintiff’s allegations that Defendant promoted employees to positions within Soo
Tractor for which they were otherwise unqualified and paid them for periods in which
they were not working. [35] at 10−12. In Robinson, SABIS hired Robinson as the
personnel Specialist at a SABIS-operated school. 2000 WL 343251, at *1. This role
required her to oversee payroll and timekeeping operations, maintain personnel
records, manage school janitors, supervise safety and security operations, and
oversee school facility operation and maintenance. Id. at *3. Robinson used this role
to place “friends and acquaintances whom she had hired as janitors and security
guards on the payroll as ‘permanent substitute teachers,’” which resulted in higher
pay than those individuals “were entitled to receive.” Id. Further, Robinson “paid
employees in non-teaching positions for work that she knew was never performed and
caused one employee to be paid for a period when that employee was not even present
at the school.” Id. The Robinson court denied Robinson’s motion to dismiss a breach
of fiduciary duty claim, finding that her actions were “decidedly not in SABIS’s
interest and consequently constitute a breach of fiduciary duty.” Id. At the motion
to dismiss stage, this Court found Plaintiff’s allegations sufficient, like those in
Robinson, and denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss as to the fiduciary duty claim.
[35] at 10−12.
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Defendant now argues that while this Court “was obligated to accept
[Plaintiff’s] allegations as true” when it relied upon Robinson at the motion to dismiss
stage, the “undisputed facts now demonstrate otherwise.” Not so.
The facts surrounding the employee misconduct demonstrate that there are
multiple, genuine issues of material fact that preclude summary judgment for
Defendant. For example, the record contains factual support that Mierau, Peterson,
and Perera were promoted to positions or responsibilities for which they were not
qualified on the “Special Projects Team.” [107] ¶¶ 6, 8. Defendant increased Mierau
and Peterson’s wages multiple times in less than a year, Id. ¶ 7, and arranged for Soo
Tractor to pay all three employees when they did not work, just as in Robinson. Id.
¶ 14; Robinson, 2000 WL 343251, at *1. Defendant paid for these employees’ personal
legal expenses, as well as for expensive lunches and dinners and hockey tickets, at
Soo Tractor’s expense—even though Soo Tractor wanted to limit overtime and
drastically reduce operating costs. Id. ¶¶ 11−12, 15. Moreover, Plaintiff provides
record evidence indicating that Defendant made these decisions in an effort to further
his desire to “get close to” these young employees, rather than benefit Soo Tractor.
See, e.g., [107] ¶¶ 5, 17−18, 20. In short, there are many facts from which a reasonable
jury could conclude that Defendant went beyond “negligent or substandard job
performance” and engaged in self-dealing behavior, thus breaching a fiduciary duty
of loyalty to Plaintiff.
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ii.
Improper Board Activity Breach
Usurping, or diverting, business opportunities from an employer constitutes a
breach of the duty of loyalty under Illinois law. See Beltran, 426 F. Supp. 2d at 831.
Plaintiff argues that a genuine dispute of fact exists as to whether Defendant usurped
a business opportunity from Plaintiff by serving as a Tamarack Board member. [105]
at 13. Defendant counters that “the fact that an employee allegedly did something
wrong and did not tell his employer about it, does not without more, automatically
mean that the employee breached a fiduciary duty.” [100] at 15. But again, this
Court cannot find, as a matter of law, that Defendant did not, in fact, usurp a business
opportunity from Plaintiff, because the record contains disputed issues of fact on this
point.
For example, Plaintiff puts forth record evidence that: (1) Defendant served on
Tamarack’s Board of Directors, [99-23] ¶ 3; (2) Defendant never disclosed his
Tamarack board position to Plaintiff, [110-4] Exhibit E at 88, 93−94, 98−99; (3)
Defendant identified Tamarack as a potential lead for Plaintiff in March 2014, but
later declared that lead dead, [107] ¶ 23; and (4) during that same period, Tamarack
paid Defendant $25,000 for Tamarack-related work that he did on Soo Tractor
property and with Soo Tractor’ employees’ assistance, [107] ¶ 16.
Plaintiff counters that even if the above facts are true, Defendant could not
have taken a “business opportunity” from Plaintiff because Plaintiff is not in the
business of providing independent board members to companies. [99] ¶ 78. But,
Plaintiff maintains that it did, at least on one occasion, serve on a company’s board
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of directors without performing any additional services for that company. [110-5]
Exhibit ZZ at 4. Thus, based upon the record as a whole, this Court finds that a
reasonable jury could determine that Defendant usurped a business opportunity from
Plaintiff by virtue of his Tamarack board position.
c.
Whether Defendant’s Alleged Breach Proximately
Caused Damages
To prevail on its breach of fiduciary duty claim, Plaintiff must also establish
that the alleged breaches proximately caused damages. Sinikovic, 125 F. Supp. 3d at
777 (citing Gross v. Town of Cicero, Ill., 619 F.3d 697, 709 (7th Cir. 2010)).
Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty claim fails as a
matter of law because Mahaney decided to terminate Plaintiff for financial reasons,
not because of Defendant’s conduct. [100] at 16. But, the parties dispute almost every
fact regarding why Mahaney terminated Plaintiff.
For example, Defendant
maintains that Mack and Grenko secured a buyer for Soo Tractor, and that Mahaney
subsequently terminated Plaintiff “because they were depleting the company’s
assets.”
[99] ¶ 65.
Plaintiff counters that as Soo Tractor personnel escorted
Waetzman out of the building after the termination, Felts informed Waetzman that
“this situation with Mierau and . . . all the other issue[s] with these young boys”
caused the termination. [106] ¶ 65; [110-4] Exhibit E at 137.
Notably, Plaintiff also points to a memorandum Mahaney sent in November
2014 to Soo Tractor’s Board of Directors, which states that he had “grave concern[s]
about [Defendant’s] leadership of Soo Tractor” based upon:
•
Repeated delay in receipt of monthly financial reporting
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overall lack of communication with [Mahaney] about the status
of the company operations, issues and future plans
Tremendous employee tension related to actions taking during
the last year
Confiscating and opening [Mahaney’s] personal mail
Accessing [Mahaney’s] Radius Steel computer and email
Travel expenses that [Mahaney] question[ed] whether they
pertain to the company
Possibly charging Soo Tractor for time on tele-conferences with
other company boards
Bringing dogs into the office . . . .
[106] ¶ 24; [110-11]. Defendant counters that this memorandum does not mention
any knowledge or concern about the purported activity with Mierau or Peterson, and
that Gavin’s follow-up email to Anderson, dated November 14, refutes Mahaney’s
complaints from the memorandum. [99] ¶ 61; [99-28].
In short, there is a clear dispute as to: (1) whether Mahaney terminated
Plaintiff based upon Defendant’s misconduct and/or his Tamarack board activity; and
(2) if so, whether the termination caused Plaintiff to lose a success fee that it
otherwise would have obtained upon a sale. See, e.g., [99] ¶¶ 18, 60; [106] ¶¶ 3, 17−18;
[107] ¶ 3; [110-3] at 54, 153−54; [110-4] Exhibit E at 26−28, 70. Therefore, this Court
reserves the question of whether Defendant’s actions proximately caused damage to
Plaintiff for a jury. 6
Based upon this record, this Court cannot decide, as a matter of law, that
Defendant is not liable for the breach of fiduciary duty claim. Thus, this Court denies
Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to Count I. [100].
Defendant also argues that Plaintiff, as a matter of law, is not entitled to lost earnings. [100] at
23−25. But, for these same reasons, this Court reserves the question of lost earning recovery for a
jury.
6
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3.
Remaining Damages Claims
The parties spend considerable time disputing, as a matter of law, whether
Plaintiff can obtain the following types of damages: (1) salary forfeiture; (2) fees and
costs to resolve potential claims; and (3) lost business opportunities. [100] at 20−29;
[105] at 15−29.
This Court first turns to Plaintiff’s salary forfeiture argument. Under Illinois
law, “it has long been recognized that an agent is entitled to compensation only on a
due and faithful performance of all his duties to his principal.” ABC Trans Nat.
Transp., Inc. v. Aeronautics Forwards, Inc., 413 N.E.2d 1299, 1314 (Ill. App. Ct. 1980)
(internal quotations and citations omitted). Therefore, employees forfeit their “right
to all compensation paid them during the period” in which they breach their fiduciary
duty of loyalty to an employer. Id. at 1315. Forfeiture of salary damages “are
available even where the defendant employer is not otherwise injured by the breach.”
Robinson, 2000 WL 343251, at *3 n.2 (citing ABC Trans, 413 N.E.2d at 1315).
Whether Plaintiff can receive salary forfeiture is thus tied to the viability of its breach
of fiduciary duty claim. Because a genuine factual dispute exists as to whether
Defendant breached his fiduciary duty of loyalty to Plaintiff, as discussed above, this
Court reserves the question of salary forfeiture damages for trial.
Second, Plaintiff seeks recovery for fees and costs it spent resolving “potential
claims by Peterson, Mierau, and Soo Tractor” against Plaintiff.
[105] at 18.
Defendant argues that recovering these damages would conflict with the Supreme
Court’s decision in Northwest Airlines, Inc. v. Transportation Workers Union of
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America, AFL-CIO, which held that Congress did not intend to create a federal right
of contribution under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 451 U.S. 77, 98 (1981).
[100] at 22.
But, the Court in Northwest Airlines also noted that “federal courts, including
this Court, have recognized a right to contribution under state law in cases in which
state law supplied the appropriate rule of decision.” 451 U.S. at 95, 97 n.38; see also
Donajkowski v. Alpena Power Co., 596 N.W.2d 574 (Mich. 1999) (allowing employer
to bring a third-party claim against a union in gender discrimination case brought
under federal and state anti-discrimination statutes); Rodolico v. Unisys Corp., 189
F.R.D. 245, 247 (E.D.N.Y. 1999) (allowing employer to bring claim for potential New
York Human Rights Law liability). In other words, the Northwest Airlines doctrine
is “wholly inapplicable” when a claim that could result in contribution or indemnity
rests upon potential liability under a state civil rights statute or other state law.
Donajkowski, 596 N.W.2d at 579; Howard Univ. v. Watkins, 857 F. Supp. 2d 67, 72−73
(D.D.C. 2012) (declining to dismiss employer’s state law claims, which would have led
to indemnification from its employee, because the employer’s liability was based, in
part, upon state law). Thus, this Court need not decide this issue now; if Plaintiff
prevails at trial, it will be entitled to produce evidence demonstrating that it should
be indemnified for claims based upon state law.
Third, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s claim for lost business opportunity
damages fails as a matter of law as “speculative.” [100] at 23. This Court disagrees,
because Plaintiff has put forth evidence that: (1) Defendant usurped Plaintiff’s
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opportunity to work with Tamarack, as discussed above, see, e.g., [106] ¶ 78; and (2)
Plaintiff lost out on potential referrals due to Defendant’s misconduct relating to
young male subordinates, [116] ¶ 33. Because a genuine dispute remains as to
whether Plaintiff lost any business opportunity, this Court reserves this damages
question for a jury.
B.
Count II: Unjust Enrichment
Plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim similarly alleges that Defendant
improperly usurped a business opportunity from Plaintiff when he served on
Tamarack’s Board of Directors and performed services for them. [105] at 29. To
prevail on an unjust enrichment claim, Plaintiff must establish that: (1) Defendant
unjustly retained a benefit to Plaintiff’s detriment; and (2) Defendant’s retention of
that benefit violates fundamental principles of justice, equity, and good conscience.
Cleary v. Philip Morris Inc., 656 F.3d 511, 516 (7th Cir. 2011) (citing HPI Health Care
Servs., Inc. v. Mt. Vernon Hosp., Inc., 545 N.E.2d 672, 679 (Ill. 1989)). Both parties
base their unjust enrichment theories upon the same facts and argument as their
Tamarack board-related breach of fiduciary theories. See [100] at 9; [105] at 29.
Thus, as discussed above, a genuine dispute of material fact exists as to whether
Defendant improperly usurped a business opportunity from Plaintiff. This Court
therefore denies Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to Count II. [100].
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V.
Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, this Court denies Defendant’s motion for
summary judgment [100] and denies Defendant’s motion to strike [111]. All dates
and deadlines stand.
Dated: March 12, 2019
Entered:
____________________________
John Robert Blakey
United States District Judge
32
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