Robinson v. City of Evanston et al
Filing
59
OPINION AND ORDER. For the foregoing reasons, the Court denies Farrar and Lin's motion to dismiss 41 . The Court orders Farrar and Lin to answer the allegations in Robinsons complaint by June 20, 2017. Signed by the Honorable Sara L. Ellis on 6/5/2017:Mailed notice(rj, )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
SUZETTE ROBINSON,
Plaintiff,
v.
CITY OF EVANSTON, a municipal
corporation, WALTER BOBKIEWICZ,
GRANT FARRAR, and JENNIFER LIN,
Defendants.
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No. 16 C 5677
Judge Sara L. Ellis
OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Suzette Robinson, the former Director of Public Works for the City of Evanston
(the “City”), brings claims against Defendant Walter Bobkiewicz, the Evanston City Manager,
and Defendants Grant Farrar and Jennifer Lin, both City employees, for their roles in
discriminating and retaliating against her during her employment with the City. Robinson
alleges that Farrar and Lin violated 42 U.S.C. § 1981 when they retaliated against her for filing
discrimination complaints. Farrar and Lin move to dismiss the sole count against them in
Robinson’s second amended complaint, Count V, for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Previously, in her first amended complaint [13], Robinson alleged
that Farrar and Lin violated 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and the Illinois Human Rights Act, 775 Ill. Comp.
Stat. 5/6-101. The Court dismissed those counts for failure to state a claim [36]. Because
Robinson’s second amended complaint sufficiently alleges all elements required to state a claim
for § 1981 retaliation, the Court denies Farrar and Lin’s motion to dismiss Count V [41].
BACKGROUND1
Robinson, an African American woman, was the Director of Public Works for the City
from March 2010 until August 21, 2015. While in this position, she oversaw five divisions,
which employed more than 100 people, and she reported directly to Bobkiewicz, the City
Manager. In May 2014, Robinson completed a performance evaluation of Bobkiewicz, and she
noted her belief that Bobkiewicz treats members of the City’s African American community and
its African American employees poorly. Bobkiewicz learned of Robinson’s comments in August
2014.
In the fall of 2014, Bobkiewicz reprimanded Robinson publicly in front of other
department employees and falsely told at least two of Robinson’s subordinates that Robinson
was seeking to leave her position in order to undermine her authority. In response, Robinson
filed a Healthy Work Environment Complaint (“HWE Complaint”) against Bobkiewicz. Marty
1
The facts in the background section are taken from Robinson’s second amended complaint and
exhibits attached thereto and are presumed true for the purpose of resolving Farrar and Lin’s
motion to dismiss. See Virnich v. Vorwald, 664 F.3d 206, 212 (7th Cir. 2011); Local 15, Int’l
Bhd. of Elec. Workers, AFL-CIO v. Exelon Corp., 495 F.3d 779, 782 (7th Cir. 2007). A court
normally cannot consider extrinsic evidence without converting a motion to dismiss into one for
summary judgment. Hecker v. Deere & Co., 556 F.3d 575, 582–83 (7th Cir. 2009). Where a
document is referenced in the complaint and central to plaintiff’s claims, however, the Court may
consider it in ruling on the motion to dismiss. Id. The Court may also take judicial notice of
matters of public record. Gen. Elec. Capital Corp. v. Lease Resolution Corp., 128 F.3d 1074,
1080–81 (7th Cir. 1997).
Farrar and Lin ask the Court to consider two exhibits filed with their motion to dismiss. The first
exhibit [45] consists of two Illinois Department of Human Rights (“IDHR”) Investigation
Reports completed in response to the charges Robinson filed with the IDHR. The Court takes
judicial notice of the reports because they are matters of public record. See Morales v. Goodwill
Indus. of Se. Wis., Inc., No. 14 CV 2370, 2014 WL 4914255, at *1 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 30, 2014)
(taking judicial notice of IDHR Investigation Report because it is a matter of public record). The
second exhibit [46] consists of an August 21, 2015 letter from Bobkiewicz to Robinson and an
August 27, 2015 memorandum from the Assistant City Manager regarding the Public
Works/Utilities Department Reorganization update. Because these two documents are central to
and referenced in the second amended complaint, the Court considers them for purposes of this
motion.
2
Lyons, Assistant City Manager, investigated the HWE Complaint and sustained three of the five
complaints against Bobkiewicz. The City’s Mayor subsequently issued a written reprimand to
Bobkiewicz. After Robinson filed the HWE Complaint, Bobkiewicz reassigned some of
Robinson’s duties to other members of the staff.
During a January 2015 meeting, Bobkiewicz solicited negative comments about one of
the City’s African American aldermen, but did not allow Robinson to discuss issues regarding
non-African American aldermen. Also in January 2015, Bobkiewicz repeated a phrase he had
used previously: “we are going to make sure we have the right people in the right seats on the
bus.” Doc. 37 ¶ 27. Robinson believed her concerns regarding Bobkiewicz’s discriminatory and
retaliatory conduct were not resolved and, on March 4, 2015, she sent a written demand letter to
the City describing her concerns about Bobkiewicz’s disparate treatment of African American
employees. Farrar, Corporation Counsel/City Attorney, responded and asked Robinson to
submit a detailed settlement demand, which she did on March 30, 2015. In this demand letter,
Robinson stated that if her demands were not satisfied, she would file a discrimination charge
against the City. On April 14, 2015, Farrar responded on behalf of the City stating that the City
would not resolve her demands unless she left her job with the City. He noted in the letter that
Robinson was the subject of numerous HWE Complaints herself and threatened to try the case in
the press if Robinson filed a charge. A little over a week later on April 23, 2015, Robinson,
through her attorney, responded to the letter stating that she would proceed with filing her
discrimination charge, and she filed a charge on April 30, 2015 with the IDHR, alleging
retaliation and discrimination.
After Robinson notified Farrar that she would be filing a charge, Farrar and Lin, the
Human Resources Division Manager for the City, set out to fabricate HWE Complaints against
3
Robinson. Farrar directed Lin to conduct interviews with City employees to uncover
unfavorable information about Robinson. Lin conducted these interviews between April 27 and
May 5, 2015. During the interviews, Lin sought only negative information about Robinson and
dismissed any positive information received regarding Robinson. The interviews undermined
Robinson’s authority over employees who reported to her and damaged her professional
reputation as a senior manager and director. Lin documented the interviews in a memorandum to
Lyons and Farrar on May 8, 2015, concluding that Robinson created an unhealthy work
environment. Lin’s memorandum recommended that “immediate action be taken to remedy
these issues.” Doc. 37 ¶ 39.
On May 12, 2015, Bobkiewicz announced that Lyons and another white male city
employee would conduct an examination of the Public Works and Utilities Departments and he
expected that this examination would lead to the elimination of both departments. As part of this
examination, Bobkiewicz changed Robinson’s reporting structure and directed her to report
directly to Lyons. Lyons removed Robinson’s decision-making authority and ordered the
employees who directly reported to Robinson to instead report to him.
On August 21, 2015, Lyons informed Robinson that her employment was terminated but
did not provide her a reason for the termination. The same day, Robinson received a letter from
Bobkiewicz stating that the City planned to combine the Public Works and Utilities Departments
into one department named the Public Works Agency. As a result of this combination,
Bobkiewicz stated that the City was eliminating Robinson’s position from the City’s Fiscal Year
2016 budget and terminated her employment, effective immediately. Bobkiewicz considered the
information gathered during the investigation by Lin and Farrar when deciding to terminate
Robinson.
4
On August 27, 2015, Lyons sent a memorandum to the City Council describing the
proposed organizational changes to the Public Works and Utilities Departments, which was the
City Council approved on September 23, 2015. Lyons and others who conducted the
examination of the departments used Lin’s May 2015 memorandum as a basis for ultimately
recommending that Robinson not remain as an employee in the new agency.
LEGAL STANDARD
A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) challenges the sufficiency of the complaint, not
its merits. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6); Gibson v. City of Chicago, 910 F.2d 1510, 1520 (7th Cir.
1990). In considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the Court accepts as true all wellpleaded facts in the plaintiff’s complaint and draws all reasonable inferences from those facts in
the plaintiff’s favor. AnchorBank, FSB v. Hofer, 649 F.3d 610, 614 (7th Cir. 2011). To survive
a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the complaint must not only provide the defendant with fair notice of a
claim’s basis but must also be facially plausible. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S. Ct.
1937, 173 L. Ed. 2d 868 (2009); see also Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.
Ct. 1955, 167 L. Ed. 2d 929 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads
factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable
for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
ANALYSIS
Robinson alleges that Farrar and Lin violated § 1981 by fabricating HWE Complaints
against her in retaliation for her complaints of race discrimination. To state a claim for § 1981
retaliation, Robinson must allege that she suffered a materially adverse action because she
engaged in protected activity. Shott v. Katz, 829 F.3d 494, 497 (7th Cir. 2016) (citing Davis v.
Time Warner Cable of Se. Wis., L.P., 651 F.3d 664, 674 (7th Cir. 2011); Silverman v. Bd. of
5
Educ. of the City of Chicago, 637 F.3d 729, 740–42 (7th Cir. 2011)) cert. denied, No. 16-442,
2016 WL 5816674 (U.S. Nov. 28, 2016). Farrar and Lin argue that Robinson fails to sufficiently
allege a protected activity, an adverse action, and causation. They further assert that Robinson
has failed to allege facts sufficient to establish personal liability for § 1981 retaliation. Farrar
and Lin also argue that even if Robinson has sufficiently stated a claim against them, they are
entitled to qualified immunity.
I.
Individual Liability for § 1981
Farrar and Lin argue that Robinson has failed to sufficiently allege a claim for individual
liability for retaliation under § 1981. Individuals may be held liable under § 1981 if they
participated in the retaliatory conduct. Shott, 829 F.3d at 497 (citing Carter v. Chicago State
Univ., 778 F.3d 651, 657 (7th Cir. 2015)). Personal liability may exist where the conduct
occurred at the individual’s direction or with his knowledge and consent. Harris v. Illinois, No.
09 C 3071, 2014 WL 2766737, at *16 (N.D. Ill. June 18, 2014).
Farrar and Lin argue that Robinson “has not attributed a retaliatory motive to either
Farrar or Lin” and therefore cannot proceed on a claim for individual liability. Doc. 44 at 6.
However, Robinson alleges in her second amended complaint that “Farrar and Lin fabricated
healthy work environment complaints against Robinson in retaliation for her complaints of race
discrimination.” Doc. 37 ¶ 81. Robinson claims that after she “advised that she would proceed
with filing an IDHR Charge, and undoubtedly recognizing that Farrar’s contention that Robinson
had been the subject of ‘many’ healthy work environment complaints was unsubstantiated, the
City, Farrar, and Lin set out to fabricate healthy work environment complaints against her.” Id.
¶ 35. Contrary to Farrar and Lin’s argument, Robinson does allege that Farrar and Lin acted
with a retaliatory motive.
6
Farrar and Lin also argue that Lin cannot be liable for retaliation because, according to
the allegations, Robinson’s March and April 2015 letters were sent to Farrar; thus, Lin was not
aware of Robinson’s protected activity. Farrar and Lin further assert that Farrar cannot be held
liable for retaliation because, according to the allegations, Farrar did not participate in the
employee interviews, which were conducted by Lin, or create the subsequent memorandum,
which was written by Lin. Robinson responds to this argument by asserting that a fair reading of
her allegations, and the reasonable inferences arising from them, establishes that Lin knew
Robinson intended to file an IDHR charge and Farrar participated in the retaliatory activity.
As noted above, the second amended complaint alleges that “[a]fter Robinson advised
that she would proceed with filing an IDHR Charge, and undoubtedly recognizing that Farrar’s
contention that Robinson had been the subject of ‘many’ healthy work environment complaints
was unsubstantiated, the City, Farrar, and Lin set out to fabricate health work environment
complaints against her.” Doc. 37 ¶ 35. The complaint further alleges that Lin interviewed
multiple employees “to dig up dirt on Robinson” “at Farrar’s direction” and that “Farrar and Lin
fabricated healthy work environment complaints against Robinson in retaliation for her
complaints of race discrimination.” Id. ¶¶ 36, 81.
When considering a motion to dismiss, the Court must draw all reasonable inferences
from alleged facts in the plaintiff’s favor. AnchorBank, FSB, 649 F.3d at 614. To survive a
motion to dismiss, “specific facts are unnecessary, but the complaint must give the defendant fair
notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which its rests.” Huri v. Office of the Chief
Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, 804 F.3d 826, 832 (7th Cir. 2015) (citing Olson v.
Champaign County, 784 F.3d 1093, 1098 (7th Cir. 2015)). The Court finds that it is reasonable
to infer from the factual allegations in Robinson’s second amended complaint that Lin knew of
7
Robinson’s intention to file an IDHR charge and Farrar participated in the alleged retaliatory
activity. Although Robinson does not explicitly state these particular facts, the complaint
nevertheless gives Farrar and Lin adequate notice of Robinson’s claims. Farrar and Lin argue
that this reading of the complaint “stretches the applicable standard of review beyond its limits”
because Robinson’s “hypothesis is not consistent with the allegations in her Complaint.” Doc.
53 at 5. The Court disagrees and finds that Lin’s knowledge of Robinson’s intention to file an
IDHR charge and Farrar’s participation in the retaliatory activity is entirely consistent with the
complaint’s allegations. The complaint alleges facts that are sufficient to state a claim for
personal liability under § 1981.
II.
Protected Activity
Farrar and Lin further argue that Robinson has not sufficiently alleged that she engaged
in protected activity. In its previous Opinion and Order, the Court found that Robinson had
alleged protected activity in her first amended complaint. See Doc. 36 at 7. Specifically, the
Court found that Robinson’s March 4, 2015 demand letter, her March 30, 2015 written
settlement demand, and her April 23, 2015 letter to Farrar each constituted protected activity. Id.
Robinson’s second amended complaint contains identical allegations regarding these three
protected activities. However, Farrar and Lin now argue that Robinson’s allegations are
insufficient to show protected activity because she has failed to demonstrate that her oppositional
activity was exercised in a reasonable manner and was based on a reasonable, good faith belief.
Farrar and Lin point to the IDHR Investigation Reports to support their claims and argue that the
conduct Robinson opposed failed to rise to the level of actionable race discrimination.
To establish that she engaged in protected activity, a plaintiff need only show that she had
“a reasonable, good-faith belief” that certain conduct was discriminatory when she opposed or
8
complained about it and need not prove that it was actually discriminatory. Leitgen v.
Franciscan Skemp Healthcare, Inc., 630 F.3d 668, 674 (7th Cir. 2011). In other words, her
complaint of discriminatory conduct cannot be “utterly baseless.” Mattson v. Caterpillar, Inc.,
359 F.3d 885, 891 (7th Cir. 2004). Furthermore, “[p]rotection is not lost simply because an
employee is mistaken on the merits of his or her charge.” Id. at 892. Whether the plaintiff was
successful in her complaint regarding the discrimination is immaterial. Henson v. Canon Bus.
Sols., Inc., 69 F. Supp. 3d 730, 737 (N.D. Ill. 2014). The objective reasonableness of the belief
is determined by examining whether the conduct “falls into the category of conduct prohibited by
the statute.” Magyar v. Saint Joseph Reg’l Med. Ctr., 544 F.3d 766, 771 (7th Cir. 2008).
Whether a plaintiff has a “sincere and reasonable belief” that she was opposing an unlawful
practice at the time of her complaint is “a question best addressed at the close of discovery, when
the factual record has been more fully developed.” Kirley v. Bd. of Educ. Of Me. Twp. High Sch.
Dist. 207, No. 13 C 1706, 2013 WL 6730885, at *8 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 20, 2013).
The Court finds that Robinson has alleged facts sufficient to show, at this stage of the
case, that her complaints in March and April 2015 were not baseless and instead, based on a
reasonable, good-faith belief that the conduct of which she complained was discriminatory and
unlawful. Race discrimination and retaliation clearly fall into the category of conduct prohibited
by § 1981. See Nehan v. Tootsie Roll Indus., Inc., 621 F. App’x 847, 850 (7th Cir. 2015)
(“Section 1981 prohibits racial discrimination and retaliation against employees when a
contractual relationship exists between the employer and employee.”). Robinson has sufficiently
pleaded the protected activity element required for a § 1981 claim.
9
III.
Adverse Action
Farrar and Lin also argue that Robinson has failed to allege an adverse employment
action. In its previous Opinion and Order granting Farrar and Lin’s motion to dismiss
Robinson’s § 1981 claim, the Court ruled that Robinson had failed to plead an adverse action.
See Doc. 36 at 8. The Court held that the investigation by Farrar and Lin and their alleged
fabrication of HWE Complaints, standing alone, could not constitute a materially adverse action.
Id. at 7. However, the Court noted that Robinson could remedy the deficiency with allegations
that the HWE Complaints caused some tangible adverse consequence. Id. at 8.
In the context of a § 1981 retaliation claim, a materially adverse action is an action that is
“harmful to the point that [it] could well dissuade a reasonable worker from making or
supporting a charge of discrimination.” Shott, 829 F.3d at 497 (quoting Burlington N. & Santa
Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 57, 126 S. Ct. 2405, 165 L. Ed. 2d 345 (2006)). The action
does not need to be directly related to the plaintiff’s employment. Id. A negative review or
employment complaint, even when false, is not materially adverse without some negative
consequence resulting from the complaint. See Brown v. Advocate S. Suburban Hosp., 700 F.3d
1101, 1108–09 (7th Cir. 2012) (holding that because a negative review did not have any actual
consequences for plaintiff it was not materially adverse); Martinez v. Nw. Univ., 173 F. Supp. 3d
777, 788 (N.D. Ill. 2016) (holding that filing false accusations regarding plaintiff’s behavior and
making false allegations about the plaintiff’s compliance with department policies were not
materially adverse employment actions where there were no material consequences). However,
allegations that a performance review or employment complaint negatively affected the
plaintiff’s compensation, career prospects, or conditions of employment can be sufficient to
allege the adverse action required for a retaliation claim. See Ware v. Lake County Sheriff’s
10
Office, No. 15 C 9379, 2017 WL 914755, at *8 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 8, 2017) (denying motion to
dismiss for failure to allege a materially adverse action because plaintiff’s allegations that a
performance review negatively affected his promotion and earning capacity were sufficient to
allege a materially adverse action).
Robinson’s second amended complaint alleges several negative consequences resulting
from Farrar and Lin’s investigation and fabricated HWE Complaints. Specifically, Robinson
alleges that the investigation “had the effect of undermining Robinson’s authority over
employees who reported either directly or indirectly to her and damaged Robinson’s professional
reputation as a senior manager and Department Director for the City.” Doc. 37 ¶ 37. Robinson
also claims that, in addition to concluding that Robinson created an unhealthy work environment,
the memorandum drafted by Lin after her investigation recommended that “immediate action be
taken to remedy these issues.” Id. ¶ 40. Shortly after Lin submitted this memorandum to Lyons,
Lyons allegedly stripped Robinson of all her decision-making authority and advised Robinson’s
direct reports to report to him.2 Id. ¶ 45. In addition, Robinson alleges that, on information and
belief, Lyons and others used Lin’s memorandum “as a basis for ultimately recommending that
Robinson not remain as an employee” of the new Public Works Agency. Id. ¶ 52. Robinson
2
Farrar and Lin argue that Robinson’s claims regarding Lyons’ actions are “new allegations” that cannot
be considered. Doc. 53 at 7. However, the actions Lyons took after he received Lin’s memorandum are
alleged in the second amended complaint. Therefore, Robinson’s argument that these actions were some
of the negative consequences resulting from the investigation and fabricated HWE Complaints is
supported by the allegations in her complaint, without relying upon new allegations. The Court is also
unconvinced by Farrar and Lin’s argument that Robinson’s allegations regarding Lyons’ conduct are
inconsistent with her complaint. The allegation in Robinson’s complaint that Lyons stripped Robinson of
her authority “at Bobkiewicz’s direction,” Doc. 37 ¶ 45, does not indicate that Lyons’ conduct could not
have been a consequence of the fabricated HWE Complaints. Nowhere does Robinson allege, as Farrar
and Lin claim, that Lin’s memorandum was shared “only with Lyons and Farrar, to the exclusion of
Bobkiewicz.” Doc. 53 at 7. Rather, it is reasonable to infer that a memorandum addressed to Lyons, as
Assistant City Manager, and Farrar, as City Attorney, recommending “immediate action” regarding an
unhealthy work environment would have been shared with Bobkiewicz, the City Manager.
11
further alleges that, on information and belief, Bobkiewicz took into account the information
gathered during the investigation when deciding to terminate Robinson. Id. ¶ 61.
These facts are sufficient to plead the materially adverse action required for a § 1981
retaliation claim. They show that Farrar and Lin’s investigation and fabrication of HWE
Complaints had significant negative and harmful consequences that would dissuade a reasonable
employee from making a complaint of discrimination. See Ware, 2017 WL 914755, at *8.
IV.
Causation
Farrar and Lin argue that Robinson’s second amended complaint fails to sufficiently
allege the but-for causation required to state a claim for § 1981 retaliation. In its previous
Opinion and Order, the Court held that although suspicious timing alone does not always satisfy
the causation element of a § 1981 claim, retaliatory conduct that “comes ‘on the heels’ of the
protected activity” is often sufficient to show causation. See Doc. 36 at 8 (citing Hosick v.
Chicago State Univ. Bd. Of Trs., 924 F. Supp. 2d 956, 976 (N.D. Ill. 2013)).
Robinson alleges that she advised Farrar on April 23, 2015 that she would be filing a
charge of discrimination and after that notification, “the City, Farrar, and Lin set out to fabricate
healthy work environment complaints against her.” Doc. 37 ¶¶ 32, 35. Robinson alleges that,
beginning on April 27, 2015, “[o]n information and belief, at Farrar’s direction, Lin undertook to
interview multiple employees to dig up dirt on Robinson.” Id. ¶ 36. This short passage of time
between Robinson’s protected activity on April 23 and the retaliatory activity on April 27 is
sufficient, at this stage of the case, to allege a causal connection. See Doc. 36 at 8 (finding
sufficient allegations of a causal connection in the first amended complaint).
12
V.
Cat’s Paw Liability
Robinson argues in her response to the motion to dismiss that her second amended
complaint also alleges facts to support a “cat’s paw” theory of liability against Farrar and Lin for
Robinson’s ultimate termination from the City. Doc. 52 at 6. Cat’s paw liability applies where
an employee with discriminatory or retaliatory animus “provided factual information or other
input that may have affected the adverse employment action.” Smith v. Bray, 681 F.3d 888, 897
(7th Cir. 2012). The theory can be used to impose entity liability against an employer3 or
individual liability against the “subordinate employee who intentionally causes a decision-maker
to take adverse action against another employee in retaliation for statutorily protected activity.”
Id. at 899. Cat’s paw liability requires that the subordinate employee’s actions were “a causal
factor” in the adverse action. Id. at 900.
Farrar and Lin argue that Seventh Circuit precedent does not permit Robinson to use the
cat’s paw theory of liability to hold Lin liable for Farrar’s retaliatory motive, or to hold Farrar
liable for Lin’s retaliatory conduct. However, the Court interprets Robinson’s claim of cat’s paw
liability as one in which the retaliatory motives and actions of both Farrar and Lin caused another
decision-maker, such as Bobkiewicz, to take the adverse action of termination against Robinson.
Under Smith, Farrar and Lin can be held liable as the “subordinate employee[s] who intentionally
cause[d] a decision-maker to take adverse action against another employee in retaliation” for
3
The Seventh Circuit has indicated that cat’s paw liability may not be available to establish municipal
liability when the retaliatory subordinate is not a policy-maker. Smith, 681 F.3d at 899 (“[A] cat’s paw
theory will support entity liability for retaliation under Title VII, § 1981, and § 1983, except perhaps
when the defendant is a municipal corporation and the biased or retaliatory subordinate is not a policymaker.”); Simstad v. Scheub, 816 F.3d 893, 902 (7th Cir. 2016) (“We have wondered whether the cat’spaw theory can support entity liability under the civil rights laws when the entity is a municipal
corporation and the biased or retaliatory subordinate is not a policy-maker.”). However, Robinson has
only alleged that Bobkiewicz was the policy-making official during the relevant time period. As a result,
Robinson’s cat’s paw theory that Farrar and Lin provided the factual information that caused her
termination may not be sufficient to establish municipal liability against the City.
13
protected activity. Smith, 681 F.3d at 899. To succeed under this theory, Robinson will
ultimately have to prove that Farrar and Lin’s actions were a “causal factor” in the termination
decision and that Farrar and Lin caused the termination because Robinson complained about
discrimination. See Smith, 681 F.3d at 900 (stating that “[t]he key question is whether the nondecision-maker’s actions were a ‘causal factor,’ based on common-law proximate cause
principles, in the termination decision” and holding that, at the summary judgment stage, the
plaintiff had to present enough admissible evidence showing that the defendant caused plaintiff’s
termination because plaintiff complained about discrimination). Robinson has alleged sufficient
facts to support both of these requirements.4 Robinson has alleged that Farrar and Lin’s
retaliatory investigation and fabricated HWE Complaints were a causal factor in her termination.
In her second amended complaint, she alleges that Lyons and others conducting the examination
of the Public Works and Utilities Department used Lin’s memorandum as a basis for
recommending that Robinson not remain an employee of the City. She also alleges that
Bobkiewicz took into account the information gathered during Farrar and Lin’s investigation
when deciding to terminate Robinson.5 As stated above in Section IV, Robinson has also
sufficiently alleged that Farrar and Lin’s retaliatory conduct was caused by her protected activity.
See Section IV. Robinson, therefore, has stated a § 1981 retaliation claim for her termination
against Farrar and Lin based on a cat’s paw theory of liability.
4
Robinson is not required to prove each required element of her claims to survive a motion to dismiss.
See Vega v. Chicago Park Dist., 958 F. Supp. 2d 943, 955 (N.D. Ill. 2013) (holding that plaintiff “is not
required to prove a prima facie retaliation claim” to survive a motion to dismiss, she “must only plead
facts to create an inference of a plausible claim”).
5
Farrar and Lin argue that Robinson’s termination cannot be connected to Farrar and Lin’s conduct
because Lyons’ August 27, 2015 memorandum and Bobkiewicz’s August 21, 2015 letter do not reference
Farrar and Lin’s investigation or the May 2015 memorandum resulting from that investigation. The
Court is not convinced by this argument. The fact that neither document explicitly references Farrar and
Lin’s investigation does not mean that Robinson has failed to sufficiently allege that the investigation was
a causal factor in her termination.
14
VI.
Qualified Immunity
Finally, Farrar and Lin argue that the Court should dismiss Robinson’s claim against
them because they are entitled to qualified immunity. Public officials performing discretionary
functions are “shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate
clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have
known.” Tamayo v. Blagojevich, 526 F.3d 1074, 1090 (7th Cir. 2008). To determine whether a
defendant is entitled to qualified immunity, the Court must consider the facts alleged in the light
most favorable to the plaintiff and determine (1) whether the facts show that the defendant’s
conduct violated a constitutional right and (2) whether the right was clearly established. Id.
Farrar and Lin assert that because Robinson has failed to satisfy her pleading burden with respect
to each of the required elements for § 1981 retaliation, she fails to describe a violation of a
protected right. As set forth above, the Court finds that Robinson sufficiently alleges a violation
of her right to be free from retaliation under § 1981. Furthermore, this right was clearly
established at the time Farrar and Lin engaged in the alleged conduct. See Smith, 681 F.3d at
896 (acknowledging that the “Supreme Court has held that § 1981 authorizes claims for
retaliation” and holding that “unlawful retaliation occurs when an employee takes an adverse
employment action against an employee for opposing impermissible discrimination”).
Reasonable actors would have known that the retaliatory actions taken by Farrar and Lin are
unlawful. Farrar and Lin, therefore, are not entitled to qualified immunity.
15
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court denies Farrar and Lin’s motion to dismiss [41]. The
Court orders Farrar and Lin to answer the allegations in Robinson’s complaint by June 20, 2017.
Dated: June 5, 2017
______________________
SARA L. ELLIS
United States District Judge
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