Boswell v. Envoy Air / American Eagle
Filing
101
MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order written by the Honorable Gary Feinerman on 7/2/2019.Mailed notice.(jlj, )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
LAQISHA BOSWELL,
Plaintiff,
vs.
ENVOY AIR, INC.,
Defendant.
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
16 C 10480
Judge Gary Feinerman
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Laqisha Boswell brought this pro se suit against her former employer, Envoy Air, Inc.,
under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., and 42 U.S.C. § 1981,
alleging that she was denied a promotion and ultimately terminated due to her race and color and
in retaliation for complaining about discrimination. Doc. 14. The court granted summary
judgment to Envoy and entered final judgment. Docs. 90-92 (reported at 2018 WL 6839857
(N.D. Ill. Dec. 31, 2018)). Now before the court is Envoy’s bill of costs, which seeks $2,195.43
under Civil Rule 54(d)(1) and 28 U.S.C. § 1920. Doc. 93. Boswell opposes any cost award on
the ground that she is indigent; in the alternative, she objects to certain entries in Envoy’s bill.
Doc. 95. Boswell’s indigence defense fails, her specific objections to Envoy’s bill are sustained
in part and overruled in part, and Envoy is awarded $1,975.43 in costs.
I.
Boswell’s Indigence Defense
Rule 54(d)(1) “provides that, ‘[u]nless a federal statute, these rules, or a court order
provides otherwise, costs—other than attorney’s fees—should be allowed to the prevailing
party.’” Baker v. Lindgren, 856 F.3d 498, 502 (7th Cir. 2017) (alteration in original) (quoting
Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1)). A prevailing party “presumptively receives the costs of litigation and
it is the losing party’s burden to overcome this presumption.” Johnson v. Target Corp., 487 F.
1
App’x 298, 301 (7th Cir. 2012); see also Beamon v. Marshall & Ilsley Trust Co., 411 F.3d 854,
864 (7th Cir. 2005) (“There is a presumption that the prevailing party will recover costs, and the
losing party bears the burden of an affirmative showing that taxed costs are not appropriate.”).
Like most presumptions, this one can be overcome, and “it is within the discretion of the district
court to consider a plaintiff’s indigenc[e] in denying costs under Rule 54(d).” Rivera v. City of
Chicago, 469 F.3d 631, 634 (7th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Rivera directs district courts to undertake a two-step analysis when presented with an
indigence defense to a cost award:
First, the district court must make a threshold factual finding that the losing
party is incapable of paying the court-imposed costs at this time or in the
future. The burden is on the losing party to provide the district court with
sufficient documentation to support such a finding. This documentation
should include evidence in the form of an affidavit or other documentary
evidence of both income and assets, as well as a schedule of expenses.
Requiring a non-prevailing party to provide information about both
income/assets and expenses will ensure that district courts have clear proof of
the non-prevailing party’s dire financial circumstances. Moreover, it will
limit any incentive for litigants of modest means to portray themselves as
indigent.
Second, the district court should consider the amount of costs, the good faith
of the losing party, and the closeness and difficulty of the issues raised by a
case when using its discretion to deny costs. No one factor is determinative,
but the district court should provide an explanation for its decision to award or
deny costs.
Id. at 635-36 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
Boswell provides no “documentation” or “evidence” to support her indigence defense,
Rivera, 469 F.3d at 635, other than noting that the court in January 2017 granted her in forma
pauperis application, Doc. 95 at 2-3; see Doc. 7. The mere fact that Boswell was granted pauper
status is insufficient to meet her burden. Settled precedent holds that “an award of costs is
proper even when the unsuccessful litigant [was] allowed to proceed in forma pauperis … .”
Luckey v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 183 F.3d 730, 733-34 (7th Cir. 1999); see also Rivera, 469
2
F.3d at 635. As the Seventh Circuit has explained, “[a] plaintiff’s indigenc[e] … does not
require the court to automatically waive costs to” her, as “[t]he statute dealing with in forma
pauperis status expressly provides for awarding ‘costs at the conclusion of the suit or action as in
other cases.’” McGill v. Faulkner, 18 F.3d 456, 459 (7th Cir. 1994) (quoting 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915(f)(1)); see also Bell v. Bd. of Educ. of Proviso Twp. High Sch. Dist. 209, 662 F. App’x
460, 463 (7th Cir. 2016) (“[P]overty does not require a court to deny awarding costs.”).
Boswell’s indigence as of January 2017 does not establish that she “is incapable of paying the
court-imposed costs at this time or in the future,” Rivera, 469 F.3d at 635 (internal quotation
marks omitted), and her failure to submit evidence of her current financial status precludes her
from satisfying Rivera’s first step. See Cote v. Stuecker, 547 F. App’x 778, 779 (7th Cir. 2013)
(“District courts have discretion to deny costs if the losing party is unable to pay, but a litigant
asserting indigence must furnish proof of his inability to pay.”) (citations omitted); McGill, 18
F.3d at 460 (holding that although the plaintiff “was and is presently indigent,” he failed to show
“on the record that [he] will not ever be able to pay the order imposing costs”); Fairley v.
Andrews, 2008 WL 961592, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 8, 2008) (St. Eve, J.) (“[E]ven though the
[plaintiff’s] househol[d] expenses are more than their present income, [he] has not provided
sufficient documentation that he cannot pay the costs of the lawsuit in the future … .”).
Even assuming (incorrectly) that Boswell could satisfy the first step of the Rivera
analysis, she fails to set forth legal authority or developed argument, Doc. 95 at 2-3, regarding
the considerations central to Rivera’s second step—the “amount of costs,” her “good faith, and
the closeness or difficulty of the issues.” Bell, 662 F. App’x at 463 (quoting Rivera, 469 F.3d at
635). As a result, Boswell forfeits any argument she might have made under the second step of
the Rivera analysis. See M.G. Skinner & Assocs. Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Norman-Spencer Agency,
3
Inc., 845 F.3d 313, 321 (7th Cir. 2017) (“Perfunctory and undeveloped arguments are waived, as
are arguments unsupported by legal authority.”); Puffer v. Allstate Ins. Co., 675 F.3d 709, 718
(7th Cir. 2012) (“[I]t is the parties’ responsibility to allege facts and indicate their relevance
under the correct legal standard.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Even setting aside
forfeiture, Boswell’s suit did not present “clos[e] and difficul[t]” issues, Rivera, 469 F.3d at 635,
as Envoy proffered “plainly legitimate and nondiscriminatory” reasons for her non-promotion
and termination, 2018 WL 6839857, at *6-7, and the complaint underlying her retaliation claim
did not “so much as mentio[n] race, color, or any other protected characteristic,” id. at *9. See
Bell, 662 F. App’x at 464 (“The case was not close, as the district court correctly decided that no
reasonable jury could find in [the plaintiff’s] favor.”). Accordingly, because Boswell does not
satisfy either step of the Rivera analysis, her indigence defense fails.
II.
Boswell’s Objections to Envoy’s Bill
A court awarding costs pursuant to Rule 54(d)(1) must ask first “whether the cost
imposed on the losing party is recoverable” under § 1920 and, “if so, whether the amount
assessed for that item was reasonable.” Majeske v. City of Chicago, 218 F.3d 816, 824 (7th Cir.
2000). Recoverable costs include: (1) “[f]ees of the clerk and marshal”; (2) fees for “transcripts
necessarily obtained for use in the case”; (3) “[f]ees and disbursements for printing and
witnesses”; (4) “[f]ees for exemplification and the costs of making copies of any materials where
the copies are necessarily obtained for use in the case”; (5) “[d]ocket fees”; and (6)
“[c]ompensation of court appointed experts, compensation of interpreters, and salaries, fees,
expenses, and costs of special interpretation services.” 28 U.S.C. § 1920. “Although a district
court has discretion when awarding costs, the discretion is narrowly confined because of the
strong presumption created by Rule 54(d)(1) that the prevailing party will recover costs.”
4
Contreras v. City of Chicago, 119 F.3d 1286, 1295 (7th Cir. 1997) (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted).
As noted, Boswell objects to certain costs that Envoy seeks to recoup. Doc. 95 at 2.
Specifically, Boswell objects that: (1) the costs incurred by Envoy to obtain medical records and
deposition transcripts “are not authorized, or are excessive and not justified”; and (2) the court
reporter appearance fee for her deposition is “unreasonable.” Ibid.
A.
Deposition Transcripts and Medical Records
Envoy seeks $1,755.43 for costs associated with obtaining Boswell’s medical records
($284.48) and the transcripts of her and Danielle Griffin’s depositions ($1,470.95). Doc. 93-2 at
1, 4, 6; Doc. 93-3 at 2, 4, 6. By failing to cite pertinent legal authority to support her argument
that the costs of deposition transcripts and medical records are not recoverable, Boswell forfeits
the point. See Windy City Metal Fabricators & Supply, Inc. v. CIT Tech. Fin. Servs., Inc., 536
F.3d 663, 668 n.3 (7th Cir. 2008) (“We have made it clear that a litigant who fails to press a
point by supporting it with pertinent authority, … forfeits the point.”) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Even setting aside forfeiture, the Seventh Circuit has held that both types of costs are
recoverable under § 1920. See Little v. Mitsubishi Motors N. Am., Inc., 514 F.3d 699, 702 (7th
Cir. 2008) (holding that the cost of a “stenographic transcript of [a] deposition” used “to support
[a] motion for summary judgment” is recoverable under § 1920(2)); Finchum v. Ford Motor Co.,
57 F.3d 526, 534 (7th Cir. 1995) (affirming an award of costs under § 1920(4) for “copies of
medical records” that were “necessarily obtained for use in the case”).
Although Boswell asserts that the requested costs are “excessive,” Doc. 95 at 2, her
objection is “wholly unsupported by developed argument citing the record and supporting
authority, and [is] thus forfeited.” Wine & Canvas Dev., LLC v. Muylle, 868 F.3d 534, 538 (7th
5
Cir. 2017). Accordingly, Envoy may recover $1,755.43 in costs for Boswell’s and Griffin’s
deposition transcripts and Boswell’s medical records.
B.
Court Reporter Appearance Fee
Envoy also seeks $440.00 for the court reporter appearance fee for Boswell’s full-day
deposition. Doc. 93-2 at 1-2. Boswell objects that the fee is “unreasonable.” Doc. 95 at 2.
Local Rule 54.1(b) provides in pertinent part: “Court reporter appearance fees may be
awarded in addition to the per page [transcript] limit, but the fees shall not exceed the published
rates on the [Northern District of Illinois] website unless another rate was previously provided by
order of court.” N.D. Ill. L.R. 54.1(b). This court did not authorize court reporter appearance
rates beyond those allowed by Local Rule 54.1(b), which are “$110 for one half day (4 hours or
less), and $220 for a full day” of deposition. Wilson v. Career Educ. Corp., 2016 WL 1719770,
at *3 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 29, 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Bellamy v. City of
Chicago, 2017 WL 3675729, at *18 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 25, 2017) (“A prevailing party may also
recover fees paid to the court reporter for his or her attendance, but these fees cannot exceed
$110.00 for a half day (four hours or less) and $220.00 for a full day.”) (citing N.D. Ill. L.R.
54.1(b)). Envoy’s invoice reflects that Boswell’s deposition took eight hours. Doc. 93-2 at 2.
Envoy therefore can recover a court reporter appearance fee for only one full day, or $220.00.
Conclusion
Boswell’s indigence defense fails, and her objections to Envoy’s bill of costs are
sustained in part and overruled in part. Envoy’s bill for $2,195.43 is reduced by $220.00,
resulting in a total cost award of $1,975.43.
July 2, 2019
United States District Judge
6
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?