Pinkus v. Sirius XM Radio, Inc.

Filing 133

MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order written by the Honorable Gary Feinerman on 7/26/2018.Mailed notice.(jlj, )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
BINYAMIN PINKUS,
Plaintiff,
vs.
SIRIUS XM RADIO, INC.,
Defendant/Third-Party Plaintiff,
vs.
THE RESULTS COMPANIES LLC, CAREER
HORIZONS, INC. d/b/a TELESERVICES DIRECT,
and iPACESETTERS LLC,
Third-Party Defendants.

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16 C 10858
Judge Gary Feinerman

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Binyamin Pinkus alleges that Sirius XM Radio, Inc. violated the Telephone Consumer
Protection Act (“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. § 227, by causing over one hundred calls to be placed to his
cell phone using an automated telephone dialing system (“ATDS” or “autodialer”), and also by
using prerecorded voice messages on those calls. Doc. 105. Sirius brought third-party claims
against several telemarketing service providers, Doc. 8, three of which remain in the case, Docs.
73, 103 (voluntarily dismissing two providers); Docs. 81-82 (reported at 255 F. Supp. 3d 747
(N.D. Ill. 2017)) (dismissing one provider for forum non conveniens). The case was partially
stayed for some time pending the D.C. Circuit’s resolution of ACA International v. FCC, 885
F.3d 687 (D.C. Cir. 2018), which reviewed a 2015 Federal Communication Commission
(“FCC”) order addressing the features that equipment must have to qualify as an ATDS under
the TCPA. Doc. 73. After ACA International was issued, Pinkus was given leave to and did file

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an amended complaint. Docs. 104, 105. Sirius now moves under Civil Rule 12(c) for partial
judgment on the pleadings, contending that Pinkus has not alleged facts sufficient to make it
plausible that an ATDS was used to make the calls he received. Doc. 108. The motion is
granted.
Background
As on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court on a Rule 12(c) motion assumes the truth of the
operative complaint’s well-pleaded factual allegations, though not its legal conclusions. See St.
John v. Cach, LLC, 822 F.3d 388, 389 (7th Cir. 2016); Adams v. City of Indianapolis, 742 F.3d
720, 727-28 (7th Cir. 2014). The court must also consider “documents attached to the complaint,
documents that are critical to the complaint and referred to in it, and information that is subject to
proper judicial notice,” along with additional facts set forth in Pinkus’s brief opposing dismissal,
so long as those additional facts “are consistent with the pleadings.” Phillips v. Prudential Ins.
Co. of Am., 714 F.3d 1017, 1020 (7th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also N.
Ind. Gun & Outdoor Shows, Inc. v. City of S. Bend, 163 F.3d 449, 452 (7th Cir. 1998). The facts
are set forth as favorably to Pinkus as those materials allow. See Pierce v. Zoetis, Inc., 818 F.3d
274, 277 (7th Cir. 2016). In setting forth the facts at this stage, the court does not vouch for their
accuracy. See Jay E. Hayden Found. v. First Neighbor Bank, N.A., 610 F.3d 382, 384 (7th Cir.
2010).
A.

Statutory and Regulatory Landscape

As relevant here, the TCPA prohibits “mak[ing] any call (other than a call made for
emergency purposes or made with the prior express consent of the called party) using any
[ATDS] … to any telephone number assigned to a … cellular telephone service … .” 47 U.S.C.
§ 227(b)(1)(A)(iii). The TCPA defines an ATDS as “equipment which has the capacity—(A) to

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store or produce telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator;
and (B) to dial such numbers.” Id. § 227(a)(1). The FCC has the authority to promulgate
regulations implementing the TCPA. See ACA Int’l, 885 F.3d at 693. Regulations that the FCC
promulgated in 1992 adopted, without elaboration, the statutory definition of ATDS. In re Rules
& Regulations Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991 (“1992 Order”), 7 FCC Rcd.
8752, 8792 App’x B (1992) (amending 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200).
New FCC regulations promulgated in 2003 interpreted the term ATDS to include a
“predictive dialer,” meaning “equipment that dials numbers and, when certain computer software
is attached, also assists telemarketers in predicting when a sales agent will be available to take
calls.” In re Rules & Regulations Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991 (“2003
Order”), 18 FCC Rcd. 14014, 14091-93 ¶¶ 131-133 (2003). As the Commission explained, a
predictive dialer consists of “hardware” that, “when paired with certain software, has the
capacity to store or produce numbers and dial those numbers at random, in sequential order, or
from a database of numbers.” Id. at 14091 ¶ 131. Telemarketers using predictive dialing
software “program the numbers to be called into the equipment, and the dialer calls them at a rate
to ensure that when a consumer answers the phone, a sales person is available to take the call.”
Ibid. Thus, the Commission noted, “[t]he principal feature of predictive dialing software is a
timing function, not number storage or generation.” Ibid.
The 2003 Order observed that, “[i]n the past, telemarketers may have used dialing
equipment to create and dial 10-digit telephone numbers arbitrarily.” Id. at 14092 ¶ 132. The
Commission came to believe, however, that “to exclude … equipment that use[s] predictive
dialing software from the definition of [ATDS] simply because it relies on a given set of
numbers”—rather than generating the numbers itself—“would lead to an unintended result.” Id.

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at 14092 ¶ 133. According to the Commission, Congress could not have intended for it to be
“permissible” to make calls to “wireless numbers … when the dialing equipment is paired with
predictive dialing software and a database of numbers, but prohibited when the equipment
operates independently of such lists and software packages.” Ibid.
To support its position, the FCC stated that the TCPA’s definition of ATDS
“contemplates autodialing equipment that either stores or produces numbers,” and also that it
encompasses all “equipment” with the “‘capacity to store or produce telephone numbers.’” Id. at
14092 ¶ 132 (first two emphases added) (quoting 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(1)). By enacting this broad
definition of ATDS, the FCC added, “Congress anticipated that the FCC, under its TCPA
rulemaking authority, might need to consider changes in technologies.” Ibid. As the FCC saw it,
Congress’s primary purpose in enacting the TPCA was “to alleviate a particular problem—an
increasing number of automated and prerecorded calls to certain categories of numbers.” Id. at
14092 ¶ 133. This purpose was significant, the FCC asserted, because “the evolution of the
teleservices industry has progressed to the point where using lists of numbers is far more cost
effective” than the past practice of “us[ing] dialing equipment to create and dial 10-digit
telephone numbers arbitrarily.” Id. at 14092 ¶ 132. For these reasons, the FCC concluded that
“a predictive dialer falls within the meaning and statutory definition of [ATDS] and the intent of
Congress.” Id. at 14093 ¶ 133.
Five years later, in 2008, the FCC affirmed the 2003 Order in this respect. See In re
Rules & Regulations Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991 (“2008 Declaratory
Ruling”), 23 FCC Rcd. 559, 566 ¶ 12 (2008). The Commission noted that the 2003 Order
“found that, based on the statutory definition of [ATDS], the TCPA’s legislative history, and
current industry practice and technology, a predictive dialer falls within the meaning and

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definition of autodialer and the intent of Congress.” Id. at 566 ¶ 13. Although a party to the
2008 proceeding urged the FCC to find that a “predictive dialer meets the definition of autodialer
only when it randomly or sequentially generates telephone numbers, not when it dials numbers
from customer telephone lists,” id. at 566 ¶ 12 (emphasis added), the Commission disagreed,
stating that nothing presented by the party “warrant[ed] reconsideration of [the 2003] findings.”
Id. at 567 ¶ 14.
The FCC in 2015 again reaffirmed the 2003 Order’s ruling “that predictive dialers, as
previously described by the Commission, satisfy the TCPA’s definition of ‘autodialer.’” In re
Rules & Regulations Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991 (“2015 Declaratory
Ruling”), 30 FCC Rcd. 7961, 7972 ¶ 10 (2015). The reason, the Commission stated, was that it
found “troubling that predictive dialers, like dialers that utilize random or sequential numbers
instead of a list of numbers, retain the capacity to dial thousands of numbers in a short period of
time.” Id. at 7973 ¶ 14. According to the Commission, the TCPA’s “unqualified use of the term
‘capacity,’” which encompasses “equipment that lacks the ‘present ability’ to dial randomly or
sequentially” but that can be configured to do so, necessarily means that the definition of an
ATDS covers all predictive dialers, even those that simply dial numbers from customer
telephone lists without randomly or sequentially generating the numbers. Id. at 7974 ¶ 15; see
also id. at 7971-72 ¶ 10; In re Rules & Regulations Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of
1991, 27 FCC Rcd. 15391, 15392 ¶ 2 n.5 (2012) (“The Commission has emphasized that [the]
definition [of ATDS] covers any equipment that has the specified capacity to generate numbers
and dial them without human intervention regardless of whether the numbers called are
randomly or sequentially generated or come from calling lists.”).

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B.

Pinkus’s Allegations

Pinkus claims that Sirius violated the TCPA by, among other things, by causing over one
hundred calls to be placed to his cell phone using an ATDS. Doc. 105 at ¶¶ 9-23. He alleges
that the calls were placed “using ‘predictive dialing’ technology, which automatically places
calls without human intervention until the called party answers the call, at which time such
automatic dialer attempts to connect the called party.” Id. at ¶ 18; see also id. at ¶ 19 (alleging
further that no customer service representative was on the line when he answered the calls, and
that he would experience a delay after answering until a representative began speaking). As
Pinkus acknowledged at the hearing on this motion, Doc. 125, this claim rests on the premise
that, as the FCC ruled in the 2003 Order and reaffirmed in the 2008 and 2015 Declaratory
Rulings, a predictive dialer qualifies as an ATDS under the TCPA even if it lacks the capacity to
generate randomly or sequentially telephone numbers to be dialed.
Discussion
As discussed in detail below, ACA International invalidated the 2015 Declaratory
Ruling’s interpretation of the statutory term ATDS. Sirius contends that, in so doing, ACA
International necessarily invalidated the FCC’s materially identical interpretation of the term
ATDS in the 2003 Order and the 2008 Declaratory Ruling, and therefore that this court must
interpret the term as an original matter without regard to the Commission’s findings in all three
rulemakings that predictive dialers categorically qualify as ATDSs. Doc. 109 at 12-13. That
exercise, Sirius submits, results in the conclusion that only a predictive dialer with the capacity
to “generate and [then] dial random or sequential telephone numbers,” id. at 14-15—and not the
kind of predictive dialers that the complaint alleges were used to call Pinkus, which have only
the more limited capacity to dial numbers from customer telephone lists—qualifies as an ATDS.

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Pinkus, by contrast, contends that ACA International left undisturbed the 2003 Order and 2008
Declaratory Ruling, and therefore that it remains the law that all predictive dialers qualify as
ATDSs. Doc. 114 at 19-20.
Under the Hobbs Act, “[t]he court of appeals … has exclusive jurisdiction to enjoin, set
aside, suspend (in whole or in part), or to determine the validity of all final orders of the [FCC].”
28 U.S.C. § 2342(1); see also 47 U.S.C. § 402(a) (making § 2342(1) applicable to FCC
regulations promulgated under the TCPA). There is no dispute here that the 2003 Order, the
2008 Declaratory Ruling, and the 2015 Declaratory Ruling are final orders within the meaning of
§ 2342(1), and thus that “absent a direct appeal,” district courts “are bound to follow [them].”
Blow v. Bijora, 855 F.3d 793, 802 (7th Cir. 2017) (citing CE Design, Ltd. v. Prism Bus. Media,
Inc., 606 F.3d 443, 448-50 (7th Cir. 2010)).
ACA International consolidated several Hobbs Act petitions for review of the 2015
Declaratory Ruling. See ACA Int’l v. FCC, No. 15-1211 (D.C. Cir.), Dkt. 07/24/2015
(consolidating petitions); Prof’l Assoc. for Customer Engagement, Inc. v. FCC, No. 15-2489 (7th
Cir.), Dkt. 7 (transferring case); see also Herrick v. GoDaddy.com LLC, 2018 WL 2229131, at
*5 n.5 (D. Ariz. May 14, 2018) (summarizing the procedural posture). The parties do not dispute
that this court is bound by ACA International, Doc. 109 at 13; Doc. 114 at 18; Doc. 119 at 6-7, as
“that court became the ‘sole forum for addressing … the validity of the FCC’s rule[],’” Sandusky
Wellness Ctr., LLC v. ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc., 863 F.3d 460, 467 (6th Cir. 2017)
(alterations in original) (quoting Peck v. Cingular Wireless, LLC, 535 F.3d 1053, 1057 (9th Cir.
2008)), once the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation assigned the petitions to the D.C.
Circuit under 28 U.S.C. § 2112(a)(3), see ACA Int’l v. FCC, No. 15-1211 (D.C. Cir.), Dkt.
07/24/2015. See CE Design, 606 F.3d at 450 (observing that granting the court of appeals

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exclusive jurisdiction to review FCC rules “serves a number of valid goals: It promotes judicial
efficiency, vests an appellate panel rather than a single district judge with the power of agency
review, and allows uniform nationwide interpretation of the federal statute by the centralized
expert agency created by Congress to enforce the TCPA”) (internal quotation marks omitted);
GTE S., Inc. v. Morrison, 199 F.3d 733, 743 (4th Cir. 1999) (similar).
Accordingly, the court must first assess ACA International’s scope. For the reasons
stated below, ACA International invalidated not only the 2015 Declaratory Ruling’s
interpretation of the statutory term ATDS, but also the 2008 Declaratory Ruling’s and 2003
Order’s interpretation of that term. It follows that this court must interpret the term as an original
matter and decide whether it encompasses the predictive dialers that Pinkus alleges were used to
place the calls to his cell phone. For the reasons stated below, it does not.
I.

ACA International’s Scope
The D.C. Circuit in ACA International reviewed under the Administrative Procedure Act

(“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), the FCC’s interpretation in the 2015 Declaratory Ruling of the
statutory term ATDS. 885 F.3d at 700, 703. At the outset of its analysis, the court observed that
the TCPA’s definition of ATDS—“equipment which has the capacity … to store or produce
telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator … and … to dial
such numbers,” 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(1)—“naturally raises two questions: (i) when does a device
have the ‘capacity’ to perform the two enumerated functions; and (ii) what precisely are those
functions?” 885 F.3d at 695.
As to the first question, ACA International rejected the FCC’s “expansive interpretation”
of the term “capacity.” 885 F.3d at 696. Observing with disapproval that the 2015 Declaratory
Ruling had “the apparent effect of” deeming “any and all smartphones” to be ATDSs, the court

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held that the FCC’s interpretation gave “the statute’s restrictions on auto-dialer calls … an eyepopping sweep.” Id. at 696-97. The fundamental problem, the court explained, was that the
Commission’s “ruling states that equipment’s ‘functional capacity’ includes ‘features that can be
added … through software changes or updates.’” Id. at 696 (ellipses in original) (quoting 30
FCC Rcd. at 7974 ¶ 16). The consequence of that reading—that “all smartphones … meet the
statutory definition of an autodialer”—was unacceptable because it risked turning every call
made or text sent from a smartphone “without advance consent” into a violation of federal law.
Id. at 697.
As for the second and, for purposes of this suit, more crucial question, the D.C. Circuit
rejected the FCC’s understanding of the functions that equipment must have to qualify as an
ATDS. Specifically, the D.C. Circuit overturned the FCC’s decision in the 2015 Declaratory
Ruling to “reaffirm[] … the notion that a device can be considered an autodialer even if it has no
capacity itself to generate random or sequential numbers (and instead can only dial from an
externally supplied set of numbers).” Id. at 702; see 2015 Declaratory Ruling, 30 FCC Rcd. at
7971-72 ¶ 10 (“We reaffirm our previous statements that dialing equipment generally has the
capacity to store or produce, and dial random or sequential numbers (and thus meets the TCPA’s
definition of ‘autodialer’) even if it is not presently used for that purpose, including when the
caller is calling a set list of consumers.”) (emphasis added). The court did so, not because it
affirmatively concluded that the FCC’s understanding of ATDSs was wrong, but rather due to
fatal inconsistencies in the FCC’s reasoning.
As the court explained, the 2015 Declaratory Ruling at certain points appeared to require
that, to qualify as an ATDS, a device must be able to “generate and then dial ‘random or
sequential numbers.’” ACA Int’l, 885 F.3d at 702 (quoting 30 FCC Rcd. at 7972 ¶ 10). That

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requirement, the court noted, was implicit in the FCC’s distinction “between use of equipment to
‘dial random or sequential numbers’ and use of equipment to ‘call[] a set list of consumers.’”
Ibid. (alteration in original) (quoting 30 FCC Rcd. at 7972 ¶ 10). “Anytime phone numbers are
dialed from a set list,” the court added, “the database of numbers must be called in some order—
either in a random or some other sequence. As a result, the ruling’s reference to ‘dialing random
or sequential numbers’ cannot simply mean dialing from a set list of numbers in random or other
sequential order.” Ibid. If the FCC intended the reference to “dialing random or sequential
numbers” to mean that, the court observed, there would have been no reason for the agency to
distinguish “‘dialing random or sequential numbers’” and “‘dialing a set list of numbers’” as
distinct activities. Ibid. (quoting 30 FCC Rcd. at 7973 ¶¶ 13, 14). “It follows,” the court
concluded, that the 2015 Declaratory Ruling’s “reference to ‘dialing random or sequential
numbers’ means generating those numbers and then dialing them.” Ibid.
At the same time, the D.C. Circuit observed that the 2015 Declaratory Ruling at other
points “suggest[ed] a competing view: that equipment can meet the statutory definition even if it
lacks [the] capacity” to generate and then dial random or sequential numbers. Ibid. In support,
the court pointed specifically to the FCC’s decision to “reaffirm[] its 2003 ruling insofar as that
order had found predictive dialers to qualify as ATDSs.” Ibid. In the 2003 Order, ACA
International explained, “the Commission had made clear that, while some predictive dialers
cannot be programmed to generate random or sequential phone numbers, they still satisfy the
statutory definition of an ATDS.” Ibid. Thus, “[b]y reaffirming that conclusion in its 2015
ruling, the Commission supported the notion that a device can be considered an autodialer even
if it has no capacity itself to generate random or sequential numbers (and instead can only dial
from an externally supplied set of numbers).” Ibid.

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Given the 2015 Declaratory Ruling’s dissonant understandings of ATDS—one providing
that “a device qualif[ies] as an ATDS only if it can generate random or sequential numbers to be
dialed,” and the other that “it [can] so qualify even if it lacks that capacity”—ACA International
held that the Commission’s “lack of clarity about which functions qualify a device as an
autodialer” rendered unreasonable its ruling that predictive dialers categorically qualify as
ATDSs. Id. at 702-03. Although “[i]t might be permissible for the Commission to adopt either
interpretation” of the term ATDS, the D.C. Circuit observed, “the Commission [could not],
consistent with reasoned decisionmaking, espouse both competing interpretations in the same
order.” Id. at 703.
The key question here is whether the ACA International invalidated only the 2015
Declaratory Ruling’s understanding of ATDS, as Pinkus contends, or also the understanding set
forth in the 2003 Order and 2008 Declaratory Ruling, as Sirius contends. As a formal matter,
ACA International addressed only the 2015 Declaratory Ruling, as the deadline for challenging
the 2003 Order and 2008 Declaratory Ruling had long passed by the time the petition for review
in ACA International was filed. See id. at 702-03 (referencing only the “2015 ruling” in holding
that the FCC had given “no clear answer” to the question whether “a device [can] qualify as an
ATDS only if it can generate random or sequential numbers to be dialed”). It is for that reason
that most district courts considering the question have held that ACA International vacated only
the 2015 Declaratory Ruling—and therefore that courts remain bound by the FCC’s rulings in
the 2003 Order and 2008 Declaratory Ruling that a predictive dialer need not have the capacity
to “generate random or sequential numbers to be dialed,” ACA Int’l, 885 F.3d at 702, to qualify
as an ATDS. See Pieterson v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 2018 WL 3241069, at *3 (N.D. Cal. July
2, 2018) (“ACA Int’l vacated the 2015 Declaratory Ruling but it did not clearly intend to disturb

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the FCC’s 2003 and 2008 orders.”); Ammons v. Ally Fin., Inc., __ F. Supp. 3d __, 2018 WL
3134619, at *6 (M.D. Tenn. June 27, 2018) (“In the wake of ACA International, this Court joins
the growing number of other courts that continue to rely on the interpretation of § 227(a)(1) set
forth in prior FCC rulings.”); McMillion v. Rash Curtis & Assocs., 2018 WL 3023449, at *3
(N.D. Cal. June 18, 2018) (“ACA International invalidated only the 2015 FCC Order—the court
discusses but does not rule on the validity of the 2003 FCC Order or the 2008 FCC Order.”);
Maddox v. CBE Grp., Inc., 2018 WL 2327037, at *4 (N.D. Ga. May 22, 2018) (“Given the ACA
Int’l decision, the Court relies on the FCC’s 2003 interpretation of § 227(a)(1) to determine if
Defendant’s system qualifies as an ATDS.”); Swaney v. Regions Bank, 2018 WL 2316452, at *1
(N.D. Ala. May 22, 2018) (“In ACA International, the D.C. Circuit invalidated certain portions
of the 2015 FCC Order, but not the portion of the Order reaffirming the FCC’s 2003
determination that, ‘while some predictive dialers cannot be programmed to generate random or
sequential phone numbers, they still satisfy the statutory definition of an ATDS.’”) (quoting ACA
Int’l, 885 F.3d at 702); Reyes v. BCA Fin. Servs., Inc., __ F. Supp. 3d __, 2018 WL 2220417, at
*11 (S.D. Fla. May 14, 2018) (“[N]owhere in the D.C. Circuit’s opinion are the prior FCC orders
overruled. Indeed, that would have been impossible given that the time to appeal those orders
had long passed.”).
This court respectfully takes a different view, holding that ACA International necessarily
invalidated the 2003 Order and 2008 Declaratory Ruling insofar as they provide, as did the 2015
Declaratory Ruling, that a predictive dialer qualifies as an ATDS even if it does not have the
capacity to generate phone numbers randomly or sequentially and then to dial them. As ACA
International points out, the 2003 Order “observed that, ‘[i]n the past, telemarketers may have
used dialing equipment to create and dial 10-digit telephone numbers arbitrarily,’” but that “the

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industry had ‘progressed to the point where’ it had become ‘far more cost effective’ instead to
‘us[e] lists of numbers.’” 885 F.3d at 702 (alterations in original) (quoting 18 FCC Rcd. at
14092 ¶ 132). Even in 2003, the D.C. Circuit noted, the Commission “suggested it saw a
difference between calling from a list of numbers, on one hand, and ‘creating and dialing’ a
random or arbitrary list of numbers, on the other hand.” Ibid.; see 2003 Order, 18 FCC Rcd. at
14091 ¶ 131 (noting that a “predictive dialer” consists of “hardware” that, “when paired with
certain software, has the capacity to store or produce numbers and dial those numbers at random,
in sequential order, or from a database of numbers”) (emphasis added); ibid. (noting that “[t]he
principal feature of predictive dialing software is a timing function, not number storage or
generation”). But, the D.C. Circuit observed, the 2003 Order—just like the 2015 Declaratory
Ruling—elsewhere “made clear that, while some predictive dialers cannot be programmed to
generate random or sequential phone numbers, they still satisfy the statutory definition of an
ATDS.” 885 F.3d at 702 (citing 18 FCC Rcd. at 14091 ¶ 131 n.432, 14093 ¶ 133).
ACA International’s concern that the FCC in the 2015 Declaratory Ruling “fail[ed] to
satisfy the requirement of reasoned decisionmaking” due to the agency’s “lack of clarity about
which functions qualify a device as an autodialer” thus applies with equal force to the 2003
Order. Id. at 703. That same concern applies as well to the 2008 Declaratory Ruling, which
simply “affirm[ed]” the understanding of ATDS articulated in the 2003 Order. 2008 Declaratory
Ruling, 23 FCC Rcd. at 566 ¶ 12; see also id. at 566-67 ¶ 14 (“ACA raises no new information
about predictive dialers that warrants reconsideration of [the 2003 Order’s] findings.”). It
necessarily follows that ACA International invalidates not only the 2015 Declaratory Ruling’s
understanding that all predictive dialers qualify as ATDSs, but also the 2003 Order and 2008
Declaratory Ruling to the extent they express the same understanding. See Sessions v. Barclays

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Bank Del., __ F. Supp. 3d __, 2018 WL 3134439, at *4 (N.D. Ga. June 25, 2018) (“Contrary to
the pronouncement of the Reyes court, the D.C. Circuit clearly held that it invalidated all of the
FCC’s pronouncements as to the definition of ‘capacity’ as well as its descriptions of the
statutory functions necessary to be an ATDS.”); Herrick, 2018 WL 2229131, at *7 (same).
Though no confirmation is necessary, the point is confirmed by another aspect of ACA
International. In defending the 2015 Declaratory Ruling before the D.C. Circuit, the FCC
argued as a “threshold matter” that the court did not have “jurisdiction to entertain petitioners’
challenge concerning the functions a device must be able to perform” to qualify as an ATDS.
ACA Int’l, 885 F.3d at 701. The reason given by the FCC was “that the issue [had been] resolved
in prior agency orders,” namely the 2003 Order and the 2008 Declaratory Ruling: “According to
the Commission, because there was no timely appeal from those previous orders, it [was] too late
now to raise a challenge by seeking review of a more recent declaratory ruling that essentially
ratifies the previous ones.” Ibid. ACA International rejected that argument, holding that it was
not barred from reviewing the FCC’s “pertinent pronouncements” given that the FCC’s “prior
rulings left significant uncertainty about the precise functions an autodialer must have the
capacity to perform.” Ibid.
Pinkus’s submission that the D.C. Circuit invalidated the 2015 Declaratory Ruling but
left intact the 2003 Order and the 2008 Declaratory Ruling cannot be reconciled with this aspect
of ACA International. As noted, the infirmity in the FCC’s reasoning that ACA International
identified in invalidating the 2015 Declaratory Ruling—that the agency reasoned at some points
that a device qualifies as an ATDS only if it can generate random or sequential numbers to be
dialed, and at other points that a device can so qualify even if it lacks that capacity—is equally
present in the FCC’s two earlier “pronouncements.” Ibid. In rejecting the FCC’s threshold

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argument that this issue was off limits because it had been resolved in the 2003 Order and 2008
Declaratory Ruling, the D.C. Circuit necessarily determined that the 2015 Declaratory Ruling
was inextricably intertwined with the 2003 Order and the 2008 Declaratory Ruling insofar as
they, too, addressed the capacities a predictive dialer must have to qualify as an ATDS.
Accordingly, the court is not obligated under the Hobbs Act, as it would have been prior
to ACA International, to conclude that all predictive dialers—regardless of whether they have the
capacity to “generate and then dial random or sequential numbers,” ACA Int’l, 885 F.3d at 702
(internal quotation marks omitted)—qualify as ATDSs simply because the FCC so held in TCPA
rulemakings. See Peck, 535 F.3d at 1057 (“In the absence of an agency interpretation of the
statute, we examine section 332(c)(3)(A) as we would any other statute.”).
II.

The Extent to Which Predictive Dialers Qualify as ATDSs under the TCPA
With the D.C. Circuit having invalidated the FCC’s ruling that the statutory term ATDS

includes all predictive dialers, this court must address the issue as an original matter and then
decide whether Pinkus has alleged that the calls placed to him were made using an ATDS. See
Sessions, 2018 WL 3134439, at *4 (“The Court now turns to whether Plaintiff sufficiently
alleged that Defendant used an ATDS as defined by the TCPA.”); Herrick, 2018 WL 2229131, at
*7 (same).
Although it invalidated the FCC’s rulings, ACA International did not itself articulate a
definitive view of which functions characterize an ATDS. See 885 F.3d at 703 (noting that “[i]t
might be permissible” for the FCC to conclude either that a device can “qualify as an ATDS only
if it can generate random or sequential numbers to be dialed” or that it can “so qualify even if
lacks that capacity”). Pinkus’s sole argument on that issue is that a “predictive dialer” as the
2003 Order described it—“hardware” that, “when paired with certain software, has the capacity

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to store or produce numbers and dial those numbers at random, in sequential order, or from a
database of numbers,” 18 FCC Rcd. at 14091 ¶ 131—qualifies as an ATDS. Doc. 114 at 6, 1920, 26. Given this, the parties’ dispute can be reduced to the question whether a predictive
dialing device that calls telephone numbers from a stored list of numbers—rather than having
generated those numbers either randomly or sequentially—satisfies the statutory definition of
ATDS.
“When interpreting a statute,” the court “must begin with its text and assume that the
ordinary meaning of that language accurately expresses the legislative purpose.” Our Country
Home Enters., Inc. v. Comm’r, 855 F.3d 773, 791 (7th Cir. 2017) (alteration and internal
quotation marks omitted); see also Coleman v. Labor & Indus. Review Comm’n of Wis., 860 F.3d
461, 473 (7th Cir. 2017) (“We give statutes their plain meaning … .”). Accordingly, the court
begins with “‘the language [of the statute] itself,’” attending to “‘the specific context in which
that language is used.’” Scherr v. Marriott Int’l, Inc., 703 F.3d 1069, 1077 (7th Cir. 2013)
(brackets in original) (quoting McNeill v. United States, 563 U.S. 816, 819 (2011)). The court
must “accord words and phrases their ordinary meanings and avoid rendering them meaningless,
redundant, or superfluous.” Ibid.
As noted, the TCPA defines an ATDS as “equipment which has the capacity—(A) to
store or produce telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator;
and (B) to dial such numbers.” 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(1). According to Pinkus, the placement of
the adverbial phrase “using a random or sequential number generator” indicates that it modifies
only the verb “produce” and not the verb “store.” Doc. 114 at 20-21. On that reading, and given
the disjunctive “or” separating “store” and “produce,” a device’s having the “capacity to produce
telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator” (and then to

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dial those numbers) is only one possible way a device can qualify as an ATDS. Id. at 21.
Another way is for the device to simply have the “capacity … to store and dial numbers.” Ibid.
Because any predictive dialer has the latter capacity—specifically, in Pinkus’s view, the capacity
to store numbers from a “pre-determined list,” id. at 22—Pinkus argues that Sirius’s Rule 12(c)
motion must be denied because the operative complaint alleges that the devices that were used to
call him were predictive dialers. Doc. 105 at ¶¶ 10, 18-19.
Pinkus’s reading of the statute would be convincing if subsection (a)(1)(A) were
rearranged to read: “to store or, using a random or sequential number generator, to produce
telephone numbers to be called.” Rearranging the text in that manner would make it clear that
“using a random or sequential number generator” modified only “produce” and not “store.” But
it is an unconvincing reading of the statute that Congress in fact drafted, with the adverbial
phrase following both verbs. Understanding why requires some explanation.
Like “produce,” “store” is a transitive verb, and so requires an object. See MerriamWebster (2018), https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/store; Oxford English Dictionary
(2018), http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/190929?rskey=pdyROA&result=2#eid. And the object
of the verbs “store” and “produce” is “telephone numbers to be called.” As a result, despite the
disjunctive “or” linking “store” and “produce,” “store” is not a grammatical orphan, rather, like
“produce,” it is tied to the object, “telephone numbers to be called.” The TCPA thus defines as
an ATDS a device that has the capacity “[1] to store or produce [2] telephone numbers to be
called” and then “to dial such numbers.” 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(1).
But what kinds of numbers? Given its placement immediately after “telephone numbers
to be called,” the phrase “using a random or sequential number generator” is best read to modify
“telephone numbers to be called,” describing a quality of the numbers an ATDS must have the

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capacity to store or produce. Had Congress meant “using a random or sequential number
generator” to modify the verbs “store” and “produce,” Congress would have placed the phrase
immediately after those verbs and before “telephone numbers to be called”—with subsection
(a)(1)(A) reading, “to store or produce, using a random or sequential number generator,
telephone numbers to be called.” Indeed, it would be odd to read the phrase “using a random or
sequential number generator” as modifying “store” and “produce.” The comma separating
“using a random or sequential number generator” from the rest of subsection (a)(1)(A) makes it
grammatically unlikely that the phrase modifies only “produce” and not “store,” see Yang v.
Majestic Blue Fisheries, LLC, 876 F.3d 996, 1000 (9th Cir. 2017) (“[B]oth we and our sister
circuits have recognized the punctuation canon, under which a qualifying phrase is supposed to
apply to all antecedents instead of only to the immediately preceding one where the phrase is
separated from the antecedents by a comma.”) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted)
(citing decisions from the Second, Third, Eleventh, and Federal Circuits), and yet it is hard to see
how a number generator could be used to “store” telephone numbers.
Because the phrase “using a random or sequential number generator” refers to the kinds
of “telephone numbers to be called” that an ATDS must have the capacity to store or produce, it
follows that that phrase is best understood to describe the process by which those numbers are
generated in the first place. True, the statute does not use the verb “generate.” But the phrase
“using a random or sequential number generator” indicates that a number generator must be used
to do something relevant to the “telephone numbers to be called”—most naturally, either to
generate the numbers themselves, or to generate the order in which they will be called.
The latter possibility is highly unlikely for at least two reasons. For one, as ACA
International recognized, numbers must necessarily “be called in some order—either in a

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random or some other sequence.” 885 F.3d at 702. As a result, were the phrase “using a random
or sequential number generator” understood to refer to how numbers are called rather than to
how they are generated, it would be superfluous, as it would simply encompass the universe of
possible orders in which numbers could be dialed. For another, if “using a random or sequential
number generator” referred to the order in which numbers are dialed and not the process of
generating them, the phrase would have followed, rather than preceded, “dial such numbers” in
section (a)(1)(B). That is, the statute would have read: “to store or produce telephone numbers to
be called; and to dial such numbers, using a random or sequential number generator”—which it
does not.
So, the phrase “using a random or sequential number generator” necessarily conveys that
an ATDS must have the capacity to generate telephone phone numbers, either randomly or
sequentially, and then to dial those numbers. See Dominguez v. Yahoo, Inc., 629 F. App’x 369,
372 (3d Cir. 2015) (holding that “‘random or sequential’ number generation … refers to the
numbers themselves rather than the manner in which they are dialed”). This interpretation finds
support in the FCC’s pre-2003 understanding of the statutory term ATDS. The 1992 Order
expressed the view that “[t]he prohibitions of § 227(b)(1)”—which, as noted, make it unlawful to
use an ATDS under certain conditions—“clearly do not apply to functions like ‘speed dialing,’
‘call forwarding,’ or public telephone delayed message services (PTDMS), because the numbers
called are not generated in a random or sequential fashion.” 7 FCC Rcd. 8752, 8776 ¶ 47. And
in a follow-on 1995 ruling, the Commission described “calls dialed to numbers generated
randomly or in sequence” as “autodialed.” In re Rules & Regulations Implementing the Tel.
Consumer Prot. Act of 1991, 10 FCC Rcd. 12391, 12400 ¶ 19 (1995). The FCC’s pre-2003
understanding of § 227(a)(1) thus reinforces what its plain text shows—that equipment qualifies

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as an ATDS only if it has the capacity to “function … by generating random or sequential
telephone numbers and dialing those numbers.” Dominguez v. Yahoo, Inc., 894 F.3d 116, 121
(3d Cir. 2018).
Pinkus’s other arguments fail to persuade. He contends that if subsection (a)(1) excludes
from its ambit predictive dialers that do not have the capacity to generate numbers randomly or
sequentially, “it would be impossible for any caller to have a meaningful consent policy,” as the
statute requires. Doc. 114 at 24. The reason, he contends, is that a marketer using an ATDS
could never know in advance whether any given number generated by the equipment and then
dialed was linked to a cellphone user who had not given consent to receive calls. Ibid. Pinkus
similarly contends that the TCPA provision allowing for treble damages in the event of a “willful
violation,” 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3), would be rendered inoperative if subsection (a)(1) excluded
predictive dialers because prospective defendants relying on the whims of the ATDS’s numbergenerating capacity could never know that they were undertaking prohibited conduct until they
had actually done so. Doc. 114 at 25-26. But Pinkus’s hypothetical is unnecessarily wooden, as
it is possible to imagine a device that both has the capacity to generate numbers randomly or
sequentially and can be programmed to avoid dialing certain numbers, including numbers that
belong to customers who have not consented to receive calls from a particular marketer.
Whether a marketer has violated the TCPA thus need not be a matter of coincidence; rather,
violations would result from a marketer’s failure (deliberate or otherwise) to program the device
correctly.
Pinkus next contends that the TCPA’s exemption for calls made to collect government
debt, see 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii), would be nonsensical if subsection (a)(1) excluded
predictive dialers, because debt collectors target particular numbers they believe are likely to

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belong to debtors who owe the federal government, rather than generate and call phone numbers
at random. Doc. 114 at 25. That may well be true. But it does not change the fact that the best
reading of 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(1) requires that an ATDS have the capacity to generate numbers
randomly or sequentially and then to dial them, even if that capacity is not deployed for practical
reasons. And that defining characteristic of an ATDS defeats Pinkus’s claim, for he concedes
that his complaint does not plausibly allege that he was called with a device that has the capacity
to store or produce numbers that have been randomly or sequentially generated. See Dominguez,
894 F.3d at 121 (granting summary judgment where the plaintiff could not “point to any
evidence that … [the device at issue] had the present capacity to function as an autodialer by
generating random or sequential telephone numbers and then dialing those numbers”).
Conclusion
Sirius’s partial motion for judgment on the pleadings is granted. Pinkus’s claim that
Sirius caused him to be called with an ATDS is dismissed. Pinkus may proceed with his claim—
which the motion does not address, Doc. 109 at 7 n.1—that Sirius violated the TCPA by causing
him to be called using a prerecorded voice. Doc. 105 at ¶¶ 3, 10, 13, 23.

July 26, 2018
United States District Judge

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