Cerda v. Chicago Cubs Baseball Club, LLC

Filing 62

MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order: Defendant's motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, to stay is granted in part and denied in part. As for Cerda's ADA claims, he may proceed with his challenge to the number of Accessible Seats and horizonta l dispersion for Accessible Seats at Wrigley Field; he may not proceed with his challenge to Accessible Seating in club/luxury box locations or vertical dispersion. Cerda's claim under the Rehabilitation Act is dismissed without prejudice. The request for a stay is denied as moot. Status set for September 12, 2019 at 9:30 a.m. Status hearing set for 9/12/2019 at 09:30 AM. Signed by the Honorable Jorge L. Alonso on 8/30/2019:Notice mailed by judge's staff notice(lf, )

Case: 1:17-cv-09023 Document #: 62 Filed: 08/30/19 Page 1 of 21 PageID #:409

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
DAVID FELIMON CERDA,
Plaintiff,
v.
CHICAGO CUBS BASEBALL CLUB,
LLC,
Defendant.

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Case No. 17 C 9023
Judge Jorge L. Alonso

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff David Felimon Cerda has filed a two-count third amended complaint against
defendant Chicago Cubs Baseball Club, LLC, alleging violations of the Americans with
Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
(“RHA”), 29 U.S.C. § 794 et seq. Before the Court is defendant’s motion to dismiss plaintiff’s
third amended complaint pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) or, in
the alternative, for a stay of the proceedings. For the reasons set forth below, the motion [40] is
granted in part and denied in part. Status set for September 12, 2019 at 9:30 a.m.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff David Felimon Cerda has Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and uses a wheelchair
for mobility. Defendant Chicago Cubs Baseball Club, LLC (the “Cubs”) is a professional baseball
team located on the north side of Chicago, Illinois. The team plays its home games at Wrigley
Field. Cerda is a lifelong Cubs fan and attends multiple Cubs games each season at Wrigley Field.

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In 2014, the Cubs began extensive renovations to Wrigley Field. 1 Cerda alleges that, prior
to the renovations, he would watch games from a wheelchair seating area in the right field
bleachers (top of Sections 317 and 318), a field box behind home plate (near Sections 118, 123,
and 19-22), and an upper deck box beneath the press box. Cerda generally alleges that, as a result
of the renovations, he can no longer sit in his preferred seats, his view of the field of play and his
experience is worse than it was before the renovations, and the seating options available to
wheelchair patrons is subpar. Cerda complains about certain Accessible Seating areas. 2 He also
challenges the number of Accessible Seats in Wrigley Field, the Seating Map, and the availability
of post-season playoff tickets. In particular, he complains about Accessible Seating in the
following locations:
Location

Section(s)

Complaint(s)

Right Field Bleachers

316, 317, and 318

No ADA single general
admission wheelchair seats
sold in the top of these
Sections

Left Field Bleachers

305

No ADA compliant
wheelchair seats during 2016
and 2017 Seasons
Reserved for group sales

Center Field Bleachers

307-309

Seats located behind a dark
pane of glass

307, 309, 310, and 337-341

No wheelchair access

1

After the 2014 Season, the Cubs demolished and then rebuilt the right and left field bleachers.
After the 2016 Season, the Cubs demolished and reconstructed the lower box seating area behind
home plate. After the 2017 Season, the Cubs demolished the lower box seats down the first and
third base lines, including seating next to the dugouts.
2
These are areas with a wheelchair space plus an adjoining companion seat next to it. (See dkt.
41, pg. 5 n2.)
2

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Lower Field Box (behind
home plate)

118, 129, and 19-22

Moved Accessible Seating
back several rows and down
the first base line instead of
centered behind home plate

Club Box

American Airlines 2014 Club

No ADA seats available

Under grandstand along
third base line

General

Obstructed by grandstand

Right Field Bleachers: Cerda contends that he can no longer sit in the top of Sections 317318 because the bleachers now contain mostly “group seating” options which must be booked with
at least 50 guests. He complains that he cannot purchase seats on an individual basis and that these
tickets are much more expensive than regular general admission tickets.
Left Field Bleachers: Cerda says that, in 2016 and 2017, wheelchair seating was not
available to individuals who purchased a single (non-group) general admission ADA ticket.
Center Field Bleachers: Cerda alleges that, while the center field bleachers have an
accessible seating area, the area is not truly accessible because the games must be viewed from
behind a “dark pane of glass.” (Dkt. 35, ¶ 45.) Cerda further contends that Sections 307, 309,
310, and 337-341 are not available to wheelchair patrons.
Lower Field Box: Cerda alleges that the Cubs moved the row of lower field box wheelchair
seats behind home plate farther back from the field of play and down the first base line (instead of
being centered behind home plate).
American Airlines 2014 Club: Cerda says that he would “like to enjoy wheelchair seating
in the front row of the lower box seats at Wrigley Field, in a seating area now designated the
American Airlines 2014 Club.” (Id., ¶ 31.) He says that the Cubs were not selling any ADA seats
in this area for the 2018 Season.

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Under the Grandstand: Cerda alleges that, while the Cubs say that Wrigley Field has ADA
wheelchair seating under the grandstand along the third base line, the seating area does not actually
comply with ADA requirements because the view is obstructed by the grandstand and is inferior
to the view enjoyed by most other patrons.
In his third amended complaint, Cerda alleges violations under the ADA and RHA. Count
I is brought under the ADA. Cerda alleges that, because the Cubs renovated Wrigley Field, the
Cubs are required to comply with Title III of the ADA as well as the 2010 ADA Standards for
Accessible Design (the “2010 Standards”). He says that wheelchair seating should be integral at
Wrigley Field and should be substantially equal to or better than seating choices for other patrons.
Cerda contends that the Cubs have violated their duty under the ADA and are refusing to make
reasonable accommodations to comply with the ADA. Cerda requests the Court to order the Cubs
to: (1) create a minimum of three ADA seats in the American Airlines Club, including seats near
each of the dugouts and behind home plate; (2) restore ADA single general admission tickets for
bleacher seats at regular prices; (3) restore wheelchair seating in the lower boxes behind home
plate to the same or better condition as before the 2016 renovation to that area; (4) make seating
in Section 305 available for single ticket sales at regular prices; (5) create ADA compliant seats in
the center field bleachers; (6) create wheelchair seating in the lower field boxes down the first and
third base lines; (7) obtain the total number of ADA seats required by the Act; (8) meet the vertical
and horizontal dispersion requirements under the ADA; (9) create a Seating Map that identifies
ADA seating; (10) change the post-season ticketing policy; and (11) pay reasonable attorney’s
fees, costs and expenses. Count II is brought under the RHA. Cerda alleges that, because the Cubs
received federal financial assistance for the Wrigley Field renovations, the Cubs cannot
intentionally discriminate against handicapped persons.

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The Cubs move to dismiss or, in the alternative, stay the proceedings until the renovations
are complete. The Cubs bring a factual challenge to Cerda’s ADA claim, contending that Cerda
lacks standing to bring his ADA claim because he does not face an imminent “injury in fact.” The
Cubs further say that they did not receive federal financial assistance for the reconstruction of the
bleacher seats, and, therefore, Cerda’s RHA claim fails.
DISCUSSION
I.

The Americans with Disabilities Act
“Title III of the ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in places of public

accommodation.” Scherr v. Marriott Int’l, Inc., 703 F.3d 1069, 1076 (7th Cir. 2013). The ADA,
42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., was created to provide a “clear and comprehensive national mandate
for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities,” to provide enforceable
standards addressing discrimination, and to ensure that the Federal Government plays a central
role in enforcing such standards. 42 U.S.C. § 12101(b). To bring a claim under the ADA, an
individual must have a “physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more
major life activities of such individual.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102. Under the ADA, “a plaintiff must
(1) allege past injury under the ADA; (2) show that it is reasonable to infer from [his] complaint
that this discriminatory treatment will continue; and (3) show that it is also reasonable to infer,
based on the past frequency of [his] visits and the proximity of [the public accommodation] to [his]
home, that [he] intends to return to [the public accommodation] in the future.” Scherr, 703 F.3d
at 1074 (internal quotations omitted).
The Cubs move to dismiss Cerda’s ADA claim pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), arguing
that Cerda lacks standing to seek injunctive relief because he cannot prove by a preponderance of
the evidence that he faces an imminent “injury in fact.”

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A.

Legal Standard

When considering a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction,
a district court accepts as true all well-pleaded factual allegations and draws reasonable inferences
from the allegations in favor of the plaintiff. Citadel Sec., LLC v. Chi. Bd. Options Exch., Inc.,
808 F.3d 694, 698 (7th Cir. 2015) (citing Capitol Leasing Co. v. FDIC, 999 F.2d 188, 191 (7th
Cir. 1993)). The court may also look beyond the allegations of the complaint and consider
affidavits and other documentary evidence to determine whether subject matter jurisdiction exists.
Capitol Leasing, 999 F.2d at 191.
The jurisdiction of federal courts is limited to “cases” and “controversies” as described in
Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution. “There is no case or controversy if the plaintiff lacks
standing to challenge the defendant’s alleged misconduct.” Diedrich v. Ocwen Loan Servicing,
LLC, 839 F.3d 583, 587 (7th Cir. 2016). To establish Article III standing, a plaintiff must establish
“(1) injury in fact, which must be concrete and particularized, and actual and imminent; (2) a causal
connection between the injury and the defendant’s conduct; and (3) redressability.” Scherr, 703
F.3d at 1074 (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992)). “To establish
an ‘injury-in-fact’ for purposes of Title III of the ADA, which authorizes only prospective
injunctive relief, a plaintiff must allege that a ‘real and immediate’ threat of future violations exist.”
Faircloth v. McDonald’s Corp. & McDonald’s USA LLC, No. 18 C 1831, 2018 WL 5921230, at
*2 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 13, 2018) (citing Scherr, 703 F.3d at 1074-75). The plaintiff has the burden of
establishing these elements. Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561. “If standing is challenged as a factual matter,
the plaintiff must come forward with ‘competent proof’—that is a showing by a preponderance of
the evidence—that standing exists.” Lee v. City of Chi., 330 F.3d 456, 468 (7th Cir. 2003) (citing
Retired Chi. Police Ass’n v. City of Chi., 76 F.3d 856, 862 (7th Cir. 1996)).

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B.

Analysis

The parties only dispute the first element of standing: whether Cerda has alleged an “injury
in fact.” The Cubs say that Cerda faces no imminent “injury in fact” with regard to bleacher
seating, field box seating, club/luxury box seating, field boxes down the first and third base lines,
seats under the grandstand along the third base line, an alleged shortage of Accessible Seating
through the entire ballpark, the Cubs’ Seating Map, and post-season playoff tickets. In response,
Cerda only challenges the alleged shortage of Accessible Seating, club/luxury box seating, and
vertical and horizontal dispersion. 3 He says that he has established standing by alleging: (1) the
Cubs only have 46 of the 217 Accessible Seats required by ADA; (2) in 2017 he was unable to
purchase an ADA seat to a game against the St. Louis Cardinals, and he believes that non-ADA
seats were available for purchase at that time; (3) he was unable to purchase a lower box ADA seat
for a game against the White Sox in 2018 because there were not enough ADA lower box seats;
(4) the Cubs have failed to comply with the ADA’s vertical dispersion requirements; (5) the Cubs
have no luxury or club ADA seats; and (6) the Cubs do not have horizontal seating as required by
the ADA.
In support of the Cubs’ factual attack on subject matter jurisdiction, the Cubs submit a
declaration from Doug Anderson, a Partner at LCM Architects (a firm which specializes in
accessible design) and a second declaration from Carl Rice, Vice President of Wrigley Field
Restoration and Expansion for the Cubs. Doug Anderson avers that the Accessible Seats in the
left and right field bleachers as well as behind home plate comply with the 2010 ADA Standards
for Accessible Design. (Dkt. 41-2 ¶¶ 4-43.) Anderson outlines the dimensions of the average

3

All arguments not addressed by Cerda are deemed waived. See Bonte v. U.S. Bank, N.A., 624
F.3d 461, 466 (7th Cir. 2010) (“[f]ailure to respond to an argument . . . results in waiver.”).
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wheelchair, the dimensions of the Accessible Seats, the line of sight each individual in a wheelchair
has over standing spectators, the dimensions of an adjoining companion seating, and the route to
Accessible Seats. (Id. ¶¶ 7-43.) Anderson also provides pictures and diagrams of Accessible
Seating in the left and right field bleachers and behind home plate. (Id. pgs. 19-39.)
Carl Rice states, in relevant part, that Wrigley Field will have more than the number of
accessible wheelchair spaces and accompanying companion seats required by the 2010 ADA
Standards for Accessible Design than before the renovations. (Dkt. 41-1, ¶ 5.) He says that the
bleachers were reconstructed in 2015 and that the Cubs did not receive any federal funding in
connection with the reconstruction of the bleachers. (Id. ¶ 7.) His assessment can be broken down
as follows:
Area

Section(s)

Right Field Bleachers

312 and 313

Right Field Bleachers
(Budweiser Patio)

Sections 316-318

Left Field Bleachers

Section 301

Left Field Bleachers

Section 305

Left Field Bleachers

Section 306

Center Field
Bleachers
Field/Lower Box

Sections 307 and 309

11 Accessible Seats
at top of Section
16 Accessible Seats

Sections 121-124

22 Accessible Seats

1914 Club

Unknown

Unknown

Terrace Reserved
Infield and Outfield

Sections 216, 218,
220, 222, 223, 205,
206, and 208
Sections 420-422

Unknown

Purchased specific to
seat and section
Available to 1914
Club Members only
Unknown

Total unknown

Unknown

Upper Level

Number of
Accessible Seats
18 Accessible seats at
top of Section
15 Accessible Seats
at top of Section
1 Accessible Seat,
upper corner of
Section
9 Accessible Seats at
top of Section

8

Type of Sale
General admission,
single tickets
General admission,
group tickets (more
than 50 people)
General admission,
single tickets
General admission,
group tickets (more
than 50 people)
General admission,
single tickets
General admission

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Right Field Bleachers: There are 33 Accessible Seats immediately above the bleachers in
Sections 312, 313, and 316-318. (Id. ¶ 9.) As for Sections 312 and 313, there are a total of 18
Accessible Seats located at the top of the Sections. (Id. ¶ 10.) These seats are open to the public
and sold as general admission single tickets. (Id.) In Sections 316-318, there are a total of 15
Accessible Seats located at the top of the Sections. (Id. ¶ 11.) These seats are general admission
and are sold as group tickets (groups of 50 or more people). (Id.)
Left Field Bleachers: There are 21 Accessible Seats immediately above the bleachers in
Sections 301, 305, and 306. (Id. ¶ 12.) Section 301 has one Accessible Seat at the upper corner
of the Section. (Id. ¶ 13.) This seat is open to the public and is sold as a general admission single
ticket. (Id.) Section 306 has 11 Accessible Seats located at the top of the Section. (Id. ¶ 14.)
These seats are open to the public and sold on a general admission single ticket basis. (Id.) Section
305 has 9 Accessible Seats at the top of the Section. (Id. ¶ 15.) These are general admission seats
and are reserved for group sales (groups of 50 or more people). (Id.)
Center Field Bleachers: There are 16 Accessible Seats between Sections 307 and 309. (Id.
¶ 16.)
Field Box Seats: Behind home plate, there are a total of 22 Accessible Seats. (Id. ¶¶ 1718.) These seats were relocated within each section—they were generally moved back and down
the first base line. (Id.) These tickets are sold “as a specific ticket for a specific seat, in a specific
section.” (Id.)
1914 Club Seats: These seats will be installed in April 2018. (Id. ¶ 19.) Only 1914 Club
members may purchase these seats. (Id.) There is a long waitlist for 1914 Club membership. (Id.)
Cerda is not on the waitlist. (Id.)

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Terrace Reserved Infield: There are Accessible Seats in Sections 216, 218, 220, 222, and
223. (Id. ¶ 20.) Likewise, the Terrace Reserved Outfield (Sections 205, 206, and 208) has
Accessible Seats. (Id.) These seats are located under the upper deck. (Id.)
Upper Level: Renovations will begin at the end of the 2018 Season and are scheduled to
be completed in 2019. (Id. ¶ 21.) Prior to the renovations, Accessible Seating was available in
front of the press box entrances in Sections 420-422. (Id.) Following the renovations, Accessible
Seating will be available in front of the Catalina Club as well as in four other locations on the
upper level. (Id.) This will increase the number of Accessible Seats in the upper level by 31 seats.
(Id.) Rice further avers that Wrigley Field will have more Accessible Seats than required by the
2010 Standards after the renovations are complete. (Id. ¶ 23.)
Cerda contends that standing exists because he has actually been injured and he will suffer
future injuries. In support thereof, Cerda provides (1) his own affidavit; (2) a copy of the Cubs’
response to his first set of discovery requests; and (3) an affidavit from his father, who also serves
as plaintiff’s counsel in this case, David A. Cerda.
Plaintiff states in his affidavit that he sat in wheelchair seating in center field between
Sections 307 and 309 on Opening Day in 2012. (Dkt. 54-1, ¶ 2.) At that time, a dark mesh screen
obstructed the view of the field, and he did not enjoy the view. (Id. ¶¶ 3-6.) Plaintiff sat in the
center field bleachers on Opening day in 2018, and the dark mesh screen had been replaced by a
dark glass, which still presents obstructed views of the field. (Id. ¶ 7.) Plaintiff would like to sit
in the front row at Wrigley Field and sit in Sections 316-318. (Id. ¶ 14.) In 2017, plaintiff says
that he was unable to purchase an ADA seat to a game against the St. Louis Cardinals, and he
believes that non-ADA seats were available for purchase at that time. (Id. ¶ 18.) In late March or
early April of 2018, plaintiff says that he attempted to purchase an ADA seat in the lower box for

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a game against the Chicago White Sox in May of 2018 for his birthday but was unable to do so
because all of the lower box ADA seats were sold out. (Id. ¶ 19.) On Opening Day in 2018,
plaintiff was not able to sit in Section 301 on the concourse level but had to sit in the tier above
Section 312. (Id. ¶ 20.)
Plaintiff’s father, David A. Cerda, says that he went to a game with plaintiff’s godfather,
Professor Joseph P. Ferrie, on May 8, 2018, and they walked around the bleachers asking Guest
Services personnel and ushers for the location of ADA bleacher seats. (Dkt. 54-3, ¶ 3.) Plaintiff’s
father says that Guest Services personnel informed Professor Ferrie that there were only 2 ADA
seats in Section 306 for individual sale and only 2 ADA seats in Section 312. (Id. ¶¶ 6-9.)
1.

Number of Accessible Seats

Cerda complains that Wrigley Field does not have the minimum number of required
Accessible Seats, that he has been injured in the past because of the Cubs’ ADA violations, and
that he reasonably believes he will continue to be injured in the future based on the Cubs’ ongoing
ADA violations. Cerda contends that there are only 46 of the required 217 4 Accessible Seats at
Wrigley Field. He arrives at this calculation based on his belief that the Cubs should not count
seats with obstructed views (i.e., the seats under the grandstand and in the center field bleachers)
or seats sold on a group basis. Cerda also points to the Cubs’ discovery responses where the Cubs
say that they had 159 ADA seats. Cerda further states that, contrary to the Cubs’ representations,
there are only 2 ADA seats in Section 306 and 2 ADA seats in Section 312, which he discovered
with Professor Ferrie while attending a game on May 8, 2018. Cerda further says that he was
injured because he was unable to purchase an ADA seat to a game in 2017 and in 2018.

4

Cerda contends that Wrigley Field has a seating capacity of 41,160, and the ADA Table for the
Number of Wheelchair Spaces in Assembly Areas requires “36, plus 1 for each 200, or fraction
thereof, over 5000” for seats of 5001 and over. See 2010 Standards, Table 221.2.1.
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The Cubs say that Cerda faces no imminent injury from an alleged shortage of Accessible
Seats because Cerda has never been injured by a shortage of Accessible Seats, his calculation of
the total number of Accessible Seats in Wrigley Field is incorrect, and his reduction of Accessible
Seat numbers is based on hearsay and illogical arguments. According to the Cubs, only the areas
that have been altered are required to comply with the 2010 Standards. Pursuant to the regulations,
“[a]ny alteration to a place of public accommodation or a commercial facility, after January 26,
1992, shall be made so as to ensure that, to the maximum extent feasible, the altered portions of
the facility are readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities, including
individuals who use wheelchairs.” 28 C.F.R. § 36.402(a)(1). Under Section 36.406(a)(3),
alterations made after March 15, 2012 must comply with the 2010 Standards. The Cubs say that,
at the time of these calculations, no work had been done to the entire upper deck and work was
still outstanding on the lower level, including the outfield and along the first and third base lines.
Moreover, the Cubs argue that they have presented sufficient evidence showing that there
is adequate Accessible Seating in the bleachers, and Cerda’s methodology of counting the number
of Accessible Seats is based on hearsay and illogical arguments. The Cubs argue that Cerda’s
attempts to counter this evidence with statements made to his godfather, Professor Ferrie, should
not be considered because the statements are inadmissible hearsay. Moreover, the Cubs say that
Cerda’s contention that there should be no Accessible Seats in the group sales sections is at odds
with the ADA’s mandate for equal access to goods, services, and facilities. See 42. U.S.C. §
12182(b)(2)(a)(i). The Cubs further contend that the 16 Accessible Seats in the centerfield
bleachers should be counted even though the seats are located behind a pane of tinted glass.
According to the Cubs, some patrons may not mind, and might even enjoy, the protection offered
by the glass. Finally, the Cubs say that the 48 Accessible Seats under the grandstand along the

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third base line (Sections 205, 206, 216, 218, 220, 222 and 223) should count. The Cubs say that
Cerda admits that the Cubs have provided equivalent seating options for wheelchair patrons when
he stated, “there are hundreds of seats under the grandstand along the third base line available to
able-bodied persons who choose to sit in the lousiest seats in the house.” (See dkt. 54, pg. 10; dkt.
58, pg. 8.)
The Cubs further argue that, while Cerda claims that he could not purchase a seat to a game
against the St. Louis Cardinals in 2017, he has provided the Court with no evidence showing that
this was the result of an overall shortage of Accessible Seats, and it is not an ADA violation to sell
out of Accessible Seats. The Cubs point out that Cerda’s declaration does not identify when he
tried to purchase the seats, the type of seats he sought to purchase, or if there were non-Accessible
Seats of the same type available for purchase at that time. Moreover, the seating in Wrigley Field
changed after the 2017 season. As a result, the conditions that may have caused an injury to Cerda
at that time may no longer exist.
The Cubs also contend that Cerda’s claim that he was unable to purchase an Accessible
Seat in the field box for a May 2018 game against the Chicago White Sox is vague and, according
to the Cubs, not credible. The Cubs argue that Cerda submits no evidence showing that the
Accessible Seats were not available to him because of an overall shortage of seats. The Cubs
further argue that there are 22 Accessible Seats in the field box area, and it is not surprising that
these seats may have been sold out given that Cubs v. White Sox games are popular games to
attend. The Cubs further contend that Cerda’s claim lacks any credibility, and the Court should
not give any weight to his claim because he does not state who he spoke with, when he tried to
purchase the tickets, which game he wanted to attend, or whether the non-Accessible Seats in the
lower box were sold out.

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After reviewing the evidence and arguments submitted by both parties, the Court finds that
Cerda has met his burden to establish standing as it relates to the number of Accessible Seats. In
his affidavit, plaintiff says that he was harmed because he was unable to purchase a ticket to a
game in 2017 and in 2018. With regard to the 2018 game, Cerda states, “[i]n late March or early
April 2018, I attempted to purchase an ADA seat anywhere in the lower box ADA Sections for a
game against the Chicago White Sox in May of 2018 for my 21st birthday. I was informed that
all the lower box ADA seats were sold out.” (Dkt. 54-1, ¶ 19.) This is sufficient to show that
Cerda suffered an injury due to a shortage of Accessible Seats and, based on the allegations in his
third amended complaint, it is reasonable to infer that this discriminatory behavior will continue.
Moreover, while the Cubs say that Wrigley Field will have more than the number of Accessible
Seats required by the 2010 Standards than before the renovations, the Court is unable to discern
whether the Cubs actually have the total number of required Accessible Seats. The Cubs contend
that Cerda’s calculation of 217 seats is incorrect because the renovations are still on-going. But in
making this contention, the Cubs do not say what the number should be and whether the Cubs have
satisfied this number. Based on this, the Court finds that Cerda has shown, at this time, that he
will suffer an imminent “injury in fact” sufficient to confer standing.
2.

Club Box Seating

Cerda next says that he is suffering an ongoing injury because there are no ADA seats in
any luxury box. Cerda says that he wants to sit in a luxury box but cannot do so, even as a guest
of the 1914 Club, because there are no ADA seats in a luxury box or club at Wrigley Field. He
would like the Cubs to reserve at least 4 seats in the front row in the 1914 Club seating area for
wheelchair patrons without making them part of the 1914 Club.

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The Cubs respond that Cerda cannot show that he will be injured by the alleged absence of
Accessible Seats in the 1914 Club because he is not a member of the Club, is not on the waitlist
for the Club, and has not been invited to sit in these seats. The Cubs say that tickets for these seats
are only available to members of the 1914 Club. They say that, because Cerda is not a member of
this Club and is not on the waitlist to join this Club, he lacks standing to challenge ADA seating
in this area. See Carroll v. ABNB Fed. Credit Union, 2018 WL 1180317, at *4 (E.D. Va. Mar. 5,
2018) (plaintiff did not have standing to sue a credit union because the plaintiff was not a member
and was not qualified to become a member).
The Court agrees that, because Cerda is not a member of the 1914 Club and does not claim
that he is on the waitlist or has applied to be on the waitlist, he does not have standing to pursue
this challenge. To the extent that Cerda is challenging the availability of ADA seating in luxury
boxes as a whole in Wrigley Field, he has not developed this argument and/or provided the Court
with any evidence in support. Accordingly, Cerda may not pursue his challenge to this seating
area at this time.
3.

Vertical and Horizontal Dispersion

Cerda also complains that he has been injured due to the Cubs’ violation of vertical
dispersion requirements. He says that he was not able to sit in the bleachers on the concourse level
on Opening Day in 2018 but instead had to sit in a higher tier above Section 312. Cerda maintains
that the Cubs continue to violate the ADA’s requirement for vertical dispersion of wheelchair
seating and he reasonably believes that he will continue to be injured as a result. He points to
Section 221.2.3.2 of the 2010 Standards which provides, “[w]heelchair spaces shall be dispersed
vertically at varying distances from the screen, performance area, or playing field.” 2010
Standards § 221.2.3.2. An exception to this provision states, “[i]n bleachers, wheelchair spaces

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shall not be required to be provided other than rows at points of entry to bleacher seating.” Id.
Cerda goes on to quote the Advisory Comments, which state, “[w]hen wheelchair spaces are
dispersed vertically in an assembly facility they are placed at different locations within the seating
area from front-to-back so that the distance from the screen, stage, playing field, area of sports
activity, or other focal point is varied among wheelchair spaces,” and “[v]ertical, center, or side
aisles adjoining bleacher seating that are stepped or tiered are not considered entry points.” Id.
Cerda contends that there is no “front-to-back” dispersion at Wrigley Field for wheelchair patrons.
Rather, every ADA seat is in the last row. In support, he cites Paralyzed Veterans of America v.
Ellerbe Becket Architects & Eng’rs, P.C., 950 F. Supp. 393 (D.D.C. 1996), where the court found
that a new sports arena did not comply with the ADA’s dispersal requirements because most of
the Accessible Seats were located in the end zone areas. Id. at 405. He also cites Colorado CrossDisability Coal. v. Colorado Rockies Baseball Club, Ltd., 336 F. Supp. 2d 1141 (D. Col. 2004),
where the court found that the baseball club could not “ghettoize” and cluster wheelchair spaces
in specific areas of the stadium. Id. at 1149.
The Cubs respond that Cerda points to no regulation or legal authority showing that
Accessible Seats must be placed in the first row of a ballpark or in the first rows of every Section.
The Advisory to § 221.2.3 of the 2010 Standards states, “[c]onsistent with the overall intent of the
ADA, individuals who use wheelchairs must be provided equal access so that their experience is
substantially equivalent to that of other members of the audience. Thus, while individuals who
use wheelchairs need not be provided with the best seats in the house, neither may they be relegated
to the worst.” 2010 Standards § 221.2.3 Advisory. According to the Cubs, the guidelines generally
state that ADA seats must be placed at varying distances from the playing field. The Cubs say that
they have complied with the requirements of vertical dispersion because there are Accessible Seats

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at three distances from the field: (1) 22 Accessible Seats in the Field Box; (2) 48 Accessible Seats
in the Terrace Reserved Sections, located behind the Field Box Sections; and (3) 19 Accessible
Seats in the Upper Deck, which has yet to be renovated. Additionally, the bleacher seats have
Accessible Seats roughly halfway between the field and the highest seats.
Cerda also says that he is suffering an ongoing injury because of the lack of horizontal
dispersion of Accessible Seating. Cerda says that there are no ADA compliant seats down the
third base line, only a few seats down the first base line (Section 124), none available for individual
purchase in center field, two in right field, and three in left field for individual purchase. Cerda
says he is suffering an actual ongoing injury because his horizontal seating opportunities are wildly
restricted in violation of the ADA.
For horizontal dispersion, the Cubs say that they have met the 2010 Standards. According
to the Advisory to § 221.2.3.1, Accessible Seats must be placed “around the field of play.” 2010
Standards § 221.2.3.1 Advisory. The Cubs say that there are Accessible Seats in 21 locations
around the field of play sold on an individual basis as well as Accessible Seats in 4 locations sold
on a group basis. They further say that horizontal dispersion will be even greater after the
renovations to the upper deck are completed. The Cubs say that the scenario here is different than
that of the Colorado Rockies case and the Paralyzed Veterans case cited by Cerda. In those cases,
unlike here, Accessible Seats were clustered in various parts of the arena. The Cubs say that that
is not the case here, as the maps and evidence show that Accessible Seating is dispersed throughout
the venue in compliance with the ADA.
The Court finds that Cerda has not shown that he has suffered and will likely suffer an
imminent “injury in fact” with regard to vertical dispersion in the bleachers at Wrigley Field. As
noted by the Cubs, the 2010 Standards do not say where Accessible Seats must be located and do

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not require the Cubs to place ADA seats in the front row. Moreover, the evidence provided by the
Cubs shows that there is vertical dispersion of ADA seating throughout Wrigley Field. As for
horizontal dispersion, Cerda says that he continues to suffer actual ongoing injuries because he is
unable to enjoy unobstructed views from the third base line. The evidence produced by the Cubs,
including the Seating Map attached to Rice’s Declaration, shows Accessible Seating behind home
plate, in the bleachers, and along the third base line. At first glance, this would appear to show
that Accessible Seating is not clustered in undesirable locations in Wrigley Field. However, when
taking into account Cerda’s assertion that Accessible Seating along the third base line is obstructed,
which the Cubs do not dispute, this only leaves unobstructed Accessible Seating in the bleachers
and behind home plate. Without any options for Accessible Seating along the first and third base
lines, the Court finds that Cerda has shown that he will suffer an “injury in fact.” Accordingly,
Cerda may pursue his challenge to horizontal dispersion in Wrigley Field.
II.

The Rehabilitation Act
Cerda next alleges that defendant violated the RHA because it received federal financial

assistance for the reconstruction of the bleachers and then intentionally discriminated against him
for profit by, among other things, replacing ADA wheelchair seating in the right field bleachers
with premium seating and by refusing to install ADA wheelchair seating in the American Airlines
2014 Club. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act provides that no individual with a disability shall
be discriminated against under any program receiving federal financial assistance. 29 U.S.C. §
794. To establish a Section 504 claim, Cerda must show that (1) he is a handicapped individual
as defined by the Act; (2) he is otherwise qualified for participation in the program; (3) the program
receives federal financial assistance; and (4) he was denied the benefits of the program solely
because of his handicap. See Reed v. Columbia St. Mary’s Hosp., 915 F.3d 473, 484 (7th Cir.

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2019) (internal quotations omitted). The Cubs move to dismiss, arguing that tax credits are not
“federal financial assistance” under Section 504.
A.

Legal Standard

“A motion under Rule 12(b)(6) tests whether the complaint states a claim on which relief
may be granted.” Richards v. Mitcheff, 696 F.3d 635, 637 (7th Cir. 2012). Under Rule 8(a)(2), a
complaint must include “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is
entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). The short and plain statement under Rule 8(a)(2) must
“give the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (ellipsis omitted). Under federal notice-pleading
standards, a plaintiff’s “[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the
speculative level.” Id. Stated differently, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). “A claim has facial plausibility when
the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the
defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S.at 556). “In
reviewing the sufficiency of a complaint under the plausibility standard, [courts must] accept the
well-pleaded facts in the complaint as true, but [they] ‘need[ ] not accept as true legal conclusions,
or threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory
statements.’” Alam v. Miller Brewing Co., 709 F.3d 662, 665-66 (7th Cir. 2013) (quoting Brooks
v. Ross, 578 F.3d 574, 581 (7th Cir. 2009)).
B.

Analysis

The parties only contest the third element of a Section 504 claim: whether the Cubs
received federal financial assistance. Cerda alleges that the Cubs received federal financial

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assistance for the bleacher renovations because the National Park Service gave the Cubs a tax
break in return for reducing the size of the Jumbo Trons in the bleachers. The Cubs respond that
tax credits do not constitute “federal financial assistance” under Section 504, citing Chaplin v.
Consol. Edison Co. of New York, Inc., 628 F. Supp. 143 (S.D.N.Y. 1986) (private entity’s
application of tax credits to capital investments on tangible property did not constitute federal
financial assistance to all programs and divisions within that entity’s organization).
The Court agrees with defendant’s contention that tax credits do not constitute federal
financial assistance under the RHA as it applies to this case. Federal financial assistance, in the
context of the RHA, typically applies to cases involving a direct subsidy. See Merrifield v.
Beaven/Inter-American Companies, Inc., No. 89 C 8436, 1991 WL 171376, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Aug.
30, 1991) (“The term ‘assistance’ connotes transfer of government funds by way of subsidy, not
merely exemption from taxation.”). Moreover, Cerda has provided the Court with no additional
facts or legal authority to support this theory of a Section 504 violation. Without more, the Court
finds that Cerda has failed to plausibly state a claim. The Court “has no duty to research and
construct legal arguments available to a party, especially when he is represented by counsel.” Tyler
v. Runyon, 70 F.3d 458, 464 (7th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[A] litigant who
fails to press a point by supporting it with pertinent authority, or by showing why it is sound despite
a lack of supporting authority, forfeits the point.” Windy City Metal Fabricators & Supply, Inc. v.
CIT Tech. Fin. Servs., Inc., 536 F.3d 663, 668 n.3 (7th Cir. 2008) (citing Tyler, 70 F.3d at 464);
see also Taylor-Novotny v. Health Alliance Med. Plans, Inc., 772 F.3d 478, 495 n.68 (7th Cir.
2014) (stating that perfunctory and undeveloped arguments are waived). Accordingly, defendant’s
motion to dismiss as to Count II is granted. Cerda’s claim under the Rehabilitation Act is denied
without prejudice.

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III.

Motion to Stay
The Cubs’ request to stay the proceedings is denied as moot.
CONCLUSION
For the aforementioned reasons, defendant’s motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, to stay

is granted in part and denied in part. As for Cerda’s ADA claims, he may proceed with his
challenge to the number of Accessible Seats and horizontal dispersion for Accessible Seats at
Wrigley Field; he may not proceed with his challenge to Accessible Seating in club/luxury box
locations or vertical dispersion. Cerda’s claim under the Rehabilitation Act is dismissed without
prejudice. The request for a stay is denied as moot. Status set for September 12, 2019 at 9:30 a.m.

SO ORDERED.

ENTERED: August 30, 2019

______________________
HON. JORGE ALONSO
United States District Judge

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