Venckiene v. United States of America et al
Filing
32
MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order signed by the Honorable Virginia M. Kendall on 7/12/2018. The Court denies Venckiene's Motion for Extension of Stay 9 . Although the Court has ruled on the likelihood Venckiene will succeed on the merits of her Habe as Petition, the Petition is not yet fully briefed. Because the Court has found that it has the authority to hear Venckiene's challenges to the Secretary of State's extradition determination and Judge Martin's certification order, the Court directs parties to submit briefing on Venckiene's pending Petition. Additionally, the Court permits Venckiene to first amend her Petition to include challenges raised for the first time in her supplemental brief, if so desired. Mailed notice(lk, )
Q L HVUXRF I2 GHWL P LO HWLXT VL QRLWR0 UHK QL WKJXRV IHLOHU HKW HQHLNFQH9 HGLYRUS RW \WLURKWXD
V¶WUXR& VLKW \DWV D QLDWER RW GHULXTHU JQLZRKV HPRVQHGUXE HKW GQD VJQLGHHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H
QL ZHLYHU VDHEDK IR HSRFV ZRUUDQ HKW QHYLJ UHYHZR+ VPHWV\V ODLFLGXM GQD ODFLWLORS V¶\UWQXRF
HYLWDQ UHK IR \WHLUSRUS GQD VVHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H ¶VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW JQLQUHFQRF VHXVVL VXRLUHV
HVLDU QRLWR0 GQD QRLWLWH3 V¶HQHLNFQH9 WN' GHGLFHG QHHE VDK QRLWLWHS VDHEDK UHK UHWID OLWQX
UHGQHUUXV UHK \DWV RW JQLNHHV \DW6 IR QRLVQHW[( URI QRLWR0 D GHO LI HQHLNFQH9 \D0 Q2
WN' UHGQHUUXV UHK IR QRLWD]LURKWXD V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW GQD HOEDWLGDUW[H VD UHK JQL \ILWUHF
UHGU2 V¶QLWUD0 HJGX- IR ZHLYHU JQLNHHV &68 RW WQDXVUXS VXSUR& VDHED+ IR WLU: D URI
QRLWLWH3 D GHO LI HQHLNFQH9 OLUS$ Q2 $ [( WN' WD
G,
WQHPQUHYRJ QDLQDXKWL/
HKW RW UHGQHUUXV UHK URI WQDUUDZ D GHXVVL GQD UHWWDP HKW GHZHLYHU HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW KFLKZ UHWID
EH) OO, '1 5& R1 HQHLNFQH9 DJQLUH1 IR QRLWLGDUW[( HU Q, HHV HOEDWLGDUW[H
VD HQHLNFQH9 JQL \ ILWUHF UHGUR QD GHUHWQH GQD JQLUDHK D GOHK QLWUD0 OHLQD' HJGX- HWDUWVLJD0
&68 QL KWURI WHV VVHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H HKW KWLZ WQHWVLVQR& \UWQXRF HYLWDQ UHK QL UHK WVQLDJD
JQLGQHS VHJUDKF ODQL PLUF HFDI RW DLQDXKWL/ GQD VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW QHHZWHE \WDHU7 QRLWLGDUW[( HKW
RW WQDXVUXS HQHLNFQH9 DJQLUH1 IR QRLWLGDUW[H HKW GHWVHXTHU VDK DLQDXKWL/ IR FL OEXSH5 HK7
5('52 '1$ 12,1,32 08'1$520(0
OODGQH. 0 DLQLJUL9 HJGX &
WQHGQRSVH5
$&,5(0$ )2 6(7$76 '(7,18
Y
UHQRLWLWH3
(1(,.&1(9 $*1,5(1
12,6,9,' 15(76$(
6,21,//, )2 7&,576,' 15(+7521 (+7 52)
7582& 7&,576,' 6(7$76 '(7,18 (+7 1,
G,
HOFLWU$ HGR& ODQL P LU& DLQDXKWL/ IR QRLWDORLY QL QRLWDUWVL QLPGD FL OEXS
IR VQRLWFQXI HKW JQLPURIUHS QRVUHS D UR WQDYUHV O LYLF D WVQLDJD HFQDWVLVHU
GQD D HGR& ODQL PLU& DLQDXKWL/ IR QRLWDORLY QL QLDS ODFL V\KS JQLVXDF
HOFLWU$ HGR& ODQL PLU& QDLQDXKWL/ IR QRLWDORLY
Q L \WODQHS D KWLZ GHWDLFRVVD WRQ QRLVLFHG V¶WUXRF D KWLZ \ OSPRF RW HUXO LDI
HOFLWU$
HGR& ODQL P LU& DLQDXKWL/ IR QRLWDORLY QL I I L OLDE D IR VHLWLYLWFD HKW JQLUHGQLK
HOFLWU$ HGR& ODQL PLU& DLQDXKWL/ IR QRLWDORLY QL JQLNODWV
HL HI LO HWDYLUS V¶QRVUHS D WXRED QRLWDPURIQL IR QRLWFHOORF OXIZDOQX
HOFLWU$ HGR& ODQL PLU&
D LQDXKWL/ IR QRLWDORLY QL JQLNODWV HL HILO HWDYLUS V¶QRVUHS D WXRED
QRLWDPURIQL IR QRLWFHOORF OXIZDOQX WFD ODQL PLUF D JQLWWL PPRF QL \WLFL OSPRF
DLQDXKWL/ QL GHWWL P PRF \ OGHJHO OD VHVQHIIR JQLZROORI HKW URI UHK WVQLDJD
GHXVVL VHJUDKF HFDI RW \WDHU7 HKW RW WQDXVUXS HQ HLNFQH9 IR QRLWLGDUW[H HKW URI VOHQQDKF FLWDPROSLG
KJXRUKW WVHXTHU ODPURI D GHWWLPEXV GDK DLQDXKWL/ IR WQHPQUHYR* HKW WDKW GHWDWV WQLDOSPR& HK7
WN' WD OO, '1 5& R1 HQHLNFQH9 Y $68 HH6 ´\WDHU7³ HKW DLQDXKWL/ IR FLOEXSH5
HKW GQD VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW QHHZWHE \WDHU7 QRLWLGDUW[( HKW GQD &68 KWLZ HFQDGURFFD
QL HQHLNFQH9 DJQLUH1 IR WVHUUD HKW URI WQDUUDZ D HXVVL WUXRF HKW WDKW JQLWVHXTHU QDP VLH:
HJGX- HWDUWVLJD0 HURIHE WQLDOSPR& ODQL PLU& D GHO LI WQHPQUHYR* HKW \UDXQD- Q2
WVHUU$ GQD QRLWLGDUW[( URI WVHXTH5
,
'1825*.&$%
GHLQHG VL WN' \DW6 IR QRLVQHW[( URI
QRLWR0 V¶HQHLNFQH9 VQRVDHU JQLZROORI HKW UR) VWKJLU HVRKW IR QRLWFHWRUS \UHY HKW GQD ZDO IR HOXU
O DQRLWDQUHWQL HWDWL O LFDI RW VQRLWDQ QHHZWHE GHUHWQH VHLWDHUW HFQDWVLVVD ODJHO ODXWXP HKW JQL QQLSUHGQX
\ WLPRF IR HOSLFQLUS HKW GQD VZDO ODQL PLUF QZR ULHKW HFURIQH GQD WFDQH RW VQRLWDQ QJLHUHYRV IR
WKJLU HKW WFHSVHU WVXP WUXR& VLKW QRLWR0 GQD QRLWLWH3 V¶HQLHNFQH9 \E GHVLDU VHXVVL HKW JQLVVHUGGD
VDZ QRLWDFLILWUH& V¶QLWUD0 HJGX- WDKW GQD GHWQDUJ VL WVHXTHU QRLWLGDUW[H HKW IL VKWQRP RZW QLKWLZ
HFDOS VHNDW \ O ODFLS\W UHGQHUUXV WDKW QRLWDFLILWUH& UHWID HPLW \QD WD QRLVLFHG VWL HNDP \DP \UDWHUFH6
HKW WDKW OHVQXRF V¶HQHLNFQH9 GHLILWRQ RVOD UHWWHO HK7 WN' WD
G,
VVHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H HKW
QL VSHWV W[HQ HKW IR P LK JQL \ILWRQ UHWWHO D \HQURWWD V¶HQHLNFQH9 WQHV WQHPQUHYR* HKW \DG HPDV
WDK7 G, UHGQHUUXV GQD QRLWLGDUW[H QR QRLVLFHG V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW JQLGQHS VODKVUD0 68
HKW IR \GRWVXF HKW RW HQHLNFQH9 GHWWLPPRF RVOD ODWWL PPR& GQD QRLWDFLILWUH& HK7 WN' WD G,
QRLWDUWVL QL PGD FL OEXS IR VQRLWFQXI HKW JQLPURIUHS QRVUHS D UR WQDYUHV O LYLF D WVQLDJD HFQDWVLVHU
GQD QLDS ODFLV\KS JQLVXDF \WODQHS D KWLZ GHWDLFRVVD WRQ QRLVLFHG V¶WUXRF D KWLZ \ OSPRF RW HUXO LDI
I I L OLDE D IR VHLWLYLWFD HKW JQLUHGQLK VHVQHIIR JQ LZROORI HKW URI HOEDWLGDUW[H VD HQHLNFQH9 JQL \ILWUHF
QRLWLGDUW[( URI ODWWL PPR& GQD QRLWDFL ILWUH& D GHXVVL QLWUD0 HJGX- \UDXUEH) Q2
G, VUXRK
RZW GHWVDO JQLUDHK HKW WDKW GHWDFLGQL UHGU2 HK7 WN' WD G, VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW QL GHWWL PPRF
Q HHE GDK HVQHIIR HKW IL ODLUW URI WQHPWL PPRF \ILWVXM GOXRZ WDKW HVXDF HOEDERUS \E GHKVLOEDWVH
VDZ²´WKJXRV VL QRLWLGDUW[H KFLKZ URI QRLWDUWVL QL PGD FL OEXS IR VQRLWFQXI HKW JQLPURIUHS
QRVUHS D UR WQDYUHV O LYLF D WVQLDJD HFQDWVLVHU³ GQD ´II L OLDE UR UH\ZDO UHFLIIR QRLWDJLWVHYQL
ODLUWHUS URWXFHVRUS HJGXM D IR VHLWLYLWFD HKW JQLUHGQLK³²GHJUDKF VHPLUF HKW IR RZW IR
QRLVVL PPRF HKW GQD GHWDFLWQHKWXD \OUHSRUS HUHZ QRLWLGDUW[H URI WVHXTHU VWL IR WURSSXV QL DLQDXKWL/
IR WQHPQUHYR* HKW \E GHGLYRUS VWQHPXFRG GQD VWQDUUDZ HKW GHJUDKF VHPLUF HKW GHVVDSPRFQH
\WDHU7 HKW JQLGQLI GQD WVHXTHU QRLWLGDUW[H V¶WQHPQUHYR* HKW JQLWQDUJ UHGU2 QD GHXVVL \DG
HPDV WDKW GQD JQLUDHK QRLWLGDUW[H QD GOHK QLWUD0 HJGX- HWDUWVLJD0 \UDXUEH) Q2
QLWUD0 HJGX- HWDUWVLJD0 HURIHE VJQLGHHFRU3
WN' WD G,
,,
GQDOZR5 HJGX- HWDUWVLJD0 HURIHE GHUDHSSD GQD GHWVHUUD VDZ HQHLNFQH9
\UDXUEH) Q2 WN' WD G, \DG HPDV HKW WQDUUDZ WVHUUD HKW GHXVVL QDPVLH: HJGX-
G, OLUS$ JQLGXOFQL GQD RW SX ´HQHLNFQH9 V0 IR IODKHE QR GHWWLPEXV VJQL OL I
GQD VJQLGDHOS JQLGXOFQL QRLWDPURIQL WQHQLWUHS OOD IR ZHLYHU D³ QR GHVDE VDZ QRLVLFHG HKW GHWDWV
WXE UHWWHO HKW QL QRLVLFHG VWL URI VQRVDHU HKW \ I LFHSV WRQ GLG \UDWHUFH6 HK7 G, O LUS$
GHWDG UHWWHO \E QRL VLFHG HKW IR GHLILWRQ VDZ OHVQXRF V¶HQHLNFQH9 $ [( WN' WD G, \WDHU7
HKW RW WQDXVUXS UHGQHUUXV V¶HQHLNFQH9 GH]LURKWXD HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW O LUS$ Q2
WN' WD G,
QRLWLWHS VDHEDK D HOLI WRQ GLG WXE HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW RW VODLUHWDP GHWWL PEXV HQHLNFQH9
WN' WD G, \DW6 RW QRLWR0 V¶H QHLNFQH9 GHLQHG QLWUD0 HJGX- KFUD0 Q2
WN' WD G, QRLWDUHGLVQRF URI HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW RW VODLUHWDP ODQRLWLGGD WL PEXV UR UHWWDP
QRLWLGDUW[H HKW IR ZHLYHU V¶\UDWHUFH6 HKW JQLGQHSVXV \ OODFLWDPRWXD \EHUHKW IHLOHU VDHEDK NHHV
GOXRF HQHLNFQH9 HPLW KFLKZ JQLUXG UHGU2 QRLWDFL ILWUH& HKW IR \UWQH HKW UHWID V\DG WVDHO WD OLWQX
WQDUUDZ D HXVVL WRQ GOXRZ HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW HVXDFHE \UDVVHFHQ HE WRQ GOXRZ \DWV D WDKW VGQXRUJ
HKW QR GHWFHMER WQHPQUHYR* HK7 WN' WD G, \WDHU7 HKW RW QRLWSHF[H ´HVQHIIR ODFLWLORS³ HKW
RW WFHMEXV HUHZ GHJUDKF VHVQHIIR HKW WDKW JQLXJUD HYLWDQUHWOD HKW QL GQD VJQLGQLI HVXDF HOEDERUS
V¶WUXRF HKW JQLJQHO ODKF QRLWLWHS VDHEDK D HOL I RW GHKVLZ HKV WDKW JQLWDWV QRLWLWHS VDHEDK D IR
QRLWXORVHU GQD JQL O LI HKW JQLGQHS QRLWLGDUW[H HKW IR QRLWDFL ILWUHF \DW6 RW QRLWR0 D GHOLI HQHLNFQH9
\DG HPDV WDK7 HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW RW WHNFRG HKW QR GHO LI VWQHPXFRG OOD GQD QRLWLGDUW[(
URI ODWWL PPR& GQD QRLWDFL ILWUH& HKW IR \SRF D GHOLDP WUXRF HKW \UDXUEH) Q2
G,
JQLO LI KFXV WQHVED JQLNDPQRLVLFHG HKW KWLZ GHHFRUS O OLZ \UDWHUFH6
HKW UHYHZR+ GHO LI QHHE VDK QRLWLWHS VDHEDK HKW WDKW GHGLYRUS \DWV IR
PURI \QD QLDWER RW GHHQ RQ VL HUHKW \OWQHXTHVQR& QRLWLWHS HKW VHLQHG WUXRF
WFLUWVLG HKW IL GQD QHKZ \OQR ZHLYHU HPXVHU O OLZ GQD UHWWDP QRLWLGDUW[H
HKW IR ZHLYHU GQHSVXV O OLZ \UDWHUFH6 HKW GHO LI VL QRLWLWHS VDHEDK D I,
UHKWUXI GHQLDOS[H UHWWHO HK7 G, WUXRF WFLUWVLG HKW QL QRLWLWHS VDHEDK
D JQL O LI \E QRLWDFLILWUH& HKW IR ZHLYHU GHWL P L O NHHV GOXRF HQHLNFQH9 WXE HOEDODHSSD \OWFHULG WRQ
G, JQLOXU VWL URI VLVDE \QD JQLGLYRUS WXRKWLZ
QRLWDQLPUHWHG VWL HNDP QDF \UDWHUFH6 HKW WQHW[H HKW RW VVHFRUS HXG VHWDORLY HPHKFV QRLWLGDUW[H HKW
GQD VHVQHIIR HKW IR RZW RW VD GHWVL[H HVXDF HOEDERUS JQLGQLI QL GHUUH HJGX- HWDUWVLJD0 HKW \WDHU7
HKW IR QRLWSHF[H ´HVQHIIR ODFLWLORS³ HKW UHGQX O ODI GHJUDKF VHVQHIIR HKW VQRVDHU JQLZROORI HKW URI
D LQDXKWL/ RW QRLWLGDUW[H UHK WQHYHUS WUXR& HKW WDKW VWVHXTHU QRLWLWH3 HK7 WN' O LUS$
QR WUXR& VLKW QL VXSUR& VDHED+ IR WLU: D URI QRLWLWH3 D GHO LI HQHLNFQH9 HYRED GHWDWV V$
WUXR& VLKW HURIHE VJQLGHHFRU3
,,,
WN' RVOD HHV WN' WD G, WUXR& VLKW HURIHE WKJXRUE HE GOXRF UHWWDP HKW HWDG
WVHLOUDH HKW² \D0 JQLGXOFQL GQD KJXRUKW \ OQR QRLWLGDUW[( \DW6 RW QRLWR0 V¶HQHLNFQH9
GHWQDUJ QLWUD0 HJGX- QRLWLWHS VDHEDK V¶HQHLNFQH9 IR WKJLO QL JQLUDHK \D0 HKW W$ WUXR&
VLKW QL VXSUR& VDHED+ IR WLU: D URI QRLWLWH3 D GHO LI HQHLNFQH9 OLUS$ QR HWDG WDKW RW URLU3
WN' WD G, \D0 URI QLWUD0 HJGX- HURIHE QRLWR0 UHK SX GHFLWRQ V¶HQHLNFQH9
G, QRLWDQLPUHWHG
V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW
JQLZROORI
\DWV D GHXVVL WUXRF HKW KFLKZ QL HVDF GHWURSHU RQ IR ZHQN
WQHPQUHYR* HKW WDKW GQD HVDF V¶HQHLNFQH9 QL UXFFR WRQ GLG KFLKZ QRLWDQLPUHWHG QRLWLGDUW[H
VWL GHXVVL \UDWHUFH6 HKW
HURIHE
GHWDLWL QL VJQLGHHFRUS VXSURF VDHEDK RW WQDXVUXS VJQLGHHFRUS
QRLWLGDUW[H QL \DWV D HXVVL RW \WLURKWXD GHVLFUH[H \ OQR \ O ODFLS\W VWUXRF WDKW GHQLDOS[H WQHPQUHYR*
HK7 WN' WD
G,
QRLVLFHG V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW JQLZROORI UHGQHUUXV V¶HQHLNFQH9
\DWV RW QRLWFLGVLUXM GDK UHJQRO RQ WUXRF HKW WDKW GQD QRLWDFLILWUHF V¶WUXRF HKW IR WRQ UHGQHUUXV
UHK IR \DWV D WKJXRV \ O ODLWQHVVH HQHLNFQH9 WDKW \ O LUDPLUS JQLXJUD QRLWRP HKW GHVRSSR WQHPQUHYR*
HK7 WN' WD
G,
\DWV GHWVHXTHU HKW IR WURSSXV QL HFQHGLYH ODQRLWLGGD WQHVHUS GOXRF
HKV KFLKZ WD JQLUDHK D WHV UR UHGUR QRLWLGDUW[H HKW IR QRLWDFL ILWUHF \DWV WUXRF HKW WDKW JQLWVHXTHU
QLWUD0 HJGX- HURIHE QRLWLGDUW[( \DW6 RW QRLWR0 D GHO LI HQHLNFQH9 O LUS$ Q2
UDHK QDF WL WDKW VGQLI WUXR& HKW I, JQLOXU UHKWLH ZHLYHU RW HJDWV VLKW WD \WLURKWXD VDK WUXR& VLKW WDKW
WVULI ZRKV WVXP HQHLNFQH9 HOEDWLGDUW[H VD UHK JQL \ILWUHF UHGU2 V¶QLWUD0 HJGX- GQD QRLWDQLPUHWHG
QRLWLGDUW[H V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW KWRE VHJQHO ODKF HQHLNFQH9 QRLWLWHS VDHEDK UHK Q,
12,668&6,'
G, \OX- QR IH LUE ODWQHPHOSSXV UHK GHO LI HQHLNFQH9 WUXR& HKW RW
I HLUE ODWQHPHOSSXV D QL VWQHPXJUD ZHQ HVHKW WQHVHUS RW HQHLNFQH9 GHWFHULG WUXR& HK7 WN'
HH6
GUDHK VDZ HVDF PXO \VD JQLGQHS UHK OLWQX QRLWLGDUW[H V¶HQHLNFQH9 WQHYHUS GOXRZ GHVVDS I L
WDKW VO OLE HWDUDSHV GHFXGRUWQL GDK QHPVVHUJQR& RZW WDKW GQD VLVDE HO ELVVLPUHSPL \ O ODQRLWXWLWVQRF
D QR QRLWDQLPUHWHG VWL GHVDE \ OGHJHOOD HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW WDKW JQLGXOFQL QRLWLWH3 GQD
QRLWR0 UHK IR WURSSXV QL VWQHPXJUD ODQRLWLGGD GHVLDU HQHLNFQH9 JQLUDHK HQX- HKW WD VQRLWVHXT
V¶WUXR& HKW RW HVQRSVHU Q, WN' HQX- QR QRLWR0 GHIHLUE\ OOXI HKW QR JQLUDHK
UHKWRQD GOHK WUXR& HK7 WN' \DW6 IR QR LVQHW[( URI QRLWR0 UHK IR WURSSXV QL \OSHU D HO LI RW
UHQRLWLWH3 GHUHGUR GQD \D0 QR QRLWR0 V¶HQHLNFQH9 QR JQLUDHK D GOHK WUXR& HK7
WN' QRLWLWHS VDHEDK UHK IR VWLUHP HKW QR GHHFFXV RW \ OHNLO VL HKV JQLZRKV JQRUWV
D HNDP WRQQDF HQHLNFQH9 UHGUR QRLWDFL ILWUHF V¶QLWUD0 HJGX- ZHLYHU RW \WLURKWXD VDK WUXR& HKW
I L GQD HPHKFV QRLWLGDUW[H 68 HKW QL ZDOI VVHFRUS HXG D ZRKV WRQQDF HQHLNFQH9 QRLWDQLPUHWHG
QRLWLGDUW[H V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW ZHLYHU RW \WLURKWXD VDK WUXR& HKW IL QRLVLFHG VWL HGDP VDK
\UDWHUFH6 HKW WDKW ZRQ UHGUR QRLWDFLILWUHF V¶QLWUD0 HJGX- ZHLYHU RW UR QRLWDQLPUHWHG QRLWLGDUW[H
V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW IR HFQDWVEXV HKW ZHLYHU RW \WLURKWXD RQ VDK WUXR& HKW WDKW QLWUD0
HJGX- HURIHE QRLWRP URLUS V¶HQHLNFQH9 GHVRSSR WL VGQXRUJ HPDV HKW \ O ODLWQHVVH QR QRLWR0 HKW
GHVRSSR WQHPQUHYR* HK7 WN' \DWV GHWVHXTHU HKW QR HWDG JQLUDHK D GQD HOXGHKFV JQLIHLUE
D WHV RW HYLWDQUHWOD HKW QL UR GUDHK HE QDF QRLWLWHS VDHEDK UHK WDKW HPLW KFXV OLWQX QLWUD0 HJGX- \E
GHXVVL \DWV HKW GQHW[H RW \DW6 IR QRLVQHW[( URI QRLWR0 D GHO LI HQHLNFQH9 \D0 Q2
VURWFDI HVHKW WDKW HWXSVLG WRQ RG VHLWUDS HK7
WD 68
QHN1
QRLWR0 V¶HQHLNFQH9 QUH YRJ
VURWFDI \DWV ´ODQRLWLGDUW³ HKW HUD HVHK7
RW UHKWHKZ VHGLFHG QHKW HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HK7 &68 ´HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW RW
@VJQLGQLI UHK UR VLK> \ ILWUHF OODKV³ HK ´@V>HJUDKF HKW QLDWVXV RW WQHLFL IIXV HFQHGLYH HKW VPHHG³
HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP HKW IL GQD VHJUDKF HKW RW VD HFQHGLYH VUDHK GQD WVHUUD V¶QRVUHS WDKW URI WQDUUDZ
D VHXVVL HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP HKW WQHPQUHYRJ QJLHURI HKW IR QRLWFLGVLUXM HKW QL \WDHUW HOEDFLOSSD
HKW \E GHUHYRF VHPLUF GHWWL PPRF JQLYDK KW LZ QRVUHS D JQLJUDKF WUXRF ODUHGHI QL WQLDOSPRF
D VHOLI WQHPQUHYR* HKW WQHPQUHYRJ QJLHURI D GQD VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW QHHZWHE VWVL[H QRLWLGDUW[H
URI \WDHUW D HUHKZ HPHKFV QRLWLGDUW[H JQLZROORI HKW VHGLYRUS &68 HOWL7
QRLWDQLPUHWH' QRLWLGDUW[( V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HK7
,
± WD G, ´QRLWHUFVLG @V¶WUXRF HKW> IR HVLFUH[H QD \ILWVXM VHFQDWVPXFULF
HKW WDKW JQLZRKV IR QHGUXE HKW VUDHE³ \DWV D JQLWVHXTHU \WUDS HK7 68
VHWDW6
GHWLQ8 Y R& 5 QDLQLJUL9
JQLWRXT WD
IL QHYH³ WKJLU IR UHWWDP D WRQ VL \DWV $
G,
G,
´WOXVHU HVLZUHKWR WKJLP \UXM QL HOEDUDSHUUL
´ODFLWLUF WVRP³ HKW HUD VURWFDI RZW WVULI HK7
68 OOLNVQXDU% Y QRWOL+ JQLWRXT 68 UHGOR+ Y QHN1 ´VHL O
WVHUHWQL FLOEXS HKW HUHKZ GQD JQLGHHFRUS HKW QL GHWVHUHWQL VHLWUDS UHKWR HKW HUXMQL \ O ODLWQDWVEXV
O O LZ \DWV HKW IR HFQDXVVL UHKWHKZ \DWV D WQHVED GHUXM QL \ OEDUDSHUUL HE OOLZ WQDFLOSSD HKW
UHKWHKZ VWLUHP HKW QR GHHFFXV RW \OHNLO VL HK WDKW JQLZRKV JQRUWV D HGDP VDK WQDFLOSSD \DWV
HKW UHKWHKZ ³ \DWV D WQDUJ RW UHKWHKZ JQL QLPUHWHG QL VURWFDI UXRI VUHGLVQRF WUXR& HK7
GUDHK VL HVDF
P XO \VD UHK OLWQX QRLWLGDUW[H UHK WQHYHUS GOXRZ WDKW VO O LE JQLGQHS RZW HKW QR VHWRY VVHUJQR& OLWQX
GH\DWV HE GOXRKV QRLWLGDUW[H UHK WDKW VHXJUD RVOD HQHLNFQH9 GUDHK VL QRLWLWHS KFXV OLWQX QRLWLGDUW[H
V¶HQHLNFQH9 \DWV RW UHKWHKZ HGLFHG QHKW WVXP WL GQXRUJ UHKWLH QR QRLWLWHS VDHEDK V¶HQHLNFQH9
HH6
VURWFDI KFXV JQLUHGLVQRF PRUI GHGXOFHUS HUD VHJGXM HWDUWVLJD0 ´VGQXRUJ QDLUDWLQDPXK QR
GHLQHG HE GOXRKV QRLWLGDUW[H WDKW UR ULDIQX VL PHWV\V HFLWVXM V¶HWDWV JQLWVHXTHU HKW WDKW GHWDYLWRP
\ O ODFLWLORS VL WVHXTHU QRLWLGDUW[H QD WDKW VQRLWQHWQRF V¶HYLWLJXI D VVHUGGD GOXRKV HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6
HK@7>³ EH) OO, '1
WD /: 5& R1 UHOOHR1 IR QRLWLGDUW[(
IR UHWWD0
´HJXIUHWEXV D VL WVHXTHU HKW UHKWHKZ HL HP LUF ODFLWLORS D URI HYLWLJXI HKW KVLQXS
UR \UW RW ZHLY D KWLZ HGDP VL QRLWLGDUW[H URI QRLWLVLXTHU V¶\UWQXRF D WRQ UR UHKWHKZ HQLPUHWHG RW
QRLWHUFVLG HORV V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW QLKWLZ VL WL WDKW HOXU GHOWWHV HKW VL W,³ UL& KW WD
G) QLD( VGQXRUJ QDLUDWLQDPXK QR GHLQHG HE GOXRKV WVHXTHU HKW UHKWHKZ GQD ULDI VL PHWV\V
HFLWVXM V¶HWDWV JQLWVHXTHU HKW UHKWHKZ VQRLWDYLWRP ODFLWLORS V¶HWDWV JQLWVHXTHU HKW VD KFXV VURWFDI
UHKWR UHGLVQRF RW \WLURKWXD HORV VDK HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW \ULXTQLQRQ IR HOXU HKW UHGQ8
´UHGQHUUXV IR WQDUUDZ
D HXVVL RW UHKWHKZ HQLPUHWHG RW HVDF HKW IR ZHLYHU WQHGQHSHGQL QD VWFXGQRF HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW
\ULXTQL GHWL P LO ULHKW GHWHOSPRF HYDK VWUXRF HKW UHWI$ QRLWFQXI HYLWXFH[( QD VQLDPHU \OHWDPLWOX
QRLWLGDUW[(³ UL& KW G) QH3
DWQDOW$ QHGUD: Y QLWUD0
´HWDW6 IR
\UDWHUFH6 HKW RW GHYUHVHU VL HYLWLJXI HKW HWLGDUW[H RW WRQ UR UHKWHKZ QR QRL VLFHG O DQLI HK7³ OO,
'1 G SSX6 ) DLFUD* RLFQHJOX) IR QRLWLGDUW[( HU Q, ´\DZ QLDWUHF D QL WFD RW
WQHPQUHYRJ IR KFQDUE HYLWXFH[H HKW OHSPRF WRQ VHRG WXE VH]LURKWXD WL QRLWDWURSHG D JQLYRUSSD
UHGUR QD UR WQDUUDZ KFUDHV D PRUI WQHUHI ILG RQ VL QRLWLGDUW[H IR HWDFLILWUHF $³ UL& KW
G) LGUDQRH/L' Y DYOL6H'
Y QLD(
RVOD HHV
UL& KW G) VHNOL:
´UHGQHUUXV IR WQDUUDZ D IR HFQDXVVL HKW KWLZ UHKWUXI GHHFRUS GOXRKV QRLWLGDUW[H WRQ UR
UHKWHKZ HQLPUHWHG RW QRLWHUFVLG HORV V¶\UDWHUFH6 HKW QL VL WL VVHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H HKW IR QRLWHOSPRF
URI \UDWHUFH6 HKW RW GHL ILWUHF VL HVDF HKW I,³ &68 JQLWLF UL& KW
G) QRVVUDVV$ IR UHWWD0 WQHPQUHYRJ QJLHURI JQLWVHXTHU HKW RW ODXGL YLGQL HKW UHGQHUUXV
WUX%
IR UHWWD0 HH6
VWQLDUWVQRF ODQRLWXWLWVQRF HPRV RW WFHMEXV VL QRLWDQLPUHWHG QRLWLGDUW[H
VWL JQLNDP QL WFXGQRF V¶HYLWXFH[( HKW WDKW HOXU ODUHQHJ VLKW RW QRLWSHF[H ZRUUDQ D VD GH]LQJRFHU
VDK WLXFUL& KWQHYH6 HKW UHYHZR+ ´VULDIID QJLHURI WFXGQRF RW VUHZRS VWL IR HVLFUH[H HKW
Q L HYLWXFH[( HKW IR HYLWDJRUHUS HYLVXOF[H HKW QLKWLZ UHWWDP D VL HWLGDUW[H RW QRLVLFHG HWDPLWOX HK7
ZHLYHU ODLFLGXM RW WFHMEXV \ OODUHQHJ WRQ VL HYLWLJXI HKW HWLGDUW[H RW QRLWDQLPUHWHG \UDQRLWHUFVLG
V¶HYLWXFH[( HKW QRLWLGDUW[H IR URYDI QL VL QRLVLFHG V¶HWDUWVLJDP HKW WDKW JQL PXVV$³
UL& KW G) VHWDW6
GHWLQ8 Y RGHERFV(
´VWUXRF HKW \E HOEDZHLYHU \ O ODUHQHJ
WRQ VL QRLVLFHG V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HK7³ WD G) QLWUD0
JH HH6
ZHLYHU ODLFLGXM
RW WFHMEXV WRQ \ O ODUHQHJ VL QRLWDQLPUHWHG QRLWLGDUW[H V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW \ OJQLGURFF$
VIHL OHE ODQRLWXWLWVQRF HYLWFHSVHU
JQLWDORLY WXRKWLZ HOELVVRS WQHW[H HKW RW KFDH IR \WQJLHUHYRV HKW WFHWRUS RW UHGUR QL VQRLWDQ QHHZWHE
QRLWDUHSRRF HWDWL O LFDI RW VL KFLKZ IR HVRSUXS HKW VHLWDHUW HFQDWVLVVD ODJHO ODXWXP GQLKHE WSHFQRF
\ UHY HKW RW ODWLY RVOD VL W, 68 HQLD. HU Q, JQLWRXT
WD /:
UHOOHR1
IR QRLWLGDUW[( IR UHWWD0
´¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW KJXRUKW GHPURIUHS WFD ODQRLWDQ D
\ OHUXSµ VL WQHPQUHYRJ QJLHURI D RW HYLWLJXI D IR UHGQHUUXV HKW WDKW JQLGQDWVUHGQX GOHKJQRO HKW KWLZ
WQHWVLVQRF VL HFLWFDUS VLK7³ ´WRQ \DP HWDUWVLJDP QRLWLGDUW[H QD KFLKZ VQRLWDOHU QJLHURI VD OOHZ
VD WQDGQHIHG ODXGL YLGQL HKW KWRE JQLWFHIID VURWFDI GDLU\P UHGLVQRF \OUHSRUS \DP GQD QRLWHUFVLG
GDRUE VHVLFUH[H \UDWHUFH6 HK7³ UL& KW WD G) QLWUD0 ´VGQXRUJ QDLUDWLQDPXK
QR GHLQHG HE GOXRKV QRLWLGDUW[H UHKWHKZ HQL PUHWHG RW HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW IR QRLWFQXI HKW VL W,
HJGX- HWDUWVLJD0 JQL \ILWUHF HKW \E QRLWDUHGLVQRF URI UHWWDP UHSRUS D WRQ VL QJLHUHYRV JQLWVHXTHU
HKW RW GHQUXWHU IL HI LO VLK IR GHYLUSHG QHYH UR VWKJLU QDPXK GQD ODQRLWXWLWVQRF VLK IR GHYLUSHG
ODLUW ULDI D GHLQHG GHWDHUWVLP HE O OLZ HK WDKW P LDOF V¶HHQLDWHG QRLWLGDUW[H QD WDKW WFHIIH HKW RW VL ZDO
HVDF JQLO LDYHUS HK7³ OO, '1 G SSX6 ) VDOD6
IR QRLWLGDUW[( HU Q, JH
VVHFRU3 HX' ODUXGHFRU3
JQLUDHK HQX- V¶WUXR& HKW UHWID GHO LI JQLIHLUE ODWQHPHOSSXV HKW QL
HPLW WVULI HKW URI VGQXRUJ GULKW GQD GQRFHV HKW GHVLDU HQHLNFQH9 WD G, VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW
IR VQRLWFHWRUS ODQRLWXWLWVQRF HKW RW ODFL P LQL VHUXGHFRUS VXRLFRUWD \ OUDOXFLWUDS V\ROSPH DLQDXKWL/
WDKW VHXJUD HQHLNFQH9 GULK7 WD WN' ´\UDLFLGXM GQD WQHPQUHYRJ QDLQDXKWL/ HKW IR
P VLFLWLUF UHK JH VIHL OHE ODFLWLORS UHK URI GHKV LQXS JQLHE VL³ HKV WDKW VHJHO OD HQHLNFQH9 GQRFH6
QRLWDQLPUHWHG VWL URI VLVDE HKW \ILFHSV WRQ GLG HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW HVXDFHE VWKJLU VVHFRUS
HXG ODUXGHFRUS UHK GHWDORLY HPHKFV QRLWLGDUW[H HKW WDKW VHJHO OD HQHLNFQH9 WVUL) VGQXRUJ HHUKW
QR QRLWDQLPUHWHG V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW IR \WLODQRLWXWLWVQRF HKW VHJQHO ODKF HQHLNFQH9
´VWKJLU ODQRLWXWLWVQRF V¶ODXGLYLGQL HKW HWDORLY \UDLFLGXM HKW IR QRLQLSR
HKW QL GOXRZ QRLWLGDUW[H KFXV HUHKZ ODXGL YLGQL QD HWLGDUW[H RW HVRRKF WRQ \DP³ WQHGLVHU3 HKW GQD
HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HK7 UL& KW G) VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 Y UHWVDO3 ´QRLWXWLWVQR&
HKW IR VWQLDUWVQRF HKW RW WFHMEXV HVUXRF IR HUD QRLWLGDUW[H URI WVHXTHU D JQLZHLYHU QL VQRLWFD
¶VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HK7³ WD G) QLWUD0
JH HH6
VJQLGHHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H QL QRLWHUFVLG
V¶HYLWXFH[( HKW QR VQRLWDWL PL O ODQRLWXWLWVQRF GH]LQJRFHU RVOD HYDK VWUXRF UHKW2 WD
G,
GHEUXWVLG HE WRQ O OLZ VQRLVLFHG
HVRKW QRLWFLGVLUXM QJLHURI HKW \E GH\ROSPH VWQHPKVLQXS UR VHUXGHFRUS
VXRLFRUWD \OUDOXFLWUDS IR HVXDFHE WVL[H \DP VD VQRLWDWL P L O ODQRLWXWLWVQRF
ODQRLWSHF[H UHKWR KFXV KWLZ HFQDGURFFD QL GQD VIHL OHE ODFLWLORS UR QRLJLOHU
QLJLUR ODQRLWDQ [HV URORF HFDU VD VURWFDI HO ELVVL PUHSP L \ O ODQRLWXWLWVQRF
KFXV RW GUDJHU WXRKWLZ VQRLWDUHGLVQRF FLWDPROSLG QR VQRLVLFHG
QRLWLGDUW[H VWL VHVDE GQD QRLWLGDUW[H UHK UR VLK JQLGUDJHU GHVXFFD QD RW
HVLPRUS FL ILFHSV D GHKFDHUE WRQ VDK VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW VD JQRO RV \ O ODUHQH*
GHQLDOS[H WUX% IR UHWWD0
QL WUXRF HK7 ´VWKJLU ODQRLWXWLWVQRF VHWDORLY WFXGQRF KFXV IL HWLGDUW[H RW QRLVLFHG VWL JQLNDWUHGQX
QL VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW IR WFXGQRF HYLWQDWVEXV HKW UHGLVQRF RW \WLURKWXD HKW HYDK VQRLWLGDUW[H
IR ZHLYHU VXSURF VDHEDK JQLNDWUHGQX VWUXRF ODUHGH@)>³ UL& KW G)
WD G) ´HWDWV QJLHURI D \ E WKJXRUE VHJUDKF ODQLPLUF
RW GQRSVHU RW \WLOLED V¶GHVXFFD HKW WF HI ID \OLUDGQR FH V \DP WDKW VQUHFQRF FLWDPROSLG RW HYLVQRSVHU VQRLVLFHG VHNDP
@> UHWLGDUW[H VD³ WQHPQUHYRJ HKW QHKZ ULDIQX \OODWQHPDGQXI WRQ VDZ WL HVXDFHE VWKJLU VVHFRUS HXG ¶UHQRLWLWHS GHWDORLY
WRQ GDK KFQDUE HYLWXFH[H HKW WDKW GQXR I \OHWDPLWOX WXE VJQLGHHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H HKW QL VQRLWFD V¶KFQDUE HYLWXFH[H HKW
RW HJQHOODKF VVHFRUS HXG V¶UHQRLWLWHS HKW UDHK RW WUXR F HKW URI HWDLUSRUSSD VDZ WL WDKW GOHK
WUX% IR UHWWD0
QL WUXRF HK7
WF$ 55$) UR 7$& HKW UHGQX IHLOHU URI PLDOF \QD HGDP WRQ VDK HKV HVXDFHE QRLWR0 UR QRLWLWH3
V¶HQHLNFQH9 QR JQLUDHE RQ HYDK VHVDF HVHK7
GHOXU GDK \UDWHUFH6 HKW OLWQX HSLU WRQ VDZ 55$) UHGQX QRLWLGDUW[H
RW HJQHOODKF WDKW JQLGQLI UL& G G)
LYH/ Y DK[R+
QRLVLFHG QRLWLGDUW[H V¶\UDWHUFH6 I R
YRQH% Y WDUSRVDU3 JH HH6
Z HLYHU ODLFLGXM URI GHGLYRUS 7$& OD& '& G SSX6 )
W F $
55$) WF$ JQLUXWFXUWVH5 GQD PUR IH5 VULDII$ QJLHUR) UR 7$& HUXWUR7 WVQLDJ$ QRLWQHYQR& HKW UHGQX IHLOHU VNHHV
UHQRLWLWHS HKW HUHKZ QRLWLWHS VDHEDK D QR ZHLYHU ODLFLGXM RW WF HMEXV VL QRLWDQLPUHWHG QRLWLGDUW[H V¶HWDW6 I R \UDWHUFH6
HKW WDKW HOSLFQLUS ZRUUDQ HKW URI JQLGQDWV VHVDF RW VHWLF HQHLNFQH9 QRLWLWHS VDHEDK UHK IR QRLWFHV QRLWFLGVLUX- HKW Q,
RGHERFV( Q, WD G) QRLWLGDUW[H IR WQDUUDZ HKW JQLXVVL RW URLUS JQLUDHK D WFXGQRF RW
O DVXIHU V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW \E VVHFRUS HXG GHLQHG VDZ HK JQLJHOOD QRLWLGDUW[H WQDUJ RW QRLVLFHG
V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW JQLJQHOODKF QRLWLWHS VDHEDK D GHOLI UHQRLWLWHS HKW QRWO\+ Y IIRUH3 Q,
UL& KW G) UL& KW
G) HUHK WQLRS QR HURP HUD VHWDW6
QRWO\+ Y IIRUH3
GHWLQ8 Y RGHERFV(
QL QRLVLFHG V¶WLXFUL& KWIL) HKW GQD
QL QRLVLFHG V¶WLXFUL& KWUXR) HK7 QRLWDQ QJLHURI HKW RW ODXGL YLGQL HKW UHGQHUUXV RW
Q RLVLFHG ODQLI HKW WRQ WQLDOSPRF HKW HOLI RW QRLVLFHG HKW GHJQHO ODKF UHQRLWLWHS HKW UHYHZRK HUHK7
WD G) RV RG RW WRQ JQLGLFHG \ O ODLWLQL UHWID VUDH\ PLK HWLGDUW[H RW WQLDOSPRF D JQL OL I
\ E WQHPGQHP$ KWIL) HKW UHGQX VWKJLU VVHFRUS HXG VLK GHWDORLY KFQDUE HYLWXFH[H HKW WDKW GHJHOOD
UHQRLWLWHS HKW WUX% IR UHWWD0 Q, QRLWDQLPUHWHG V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW RW HJQHO ODKF VVHFRUS HXG
ODUXGHFRUS D UDHK QDF WUXR& VLKW WDKW QRLWLVRS HKW JQLWURSSXV ZDO HVDF VL HUHKW UHYHZR+
P LDOF KFXV RW WFHMEXV VL QRLWDQLPUHWHG
V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW WDKW ZRKV RW UR P LDOF VVHFRUS HXG ODUXGHFRUS UHK WURSSXV RW ZDO HVDF \QD
RW HWLF WRQ VHRG HQHLNFQH9 VWQHPKVLQXS UR VHUXGHFRUS VXRLFRUWD \OUDOXFLWUDS V\ROSPH DLQDXKWL/
WDKW UR VIHLOHE ODFLWLORS UR [HV HFDU UHK HL VURWFDI HO ELVVL PUHSP L \ O ODQRLWXWLWVQRF QR QRLVLFHG
VWL GHVDE HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW WDKW HJHOOD WRQ VHRG WL HVXDFHE WUX% IR
UHWWD0
QL GHWVLO VHLURJHWDF
H OEDZHLYHU ZRUUDQ HKW QLKWLZ O ODI WRQ VHRG P LDOF VVHFRUS HXG ODUXGHFRUS V¶HQHLNFQH9
G) VGUDGQDWV FL ILFHSV QLKWLZ GHQLIQRF HE GOXRKV QRLWHUFVLG KFXV WDKW WQHPXJUD V¶UHQRLWLWHS
GHWFHMHU GQD VJQLGHHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H QL ´QRLWHUFVLG VWL VHVLFUH[H HYLWXFH[( HKW KFLKZ \E
HUXGHFRUS HKW HELUFVHUS³ RW GHVXIHU WUXRF HKW RGHERFV( QL \OUDO L PL6
G,
VVHFRUS HXG ODUXGHFRUS
IR VWQHPHULXTHU HKW GHL IVLWDV UHQRLWLWHS HKW RW GHGURIID ZHLYHU VXSURF VDHEDK GQD HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP
HKW HURIHE JQLUDHK HKW WDKW UHKWUXI GHQLDOS[H WUXRF HK7 GHGGD VLVDKSPH WD G)
WF$ HUXGHFRU3 HYLWDUWVL QLPG$ HK7 QL WXR WHV VWQHPHULXTHU
JQLUDHK HKW PRUI GHWS PH[H \ OVVHUS[H HUD ´VQRLWFQXI VULDIID QJLHURI
IR WFXGQRF HKW³ JQ LYORYQL VQRLWFD \FQHJD GHHGQL VNHHV HK JQLUDHK
HKW RW WKJLU \URWXWDWV RQ VDK IIRUH3 HYLWXFH[( HKW IR ZHLYUXS HYLVXOF[H HKW
Q LKWLZ UHWWDP D \ OLUDQLGUR VL HWLGDUW[H RW QRLVLFHG HWDPLWOX HKW @> HWDUWVLJDP
UR HJGXM D \E HFQDWVQL WVULI HKW QL GHQLPUHWHG HE O ODKV \WL O LEDWLGDUW[H
WDKW GHGLYRUS VDK VVHUJQR& HOLKZ VXK7 VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW IR VWVHUHWQL
\ FLORS QJLHURI HKW HWDF LOSP L \ OLUDVVHFHQ KFLKZ VJQLGHHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H
O DQRLWDQUHWQL QL GHQHWKJLHK VL QRLWHUFVLG HYLWXFH[( IR HVLFUH[H HKW
Q L \WL O L EL[HOI URI GHHQ HK7 WVHXTHU QRLWLGDUW[H HKW QRSX VWFD RKZ URQUHYRJ
HKW HURIHE JQLUDHK D UR HFLWRQ RW WKJLU ODQRLWXWLWVQRF RQ VDK QRLWLGDUW[H
HWDWVUHWQL JQLFDI QRVUHS $ HYLWXFH[H HKW IR QRLWHUFVLG GDRUE HKW RW
GHWVXUWQH QHHE \ O ODQRLWLGDUW HYDK QRLWLGDUW[H JQLYORYQL VUHWWDP IHLOHU VXSURF
VDHEDK URI QRLWLWHS D IR \DZ \E HOEDO LDYD VL ZHLYHU ODLFLGXM GHWL P LO KJXRKWO$
JQL QLDOS[H HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW HURIHE JQLUDHK UR HFLWRQ
RW WKJLU ODQRLWXWLWVQRF RQ VDK QRLWLGDUW[H JQLFDI QRVUHS D WDKW GOHK WUXRF HK7 WD G)
QRLWLGDUW[H IR WQDUUDZ HKW JQLXVVL HURIHE ´JQLUDHK ULDI³ D PLK JQL \QHG \E VVHFRUS HXG RW WKJLU VLK
GHWDORLY \UDWHUFH6 HKW WDKW HURIHUHKW GQD ´QRLWDQLPUHWHG HYLWDUWVL QL PGD³ QD GHWXWLWVQRF QRLWHUFVLG
IR HVLFUH[H V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW WDKW GHXJUD UHQRLWLWHS HKW IIRUH3 Q, VWQHPXJUD V¶UHQRLWLWHS
HKW GHWFHMHU RVOD VWUXRF KWRE HVXDFHE KFXP HQHLNFQH9 SOHK WRQ VHRG VLKW UHYHZR+
HYLVDXVUHS VHVDF HVHKW VGQLI WUXR& HK7 HUHK HPDV HKW
RG RW \WLURKWXD HKW VDK WUXR& VLKW JQLWVHJJXV HJQHO ODKF VVHFRUS HXG V¶UHQRLWLWHS HKW GHGLFHG GQD
GUDHK WUXRF HKW VHVDF KWRE Q, WD G) QRLWHUFVLG IR HVLFUH[H HKW HGLXJ RW VGUDGQDWV
RQ GHGLYRUS WL HVXDFHE VVHFRUS HXG GHWDORLY \WDHUW HOEDFLOSSD HKW UHGQX KFQDUE HYLWXFH[H HKW RW
GHGLYRUS QRLWHUFVLG HKW WDKW VJQLKW UHKWR JQRPD GHXJUD GQD QRLWLWHS VDHEDK D GHO LI UHQRLWLWHS HKW
GHJHOOD HKW IR HFQHGLYH ODLWQDWVPXFULF \OQR VUHIIR HQHLNFQH9 UHYRHUR0 WUXRF PXO \VD QD HURIHE
WKJXRUE \OUHSRUS HURP P LDOF IR HS\W HKW HURIHUHKW GQD WQHPQUHYRJ QDLQDXKWL/ HKW IR \WLURKWXD \QD
UHGQX UR GHOORUWQRF WRQ VHFURI HGLVWXR PRUI VWDHUKW QR GDHWVQL GHVDE VL WXE UHK O OLN O OLZ WQHPQUHYR*
QZR UHK WDKW UDHI D WRQ VL UDHI VLKW HILO UHK URI VUDHI HKV WDKW VP LDOF HQHLNFQH9 KJXRKWO$
UHK WVQLDJD JQLGQHS VHJUDKF HKW IR GHWFLYQRF I L WQHPQRVLUSPL VUDH\ HHUKW WVRP WD VHFDI HQHLNFQH9
QRLWLGDUW[H QRSX GHWFLYQRF I L \WODQHS VXRLUHV UHKWR UR WQHPQRVLUSPL IR HPLWHILO D VHFDI UHQRLWLWHS
HKW KFLKZ QL HVDF D WRQ VL VLKW WDKW JQLWRQ KWURZ RVOD VL W, ZHLYHU ODLFLGXM RW WFHMEXV WRQ VL VHVDE
HVRKW QR QRLVLFHG V¶\UDWHUFH6 HKW GQD VURWFDI KFXV UHGLVQRF WRQ \DP HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP HKW PHWV\V
O DLFLGXM V¶QRLWDQ QJLHURI HKW IR VVHQULDI HKW RWQL VHLULXTQL GQD VQRLWDUHGLVQRF QDLUDWLQDPXK KFXV
UHYR QRLWHUFVLG HORV VQLDWHU HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW HYRED GHQLDOS[H VD UHYHZR+ GHWLGDUW[H VL HKV
I L \WHIDV ODFLV\KS GQD HILO UHK URI VQUHFQRF HWDPLWLJHO VDK RVOD HKV WDKW VHXJUD HQHLNFQH9
´DLYDOVRJX< QL ODLUW WD I OHVP LK GQHIHG RW \WL O LED V¶FLYRNXWU$ \E
GHUHSPHW VL UHYHZRK VSLKVGUDK IR HFQDODE HK7 WXR GHLUUDF QHHE HYDK O O LZ QRLWLGDUW[H HKW HFQLV
GHVVL PVLG HE O OLZ GQD WRRP HPRFHE OO LZ ODHSSD VLK WQHGLYH VL QRLWRP VLK \QHG HZ IL FLYRNXWU$ RW
\ UXMQL HOEDUDSHUUL IR \WL O LELVVRS HK7³ UL& KW G) QRVL5 Y FLYRNXWU$ JH
HH6
VWUXRF DLQDXKWL/ HKW HURIHE I OHVUHK GQHIHG \ DP O OLWV HKV WDKW WFDI HKW \E GHQHVVHO VL SLKVGUDK
WDKW UHYHZR+ WRRP HPRFHE GOXRZ QRLWLGDUW[H RW JQLQLDWUHS VP LDOF ODJHO JQLGQDWVWXR UHK GHLQHG
V L QRLWLGDUW[H IR \DWV HVRKZ QRVUHS \QD KWLZ VD WDKW VL GHLQHG VL \DWV HKW IL UHI IXV O OLZ HQHLNFQH9
PUDK HOEDUDSHUUL HK7 \DWV D JQL \QHG URYDI RVOD
QHN1
UHGQX VURWFDI JQL QLDPHU HK7
P LDOF WDKW QR GHHFFXV RW
\ OHNL O VL HKV WDKW JQLZRKV JQRUWV D HNDP RW GHO LDI VDK HQHLNFQH9 QRLWDQLPUHWHG QRLWLGDUW[H VWL URI
V LVDE HKW \ ILFHSV RW HUXOLDI V¶\UDWHUFH6 HKW QR GHVDE HJQHO ODKF VVHFRUS HXG ODUXGHFRUS V¶I ILWQLDO3
UDHK RW \WLURKWXD HKW VDK WUXR& HKW HOLKZ HURIHUHK7 WD G) IIRUH3 JQLWLF WD
PLDOF VVHFRUS HXG ODUXGHFRUS
UHK RW GUDJHU KWLZ RV RG RW GHO LDI VDK HK6 WD 68 QHN1 \DWV D JQLWQDUJ QL QRLWHUFVLG
V¶WUXR& HKW IR HVLFUH[H QD \ILWVXM VHFQDWVPXFULF HKW JQLKVL OEDWVH IR QHGUXE HKW VUDHE HQHLNFQH9
\DWV D URI WVHXTHU V¶HQHLNFQH9 JQL \QHG URYDI RVOD VURWFDI JQLQLDPHU HKW HURIHUHK7
GHWDYLWRP \ OODFLWLORS VL WVHXTHU
HKW UHKWHKZ UHGLVQRF RW QRLWHUFVLG HORV VDK \UDWHUFH6 HKW HYRED GHQLDOS[H VD VVHOGUDJHU QRLWLVRS
UHK WURSSXV RW ZDO HVDF RQ VHGLYRUS HQHLNFQH9 GHWDYLWRP \ O ODFLWLORS VL WVHXTHU V¶DLQDXKWL/
HVXDFHE \DWV D WQDUJ RW WVHUHWQL FLOEXS HKW QL VL WL WDKW \OQR VHXJUD HQHLNFQH9 QLDJ$
WD WN' ´VULHKW VURQRK WL I L \OQR VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW RW VQRLWDJLOER ULHKW URQRK RW VWQHPQUHYRJ
QJLHURI WFHS[H \ OEDQRVDHU QDF VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW³ WDKW WQHPQUHYR* HKW KWLZ VHHUJD WUXR& HK7
WD G) FLYRNXWU$ ´UHGUR GQD ZDO IR HOXU ODQRLWDQUHWQL QD KVLOEDWVH RW VWURI IH VHFQDKQH GQD
VHLUWQXRF RZW HKW QHHZWHE VQRLWDOHU VHWRPRUS WVHXTHU QRLWLGDUW[H GLODY D KWLZ HFQDL OSPRF UHSRUS³
\ O ODQRLWLGG$ WD G, VUHGUR ODYRPHU IR QRLWXFH[H WSPRUS QL WVHUHWQL FL OEXS D V\DZOD VL HUHK7
WD G, HJUHP VURWFDI RZW HVHKW \WUDS JQLVRSSR HKW VL WQHPQUHYR* HKW QHK: WVHUHWQL FL OEXS
HKW GQD \WUDS JQLVRSSR HKW RW PUDK VURWFDI KWUXRI GQD GULKW HKW RW VNRRO WUXR& HKW \ O ODQL)
JQLUUXFQRF - \GHQQH. ´UHKWR
HKW IR GRRKLOHNLO JQRUWV D VL HUHKW HVXDFHE \ OSP LV HQR IR JQLZRKV GHULXTHU HKW KWLZ HVQHSVLG
WRQQDF VWUXRF PUDK HOEDUDSHUUL GQD VWLUHP HKW QR VVHFFXV JQLUHGLVQRF QHK:³ WD 68
QHN1 HUHK RG RW GHO LDI VDK HKV GQD \DWV D QLDWER RW VWLUHP HKW QR VVHFFXV IR GRRKL OHNLO D ZRKV
RVOD WVXP HQHLNFQH9 \DWV D \ILWVXM RW WQHLFLIIXV WRQ VL HQROD PUDK HOEDUDSHUUL VVHOGUDJH5
VLV\ ODQD WDKW
K WLZ HQHYUHWQL WRQ GOXRKV WUXRF WFLUWVLG VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 D GQD PHWV\V ODLFLGXM QZR VWL QLKWLZ VP LDOF
KFXV IR HFQHGLYH HKW KJLHZ RW WKJLU HKW VDK QRLWDQ QJLHUHYRV $ UHK WVQLDJD WDHUKW ODLURWDULSVQRF
VWQHPKVLQX3 UR VHUXGHFRU3 VXRLFRUW$ \OUDOXFLWUD3
VLVDE VLKW QR QRLWLWHS VDHEDK V¶HQHLNFQH9
UDHK RW \WLURKWXD RQ VDK WUXR& HKW HURIHUHK7 ZHLYHU ODLFLGXM RW WFHMEXV WRQ HUD VQRLWDUHGLVQRF
FLWDPROSLG KFXV GQD QRLWLGDUW[H V¶HQHLNFQH9 JQLWVHXTHU QL VQRLWDYLWRP ODFLWLORS V¶DLQDXKWL/
UHGLVQRF RW \WLURKWXD HORV VQLDWHU HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW \ULXTQLQRQ IR HOXU HKW UHGQ8 UHK
HWXFHVRUS RW QRLVLFHG VWL URI VLVDE V¶WQHPQUHYRJ QDLQDXKWL/ HKW QR VHVXFRI IHLUE ODWQHPHOSSXV HKW QL
KWURI WHV VD QRLWLVRS V¶HQHLNFQH9 UHKWD5 HUHK WQHPXJUD KFXV RQ VHNDP HQHLNFQH9 QRLWDQLPUHWHG
WDKW QL WUDS \QD GH\DOS VURWFDI HO ELVVLPUHSP L \ O ODQRLWXWLWVQRF KFXV UHKWHKZ VVHVVD RW QRLWDQLPUHWHG
V¶\UDWHUFH6 HKW ZHLYHU RW \WLURKWXD VDK WUXR& HKW GQD VIHL OHE ODFLWLORS V¶ODXGL YLGQL QD
VD KFXV VURWFDI HO ELVVLPUHSP L \ O ODQRLWXWLWVQRF QR QRLWDQLPUHWHG QRLWLGDUW[H VWL HVDE WRQ \DP HWDW6
IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW WUX% IR UHWWD0 RW WQDXVUX3 J QLUDHK HQX- HKW WD GHVVXFVLG GQD WUX% IR UHWWD0
QL KWURI WHV QRLWSHF[H HKW VHVXIQRF WXE GHSROHYHGUHGQX \OQR WRQ VL WQHPXJUD V¶HQHLNFQH9
WD WN' ´\UDLFLGXM GQD WQHPQUHYRJ
QDLQDXKWL/ HKW IR PVLFLWLUF UHK JH VIHLOHE ODFLWLORS URI GHKVLQXS JQLHE VL UHQRLWLWH3³ WDKW HFQHGLYH
VL VWKJLU WQHPGQHP$ WVUL) UHK HE GOXRZ VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW QL WDKZ JQLVLFUH[H URI WQHPKVLQXS
VD UHK WVQLDJD QRLWXFHVRUS HKW GHWDLWLQL GQD \WLQXP PL \UDWQHPDL OUDS GQD O DLFLGXM V¶HQHLNFQH9
GHWDQL PLOH WQHPQUHYRJ QDLQDXKWL/ HKW WDKW WFDI HKW WDKW VHXJUD HQHLNFQH9 \ O ODFL ILFHS6 IRHUHKW
WURSSXV QL ZDO HVDF RQ VHGLYRUS GQD WQHPXJUD VLKW RW KSDUJDUDS HQR WVXM VHWRYHG HQHLNFQH9 IHLUE
ODWQHPHOSSXV HKW Q, WD WN' IHLUE ODWQHPHOSSXV D QL WQHPXJUD VLKW VVHUGGD GOXRZ \HKW
WDKW GHWQHVHUSHU OHVQXRF V¶HQHLNFQH9 GQD VURWFDI HO ELVVLPUHSP L \ O ODQRLWXWLWVQRF QR QRLVLFHG VWL
GHVDE \UDWHUFH6 HKW WDKW VLVDE HKW QR QRLWDQLPUHWHG V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW RW HJQHO ODKF D GHGXOFQL
QRLWLWHS VDHEDK HKW UHKWHKZ OHVQXRF V¶HQHLNFQH9 GHNVD WUXR& HKW JQLUDHK HQX- HKW W$
VLVD% HOELVVLPUHSP, \OODQRLWXWLWVQR&
QZR UXR \E GHWVHW HE RW WRQ HUD VJQLGHHFRUS QJLHUR@)>³ Q WD G) WUX%
IR UHWWD0
WD 68 \OHH1 JQLWLF ´QRLWXWLWVQR& UXR \E GHHWQDUDXJ VWKJLU HKW OOD KWLZ VHPRF VVHFRUS
O DQL PLUF WQHQLWUHS HKW WRQ UR UHKWHKZ³ OLRV VWL QR GHWWLPPRF VHPLUF URI VUHQRLWLWHS HWXFHVRUS RW
WKJLU QJLHUHYRV D GDK TDU, 68 QHUH* Y IDQX0 RVOD HHV WD 68
´\UWQXRF QJLHURI D IR VZDO HKW WVQLDJD VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW IR QRLWFLGVLUXM HKW WXRKWLZ GHWWL PPRF
VHPLUF RW QRLWDOHU RQ HYDK³²\UXM \E ODLUW GQD VXSURF VDHEDK IR WLUZ VZDO RWFDI WVRS [H RW JQLWDOHU
VQRLVLYRUS HKW GQD \WUHSRUS GQD \WUHELO HILO IR VHHWQDUDXJ ODWQHPDGQXI HKW VD KFXV²QRLWXWLWVQR&
HKW \E GHHWQDUDXJ VHLWLQXP PL GQD VHJHO LYLUS VWKJLU HKW WDKW GOHK WUXR& HPHUSX6 HKW \OHH1 Q,
68 OHNQH+
Y \OHH1
JQLWLF OO, '1 SSX6 )
VPDG$ Y RWLVRSV( JH HH6 VHHWQDUDXJ ODQRLWXWLWVQRF KWLZ GURFFD RW VO LDI \UWQXRF JQLWVHXTHU HKW
PRUI HYLHFHU O O LZ HKV VVHFRUS ODQL PLUF HKW WDKW JQLJHO OD \E \ OSPLV QRLWLGDUW[H UHK WQHYHUS WRQQDF
UHQRLWLWHS D WDKW RJD JQRO GOHK WUXR& HPHUSX6 HKW \ OJQLGURFF$
G,
´GHVDE VL QRLWLGDUW[H KFLKZ
QRSX \WLPRF IR HOSLFQLUS HKW KWLZ WFL O IQRF \OWFHULG GOXRZ QRLWSPXVVD QD KFX6³ UL& KW
G) VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 Y QDLJDKD6 ´QRLWDQ QJLHUHYRV UHKWRQD IR PHWV\V ODLFLGXM HKW IR
\WLUJHWQL HKW JQLVLYUHSXV URI \WLO L ELVQRSVHU HKW HPXVVD RW VWUXRF UXR IR VVHQLVXE HKW WRQ VL W,³
G, ´ZDO QDFLUHP$ IR QRLWDORLY WQHPGQHP$ KWKJL( QD IR OHYHO HKW RW HVLU
\ OHNLO GOXRZ³ VGQHWQRF HKV KFLKZ VQRLWLGQRF QRVLUS QDPXKQL IR HVXDFHE DLQDXKWL/ PRUI VWVHXTHU
QRLWLGDUW[H GHLQHG HYDK VHLUWQXRF IR OXIGQDK D QL VWUXRF WDKW JQLWURSHU VHOFLWUD IR VWSUHF[H RW
VWQLRS RVOD HQHLNFQH9 WD WN' UHK HWXFHVRUS RW UHGUR QL \WLQXP PL \UDWQHPDLOUDS GQD
\ WLQXP P L ODLFLGXM UHK GHWDQL P LOH RWFDI WVRS [H GQD ´WUXRF HKW JQLWDL OL PXK³ URI UHK WVQLDJD VHJUDKF
HOELVVRS RWQL QRLWDJLWVHYQL QD HXQLWQRF RW UHGUR QL QL VQRLWDWLP LO IR HWXWDWV GHULS[H QD GHGQHW[H
\ OGHJHOOD WQHPQUHYRJ HKW WDKW QRLWLWH3 UHK QL VQRLWDJHOOD HKW RW VWQLRS HQHLNFQH9 ´VWQHPKVLQXS
UR VHUXGHFRUS VXRLFRUWD \ OUDOXFLWUDS³ V \ROSPH DLQDXKWL/ WDKW VHXJUD HQHLNFQH9 \ O ODQL)
WVQR& 68 HH6 QRLWXWLWVQR& HKW IR HVXDO& RWFD)
WVR3 [(
HKW UHGQX HVLUD HVQHIIR O DQLPLUF D URI
VQRLWDWL PL O IR HWXWDWV GHULS[H\GDHUOD QD IR QR LVQHW[H HYLWFDRUWHU HKW RW VHJQHO ODKF ODQRLWXWLWVQR&
GHWQDUJ VDZ QRLWLWHS HKW GQD UHK WVQLDJD QRLWDJLWVHYQL QD HXQLWQRF RW UHGUR QL HJUDKF ´WUXRF HKW
JQLWDL O LPXK³ D URI GRLUHS VQRLWDWL P LO GHULS[H \GDHUOD HKW GQHW[H RW GHQRLWLWHS O LFQXR& ODLFLGX- HKW
IR GDHK HKW VP LDOF HQHLNFQH9 VQRLWDWL P LO IR HWXWDWV HKW IR QRLVQHW[H QD RW VHWDOHU ´VHWDW6 GHWLQ8
HKW QL VQRLWFHWRUS ODQRLWXWLWVQRF HKW RW ODFL P LQL VHUXGHFRUS³ IR HOSPD[H WVULI V¶HQHLNFQH9
OHYHO VLKW RW VHVLU WDKW P LDOF \QD WUHVVD RW VO LDI HQHLNFQH9
WX% WD G) WUX%
IR UHWWD0
JQLWRXT
G,
´QRLWFLGVLUXM QJLHURI HKW \E GH\ROSPH
VWQHPKVLQXS UR VHUXGHFRUS VXRLFRUWD \ OUDOXFLWUDSµ HPRV RW HXG VHVDF ODQRLWSHF[H QL VQRLVLFHG
QRLWLGDUW[H QRSX VQRLWDWL PL O HPRV HVRSP L \DP QRLWXWLWVQR& HK7³ WD G) QDLJDKD6
´VQRLWSHF[H WXRKWLZ WRQ VL \WLPRF IR HOSLFQLUS HKW VHOSLFQLUS ODJHO WVRP HNL O³ VVHOHKWHQR1
VQRLWLGQRF
QRVLUS QDPXKQL UR VZDO
RWFDI WVRS [H
VQRLWDWL P LO IR VHWXWDWV GHGQHW[H WVQLDJD WFHWRUS WRQ
VHRG DLQDXKWL/ GQD VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW QHHZWHE \WDHU7 HK7 WD 68 \OHH1 JQLWRXT
UL& KW G) VHWDW6
GHWLQ8 Y QLUPD.
´¶\WDHUW \E URI GHGLYRUS HE HGRP
WQHUHII LG D VVHOQX HOSRHS QZR VWL URI HELUFVHUS \DP \UWQXRF WDKW IR VZDO HKW VD ODLUW IR VHGRP
KFXV RW WLPEXV RW GHULXTHU I L QLDOSPRF WRQQDFµ \UWQXRF QJLHURI D QL HPLUF D VWL PPRF RKZ HQ@R>³
HURIHUHK7 WD 68 \OHH1 JQLWLF ´VODLUW QDFLUHP$ QRSX GHQLRMQH \ O ODQRLWXWLWVQRF
HVRKW RW WQHODYLXTH VWFHSVHU OOD QL VGUDXJHIDV IR PHWV\V ODLFLGXM QJLHURI HKW QL HFQHVED QD \E
GHULDSP LQX VL JQLGHHFRUS ODQL PLUF QJLHURI D IR VHVRSUXS URI \WDHUW \E GHULXTHU QH]LWLF QDFLUHP$
QD IR UHGQHUUXV @$>³ UL& &' G) GULD/
Y VHPOR+
WD 68
\OHH1 JQLWRXT ´¶\UWQXRF QJLHURI D IR VZDO HKW WVQLDJD VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW IR QRLWFLGVLUXM HKW
WXRKWLZ GHWWL PPRF VHPLUF RW QRLWDOHU RQ HYDKµ VGUDXJHIDV HVRKW HVXDFHE VGUDXJHIDV ODQRLWXWLWVQRF
IR WUXR& QDHSRUX( HKW HPLW GHL ILWQHGLQX HPRV WD WDKW VWURSHU RVOD WSUHF[H HOFLWUD HQ2 WN'
´HUXWURW RW WQHODYLXTH³ HUD QRLWQHWHG IR VQRLWLGQRF HKW HVXDFHE DLQDXKWL/ RW ODXGLYLGQL QD HWLGDUW[H
RW GHVXIHU QL WUXRF DWOD0 D GQD VOOHF WQH PHQLIQRF IR VQRLWLGQRF QDPXKQL JQLWLF ODXGL YLGQL
QD HWLGDUW[H RW GHVXIHU QL WUXRF KVLQD' D QRLWQHWHG IR VQRLWLGQRF URRS IR VGQXRUJ QR
Q L VODXGLYLGQL RZW HWLGDUW[H RW GHVXIHU QL WUXRF GQDOHU, QUHKWUR1 D WDKW WURSHU KFLKZ IR HPRV
VHOFLWUD VZHQ QDLQDXKWL/ PRUI VWSUHF[H VXRLUDY VWVLO WL ELK[H HK7 WD G, ´VQRVLUS DLQDXKWL/
Q L VQRLWLGQRF QDPXKQL IR HVXDFHE DLQDXKWL/ PRUI VWVHXTHU QRLWLGDUW[H GHLQHG HYDK VHLUWQXRF
UHKWR VXRUHPXQ³ WDKW JQLZRKV \OGHWURSUXS QRLWR0 UHK IR WURSSX6 QL \ OSH5 UHK RW GHKFDWWD
WL ELK[H QD QR \OQR VHLOHU HQHLNFQH9 P LDOF VLKW IR WURSSXV Q, WD WN' ´ZDO QDFLUHP$
IR QRLWDORLY WQHPGQHP$ KWKJL( QD IR OHYHO HKW RW HVLU \OHNLO GOXRZ³ WDKW VQRLWLGQRF QRVLUS
Q DPXKQL RW WFHMEXV HE GOXRZ HKV DLQDXKWL/ QL GHWFLYQRF IL WDKW VP LDOF W[HQ HQHLNFQH9
GHWXFH[H VL UHGQHUUXV IR WQDUUDZ
HKW IL DLQDXKWL/ QL QRLWFLYQRF QRSX O OLZ HKV VWQHPKVLQXS UR ODLUW WD HFDI O OLZ HQHLNFQH9 VHUXGHFRUS
HKW WXRED
JQLKWRQ
ODHYHU \HKW QRLWXWLWVQR& VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW KWLZ GURFFD WRQ \DP VHFLWFDUS
O DLUWHUS GQD ODLURWXFHVRUS QDLQDXKWL/ WDKW \OQR HWDUWVQRPHG VQRLWDJHO OD HVHKW \ O ODQRLWLGG$ QRVDHU
HPDV HKW URI O LDI VHLWLQXP PL \UDWQHPDLOUDS GQD ODLFLGXM UHK IR QRLWDQL P LOH RWFDI WVRS [H JQLGUDJHU
V P LDOF V¶HQHLNFQH9 ´\UWQXRF QJLHURI D IR VZDO HKW WVQLDJD VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW IR QRLWFLGVLUXM HKW
WXRKWLZ GHWWL PPRF VHPLUF RW QRLWDOHU RQ HYDK VZDO RWFDI WVRS [H RW JQLWDOHU VQRLVLYRUS³
WD 68 \OHH1 HH6 QRLWLGDUW[H WQHYHUS RW VLVDE D VD HYUHV WRQQDF WDKW QRLWDJHOOD IR HS\W HKW VD
VZDO RWFDI WVRS
HVXDO&
[H
RW GHWDOHU VPLDOF GHL ILWQHGL \ O ODFL I LFHSV
RWFD) WVR3 [(
\OHH1
QL WUXR& HPHUSX6 HKW UHYHZR+
GHWDORLY HPLW IR HJDVVDS \E GHUUDE \ OVXRLYHUS VQRLWXFHVRUS JQL]LURKWXD
\ EHUHKW GHULS[H GRLUHS VQRLWDWL P LO URLUS HKW UHWID GHVVDS VDZ WDKW GRLUHS VQRLWDWL P LO ZHQ JQLWDHUF
ZDO 68 DLQURILOD& Y UHQJRW6 JH RVOD HHV OF GQD OF , WUD
WN' VQRLWLGQRF
QRVLUS RW \ DZ \QD QL GHWDOHU WRQ VQRVDHU URI DLQDXKWL/ QL IR VWQHY( \UDXQD- HKW QL GHYORYQL ODXGLYLGQL QD
HWLGDUW[H RW GHVXIHU KFDH \ OHYLWFHSVHU GQD QL HQLDUN8 HKW GQD \QDPUH* WDKW JQLWURSHU VHOFLWUD GQD PXO\ VD
VODXGLYLGQL HVRKW GHWQDUJ GDK WL HVXDFHE DLQDXKWL/ RW VODXGLYLGQL HWLGDUW[H RW GHVXIHU DLVVX5 WDKW JQLWURSHU VHOFLWUD
HOSPD[H URI PLDOF VQRLWLGQRFQRVLUS V¶HQHLNFQH9 RW WQDYHOHUUL HUD WDKW VHOFLWUD PRUI VWSUHF[H GHWVLO RVOD WLELK[H HK7
OOHZ VD VGQXRUJ HVHKW
QR \DW6 IR QRLVQHW[( URI QRLWR0 V¶HQHLNFQH9 VHLQHG WUXR& HKW \DWV D URI WVHXTHU V¶HQHLNFQH9
J QL\QHG URYDI RVOD VURWFDI JQL QLDPHU HKW HVXDFH% QRLWDQLPUHWHG QRLWLGDUW[H V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6
HKW RW HJQHO ODKF GULKW VLKW QR VVHFFXV IR GRRKL OHNLO D ZRKV RW VO LDI RVOD HQHLNFQH9 VXK7
VQRLWLGQRF QRVLUS QDPXKQL \OGHJHOOD V¶DLQDXKWL/
JQLJQHO ODKF URI \JHWDUWV UHWWHE D QHHE HYDK \ OHUXV GOXRZ WL SROHYHG RW HOED HUHZ HQHLNFQH9 WL
I L WDKW P LDOF D²HUXWUR7 WVQLDJ$ QRLWQHYQR& HKW UHGQX IHLOHU WKJXRV WRQ VDK HQHLNFQH9 WDKW RVOD
JQL OOHW VL W, QHGUXE WDKW QHYH WHHP RW WURSSXV \UDLWQHGLYH WQHLFL IIXV HKW VNFDO GQD GHSROHYHGUHGQX
V L GHJHO OD VD P LDOF HKW \OHWDQXWURIQ8 GHHFFXV \ OHNL O O O LZ PLDOF HKW ZRKV WVDHO WD WVXP HKV
GHWVHXTHU \DWV HKW QLDWER RW WXE HJDWV VLKW WD P LDOF UHK HYRUS WRQ GHHQ HQHLNFQH9 HVUXRF I2
VWUXR& VWKJL5 QDPX+ QDHSRUX( \E GHYRUSSD
WQHPHOWWHV HQR QR GHVDE QRLWSPXVVD QD KFXV HNDP RW VLVDE RQ \ OUDO L PLV VL HUHK7 VWLXV KFXV
Q L PHKW WVQLDJD GHUHWQH VL GUDZD VHJDPDG D HVXDFHE \ OHUHP VWKJLU WQHPGQHP$ WKJL( ¶VUHQRVLUS
HKW GHWDORLY VDK VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW HPXVVD WRQ RG VWUXRF WH\ VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW QL VWLXV VQRLWLGQRF
QRVLUS QL OLDYHUS GQD HO LI \OUDOXJHU VUHQRVLUS \ O ODQRLWLGG$ QRLWLGDUW[H UHK WQHYHUS RW WUXR&
VLKW \E QRLWQHYUHWQL JQLWQDUUDZ WQHP KVLQXS ´VXRLFRUWD³ IR OHYHO HKW RW HVLU \HKW UHKWHKZ VVHO KFXP
WQHPGQHP$ WKJL( HKW HWDORLY GOXRZ DLQDXKWL/ QL VQRLWLGQRF QRVLUS UHKWHKZ HQROD VWSUHF[H HOFLWUD
HVHKW QR GHVDE HQLPUHWHG WRQQDF WUXR& HK7 VQRVLUS QDLQDXKWL/ IR VQRLWLGQRF QDPXKQL GHJHOOD
HKW IR HFQHGLYH UHKWR RQ VHGLYRUS HQHLNFQH9
G, VQRLWLGQRF QRLWQHWHG URRS PRUI VHJDPDG
URI ¼ VUHQRVLUS \DS RW DLQDXKWL/ JQLULXTHU WQHPHHUJD QD GHYRUSSD VWKJL5 QDPX+
VSLOOLK3
Y ]HGQDQUH)
68
JQLWLF WD G) QLD( ´\WO LXJ GHVXFFD HKW HYHLOHE RW GQXRUJ
H OEDQRVDHU VDZ HUHKW WDKW JQLGQLI HKW JQLWQDUUDZ HFQHGLYH \QD VDZ HUHKW UHKWHKZ QRLVQHW[H ODUHEL O
WDKZHPRV D \E GQD \WDHUW HKW QLKWLZ VL GHJUDKF HVQHIIR HKW UHKWHKZ QRLWFLGVLUXM GDK HWDUWVLJDP HKW
UHKWHKZ³ \OQR JQL QLPUHWHG RW GHWL P LO VL UHGUR V¶HWDUWVLJDP QRLWLGDUW[H QD IR ZHLYHU VXSURF VDHEDK
UHYHZR+ ´ &68 UHGQX VXSURF VDHEDK IR WLUZ D NHHV WVXP QRLWLGDUW[H JQLWVLVHU
QRVUHS HKW GDHWVQ, ODHSSD QR HOEDZHLYHU WRQ HUD UHGQX VJQLGHHFRUS QL GHUHGQHU VQRL VLFH'³
WD G) DYOL6H' ´HOEDODHSSDQX JQLHE UHGUR QD KFXV UHGUR QRLWLGDUW[H QD JQLJQHO ODKF
IR GRKWHP ODPURQ HKW VL VXSURF VDHED+³ UL& KW G) UHEDU* Y PRUWVGQL/
RVOD HHV G,
VXSURF VDHEDK IR WLUZ D JQLNHHV \E QRLVLFHG V¶HWDUWVLJDP D HJQHO ODKF \ OQR \DP
QRVUHS $ WD G) QLD( RVOD HHV UL& KW Q G) VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 Y
RLYR%
HOEDODHSSD \OWFHULG WRQ VL VJQLGHHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H QL QRLVLFHG V¶HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP $
UHGU2 QRLWDFLILWUH& V¶QLWUD0 HJGX- ZHLYH5 RW \WLURKWX$ V¶WUXR& HK7
$
GUDHK HE QDF QRLWLWHS VDHEDK UHK QL
UHGU2 V¶QLWUD0 HJGX- RW HJQHO ODKF HKW OLWQX UHGQHUUXV UHK IR \DWV D WQDUUDZ VHFQDWVPXFULF HKW WDKW
GQRFHV GQD VJQLGHHFRUS HKW QL HJDWV VLKW WD UHGU2 V¶QLWUD0 HJGX- ZHLYHU RW \WLURKWXD HKW VDK WUXR&
VLKW WDKW WVULI ZRKV WVXP HQHLNFQH9 GHWVL[H HVXDF HOEDERUS JQLGQL I QL GHUUH QLWUD0 HJGX- WDKW
GQD \WDHU7 HKW IR QRLWSHF[H ´HVQHIIR ODFLWLORS³ HKW QLKWLZ O ODI GHJUDKF VHVQHIIR HKW WDKW VGQXRUJ
HKW QR HOEDWLGDUW[H VD UHK JQL \ILWUHF UHGU2 V¶QLWUD0 HJGX- VHJQHOODKF RVOD HQHLNFQH9
UHGU2 QRLWDFLILWUH& V¶QLWUD0 HJGX-
,,
QRLWDQLPUHWHG QRLWLGDUW[H V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW
J QLJQHOODKF VP LDOF OOD RW GUDJHU KWLZ GHLQHG VL \DW6 IR QRLVQHW[( URI QRLWR0 V¶HQHLNFQH9
HKW \ILWUHF RW VL WL WDKW VGQLI HJGXM HKW IL GQD VWVL[H VHJUDKF HKW QLDWVXV RW WQHLFL IIXV HFQHGLYH
UHKWHKZ HQLPUHWHG RW VVHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H HKW QL WUXRF HWDUWVLJDP HKW URI HORU GHWL P LO D \OQR
VHGLYRUS GQD VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW QL VJQLGHHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H VQUHYRJ &68 HOWL7
HJDWV VLKW WD WRRP HE GOXRZ JQLOXU V¶HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP HKW RW HJQHO ODKF
\ QD WDKW GQD HORU V¶\UDLFLGXM HKW VWL PL O VJQLGHHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H JQLQUHYRJ HPHKFV \URWXWDWV
HKW WDKW VHXJUD WL GDHWVQ, QRLWDQLPUHWHG VWL HGDP VDK \UDWHUFH6 HKW UHWID JQLOXU QRLWDFLILWUHF
V¶HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP D HJQHO ODKF WRQQDF QRVUHS D WDKW GOHK VDK WUXRF RQ WDKW VWLPGD WQHPQUHYR* HK7
FH' [H7 '( 6,;(/ WVL' 68 & R1 VHXVVL KWRE GHGLFHG
GQD GHUHGLVQRF WUXRF WFLUWVLG HKW GQD JQLOXU QRLWDFL ILWUHF V¶HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP HKW GQD QRLWDQLPUHWHG
QRLWLGDUW[H V¶\UDWHUFH6 HKW KWRE JQLJQHO ODKF QRLWLWHS VDHEDK D GHOLI UHQRLWLWHS HKW VOHLQD'
Y DQH3 DVR5 D/ H'
Q, JQLOXU VWL GHXVVL \UDWHUFH6 HKW UHWID JQLOXU QRLWDFL ILWUHF V¶HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP
HKW JQLJQHO ODKF QRLWLWHS VDHEDK D GHUHGLVQRF WUXRF D KFLKZ QL HVDF D IR HOSPD[H ODLWQHGHFHUS
QRQ HQR \ OQR VHWLF HQHLNFQH9 WQHWVL[HQRQ \ OODXWULY VL VVHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H HKW IR HJDWV VLKW
WD JQLOXU V¶HWDUWVLJDP D IR ZHLYHU VDHEDK WFXGQRF RW \WLURKWXD VDK WUXR& HKW UHKWHKZ JQLVVHUGGD
ZDO HVD& VJQLGHHFRUS QRLWLGDUW[H QL HXVVL OHYRQ WRQ IL HUDU D VHVLDU QRLWLWHS V¶HQHLNFQH9
WRRP JQLOXU QRLWDFL ILWUHF HKW RW HJQHO ODKF \QD VUHGQHU JQLOXU ODQLI HKW WDKW GQD QRLVLFHG ODQLI VWL
VUHGQHU \UDWHUFH6 HKW OLWQX \OQR ZHLYHU VDHEDK RW WFHMEXV VL JQLOXU QRLWDFLILWUHF HKW WDKW VGQHWQRF
WQHPQUHYR* HK7
WD WN' ´QRLVLFHG GHUHGQHU VDK \UDWHUFH6 HKW OLWQX ¶ODQLIµ GHUHGLVQRF
WRQ VL UHGUR HKW HVXDFHE VVHFRUS HKW QL WQLRS \QD WD WKJXRV HE \DP WLUZ D \OHWDLGHP PL VXSURF
VDHEDK IR WLUZ D URI QRLWLWHS D KJXRUKW JQLOXU QRLWDFLILWUHF V¶QLWUD0 HJGX- HWDUWVLJD0 GHJQHO ODKF
HYDK GOXRF UHQRLWLWH3 KJXRKWO@D>³ HVXDFHE QRLWLWHS VDHEDK UHK UDHK RW QRLWFLGVLUXM VDK WUXR& VLKW
WDKW VWUHVVD HQHLNFQH9 \WDHU7 HKW RW WQDXVUXS UHGQHUUXV UHK JQL]LURKWXD JQLOXU VWL GHXVVL \UDWHUFH6
HKW
UHWID
QRLVLFHG V¶HWDUWVLJDP HKW JQLJQHO ODKF QRLWLWHS VDHEDK UHK GHO LI HQHLNFQH9 HUH+
\ O ODFLWDPRWXD \EHUHKW GHXVVL VL QRLVLFHG V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW HURIHE QRLWLWHS VDHEDK D HO LI RW
WSR VHLWUDS WVRP WDKW WFDI HKW RW HXG \ OHNLO VL VLKW WX% HJDWV VLKW WD JQLOXU V¶HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP HKW RW
HJQHO ODKF D JQLUHGLVQRF WUXRF D IR HOSPD[H HQR \ OQR \ILWQHGL QDF HQHLNFQH9 WDKW JQL OOHW VL W,
OOD WD WFD RW \WLURKWXD
V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW HJQHO ODKF GOXRZ UHKWDU WXE VGQXRUJ ODQRLWXWLWVQRF GHWL PLO QR URI WSHF[H
ZHLYHU ODLFLGXM RW WFHMEXV WRQ \ O ODUHQHJ VL KFLKZ QRLVLFHG V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW IR HFQDWVEXV
HKW NFDWWD WRQ GOXRZ VLVDE VLKW QR HJQHO ODKF $ QRLWLGDUW[H UHK UR VLK RW VD QRLVLFHG \QD HNDP RW
\WLURKWXD RQ VDK HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW KWLZ QLJHE RW HOEDWLGDUW[H WRQ VL ODXGL YLGQL HKW I, GHGGD
V LVDKSPH ´ HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW RW PLK HURIHE QHNDW \QRPLWVHW HKW OOD IR \SRF D KWLZ UHKWHJRW
HPDV HKW \ILWUHF OODKV HK E QRLWFHV UHGQX UR QRLWQHYQRF UR \WDHUW UHSRUS HKW IR VQRLVLYRUS
HKW UHGQX HJUDKF HKW QLDWVXV RW WQHLFLIIXV HFQHGLYH HKW
&68
HH6
VPHHG HK JQLUDHK KFXV QR I,
VHJUDKF HKW QLDWVXV RW WQHLFL IIXV HFQHGLYH HKW VGQLI HKV UR HK IL
\OQR
\UDWHUFH6
HKW RW WHNFRG HKW GQD JQLOXU VWL VHLILWUHF HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP HKW &68 QL KWURI WHV HPHKFV
HKW UHGQ8 QRLVLFHG V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW \E WRRP GHUHGQHU \ O LUDVVHFHQ WRQ VL JQLOXU V¶WUXRF
HWDUWVLJDP HKW RW HJQHO ODKF D QRLWQHWQRF V¶WQHPQUHYR* HKW RW \UDUWQRF \ O ODQRLWLGG$
GOXRZ WL WDKW HYHL OHE RW QRVDHU RQ VL HUHKW QRLVLFHG V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6
HKW UHWID QRLVLFHG V¶HWDUWVLJDP HKW IR ZHLYHU VDHEDK URI VLVDE RQ VHGLYRUS &68 QL
KWURI WHV HPHKFV \URWXWDWV HKW WDKW WFHUURF VL WQH PQUHYR* HKW HOLKZ HURIHUHK7 QRLVLFHG V¶HWDW6 IR
\UDWHUFH6 HKW UR JQLOXU V¶WUXRF HWDUWVLJDP HKW ZHLYHU RW \WLURKWXD V¶WUXRF WFLUWVLG HKW QUHYRJ WRQ VHRG
UHYHZR+ WQHPQUHYRJ QJLHURI HKW RW ODXGL YLGQL HKW UHGQHUUXV WRQ UR UHGQHUUXV RW JQLOXU
V¶HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP HKW IR VVHOGUDJHU QRLWHUFV LG O OXI VDK GQD QRLVLFHG VWL KFDHU RW VURWFDI UHKWR
GQD JQLOXU V¶WUXRF HKW VUHGLVQRF QHKW HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HK7 VQLJHE V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW GQD
VGQH HORU V¶WUXRF HWDUWVLJDP HKW GHUHWQH VL QRLWDFL ILWUHF HKW HFQ2 HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW RW JQLGQL I
WVULI VUHGLVQRF WUXR& HKW \DWV D URI QRLWRP HKW JQLVVHVVD Q, VHJUDKF QLDWUHF RW WFHSVHU KWLZ HVXDF
H OEDERUS JQLGQLI QL GHUUH WUXRF HWDUWVLJDP HKW WDKW GQD \WDHU7 HKW IR QRLWSHF[H ´HVQHIIR ODFLWLORS³
HKW QLKWLZ O ODI GHJUDKF VHVQHIIR HKW WDKW QRLWLWHS UHK QL VHXJUD HQHLNFQH9 WD 68
]HGQDQUH) JQLWLF WD G) QLD( ´\W OLXJ GHVXFFD HKW HYHLOHE RW GQXRUJ HOEDQRVDHU VDZ
HUHKW WDKW JQLGQL I HKW JQLWQDUUDZ HFQHGLYH \QD VDZ HUHKW UHKWHKZ QRLVQHW[H ODUHELO WDKZHPRV D
\ E GQD \WDHUW HKW QLKWLZ VL GHJUDKF HVQHIIR HKW UHKWHKZ QRLWFLGVLUXM GDK HWDUWVLJDP HKW UHKWHKZ³
JQLQLPUHWHG RW GHWL P LO VL UHGUR V¶HWDUWVLJDP QRLWLGDUW[H QD IR ZHLYHU VXSURF VDHED+
\DW6 RW QRLWR0
%
UHGUR
QRLWDFL ILWUHF V¶QLWUD0 HJGX- JQLJQHO ODKF VP LDOF V¶HQHLNFQH9 UHGLVQRF QDF WUXR& HKW WDKW GQLI RW
WQHLFL IIXV VL W, \DWV D WQDUJ RW UHKWHKZ JQLUHGLVQRF QL ZRQ HXVVL WDKW VVHUGGD WRQ GHHQ WUXR& HKW WX%
VXWDWV QRLWLGDUW[H V¶UHQRLWLWHS HKW QR HYDK GOXRZ JQLOXU V¶HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP HKW JQLJQHOODKF QRLWLWHS
VDHEDK D JQLWQDUJ WFHIIH WDKZ RW VD UHYHZRK VQLDPHU QRLWVHXT HK7 OOD WD HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6
HKW RW GHLILWUHF QHHE HYDK GOXRKV UHWWDP HKW UHKWHKZ
HL
HFQDWVQL WVULI HKW QL HOEDWLGDUW[H VDZ
HQHLNFQH9 UHKWHKZ RW \OQR GHWLP LO VL ZHLYHU HKW VD JQRO RV QRLWLWHS HKW JQLUDHK PRUI WUXR& HKW UR
QRLWDQLPUHWHG VWL VHNDP HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW UHWID OLWQX JQLOXU V¶HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP HKW JQLJQHO ODKF
QRLWLWHS VDHEDK UHK JQL O LI PRUI HQHLNFQH9
VWLELKRUS
\WLURKWXD UHKWR UR ZDO HVDF HOEDFLOSSD
HWXWDWV HKW QL JQLKWRQ WDKW VL \WQLDWUHF KWLZ HNDP QDF WUXR& HKW JQLGQL I \OQR HKW VVHOGUDJH5
HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW RW \OWFHULG VWQHPXJUD
UHK JQLWQHVHUS \E \GRWVXF PRUI HVDHOHU UHNFLXT GQD HPRFWXR HOEDURYDI D JQLUXFHV IR VHSRK QL \DWV
FLWDPRWXD HKW RJHURI RW GHWFHOH HKV WXE RV HQRG HKV GDK HOEXRUW IR ODHG WDHUJ D GHGLRYD HYDK WKJL P
HQHLNFQH9 \OQLDWUH& IODKHE UHK QR \DWV D UHWQH RW WUXR& HKW JQLYRP QL VHFDI ZRQ HQHLNFQH9
QHGUXE HKW HFDI RW JQLYDK GQD QRLVLFHG HOEDURYD IQX QD JQLYLHFHU NVLU QDKW UHKWDU QRLWLGDUW[H JQL\DWV
UHWWDO HKW UHGLVQRF RW HY RED GHVVXFVLG VD \ULXTQLQRQ IR HOXU HKW UHGQX QRLWHUFVLG
HORV VQLDWHU \UDWHUFH6 HKW HOLKZ ´\OSSD WRQ VHRG UR V HRG VHVQH IIR ODFLWLORS RW JQLWDOHU \WDHUW HKW IR QRLVLYRUS HKW
WDKW GQD \WDHUW HOEDFLOSSD HKW QL GHWVLO VL GHJHOOD HPLUF HKW WDKW HQLPUHWHG RW HWDUWVLJDP HKW VHULXTHU HWXWDWV QRLWLGDUW[H
HK@7> GHJUDKF HPLUF HKW RW VHLOSSD QRLVLYRUS ´HVQHI IR ODFLWLORS³ HKW WRQ UR UHKWHKZ GHQLPUHWHG \OWQHWVLVQRF VDK
QLD( HHV
KFQDUE ODLFLGX- HK@7>³ WD G)
UHPURI HKW VHGLFHG HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP HK7 GHWDYLWRP \OODFLWLORS
VL IOHVWL WVHXTHU HKW UHKWHKZ PRUI HXVVL WFQLWVLG D VL ´VHVQH IIR ODFLWLORS³ VD \ ILODXT GHJUDKF VHVQHI IR HKW UHKWHK:
UL& KW G) QRVQLER5 Y QQLX4
UL& KW G) RWRPRQ( Y GQLSDUD% UL& KW G) WOR+
Y FLYRUL]H1
UL& KW G) QH* \WW$ 68 Y D]H0 JH RVOD HHV WD
G) QLD( ´ODFLWLORS D GHGUDJHU VL HVQHIIR HULWQH HKW WDKW WFD ODFLWLORS D KWLZ GHWFHQQRF RV
VHPLUF QRPPRF³ HL VHVQHIIR ODFLWLORS ´HYLWDOHU³ GQD HJDQRLSVH GQD QRLWLGHV QRVDHUW VD KFXV
´HPLUF \UDQLGUR IR VWQHPHOH HKW IR HQRQ VQLDWQRF KFLKZ WXE HWDWV HKW WVQLDJD GHWFHULG VL WDKW WFD³ QD
HL
VHVQHIIR ODFLWLORS ´HUXS³ VHVQHIIR ODFLWLORS IR VPURI RZW H]LQJRFHU \ OODUHQHJ VWUXR&
UL& KW G) VHWDW6
JH RVOD HHV
GHWLQ8 Y QUHOOLX*DLFUD*
WD G) RGHERFV(
WD G) QLD( ´QRL O OHEHU UR QRLWXORYHU UDZ D VD KFXV HFQDEUXWVLG ODFLWLORS
WQHORLY D RW ODWQHGLFQL GQD IR HVUXRF HKW QL GHWWL PPRF VWFD RW VHVQHIIR KFXV VWL PLO VHWDW6 GHWLQ8
HKW \E GHXUWVQRF VD VHLWDHUW QRLWLGDUW[H UHGQX ¶VHVQHIIR ODFLWLORSµ IR QRLWL QLIHG HYLWDUHSR HK7³
´HVQHIIR ODFLWLORS³ HQLIHG WRQ VHRG \WDHU7 HK7
´HVQHIIR ODFLWLORS D VL GHWVHXTHU VL QRLWLGDUW[H
KFLKZ URI HVQHIIR HKW IL GHWQDUJ HE WRQ O ODKV QRLWLGDUW[(³ WDKW VHGLYRUS \WDHU7 HK7
QRLWSHF[( ´HVQHII2 ODFLWLOR3³
G,
´GHULXTHU VL IHLOHU IR
¶ \WLO L ELVVRSµ HUHP D QDKW HUR@P>³ UL& KW G) 61, Y WHQLIR6 JQLWRXT
WD 68 QHN1 ´¶HO ELJL OJHQ QDKW UHWWHEµ HE VWLUHP HKW QR VVHFFXV IR HFQDKF HKW WDKW KJXRQH WRQ
VL W,³ VPLDOF HVHKW QR GHHFFXV RW \ OHNL O VL HKV WDKW JQLZRKV JQRUWV D HGDP VDK HQHLNFQH9 UHKWHKZ
G, VUHWVHWRUS HKW IR \WLURMDP D GHQLDWHG GQD VVHFRUS HKW QL UHGOXRKV WKJLU V¶HQHLNFQH9 JQLUXM QL
HQHLNFQH9 PRUI GO LKF HKW GHYRPHU \ OELFURI VUHFLIIR HK7 WD
G,
HPRK HKW QR GHGQHFVHG
VUHFL IIR HFLORS VD HPRK V¶HQHLNFQH9 WD GHUHKWDJ VURWVHWRUS GO LKF HKW JQLUUHIVQDUW WD
WSPHWWD GQRFHV D JQLUX' WD G, HPRK V¶HQHLNFQH9 PRUI GOLKF HKW HYRPHU RW WSPHWWD QD QL
ZDOQLUHKWRP V¶HQHLNFQH9 GHWOXDVVD \ OODFLV\KS VUHFLIIR Q, WD G, GHVXIHU GO LKF HKW
WXE UHKWRP UHK RW GHQUXWHU HE GOLKF HKW GHUHGUR WUXR& HKW Q, WD G, GDHG GQXRI VDZ
GHVXFFD UHKWRQD Q, G, ULDKF \WUDS HKW \ OODXWQHYH GQD HFLRY V¶\WUDS HKW HPDFHE HQHLNFQH9
WD
G,
´HJDUXR& IR \D:³ GHO ODF \WUDS ODFLWLORS WIDUJLWQD GQD WQHPHYRP ODFLWLORS
VWRRUVVDUJ D GHWLQJL HVDF DL O LKSRGHS GH]LFL OEXS \ OKJLK HKW VP LDOF HQHLNFQH9 WD G, QDLGUDXJ
O DJHO V¶GOLKF HKW HPDFHE HQHLNFQH9 GQD GHUHYRFVLG VDZ \GRE GDHG V¶UHKWRUE V¶HQHLNFQH9
UHWIDHUHKW QRRV GHOOLN GQD WRKV HUHZ GHVXFFD HKW IR RZW Q, WD
G,
GHURQJL HUHZ
V P LDOF HQHLNFQH9 KFLKZ VODXGL YLGQL HVHKW WVQLDJD VWQLDOSPRF GHOLI UHKWRUE UHK GQD HQHLNFQH9
WD G, HUDF V¶UHKWRP UHK QL HOLKZ \UDLF LGXM GQD HUXWDO VLJHO QDLQDXKWL/ HKW QL VODXGL YLGQL
VXRLUDY \E GHWVHORP \ O ODX[HV QHHE GDK HKV WDKW GHWURSHU UHWKJXDG GORUDH\UXRI V¶UHKWRUE
UHK Q, WD WN' RW PRUI DLQDXKWL/ QL HJGXM D VDZ HQHLNFQH9
WD G) GQLSDUD% WD G) FLYRUL]H1 WD G) D]H0 JH RVOD HHV ´WVHW
GHJQRUSRZW VLKW GHL OSSD VDK HVQHIIR ODFLWLORS HYLWDOHU D VL HPLUF GHJHOOD HKW UHKWHKZ IR QRLWVHXT
HKW UHWQXRFQH RW WUXRF \UHYH \ OODXWUL9³ UL& KW G) QDPNFD+ Y DORQLGU2
HH6
JQLVLUSX GHJHOOD HKW IR HFQDUHKWUXI QL UR IR HVUXRF HKW QL RW ODWQHGLFQL QHHE HYDK WVXP
GQD QRL OOHEHU UR QRLWXORYHU UDZ VD KFXV HFQDEUXWVLG ODFLWLORS WQHORLY UHKWR UR JQLVLUSX QD GHYORYQL
HYDK WVXP WL VJQRUS RZW \ IVLWDV WVXP HVQHIIR HKW HVQHIIR ODFLWLORS ´HYLWDOHU³ D VD \ I LODXT
R7 VHVQHIIR ODFLWLORS HYLWDOHU HWXWLWVQRF UHK WVQLDJD VHJUDKF HKW WDKW VHXJUD HQHLNFQH9
G,
PVLURUUHW HJDUXRFQH GOXRZ JQLGQLI KFXV
HVXDFHE ´HFQDEUXWVLG ODFLWLORS WQHORLY D³ GHUHG LVQRF HE WRQ GOXRKV VQDL O LYLF JQLWHJUDW \E HUXWFXUWV
O DFLWLORS LOHDUV, HKW \RUWVHG RW WSPHWWD V¶2/3 HKW WDKW GQXRI \OHWDPLWOX WUXRF HK7 WD
G,
WOXFL IILG HURP
VHPRFHE QRLWSHF[H HVQHIIR ODFLWLORS HKW IR QRLWDFRYQL OXIVVHFFXV D VWLPUHS
HFQDEUXWVLG WQHORLY IR HS\W UR HHUJHG WDKZ JQLQLPUHWHG IR NVDW V¶\UDLFLGXM
HKW W[HWQRF WDKW PRUI \DZD HYRP VHFQDWVPXFULF HKW HFQ2 HFQHORLY
IR WFD ODXGL YLGQL QD IHLOHU SUDKV RWQL JQLUE \DP KFLKZ SRUGNFDE HQR VL WDKW
HVXDFHE WQDFL I LQJLV HE \DP VHFURI \UDWL O LP IR KVDOF GHQL IHG JQLRJQR Q$
WQHLFL IIXV HE GOXRZ HFQHORLY IR
HHUJHG WDKZ HQLPUHWHG RW GHOJJXUWV WLXFUL& KWQHYH6 HKW HFQDEUXWVLG ODFLWLORS WQHORLY WQHLFL IIXV D
GHWXWLWVQRF ´WFLO IQRF³ HKW UHKWHKZ JQLQLPUHWHG Q, WD G, NQDE WVH: HKW QL OHDUV, IR QRLWDSXFFR
HKW UHWID WVD( HOGGL0 HKW QL GHWVL[H WFL OIQRF D WDKW GQXRI GDK HWDUWVLJDP HK7
VQDL O L YLF ODUHYHV
GHUXMQL GQD GHO OLN WDKW QL EPRE D IIR JQLWWHV KWLZ OHDUV, IR HWDW6 HKW \E GHJUDKF QRLWD]LQDJU2
QRLWDUHEL/ HQLWVHOD3 HKW IR UHEPHP D VDZ UHQRLWLWHS HKW HUHK7 WD G) ´¶QRL OOHEHU UR
QRLWXORYHU UDZ D VD KFXV HFQDEUXWVLG ODFLWLORS WQHORLY Dµ VWVL[H HUHKW WDKW KVLOEDWVH RW WQHLFL IIXV
VL ¶WFL OIQRFµ D IR JQLGQLI³ HKW UHKWHKZ GHUHGLVQRF WLXFUL& KWQHYH6 HKW
QLD(
QL \ O ODFL ILFHS6
UL& KW G) VHNOL: Y QLD( Q L QRLWSHF[H ´HVQHIIR ODFLWLORS³ HKW IR VHVRSUXS URI
HFQDEUXWVLG ODFLWLORS WQHORLY UR JQLVLUSX QD VHWXWLWVQRF WDKZ GHUHGLVQRF WLXFUL& KWQHYH6 HK7
WD WN' JQLVLUSX HKW RW ODWQHGLFQL HUHZ HFQDWVLVHU GQD HFQDUHGQLK GHJHOOD
UHK WDKW GQD HFQDEUXWVLG ODFLWLORS WQHORLY UR JQLVLUSX QD VHWXWLWVQRF ´HFQHORLY RWQL GHZROIUHYR
WDKW VHLWLURKWXD QDLQDXKWL/ HKW WVQLDJD WVHWRUS GH]LQDJUR³ HKW WDKW VHXJUD HQHLNFQH9
WD
WN' HOFLKHY UHK IR HJDWREDV WQHUDSSD KJXRUKW WSPHWWD QRLWDQLVVDVVD HQR WVDHO WD IR WFHMEXV HKW
VDZ HKV WDKW VP LDOF RVOD HQHLNFQH9 UHKWRP UHK RW GOLKF HKW IR UHIVQDUW HKW RW GHWDOHU VQRLWFD UHK
URI WQDYUHV O L YLF D JQLWVLVHU GQD I IL O LDE D IR VHLWLYLWFD HKW JQLUHGQLK KWLZ GHJUDKF VDZ HQHLNFQH9
IR OXIGQDK D KWLZ GHOSXRF HFLORS HKW KWLZ VHKVL PULNV ZHI D IR PXV³ HKW WDKW GOHK WUXRF HKW
P LDOF V¶UHQRLWLWHS HKW RW GUDJHU KWL: WD G, ´HPLW IR GRLUHS JQRO D UHYR VWQHGLFQL WQHORLY IR
QRLWDOXPXFFD QD UR GHKVGRROE HVQHWQL IR GRLUHS WURKV HPRV UHKWLH HYORYQL WVXP WFL OIQRF D JQLVLUSX
QD HWXWLWVQRF RW UHGUR QL³ WDKW GOHK WLXFUL& KWQL1 HKW VQRLVLFHG URLUS UHKWR GQD
QQLX4
JQL \ OSS$
WD G, VQRLWFD ULHKW URI GHQRVLUSPL GQD GHUHGUXP QHHE GDK 19)* IR VUHEPHP WDKW GHP LDOF
GQD WQHPQUHYRJ HVHPDQWHL9 HKW QR VNFDWWD 19)* IR OXIGQDK D GQD PRGHHUI URI QRLWLWHS D QR
VHUXWDQJLV IR VGQDVXRKW RW GHWQLRS UHQRLWLWHS HKW HPLW HKW WD PDQWHL9 QL GHWVL[H JQLVLUSX QD WDKW
P LDOF VLK WURSSXV R7 WD G) NRNJQD% QL \VVDEPH HVHPDQWHL9 HKW EPRE RW JQLWSPHWWD
KWLZ GHJUDKF GQD PDQWHL9 IR SLKVURWDWFLG WVLQXPPR& HKW HOWQDPVLG RW GHPURI \WUDS ODFLWLORS D
19)* PDQWHL9 HHU) IR WQHPQUHYR* HKW IR UHEPHP D VDZ UHQRLWLWHS HKW YRQH% Y R9 Q,
G,
´OLRPUXW IR WQXRPD HWLVLXTHU HKW HWDHUF
RW VWQHUHKGD WQHL FLIIXV WFDUWWD WRQ RG WDKW UR HJQDKF KVL OSPRFFD RW VWURIIH ODWQHPDGQXI VVHO HYORYQL
WDKW VWFD ODFLWLORS RW \OSSD WRQ VHRG QRLWSHF[H HK7³ UL& KW G) QRVQLER5
Y QQLX4
´HYLWFHMER UDOXFLWUDS D KVL OSPRFFD RW JQLNHHV HUD HFQHORLY WDKW QL GHJDJQH HVRKW
QHKZ GQD VWVL[H HFQHORLY IR OHYHO QLDWUHF D QHKZ \ OQR HOEDFL OSSD³ QRLWSHF[H ´HVQHIIR ODFLWLORS³ HKW
VHNDP WQHQRSPRF ´JQLVLUSX³ HKW WDKW GOHK VDK WLXFUL& KWQL1 HK7 UL& KW G)
YRQH%
Y R9
QL HOSPD[H URI HFQDEUXWVLG ODFLWLORS WQHORLY UR JQLVLUSX QD HWXWLWVQRF
WRQ
GLG
VHJHO OD HQHLNFQH9 QDKW HFQHORLY IR VHHUJHG UHWDHUJ IR VJQLZRKV WDKW GOHK HYDK VWUXRF UHKW2
UHK WVQLDJD WSPHWWD QRLWDQLVVDVVD HKW GQD UHK GQD ZDOQLUHKWRP UHK RW VHLUXMQL UHKWRUE UHK GQD
GHVXFFD HKW IR HHUKW IR VKWDHG HKW HUD VHJHOOD HQHLNFQH9 HFQHORLY \OQR HKW WFDI Q, VHFQDEUXWVLG
WQHORLY IR PXUWFHSV HKW QR ´VHFURI \UDWL O L P IR KVDOF³ D PRUI UDI VL VHLWLURKWXD QDLQDXKWL/
WVQLDJD WVHWRUS HKW HVXDFHE UHYHZRK HYLWFXUWVQ L O OLWV VL QLD( VQDL O LYLF WD GHWFHULG WRQ HUD VHLWLYLWFD
V¶HJDUXR& IR \D: HKW HVXDFHE
QLD(
PRUI HOEDKVLXJQLWVLG VL HVDF V¶HQHLNFQH9 HVUXRF I2
VHL OSSD QRLWSHF[H HVQHIIR ODFLWLORS HKW WDKW
P LDOF UHK QR GHHFFXV \ OHNL O O OLZ HKV WDKW JQLZRKV IR QHGUXE UHK WHHP RW VOLDI HQHLNFQH9 QRLWSHF[H
´HVQHIIR ODFLWLORS³ HKW JQLKVL OEDWVH IR VHVRSUXS URI JQLVLUSX QD HWXWLWVQRF RW WQHLFL IIXV HUD VWVHWRUS
GQD VQRLWFD V¶\WUDS ODFLWLORS HKW WDKW PLDOF UHK JQLWURSSXV VHVDF RUH] VHWLF HQHLNFQH9
HUHK HWDUWVQRPHG RW HOED QHHE VDK HKV QDKW HFQHORLY IR HHUJHG
UHWDHUJ KFXP D ZRKV WVXP HQHLNFQH9 \OSSD RW QRLWSHF[H ´HVQHIIR ODFLWLORS³ HKW URI WDKW UDHOF
VL ZDO HVDF WDK7 ZDO HVDF JQL OORUWQRF \E GHGLYRUS WQHW[H ZRUUDQ HKW RW \OQR HJDWV VLKW WD VVHFRUS
QRLWLGDUW[H HKW QL HQHYUHWQL RW GHWWLPUHS VL GQD \WDHU7 HKW IR VQRLVLYRUS HKW \E GQXRE VL WUXR& HK7
PXXFDY D QL VQRLWDJHOOD V¶HQHLNFQH9 UHGLVQRF WRQQDF WUXR& HKW WX% WOXVHU D VD UHIIXV RW HXQLWQRF
\HKW QLDS HKW UR GHUXGQH VDK \ O LPDI V¶HQHLNFQH9 VQRLWFD VXRGQHUURK GQD HFQHORLY HKW H]LP L QLP RW
VQDHP \DZ RQ QL WUXR& HKW GQD FLWDPXDUW \OUDHOF HUHZ QRLWLWH3 V¶HQHLNFQH9 QL KWURI WHV VWQHYH HK7
R9
QL WUXRF HKW \E GHWFHMHU HVRKW QDKW VVHO QHYH HUD HFQHORLY IR VQRLWDJHO OD V¶HQHLNFQH9
´EDMQX3 QL VUH]LKWDSP\V
GQD VUHFLIIR WQHPQUHYRJ KWLZ GHKVDOF VWVLODQRLWDQ KNL6 VD V \ OUDH GQD VGLP HKW
QHHZWHE GHWOXVHU VHLWODXVDF GQD VKWDHG IR VGQDVXRKW IR VQHW³ HUHKZ GHWVL[H JQLVLUSX WD G)
GQLSDUD% GHWWLPR QRLWDWLF ODQUHWQL ´\FQHJUHPH ODQRLWDQ IR HWDWV D UHGQX VDZ QRLWDOXSRS
V¶\UWQXRF HKW IR WQHFUHS \OHWDPL[RUSSD GQD \URWLUUHW QDLYXUH3 IR WQHFUHS \ OHWDPL[RUSSD³ GQD
´\UWQXRF HKW IR ORUWQRF URI HOJJXUWV WQHORLY D QL GHJDJQH HUHZ KWD3 JQLQLK6 HKW GQD WQHPQUHYRJ
Q DLYXUH3³ HUHKZ GHWVL[H ´JQLVLUSX³ WD G) DORQLGU2 I& WD G, JQLVLUSX QD RW
WQXRPD RW HFQHORLY IR OHYHO \UDVVHFHQ HKW KFDHU WRQ GLG ´GQDO HYLWDQ VLK QL HPLJHU WVLQXPPRF HKW
IR O ODIQZRG HKW HHV RW HULVHG QHHN D GQD P L5 FL ILFD3 HKW GQXRUD VWSPHWWD JQLEPRE GQD VQRLVROS[H
HJUDKF UHKWLH RW GUDJHU KWLZ RV RG RW VO LDI HQHLNFQH9
JQLZRKV KFXV HNDP RW HOED HE \ OHNL O O OLZ HKV WDKW KVL OEDWVH WVXP HQHLNFQH9 \DWV UHK WQDUJ RW WUXR&
HKW URI UHGUR QL UHYRHUR0 GHWWLPR VQRLWDWLF ODQUHWQL ODQLJLUR QL VLVDKSPH ´JQLGQL I ODQLJLUR
HKW JQLWQDUUDZ HFQHGLYH \QD VDZ HUHKW UHKWHKZ JQLVVHVVD RW GHWL P LO VL³ QRLWLWHS VDHEDK QR JQLGQL I
HVXDF HOEDERUS D IR ZHLYHU
WD GL JH HH6 VJQLGQL I HVXDF HOEDERUS V¶QLWUD0 HJGX- JQLWQDUUDZ
HFQHGLYH RQ VDZ HUHKW WDKW ZRKV WVX P HQHLNFQH9 VP LDOF VDHEDK UHK QR GHHFFXV R7
\ OX- OO, '1
WD
/: 0 R1 UX]D0
JQLWLF
G,
HU Q, JH RVOD HHV
68 OHVLR/
Y VQLOOR&
´\UWQXRF JQLWVHXTHU HKW QL ODLUW URI HYLWLJXI HKW GORK RW VWVL[H HVXDF HOEDERUS UHKWHKZ
HQLPUHWHG RW QRLWDQLPD[H \UDQL P LOHUS D IR HUXWDQ HKW QL VL WL UHKWDU GHGLFHG VL HFQHFRQQL UR WOLXJ
KFLKZ WD ODLUW \UDQHOS D WRQ VL JQLUDHK QRLWLGDUW[H Q$³
G,
´IOHVWL JQLUDHK QRLWLGDUW[H HKW QL \ULXTQL
IR HSRFV GHWL P LO HKW KWLZ HWDUXVQHPPRF VL ZHLYHU IR HSRFV GHWL P LO VLK7³ WD G) RLYR%
JQLWLF GHGGD VLVDKSPH EH) G¶IID FH' OO, '1
WD /:
& R1 QLONFL1
Y JQXHK&
´¶JQLGQL I UHK WURSSXV RW HFQHGLYH
WQHWHSPRF \QD
VL HUHKWµ I L
GOHKSX HE O OLZ QRLWLGDUW[H WURSSXV RW HVXDF HOEDERUS IR JQLGQLI V¶HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP D³ \ OJQLGURFF$
G,
JQLGQL I V¶HJGXM HKW WURSSXV RW ´HFQHGLYH WQHWHSPRF \QD³ VL HUHKW UHKWHKZ HQLPUHWHG RW
J QLGQLI HVXDF HOEDERUS V¶HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP HKW VZHLYHU WUXR& HKW ZHLYHU VDHEDK Q2 QRLWDUWVL QLPGD
FL OEXS IR VQRLWFQXI HKW JQLPURIUHS QRVUHS UR WQDYUHV OLYLF D JQLWVLVHU GQD I IL O LDE D IR VHLWLYLWFD
HKW JQLUHGQLK GHJUDKF VHVQHIIR HKW IR RZW GHWWL PPRF HQHLNFQH9 HYHLOHE RW HVXDF HOEDERUS
GQXRI QLWUD0 HJGX- WD G) QLD( JQLWLF WD G) RLYR% ´WQHPQUHYRJ
Q JLHURI HKW \E KWLZ GHJUDKF VL HK HVQHIIR HKW GHWWL PPRF QRVUHS HKW WDKW ZDO ODUHGHI UHGQX
HVXDF HOEDERUS GQLI WVXP³ HJGXM HWDUWV LJDP D HOEDWLGDUW[H VD QRVUHS D JQL \ ILWUHF HURIH%
HVXD& HOEDERU3
GHWFHUH GDK HQHLNFQH9 GO LKF HKW IR \GRWVXF HNDW RW HPRK V¶HQHLNFQH9 WD GHYLUUD WQHPHFURIQH
ZDO QHKZ WDKW GHWURSHU I I LO LDE HK7 ´WURSHU ODLURWXFHVRUS D PRUI HPRF \DP @JQLUDHK QRLWLGDUW[H
QD QL> HFQHGLYH HKW HWXWDWV WQDYHOHU HKW KWLZ HFQDGURFFD QL GHWDFLWQHKWXD GQD GHL ILWUHF HUD QRLWDQ
JQLWVHXTHU HKW \E GHWWL PEXV VWL ELK[H HKW VD JQRO R6³ OO, '1 G SSX6 )
]VRUD- IR QRLWLGDUW[( HU Q, JH HH6 UHKWRP UHK RW RJ RW WQDZ WRQ GLG GOLKF HKW JQL \DV \E GOLKF HKW
UHIVQDUW RW VWSPHWWD GHUUHIHG GQD GHUHGUR VD GO LKF HKW UHYR QUXW RW GHO LDI \OGHWDHSHU HQHLNFQH9 WDKW
GHWURSHU UHIVQDUW HKW JQLWDXWFHIIH URI HO ELVQRSVHU I I L OLDE HKW GQD UHKWRP V¶GO LKF HKW VQRLWDJLWVHYQL
O DLUWHUS HKW JQLUXG WQHPQUHYRJ QDLQDXKWL/ HKW \E GHWWL PEXV HFQHGLYH HKW RW JQLGURFF$
UHGUR HKW IR QRLWXFH[H JQLUXG HPRK UHK WD UHF L IIR QD JQLWOXDVVD \E JQLGXOFQL UHKWRP V¶GO LKF HKW
RW GO LKF HKW IR \GRWVXF UHIVQDUW RW VUHGUR WUXRF KWLZ \ OSPRF RW GHVXIHU HKV WDKW VWFDI IR WHV HPDV
HKW QR GHVDE HUD HGR& HKW IR VQRLVLYRUS HVHKW JQLWDORLY URI HQHLNFQH9 WVQLDJD VHJUDKF HK7
WD WN'
VUDH\ HHUKW RW SX IR PUHW D URI WQHPQRVLUSPL \E UR HQLI D \E UR HFLYUHV
\WLQXPPRF \E GHKVLQXS HE O ODKV QRLWDUWVL QLPGD FLOEXS IR VQRLWFQXI HKW
JQLPURIUHS QRVUHS UHKWRQD UR WQDYUHV O LYLF D VWVLVHU IRHUHKW HVX HWDLGHP P L
HKW JQLQHWDHUKW UR HFQH ORLY ODFLV\KS IR HVX HKW KJXRUKW RKZ QRVUHS $
VHGLYRUS HGR& ODQL PLU& QDLQDXKWL/ HKW IR HOFLWU$
WD WN'
VUDH\ UXRI RW SX IR PUHW D URI WQHPQRVLUSP L
\E UR WVHUUD \E UR HQLI D \E GHKVLQXS HE O ODKV QRLFUHRF UHKWRQD UR HFQHORLY
JQLVX \E HOFLWU$ VLKW IR KSDUJDUDS QL GHWDFLGQL WFD HKW VWL PPRF QRVUHS $
VUDH\ RZW
RW SX IR PUHW D URI WQHPQRVLUSP L \E UR \WUHEL O IR QRLWFLUWVHU \E UR HQLI D
\E UR HFLYUHV \WLQXPPRF \E GHKVLQXS HE O ODKV WQHPJGXM WUXRF D JQLWXFH[H
Q L I IL O LDE D VUHGQLK UR QRLWXWLWVQL ODLFLGXM ODQRLWDQUHWQL HKW IR HVDF D UR
HVDF HYLWDUWVL QLPGD O L YLF ODQL PLUF D IR JQLUDHK UR QRLWDJLWVHYQL RW JQLWDOHU
VHLWXG HKW JQLPURIUHS QL QRLWXWLWVQL ODLFLGXM ODQRLWDQUHWQL UHKWRQD IR UR WUXR&
O DQL PLU& ODQRLWDQUHWQ, HKW IR UHFLIIR QD UR UH\ZDO UHFL IIR QRLWDJLWVHYQL
O DLUWHUS URWXFHVRUS HJGXM D VUHGQLK UHQQDP \QD QL RKZ QRVUHS $
VHGLYRUS HGR& ODQL PLU& DLQDXKWL/ HKW IR HOFLWU$
WQHVHUS \DP GHVXFFD HKW UHYHZR+ WD G) QLD( ´HE RW WRQ VL WL KFLKZ ODLUW HODFV
O OXI D RWQL QRLWLGDUW[H HKW WUHYQRF GOXRZ HVLZUHKWR RG R@W>³ ´ODLUW \UDQLGUR QD QL VD \WLO LELGHUF IR
VQRLWVHXT HVRS RW UR IRRUS V¶\UWQXRF JQLGQDPHG HKW WFLGDUWQRF RW WKJLU RQ VDK JQLUDHK QRLWLGDUW[H QD
QL GHVXFFD Q@D>³ \ O ODUHQH* WD G) QLD( JQLWLF
WD /: UX]D0
Q,
HU
JQLUDHK QRLWLGDUW[H QD QL ´\OSSD HUXGHFRUS ODQLPLUF IR VHOXU ODUHGHI HKW URQ HFQHGLYH IR VHOXU
O DUHGHI HKW UHKWLH1³ HVXDF HOEDERUS IR JQLGQL I \QD VHWDJHQ GO LKF HKW HYRPHU RW HVXRK V¶HQHLNFQH9
RW HPDF VODLFL IIR HKW \DG HKW JQLULSVQDUW VWQHYH HKW IR WSLUFVQDUW D WDKW VHXJUD I ILWQLDO3
JQLGQLI HVXDF HOEDERUS HKW JQLWURSSXV HFQHGLYH RQ VL HUHKW WDKW ZRKV WRQQDF HQHLNFQH9
VGURZ UHKWR Q, UHGUR V¶WUXRF HKW JQLWXFH[H UHFL IIR HKW JQLKFQXS GQD UHKWRP V¶GO LKF HKW JQLNFLN
\E
HL²QRLWDUWVL QLPGD
FL OEXS IR VQRLWFQXI HKW JQLPURIUHS QRVUHS UHKWR UR WQDYUHV O LYLF D WVLVHU
RW HFQHORLY ODFL V\KS GHVX HQHLNFQH9 WDKW GQD²FWH GO LKF HKW JQLYRPHU \ O ODFLV\KS PRUI VUHFLIIR
HKW JQLWQHYHUS HPRK UHK QL GO LKF HKW JQLGDFLUUDE GO LKF HKW UHYR QUXW RW JQLVXIHU \E
HL²UHGUR
UHIVQDUW V¶WUXRF HKW JQLWXFH[H QL I IL O LDE HKW GHUHGQLK HQHLNFQH9 WDKW HVXDF HOEDERUS IR JQLGQL I
V¶QLWUD0 HJGX- WURSSXV RW HFQHGLYH WQHLFL IIXV QDKW HURP VDZ HUHKW HFQHGLYH VLKW QR GHVD%
VGURFHU ODFLGHP \E GHWQHPXFRG HUHZ VHLUXMQL HKW GQD VHKFQXS HKW GHYUHVER UHFLIIR
UHKWRQ$ HFDI VLK IR HGLV WKJLU HKW QL HFLZW P LK GHKFQXS GQD SX GRRWV HQHLNFQH9 PRRU HKW WIHO
GO LKF HKW UHWID WDKW GHWURSHU VDNVXDVX* WQXRFFD V¶I I L OLDE HKW GHPUL IQRF HQHFV HKW WD VUHFLIIR UHKW2
GO LKF HKW HNDW RW UHKWRP HKW ZROOD RW GO LKF HKW IR IIR VGQDK V¶HQHLNFQH9 HNDW RW GDK VDNVXDVX*
VDJXDGQL0 UHFLII2 QD JQLGXOFQL VUHFLIIR WDKW RVOD GHWURSHU II L O LDE HK7 UHKWRP V¶GO LKF HKW JQLNFLN
QDJHE GQD WVLDZ UHK GQXRUD VGQDK UHK KWLZ GO LKF HKW GOHK GHWXRKV GO LKF HKW KWLZ HWDFLQXPPRF
RW VUHKWR ZROOD RW GHVXIHU HQHLNFQH9 HGLVQL HFQR WDKW UHKWUXI GHWURSHU I IL O LDE HK7 HPRK
HKW UHWQH RW WQHPSLXTH ODLFHSV HVX RW VUHFL IIR HKW JQLFURI HFQHVHUS ULHKW GHFQXRQQD GQD GHNFRQN
VUHFLIIR HKW QHKZ VURRG UHK QR VHGDFLUUDE HKW HYRPHU RW GHVXIHU GQD HPRK UHK GQXRUD VHOFDWVER
ULHKW QL VHLWLURKWXD KVLGHZ6 HKW \E GHUHIIRUS HFQHGLYH HKW³ HFQHGLYH GHUHYRFVLG \ OZHQ IR WKJL O
Q L QHY( WD G) IIRUH3 JH HH6 VJQLGQLI HVXDF HOEDERUS V¶QLWUD0 HJGX- URI WURSSXV
H OSPD VHGLYRUS WQHPQUHYRJ QDLQDXKWL/ HKW \E GHUHIIRUS HFQHGLYH HKW \GDHUOD GHVVXFVLG VD GQD
JQLFQLYQRFQX VL HFQHGLYH ZHQ QR GHVDE JQLOXU V¶WUXR& HKW \DWV RW WSPHWWD UXRK KWQHYHOH VLKW HURP
WXRKWL: G, ´GHUUXFFR VHVQHIIR HKW \DG HKW QR GHQHSSDK WDKZ QLDOS[H RW WQDYHOHU³ HUD \HKW
WDKW \DV RW WSHF[H QRLWLWHS VDHEDK UHK QR GHHFFXV RW \ OHNLO HURP HQHLNFQH9 HNDP O OLZ \HKW ZRK UR
ZRKV O O LZ \HKW WDKZ HOSPD[H URI VRHGLY HVHKW WXRED VOLDWHG RUH] VHGLYRUS HQHLNFQH9 WD
WN' \DWV HKW JQL\QHG RW URLUS GHFXGRUS GQD GHWFHOORF HE GOXRKV WDKW WQHGLFQL HKW PRUI VRHGLY
HUD HUHKW WDKW IHLUE ODWQHPHOSSXV UHK Q L HPLW WVULI HKW URI VHXJUD HQHLNFQH9 \ O ODQRLWLGG$
´VHOFDWVER HKW HYRPHU HVDHO3
VHOFDWVER HKW HYRPHU RW GHNVD HUD VUHFLIIR HFLOR3 I IL O LD%³ [( WD WN' JH HH6 UHGUR
UHIVQDUW HKW HWXFH[H RW HVXRK UHK JQLUHWQH PRUI VUHFLIIR HKW WQHYHUS RW VUHLUUDE GHWFHUH HQHLNFQH9
WDKW P LDOF V¶I IL O LDE HKW VHWDLWQDWVEXV WSLUFVQDUW HKW HVXDFHE HJUDKF JQLUHGQLK HKW VHWDUHWL OER PRUI
UDI WL GHUUXFFR WOXDVVD ODFLV\KS RQ WDKW \ OUDHOF GHZRKV WSLUFVQDUW HKW IL QHYH \ O ODQL) GHUUXFFR
WOXDVVD ODFLV\KS RQ WDKW HYRUS WRQ VHRG VWQHPHWDWV KFXV IR HFQHVED HKW GQD HVDF HKW \ OLUDVVHFHQ
WRQ VL WDKW GHUUXFFR QRLWDFUHWOD ODFLV\KS D WDKW JQLWDFLGQL VWQHPHWDWV HUXWSDF
\DP
WSLUFVQDUW HKW
H O LK: WQHVHUS VODXGL YLGQL HKW QHHZWHE VQRLWFD WRQ VWQHPHWDWV VWURSHU \OQR WSLUFVQDUW HKW GQRFH6
UHFL IIR HKW GHKFQXS \ OGHJHO OD HQHLNFQH9 HURIHE HVXRK HKW IR WXR QHNDW JQLHE VL GOLKF HKW VD
VGQH WSLUFVQDUW HKW WVUL) JQLGQLI HVXDF HOEDERUS HKW ´HWDUHWLOER³ WRQ VHRG WSLUFVQDUW HK7
UHFL IIR HKW GHKFQXS UR UHKWRP HKW GHNFLN HQHLNFQH9 WDKW WSLUFVQDUW HKW QL QRLWDFLGQL
RQ VL HUHKW HVXDFHE JQLGQLI HVXDF HOEDERUS HKW ´VHWDUHWLOER³ WSLUFVQDUW HKW VHXJUD HQHLNFQH9
WD /: UX]D0
HU Q,
JQLGQLI HVXDF HOEDERUS HKW ´VHWDUHWLOER³ WDKW HFQHGLYH
KWLP6 HYLWDWQHVHUSH5 UHWWHO HKW Q, WN' VXWDWV WQHQDPUHS ODJHO UHK HYLJ RW WRQ GQD VVHFRUS
P XO \VD ODFLWLORS ODPURQ HKW RW VVHFFD HQHLNFQH9 HYLJ RW \OQR VNHHV 5+ VO OLE HWDYLUS ODFLS\W
HNL OQX HVXDFHE O O LE HWDYLUS ODFLS\W D QDKW \ONFLXT HURP HYRP O O LZ O O LE HKW VWFHS[H HK WDKW VHWDWV
KWLP6 KFLKZ QL KWLP6 HYLWDWQHVHUSH5 PRUI UHWWHO HQX- D GHWWL PEXV RVOD HQHLNFQH9
5+ 5+ QRLWDFL OSSD PXO \VD JQLGQHS UHK QR GHXVVL VL UHGUR ODQLI D OLWQX VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW
QL NURZ RW \WL OLED HKW GQD WQHPHYRP HHUI UHK ZROOD GQD DLQDXKWL/ RW QRLWLGDUW[H UHK URI JQLZROOD
VZDO UHKWR O OD GQD \WDHU7 HKW PRUI HQHLNFQH9 HGXOF[H GOXRZ O O LE GHVRSRUS UHKWLH GHWFDQH I,
5+
HH6
HQX- QR O O LE ODFLWQHGL QD GHFXGRUWQL QHUJWOX+ \GQD5 HYLWDWQHVHUSH5 VLRQLOO,
5+ ´HFHLQ JQXR\ UHK JQLWVHORP \ OODX[HV IR GHVXFFD VODLFLIIR FL OEXS QDLQDXKWL/ WVQLDJD
HFLWVXM IR WLXVUXS UHK RW GHWDOHU VHJUDKF QR VNHHV DLQDXKWL/ IR WQHPQUHYR* HKW RKZ HQHLNFQH9
DJQLUH1 HJGX- IR IHLOHU HKW³ VNHHV WDKW ´WF$ WUXR& QL \D' UH+ HQHLNFQH9 HJGX- HYL*³ GHOWLW O O LE
D VVHUJQR& RW GHWQHVHUS KWLP6 UHKSRWVLUK& HYLWDWQHVHUSH5 \HVUH- ZH1 HQX- Q2
VOOL% ODQRLVVHUJQR& JQLGQH3
,,,
HOEDWLGDUW[H VD UHK JQL \ILWUHF UHGU2 V¶QLWUD0 HJGXJ QLJQHOODKF VP LDOF OOD RW GUDJHU KWLZ GHLQHG VL \DW6 IR QRLVQHW[( URI QRLWR0 V¶HQHLNFQH9
WVHUHWQL FLOEXS VHWRPRUS GQD ZDO IR HOXU ODQRLWDQUHWQL VHWDWL OLFDI VUHGUR ODYRPHU IR QRLWXFH[H
WSPRUS GQD VWUXRF QDLQDXKWL/ HKW HURIHE HVQHIHG D WQHVHUS O OLWV \DP HKV WDKW WFDI HKW \E GHUHSPHW VL
²WRRP HPRFHE O O LZ QRLWLGDUW[H UHK RW GHWDOHU V P LDOF ODJHO JQLGQDWVWXR UHK WDKW²PUDK HOEDUDSHUUL
\ OQR V¶HQHLNFQH9 HYRED GHVVXFVLG VQRVDHU HPDV HKW URI \DWV D URI QRLWRP HKW JQL \QHG URYDI
VURWFDI \DWV JQL QLDPHU HK7 UHGUR QRLWDFLILWUHF V¶HJGXM HWDUWVLJDP HKW RW VHJQHO ODKF UHK IR VWLUHP
HKW QR GHHFFXV \ OHNL O OOLZ HKV WDKW JQLZRKV JQRUWV D HNDP RW VO LDI HQHLNFQH9 HURIHUHK7
´GHJUDKF VHPLUF HKW QL GHWDSLFLWUDS IIRUH3 WDKW
HYHLOHE RW HVXDF HOEDERUS IR JQLGQLI ODQLJLUR HKW VWURSSXV \ OSPD QRLWLGDUW[H V¶IIRUH3 URI WVHXTHU
VO O LE ODQRLVVHUJQR& JQLGQHS
HKW QR GHVDE \DW6 IR QRLVQHW[( URI QRLWR0 V¶HQHLNFQH9 VHLQHG WUXR& HKW GHVVXFVLG \GDHUOD
VQRVDHU URI ODLQHG URYDI RVOD VURWFDI \DWV UHKWR HKW HVXDFH% QRLWLGDUW[H UHK WQHYHUS OO LZ O O LE UHKWLH
GRRKL OHNLO HKW RW VD JQLZRKV JQRUWV D HNDP VVHO KFXP UHKWHKZ VVHUGGD RW VOLDI HQHLNFQH9
WFD O OLZ VVHUJQR& ZRK UR QHKZ RW VD VVHXJ \ OGQLOE WRQ O OLZ GQD JQLZRQN IR
\DZ RQ VDK \ OQLDWUHF WUXR& HK7 QRLWFLGHUS D KFXV JQLNDP IR \DZ RQ VDK HKV HVXDFHE \OGHWEXRGQX
VL VLKW HVUXRF I2
ZDO HPRFHE GQD WQHGLVHU3 HKW PRUI ODYRUSSD HYLHFHU HWDQH6 HKW VVDS
HVXR+ HKW VVDS O OLZ O O LE UHKWLH WDKW GRRKL OHNL O HKW OOD WD VVHUGGD RW VO LDI HQHLNFQH9 \OWQDWURSP L
WVRP GQD GULK7 HVXR+ HKW QL HWRY D RW WXS QHHE GDK O OLE UHKWLHQ \OX- IR V$ VVHFRUS
JQLWRY HKW URI HQL OHPLW RQ VHGLYRUS HQHLNFQH9 O O LE HWDYLUS ODFLS\W D QDKW \ ONFLXT HURP HYRP
O O LZ OO LE HKW WDKW VHFQDUXVVD V¶KWLP6 HYLWDWQHVHUSH5 URI WSHF[H GQRFH6 O OLE GHVRSRUS JQLGQHS D
QR HWRY GOXRF VVHUJQR& OLWQX HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW \E GHXVVL UHGQHUUXV IR WQDUUDZ D IR QRLWXFH[H
J QL\DWV WUXRF D URI²HQRQ IR VZRQN WUXR& HKW GQD²WQHGHFHUS RQ VHGLYRUS HQHLNFQH9 WVUL)
WQHPXJUD KFXV
\QD
IR GLRYHG VL IHLUE V¶HQHLNFQH9 WX% O O LE UHKWLH IR HJDVVDS HKW \E GHWQHYHUS
HE \OHNLO O O LZ QRLWLGDUW[H UHK WDKW HL VWLUHP HKW QR GHHFFXV RW \ OHNL O VL HKV WDKW JQLZRKV JQRUWV
D JQLNDP \E JQLGXOFQL URYDI UHK QL QRLWHUFVLG V¶WUXRF HKW IR HVLFUH[H QD WQDUUDZ VO O LE JQLGQHS
HKW WDKW JQLZRKV IR QHGUXE HKW VUDHE HQHLNFQH9 HURIHUHK7 QHN1 UHGQX VLV\ODQD URWFDIUXRI
HPDV HKW RW WFHMEXV VL VO O LE ODQRLVVHUJQR& JQLGQHS HKW QR GHVDE WVHXTHU \DWV V¶HQHLNFQH9
G, O O LE
HKW URI JQLVVHFRUS NFDUWWVDI HYHLKFD RW HHWWL P PR& \UDLFLGX- HKW KWLZ JQLNURZ VL HK WDKW RVOD VHWDWV
HJGX- WFLUWVL' VHWDW6 GHWLQ8
O ODGQH. 0 DL QLJUL9 QR+
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
\OX- HWD'
GHULVHG RV IL IHLUE ODWQHPH OSSXV UHK QL HPLW WVULI HKW URI GHVLDU VHJQHO ODKF HKW
HGXOFQL RW QRLWLWH3 UHK GQHPD WVULI RW HQHLNFQH9 VWLPUHS WUXR& HKW \ O ODQRLWLGG$ QRLWLWH3 JQLGQHS
V¶HQHLNFQH9 QR JQL IHLUE WLPEXV RW VHLWUDS HKW VWFHULG WUXR& HKW UHGUR QRLWDFL ILWUHF V¶QLWUD0 HJGXGQD QRLWDQLPUHWHG QRLWLGDUW[H V¶HWDW6 IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW RW VHJQHO ODKF V¶HQHLNFQH9 UDHK RW \WLURKWXD
HKW VDK WL WDKW GQXRI VDK WUXR& HKW HVXDFH% GHIHLUE \ O OXI WH\ WRQ VL QRLWLWH3 HKW QRLWLWHS VDHEDK
UHK IR VWLUHP HKW QR GHHFFXV O O LZ HQHLNFQH9 GRRKLOHNLO HKW QR GHOXU VDK WUXR& HKW KJXRKWO$
WN'
\DW6 IR QRLVQHW[( URI QRLWR0 V¶HQHLNFQH9 VHLQHG WUXR& HKW HYRED GHWDWV VQRVDHU HKW UR)
12,68/&12&
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?