Lockhart v. Baldwin et al

Filing 158

MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order Signed by the Honorable Steven C. Seeger on 1/18/2024.For the foregoing reasons, Defendants' second motion for summary judgment (Dckt. No. 145 ) is granted. Civil case terminated. Mailed notice. (jjr, )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
IAN LOCKHART (R-18787),

)
)
Plaintiff,
)
)
v.
)
)
CHARLES F. BEST, et al.,
)
)
Defendants.
)
____________________________________)

Case No. 18-cv-4193
Hon. Steven C. Seeger

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
The Illinois Department of Corrections transferred an inmate, Ian Lockhart, to the
Stateville Correctional Center. The Stateville Investigations and Intelligence Unit suspected that
Lockhart held a leadership role in a gang, the notorious Gangster Disciples. Correctional officers
tried to get Lockhart on board as an informant. He refused.
Lockhart awoke one morning to two pieces of unwelcome news. He learned that he was
getting a disciplinary ticket about his gang activity. And he learned that he was getting
transferred to another IDOC facility. A hearing before a disciplinary committee followed within
the hour.
The disciplinary committee read into the record the charging document, which relied on
confidential sources. Lockhart gave a statement, but no other witnesses testified.
The hearing didn’t take long, and things did not go Lockhart’s way. The committee
found Lockhart guilty of (1) conspiring to assault an inmate, and (2) engaging in gang activity.
As punishment, Lockhart received time in segregation.
Lockhart later sued, bringing three claims. He brought a First Amendment claim against
two correctional officers, alleging that they retaliated against him when he refused to become an

informant and when he filed a grievance. He also brought a due process claim against the
members of the disciplinary committee, based on a number of alleged procedural errors at the
hearing. He brought an indemnification claim, too.
After discovery, Defendants moved for summary judgment. This Court later issued a
split decision. This Court granted Defendants’ motion on the First Amendment claim, and on the
indemnification claim. But on the due process claim, the ruling was more complicated.
Defendants moved for summary judgment on the second prong – and only the second
prong – of a due process claim, meaning whether the procedures were constitutionally deficient.
This Court ruled that the due process claim could survive, but only in part. The due process
claim about the assault charge (meaning charge #1) failed, but the due process claim about the
gang charge (meaning charge #2) could go forward.
Along the way, this Court noted that Defendants did not move for summary judgment on
the first prong of the due process claim, meaning whether the state had interfered with a liberty
or property interest.
Defendants later took that observation as an invitation, or at least an opening. Defendants
filed a motion for leave to file a second motion for summary judgment. This Court reluctantly
granted that motion and gave both sides a chance to file a follow-up motion for summary
judgment. Defendants later filed another motion for summary judgment, but Lockhart did not.
Defendants’ second motion for summary judgment is now before the Court. For the
reasons that follow, Defendants’ motion for summary judgment is hereby granted.

2

Background
This Court assumes familiarity with the background of the case from its ruling on
Defendants’ first motion for summary judgment. See 2/24/22 Order (Dckt. No. 113). So, a short
summary will do here.
Ian Lockhart arrived at the Stateville Correctional Center in July 2016, after a transfer
from another IDOC facility. See Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts, at ¶ 7 (Dckt. No. 149).
Lockhart’s experience at Stateville was rocky from the start.
Shortly after his arrival, correctional officers came to believe that Lockhart was a leader
in the Gangster Disciples, a designated Security Threat Group. See 2/24/22 Order, at 7–8 (Dckt.
No. 113).
Scrutiny grew in October 2016, and officers began investigating Lockhart. See Pl.’s
Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts, at ¶ 11 (Dckt. No. 149).
Early on the morning of November 1, 2016, an officer told Lockhart that the IDOC was
transferring him from Stateville to Pontiac Correctional Center. Id. at ¶ 8. Around 8:00 a.m.,
Officer Sean Furlow issued Lockart an offender disciplinary report, otherwise known as a
disciplinary ticket. Id. The report noted two offenses: a gang-related offense and an assaultrelated offense. Id. at ¶ 10 (“205 STG [Security Group Threat] or Unauthorized Organizational
Activity,” and “601 to 102 Conspiracy to Assault any Person.”).
According to the disciplinary ticket, the investigation uncovered that Lockhart – as a
leader of the Gangster Disciples – had authorized an assault on a fellow gang member at
Stateville. Id. at ¶ 11. The assault took place a few weeks earlier, on October 18, 2016.

3

The disciplinary ticket required a hearing, but Lockhart was leaving Stateville. The
imminent departure created a potential timing issue. Inmates are entitled to 24-hour notice
before a disciplinary hearing. But the right to notice is waivable.
So, Officer Furlow gave Lockart two options: waive the 24-hour notice of charges before
the hearing, or have the hearing after his transfer to Pontiac. Id. at ¶ 12. Lockhart opted to waive
the 24-hour notice. Id. at ¶ 13. Basically, Lockhart decided to have the hearing then and there.
The hearing happened fast, and it didn’t take long. It began at 8:45 a.m. – less than an
hour after Lockhart had learned of the charges. Id. at ¶ 14. The hearing was before the
Adjustment Committee, comprised of Defendants Charles Best and Barea Miggins. Id. at ¶ 15.
The Adjustment Committee later produced a Final Summary Report summing up what
happened at the hearing. Id. The report identified the offenses charged in the ticket: gang
activity and conspiring to assault another inmate. Id. at ¶ 16. The report also confirmed that
Lockhart had waived the 24-hour notice requirement after receiving the ticket. Id. at ¶ 17.
According to the report, the disciplinary ticket was read at the hearing. Id. at ¶ 19.
Lockhart pled not guilty and offered a statement in support of his plea. Id. Lockhart did not call
any witnesses. Id. at ¶ 18.
The Adjustment Committee found Lockhart guilty of both charges. See Final Summary
Report, at 1 (Dckt. No. 94-4). The Committee based its decision on the findings from the
investigation. See Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts, at ¶ 7 (Dckt. No. 149). The
investigation revealed that Lockhart held a leadership rank in the Gangster Disciples and had
authorized the assault on a fellow gang member. Id.
The Adjustment Committee recommended disciplinary action, including one year of
“C-grade” (i.e., restricted privileges), one year of segregation, one year of commissary

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restrictions, and six months of contact visit restrictions. Id. at ¶ 21; see also Final Summary
Report, at 1 (Dckt. No. 94-4). The Chief Administrative Officer later approved those
restrictions. See Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts, at ¶ 22 (Dckt. No. 149).
Lockhart did not lose good time credits because of the Adjustment Committee’s findings.
Id. at ¶ 23. So he won’t spend more time in custody. Lockhart was served with a copy of the
final summary report on November 7, 2016. Id. at ¶ 26.
When Lockhart arrived at Pontiac in November 2016, he went to disciplinary
segregation. See Defs.’ Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Additional Facts, at ¶ 2 (Dckt. No. 155). But
the parties disagree about how long Lockhart spent in disciplinary segregation. Id. at ¶ 5.
Lockhart contends that he spent a year in disciplinary segregation. Id. He testified: “I
completed the year of segregation and was immediately put into administrative detention, in
which the first three months of administrative detention was identical to dispatch segregation.”
See Lockhart Dep., at 66:23 – 67:2 (Dckt. No. 94-2).
Defendants contend that Lockhart spent only a fraction of that amount in disciplinary
segregation. As they see it, Lockhart spent a little less than eight months in disciplinary
segregation, not one year.
IDOC records show that Lockhart was placed in segregation on November 2, 2016. See
Defs.’ Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Additional Facts, at ¶ 2 (Dckt. No. 155); see also Cumulative
Counseling Summary (Dckt. No. 150-2, at 5–6 of 6). But Lockhart was placed in administrative
housing – not segregation – from November 11, 2016 to March 28, 2017. Id.
Specifically, on November 2, 2016, the report lists his “Location” as “NORTH
SEGREGATION/PON.” See Cumulative Counseling Summary (Dckt. No. 150-2, at 6 of 6).
But according to the report, Lockhart resided in “NORTH ADMINISTRATIVE/PON” on

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November 11, 2016. Id. The report shows that Lockhart remained in administrative housing
until March 28, 2017. At that point, the report shows that he resided in “NORTH
SEGREGATION/PON.” Id. at 4–6.
The report shows that Lockhart remained in segregation until November 15, 2017. Id. at
2. On November 17, 2017, the report shows his “Location” as “NORTH
ADMINISTRATIVE/PON.” Id.
So, based on IDOC records, Lockhart did not spend a year in disciplinary segregation.
He was in segregation starting on November 2, 2016. He was in administrative housing – not
segregation – from November 11, 2016 to March 28, 2017. He returned to segregation on March
28, 2017, and stayed in segregation until November 15, 2017.
In sum, IDOC records show that Lockhart was in disciplinary segregation from
November 2 to November 11, 2016 (i.e., nine days), and from March 28, 2017 to November 15,
2017 (i.e., 232 days). That’s a little less than eight months.
Pontiac’s North Cell House only includes restrictive housing. See Defs.’ Resp. to Pl.’s
Statement of Additional Facts, at ¶ 3 (Dckt. No. 155); see also Pontiac CC Offender Orientation
Manual, at 5 (Dckt. No. 150-3). But North Cell House includes inmates designated for both
disciplinary segregation and administrative detention. See Defs.’ Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of
Additional Facts, at ¶ 3.
Administrative detention is considered non-punitive. See Lockhart Dep., at 32:11-20
(Dckt. No. 94-2). Lockhart testified: “Segregation is for disciplinary segregation. When you
get disciplined, they isolate you from the general population, and you do your segregation /
solitary confinement time as punishment. Administrative detention is a status where they

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separate you from the general population and isolate you into another population for nonpunitive
reasons, I guess.” Id. at 32:12-19.
Lockhart filed this lawsuit on a pro se basis on June 15, 2018. See Cplt. (Dckt. No. 1).
He then amended his complaint twice. See First Am. Cplt. (Dckt. No. 17); Second Am. Cplt.
(Dckt. No. 76). Along the way, the case was reassigned to this Court. This Court later appointed
counsel for Lockhart.1
The second amended complaint includes three counts. Count I is a First Amendment
claim about retaliation. Count II is a due process claim about the disciplinary proceeding. Count
III is an indemnification claim.
After discovery, Defendants moved for summary judgment. This Court granted the
motion on the First Amendment claim, which had a few different theories. This Court concluded
that Defendants were entitled to qualified immunity on the theory about refusing to serve as an
informant. See 2/24/22 Order, at 14–17 (Dckt. No. 113); Clark v. Reed, 772 F. App’x 353 (7th
Cir. 2019). The other theory was about the emergency grievance, and the Court concluded that
the evidence did not support it. See 2/24/22 Order, at 17–23.
Defendants also moved for summary judgment on the due process claim. A due process
claim has two elements: a protected liberty interest or property interest, and inadequate
procedures. See Scruggs v. Jordan, 485 F.3d 934, 939 (7th Cir. 2007).
Defendants moved for summary judgment based on the second element, only. That is,
they argued that the procedures were constitutionally adequate, so there was no due process
problem.

1

The Court thanks Plaintiff’s counsel for the capable pro bono service.

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This Court granted that motion in part. Lockhart advanced seven different reasons why,
in his view, the procedures were inadequate. Most of the arguments didn’t pass muster.
For present purposes, the most important argument involved the sufficiency of the
evidence. Lockhart basically argued that the committee violated his due process rights because
the committee lacked evidence to support its decision.
This Court held that Lockhart’s claim about the sufficiency of the evidence on the assault
charge (meaning charge #1) could not go forward. But this Court held that Lockhart’s claim
about the gang charge (meaning charge #2) passed muster.
The reason involved the reliance on confidential sources. The assault charge relied on
two confidential sources, so there was an adequate evidentiary basis for the committee’s
decision. But the gang charge relied on only one confidential source, so there wasn’t an
adequate evidentiary basis. See McCollum v. Williford, 793 F.2d 903, 907 n.3 (7th Cir. 1986)
(holding that a finding of guilt supported by more than one reliable confidential source would
satisfy due process, while relying on only one source requires independent factual
corroboration).
Along the way, this Court drew attention to the fact that Defendants did not move for
summary judgment based on the first element of a due process claim, meaning the existence of a
protected liberty or property interest. Id. at 23 n.9. The Court flagged the open issue because not
every liberty restriction in prison can give rise to a claim. “By its very nature, prison involves
liberty restrictions. Not every restriction or punishment in a custodial setting implicates the Due
Process Clause.” Id.
Before ending its ruling, this Court granted summary judgment to Defendants on the
indemnification claim, too. Id. at 31–32.

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After that ruling, the only remaining claim is the due process claim about the assault
charge. Lockhart claims that the Adjustment Committee violated his right to due process
because the committee lacked sufficient evidence that Lockhart had conspired to assault another
inmate. Id. at 32.
But Defendants saw a potential opening, and tried to put their foot in the door.
Defendants moved for leave to file a second motion for summary judgment. See 2/8/23 Mtn.
(Dckt. No. 140). They asked for permission to file a summary judgment motion about the
existence of a liberty interest, meaning the first element of the due process claim.
This Court granted the motion for leave to file a second motion for summary judgment,
“albeit with considerable hesitation.” See 3/7/23 Order (Dckt. No. 142). It’s not hard to imagine
the reason for hesitation.
District courts have more than enough motions on their plates without allowing parties to
try and try again to avoid trial. Allowing multiple rounds of summary judgment motions would
water down the incentive for parties to make their best arguments. Parties might not give
summary judgment motions their best shot if they know that they’ll have another shot. There is
something to be said for putting your best foot forward, without assuming that the other foot will
get a step, too.
There is a real-world cost for multiple rounds of motions, and that cost is borne by all
other litigants. A district court’s time is zero sum. Every motion requires a ruling, and any time
spent on a ruling is time that a district court cannot spend on another motion in another case. In
effect, innocent bystanders in other cases on the Court’s docket bear the cost. It’s the litigation
equivalent of budging back in line, after you’ve already had a turn.

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Even so, it seemed inevitable that this Court would need to decide the issue someday, one
way or the other. The issue might rear its head in a motion for a directed verdict, for example.
And critically, Lockhart filed a motion for summary judgment on March 9, 2022, a few
weeks after this Court issued its summary judgment decision on February 24, 2022. See Pl.’s
Mtn. (Dckt. No. 113). This Court struck that filing as untimely, given that it arrived a year after
the deadline for dispositive motions. See 3/21/22 Order (Dckt. No. 119); see also 2/23/21 Order
(Dckt. No. 90).
Putting it together, both sides expressed an interest in moving for summary judgment,
after this Court issued its decision. Defendants asked for leave to move for summary judgment
on the limited issue of the existence of a liberty or property interest, meaning the first element of
a due process claim. And Plaintiff had moved for summary judgment about a year too late.
In the end, this Court took an even-handed approach, and gave each side another
opportunity to move for summary judgment. See 3/7/23 Order (Dckt. No. 142); see also 4/27/22
Order (Dckt. No. 125). But the window of opportunity was not unlimited. “This Court is not
revisiting its prior ruling, so the parties must not attempt to rehash those issues.” Id.
Defendants took advantage of that opportunity and filed a second motion for summary
judgment. See Defs.’ Second Mtn. for Summ. J. (Dckt. No. 145). They argue that Lockhart
cannot demonstrate a deprivation of a protectible liberty or property interest. Id. at 2. Lockhart,
however, did not file another motion for summary judgment.
As a result, the only pending motion is Defendants’ second motion for summary
judgment.

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Legal Standard
A district court “shall grant” summary judgment “if the movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine dispute of material fact exists if “the evidence is such
that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The party seeking summary judgment has the burden of
establishing that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). To survive summary judgment, the opposing party must go beyond
the pleadings and identify specific facts showing the existence of a genuine issue for trial. See
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256.
The Court construes all facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, giving
him the benefit of all reasonable inferences. See Chaib v. Geo Grp., Inc., 819 F.3d 337, 341 (7th
Cir. 2016). The Court does not weigh the evidence, judge credibility, or determine the truth of
the matter, but rather determines only whether a genuine issue of triable fact exists. See Nat’l
Athletic Sportswear, Inc. v. Westfield Ins. Co., 528 F.3d 508, 512 (7th Cir. 2008). Summary
judgment is appropriate if, on the evidence provided, no reasonable jury could return a verdict in
favor of the non-movant. See Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 322; Gordon v. FedEx Freight, Inc.,
674 F.3d 769, 772–73 (7th Cir. 2012).
Analysis
Lockhart’s remaining claim is about the disciplinary hearing itself. Lockhart alleges that
Defendants Best and Miggins deprived him of his right to due process under the Fourteenth
Amendment during his disciplinary hearing. See Second Am. Cplt., at ¶¶ 54–57 (Dckt. No. 76).

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A due process claim requires an inmate to prove that “(1) he has a liberty or property
interest that the state has interfered with; and (2) the procedures he was afforded upon that
deprivation were constitutionally deficient.” See Scruggs v. Jordan, 485 F.3d 934, 939 (7th Cir.
2007) (citing Ky. Dep’t of Corr. v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460 (1989)). Due process protects
the public from the arbitrary, abusive exercise of government power. Basically, the state cannot
take away something of value, without notice and an opportunity to be heard.
The first motion for summary judgment was about the second element. And the second
motion for summary judgment (meaning the motion at hand) is about the first element.
Defendants argue that Lockhart cannot show that he had a constitutionally protected liberty
interest at stake. See Defs.’ Mem. in Support of Second Mtn. for Summ. J., at 2 (Dckt. No. 147).
Prison itself is a restriction on liberty, by design. That’s the whole point. So, it goes
without saying that not every restriction or punishment in a custodial setting implicates the Due
Process Clause. See Lisle v. Welborn, 933 F.3d 705, 720–21 (7th Cir. 2019); Sandin v. Conner,
515 U.S. 472, 484 (1995). In prison, the loss of liberty comes with the territory.
Generally, prisoners have no constitutionally protected liberty interest in remaining
within the prison’s general population and staying out of segregation. See Sandin, 515 U.S. at
486. But avoiding segregation can constitute a protected liberty interest “when the confinement
imposes ‘atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of
prison life.’” Lisle, 933 F.3d at 721 (quoting Sandin, 515 U.S. at 484); see also Wilkinson v.
Austin, 545 U.S. 209, 224 (2005) (concluding that “harsh” segregation conditions in prison
“g[a]ve rise to a liberty interest in their avoidance”).
So, the question is whether disciplinary segregation imposes atypical and significant
hardship. To answer that question, a court must “analyz[e] the combined import of the duration

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of the segregative confinement and the conditions endured by the prisoner during that period.”
Marion v. Columbia Correction Inst., 559 F.3d 693, 697 (7th Cir. 2009) (emphasis in original);
see also Lisle, 933 F.3d at 721.
In other words, the hardship depends on the length and severity of disciplinary
segregation. Courts must consider how long segregation lasted, and how bad the segregation
was.
Applying that framework, this Court will consider the length of Lockhart’s confinement,
and then will consider the conditions of his segregation.
I.

Duration of Confinement
The Court starts by considering the duration of Lockhart’s disciplinary segregation. The

parties offer conflicting evidence on the length of segregation, so there is a genuine issue of fact.
But whether that question of fact is material is another story.
The Seventh Circuit has declined to set a floor on how long a prisoner must serve before
he can complain about a deprivation of due process. See Kervin v. Barnes, 787 F.3d 833, 836
(7th Cir. 2015). The existence of a hardship depends on the length of the condition, and the
severity of the condition. It’s a sliding scale: the longer the term of confinement, the more
scrutiny the condition of confinement will receive. See Marion, 559 F.3d at 698.
The Seventh Circuit has sent some conflicting signals about the length of time that it
takes to give rise to a claim. At one point, the Seventh Circuit held that “six months of
segregation is ‘not such an extreme term’ and, standing alone, would not trigger due process
rights.” Id. (quoting Whitford v. Boglino, 63 F.3d 527, 533 (7th Cir. 1995)).
But a later decision by Judge Posner made clear that segregation of less than six months
is not a get-out-of-a-lawsuit-about-a-jail free card. “Six months is not an apt presumptive

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minimum for establishing a violation.” See Kervin, 787 F.3d at 837. The Court of Appeals
seemed to walk back the notion that a six-month “period of inhuman confinement is a condition
precedent to a deprivation of a prisoner's constitutionally protected liberty.” Id. at 836. A
“considerably shorter period of segregation,” meaning a period of less than six months, “may,
depending on the conditions of confinement and on any additional punishments, establish a
violation.” Id.
Six months may not be a safe harbor, but it looks like one year is an unsafe harbor.
“[O]ne year of time in disciplinary segregation [] is the kind of discipline that may trigger
Fourteenth Amendment due process requirements.” Duffin v. Anderson, 2017 WL 6028532, at
*6 (S.D. Ill. 2017).
So, six months might be enough to trigger a due process claim. Or maybe not. With that
flexible standard in mind, the Court turns to the facts at hand. And the facts are in flux, too.
Lockhart testified that he spent a year in segregation. See Defs.’ Resp. to Pl.’s Statement
of Additional Facts, at ¶ 5 (Dckt. No. 155); see also Lockhart Dep., at 66:23 – 67:2 (Dckt. No.
94-2). But Defendants contend that the real number was closer to eight months (a little less,
actually). According to IDOC records, Lockhart was in disciplinary segregation from November
2 to November 11, 2016 (i.e., nine days), and from March 28, 2017 to November 15, 2017 (i.e.,
232 days). See Defs.’ Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Additional Facts, at ¶ 2 (Dckt. No. 155); see
also Cumulative Counseling Summary (Dckt. No. 150-2, at 2–6 of 6).
So, at a bare minimum, the parties agree that Lockhart spent at least seven and a half
months in disciplinary segregation. Lockhart presented evidence that the time was longer.
Defendants do not argue that the time was shorter. Disciplinary segregation lasted nearly eight
months, and maybe more.

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Plus, Lockhart is the non-movant, and he presented admissible evidence (i.e., his
testimony) that disciplinary segregation lasted one year. So, for purposes of the motion for
summary judgment, the Court views the record in his favor, and concludes that a reasonable jury
could find that his disciplinary segregation lasted one year.
That’s enough time to potentially give rise to a due process claim. It depends on the
conditions of confinement. That’s the next issue.
II.

Conditions of Confinement
Lockhart testified that he spent a year in disciplinary segregation. Whether he suffered a

hardship – that is, an invasion of a protectible liberty interest – depends on the severity of his
confinement.
A court must look at the aggregate punishments inflicted, not separately evaluate the
gravity of each punishment meted out. See Kervin v. Barnes, 787 F.3d 833, 836 (7th Cir. 2015);
see also Marion, 559 F.3d at 699.
“[T]he critical question is how far the treatment of the complaining inmate deviates from
[the] ordinary conditions.” Kervin, 787 F.3d, at 836. “[I]f the disciplinary measures do not
‘substantially worsen the conditions of confinement’ of an inmate, then he has not been deprived
of a protected liberty interest.” Lisle, 933 F.3d at 721 (quoting Miller v. Dobier, 634 F.3d 414,
414–15 (7th Cir. 2011)).
To survive summary judgment, a plaintiff must offer evidence “that would allow a jury to
determine that the conditions in segregation deviated substantially from ordinary conditions of
his confinement.” Id. That raises a question: what’s the benchmark for “ordinary conditions”?
The standard is not, as you might assume, the situation of an inmate who is not in
segregation. Instead, the point of comparison is non-disciplinary segregation. “[U]nder Sandin

15

the key comparison is between disciplinary segregation and nondisciplinary segregation rather
than between disciplinary segregation and the general prison population.” Wagner v. Hanks, 128
F.3d 1173, 1175 (7th Cir. 1997).
Discretionary segregation – unlike disciplinary segregation – is not “atypical” within the
prison context. See Townsend v. Fuchs, 522 F.3d 765, 771 (7th Cir. 2008). “This is because, in
every state’s prison system, any member of the general prison population is subject, without
remedy, to assignment to administrative segregation or protective custody at the sole discretion
of prison officials . . . .” Lekas v. Briley, 405 F.3d 602, 609 (7th Cir. 2005). So, “discretionary
segregation is . . . an ordinary incident of prison life that inmates should expect to experience
during their time in prison.” Townsend, 522 F.3d at 771 (internal quotation marks omitted); see
also Smith v. Akpore, 689 F. App’x 458, 459 (7th Cir. 2017) (holding that plaintiff did not suffer
a deprivation of due process because he failed to show that he had a protected liberty interest in
remaining in the general population).
According to Defendants, the record includes no evidence whatsoever about the
conditions of Lockhart’s confinement in segregation at Pontiac. See Defs.’ Mem. in Support of
Second Mtn. for Summ. J., at 6 (Dckt. No. 147); Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts, at
¶¶ 33–34 (Dckt. No. 149).
For his part, Lockhart claims that he provided testimony at deposition about the
conditions of his confinement. See Pl.’s Resp. to Second Mtn. for Summ. J., at 8 (Dckt.
No. 151); Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts, at ¶¶ 34 (Dckt. No. 149). But Lockhart points
to no evidence in the record about the conditions of confinement, except his deposition.2

In his brief opposing summary judgment, Lockhart also points to the operative complaint’s descriptions
of the differences between disciplinary segregation and general population. See Pl.’s Resp. to Second
Mtn. for Summ. J., at 10 (Dckt. No. 151) (citing Second Am. Cplt., at ¶¶ 43–46 (Dckt. No. 76). However,
“mere allegations of a complaint” are not “admissible evidence as required at the summary judgment
2

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The Court agrees that the record does, in fact, contain evidence about the conditions of
confinement in disciplinary segregation. Lockhart testified about it. But his testimony
established that the conditions of disciplinary segregation were not “substantially” worse than the
conditions in “nondisciplinary segregation.” Lisle, 933 F.3d at 721; Wagner, 128 F.3d at 1175.
Quite the opposite – they were basically the same.
At deposition, Lockhart described the conditions in disciplinary segregation. “In
segregation here in Pontiac, the whole entire time I was in north house. North house is singleman cell status, single yard status, single shower area, single everything. You have no human
contact.” See Lockhart Dep., at 33:5-10 (Dckt. No. 94-2).
Lockhart testified that he was isolated from the general prison population as a
punishment. Id. at 32:12-16 (“When you get disciplined, they isolate you from the general
population, and you do your segregation / solitary confinement time as punishment.”).
But Lockhart testified that prisoners could be placed in administrative detention for
non-punitive reasons – and that prisoners in administrative detention were isolated from the
general population, too. Id. at 32:16-19. In fact, Lockhart testified that the first three months of
administrative detention were “identical” to segregation. Id. at 33:14. Either way, there was no
interaction with other inmates:
Q:

And forgive me, but are there times in segregation you’re celled
with another inmate?

A:

Not in Pontiac. In Pontiac I was isolated from – I had no contact
here in Pontiac.

Q:

At all times or only when you’re in administrative detention?

A:

In segregation.

stage.” See Tibbs v. City of Chicago, 469 F.3d 661, 663 n.2 (7th Cir. 2006). So, the Court will not
consider the allegations from the complaint in ruling on the motion at hand.

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Q:

In segregation.

A:

In segregation here in Pontiac, the whole entire time I was in north
house. North house is single-man cell status, single yard status,
single shower area, single everything. You have no human
contact. So the whole time I’ve been here in Pontiac I’ve been in
north house. No human contact.
Even when you get out of segregation you go to administrative
detention. For the first three months of administrative detention,
it’s identical to segregation. It’s the same segregated yards, same
set outfits, same seg.

Id. at 32:21 – 33:15 (emphasis added).
Later, Lockhart confirmed that disciplinary segregation is “identical” to administrative
detention:
Q:

Okay. Have you served that sentence so to speak?

A:

Yes. I completed the year of segregation and was immediately put
into administrative detention, in which the first three months of
administrative detention was identical to dispatch segregation.

Id. at 66:23 – 67:2 (emphasis added).
Lockhart offered evidence that prisoners in segregation are not allowed human contact,
unlike prisoners in general population. Id. at 32:12 – 33:10. But again, the point of comparison
is not the prisoners in general population, but rather the prisoners in administrative detention.
And prisoners in administrative detention lack contact with other prisoners, too. Id. at 32:16-19.
“Administrative detention is a status where they separate you from the general population and
isolate you into another population for non-punitive reasons, I guess.” Id.
Lockhart admitted that the conditions of disciplinary segregation are no different than the
conditions in administrative detention. And on the flipside, Lockhart has not come forward with
evidence that the conditions in disciplinary segregation were meaningfully worse.

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Based on the record, the conditions of Lockhart’s disciplinary segregation were not worse
than the conditions in administrative detention. See Wagner, 128 F.3d at 1175. So, a reasonable
jury could not conclude that the conditions of Lockhart’s disciplinary segregation “deviated
substantially” from the norm. See Lisle, 933 F.3d at 721; see also id. (agreeing with district
court that evidence of rusted cell bars and corroded feces in toilet was not enough to show
plaintiff suffered significant hardship); Hardaway v. Meyerhoff, 734 F.3d 740, 744 (7th Cir.
2013) (concluding that prisoner was not deprived of due process interest where he had limited
human contact and could shower and use the yard once a week).
To be sure, Lockhart received multiple punishments, not simply time in disciplinary
segregation. He also received one year of “C-grade” (i.e., restricted privileges), one year of
commissary restrictions, and six months of contact visit restrictions. See Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’
Statement of Facts, at ¶ 21 (Dckt. No. 149). That’s not nothing. After all, the whole point was
to punish him.
Even so, Lockhart does not argue that this combination of punishments deprived him of a
protected liberty interest. See Judkins v. Pierce, 2023 WL 6141608, at *2 (7th Cir. 2023), reh’g
denied, 2023 WL 7411555 (7th Cir. 2023); see also Kervin, 787 F.3d at 836. And the Seventh
Circuit has concluded that prisoners suffered no loss of liberty when they received similar
deprivations. See, e.g., Judkins, 2023 WL 6141608, at *2 (six months in segregation and six
months’ loss or restriction of privileges, without more, did not implicate protected liberty
interest).
In sum, based on the evidence in the record, no reasonable jury could find that
disciplinary segregation and the other forms of punishment “substantially worse[ned]”
Lockhart’s confinement. See Lisle, 933 F.3d at 721. Lockhart has not come forward with

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sufficient evidence that he suffered a loss of a protectible liberty interest. So he has no due
process claim.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ second motion for summary judgment is granted.

Date: January 18, 2024
Steven C. Seeger
United States District Judge

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