Pierrelouis v. Gogo Inc. et al

Filing 115

MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order: The Court denies defendants' motion to dismiss 106 . A status hearing is set for May 26, 2021 at 9:30 a.m. Signed by the Honorable Jorge L. Alonso on 4/26/2021. Notice mailed by Judge's staff (lf, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
ASHLEY PIERRELOUIS, individually
)
and on behalf of all others similarly situated, )
)
Plaintiff,
)
)
v.
)
)
GOGO, INC., MICHAEL J. SMALL,
)
NORMAN SMAGLEY, BARRY ROWAN, )
and JOHN WADE,
)
)
Defendants.
)

No. 18 C 4473
Judge Jorge L. Alonso

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Lead plaintiff Daniel Rogers 1 has filed a Third Amended Class Action Complaint for
Violation of the Federal Securities Laws (“Third Amended Complaint”), asserting violations of
sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 of the Securities Exchange
Commission (“SEC”). Defendants, Gogo, Inc. (“Gogo”), Michael J. Small, Norman Smagley,
Barry Rowan, and John Wade, move to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim under Rule 8, Rule 9(b), and the Private Securities
Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”). For the following reasons, the motion is denied.
BACKGROUND
The Court assumes familiarity with its previous decision in this case, in which it granted
defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiff’s amended complaint for failure to state a claim.
Pierrelouis v. Gogo, Inc., 414 F. Supp. 3d 1164, 1176-77 (N.D. Ill. 2019). Since then, plaintiff has

This class action was initially brought by the above-captioned plaintiff, but class members Maria Zingas
and Daniel Rogers, among others, moved for appointment as lead plaintiffs. After the other movants
withdrew, the Court granted Zingas and Rogers’s motions and appointed them as co-lead plaintiffs. (Oct.
10, 2018 Order, ECF No. 41.) Zingas became unable to continue serving as a lead plaintiff (see Lead Pl.’s
Mem. In Supp. Of Mot. For Leave to Amend at 1 n.1, ECF No. 98), leaving Rogers as the sole lead plaintiff.

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twice repleaded, but the core of the complaint has not changed. As before, plaintiff alleges that,
during the class period between February 27, 2017 and May 4, 2018, defendants—Gogo and
several of its executives—made certain false and misleading public statements about the reliability
of Gogo’s in-flight internet connectivity services and its impact on Gogo’s financial picture.
According to plaintiff, Gogo installed its new “2Ku” antenna-and-satellite-based in-flight wifi
systems on numerous partner airplanes before and during the class period, although defendants
knew that the 2Ku systems sometimes did not work after the airplanes had been sprayed with deicing fluid. As a result, plaintiff alleges, defendants knew that Gogo would be unable to hit its
service availability targets during periods of winter weather unless it made costly modifications to
its 2Ku systems, which would hurt the company’s financial performance. Nevertheless, according
to plaintiff, defendants concealed the de-icing issue from investors for months, and then, even after
disclosing it in February 2018, still concealed its true seriousness, until Gogo’s new CEO finally
disclosed the extent of the problem in May 2018. The May 2018 disclosure caused Gogo’s
allegedly artificially inflated stock price to plummet, to the detriment of plaintiff and other
investors.
The Court described these allegations in more detail in its prior opinion, see id. at 116870, and, apart from the above brief summary, it will not repeat that description here. In the present
Third Amended Complaint, plaintiff’s core allegations are the same, but he includes new
allegations about the 2Ku system’s importance to Gogo’s business prospects and about Gogo
employees’ attempts to assess and correct the de-icing problem.
According to plaintiff, Gogo’s financial future was heavily dependent on the success of the
2Ku system. Investors perceived Gogo as a company that needed to make capital expenditures in
the short term in order to achieve profitability in the long term. That meant that Gogo needed to

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spend heavily to install its systems on more and more aircraft so that it could reach more customers.
Additionally, the improved bandwidth of the new 2Ku satellite system, as compared with the old
air-to-ground system, was meant to attract more passengers per flight and increase average revenue
per aircraft, a key accounting metric. Analysts perceived Gogo’s ability to (a) contract with airline
partners to install its systems on new planes and then (b) successfully and efficiently install its
systems on the resulting “backlog” of planes as crucial to its fortunes. Gogo had incurred
significant debt to finance 2Ku installations and buy satellite capacity, and it continued to borrow
throughout the class period for the same purpose, expecting that it its investment would pay off
with revenue growth as soon as the 2Ku installations were complete. In light of the expectations
of analysts and investors and the increased debt, plaintiff alleges, any disruption to the rollout of
the 2Ku product or to the installation of 2Ku systems on Gogo’s backlog of partner airplanes would
have had a significant impact on Gogo’s financial position.
According to plaintiff, several former employees have confirmed that Gogo discovered the
de-icing problem in the winter of 2016-2017, recognized its seriousness, and began to make an
extensive, concerted effort to correct it by the start of the class period in February 2017. The first
of these former employees, identified only as “FE-1,” served as Director of Aircraft Engineering.
FE-1 recalls that multiple planes began to have connectivity problems in December 2016 and
January 2017. An airline partner grounded one plane so that engineers from ThinKom, the
company that designed the 2Ku system, could inspect it. The ThinKom engineers determined that
the problem was caused by de-icing fluid leaking into the “radome,” the compartment that housed
the 2Ku system’s antennas. FE-1 recalled that the problem affected a dozen planes that winter, and
the outages appeared on an outage list that was circulated to everyone in management.

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Based on these developments, FE-1 recalled, Gogo engineers began working on a solution
to the problem in February 2017. Gogo obtained an old airplane fuselage, affixed a 2Ku system to
it, installed a camera in the radome, and sprayed it with de-icing fluid to determine how and where
the fluid penetrated the radome. This testing revealed that the fluid leaked in under the rubber seal
between the radome and the fuselage. Gogo continued to install the 2Ku systems on new airplanes
while it sought a remedy for this problem. By October 2017, when FE-1 left the company, Gogo
had managed to engineer a couple of repair procedures, but the repairs took about three days to
implement, which was difficult to arrange with the airlines.
FE-2 served as a Project Engineer who oversaw installations of 2Ku systems, and he
recalled that Gogo discovered the de-icing problem when cold weather arrived in the latter part of
2016. However, Gogo continued to install 2Ku systems on new airplanes, not wanting to disrupt
its aggressive installation schedule. FE-2 was involved in the installations of supplemental
equipment to address the de-icing problem, following an effort by a “fully coordinated, integrated
product team comprised of people with subject matter expertise” to develop a fix to the problem.
(3d Am. Compl. ¶ 77, ECF No. 101.) Gogo began to roll out its remedy for the de-icing problem
in the spring or summer of 2017, after months of testing. FE-2 recalled that the de-icing fluid was
a big concern that had reached the attention of many executives, given the importance of the 2Ku
product for the company and the sophistication of the equipment. As FE-2 explained, “when you’re
putting stuff on an airplane, even if you’re drilling one hole, there are about three dozen people at
the company that know about that one hole.” (Id. ¶ 79.)
FE-3 joined Gogo in February 2017 as “Director – Airline Technical Operations.” (Id. ¶
42.) At that time, Gogo was working on finding a solution to the de-icing problem. During FE-3’s
first few months at the company, fixing the de-icing problem before winter set in again was a

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priority for Gogo, and everyone was aware of what was going on, including defendant John Wade,
Gogo’s chief operating officer during the class period. FE-3 recalled attending weekly meetings at
which the de-icing problem was discussed. Wade also attended these meetings.
FE-4 worked at Gogo from 2013 to May 2017, advancing to the role of “Senior VP, Airline
Technical Operations.” (Id. ¶ 43.) He recalls learning of the 2Ku problems in the winter of 20162017, and that Gogo was still working on assessing and fixing the problem when he left the
company.
FE-5 worked at Gogo from 2014 to May 2017, advancing to the role of “Director, Aircraft
Certification and Compliance.” (Id. ¶ 44.) He recalls that the 2Ku system was having problems in
the winter of 2016-2017. He learned of them because his team served as liaison between Gogo and
the FAA for obtaining “Supplemental Type Certificates” or “STCs.” Any modification to the
outside of an airplane must receive an STC, which the FAA defines as “a type certificate . . . issued
when an applicant has received FAA approval to modify an aeronautical product from its original
design.” (3d Am. Compl. ¶ 92.) Gogo was required to obtain an STC for each type of aircraft on
which it installed 2Ku systems, and indeed even for different configurations of the same aircraft
type. This was a time-consuming, multi-step process that could take months or even years. In the
case of the 2Ku system, according to FE-5, the STC application required testing the equipment
under different environmental conditions and against different contaminants that the equipment
might encounter once it was in use. Gogo’s airline partners would have to supply specific parts for
testing. Before FE-5 left the company in May 2017, his team had been involved in internal
discussions at Gogo about whether the company’s attempts to address the de-icing issue would
require a new STC. FE-5 told members of the department tracking the functionality of the 2Ku
system that he could not say whether a fix would require a new STC until after he saw the design

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of the proposed fix. He did not recall seeing a revised design before he left in May 2017, but he
knew that Wade was aware of what was going on.
Plaintiff claims that defendants’ false statements deceived and defrauded investors in
violation of the Securities Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 of the SEC. Additionally, plaintiff claims
that the individual defendants are liable as “controlling persons” of Gogo under § 20(a) of the
Securities Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78t. Defendants have moved to dismiss for failure to state a
claim under Federal Rule of Procedure 12(b)(6).
ANALYSIS
Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act prohibits the use “in connection with the
purchase or sale of any security . . . [of] any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in
contravention of such rules and regulations as the [Securities and Exchange] Commission may
prescribe.” 15 U.S.C. § 78j. Under SEC Rule 10b-5, it is unlawful for any person:
(a) To employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud,
(b) To make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material
fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the
circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, or
(c) To engage in any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would
operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person,
in connection with the purchase or sale of any security.
17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5. Thus, under § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, “a plaintiff can obtain damages if she
can prove (1) the defendant made a false statement or omission (2) of material fact (3) with scienter
(4) in connection with the purchase or sale of securities (5) upon which the plaintiff justifiably
relied and (6) that the false statement proximately caused the plaintiff damages.” Makor Issues &
Rights, Ltd. v. Tellabs, Inc., 437 F.3d 588, 595 (7th Cir. 2006) (“Tellabs I”), vacated and remanded
on other grounds by Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308 (2007). The
required scienter is “an intent to deceive, demonstrated by knowledge of the statement’s falsity or

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reckless disregard of a substantial risk that the statement is false.” Higginbotham v. Baxter Int’l,
Inc., 495 F.3d 753, 756 (7th Cir. 2007).
“A motion [to dismiss] under Rule 12(b)(6) tests whether the complaint states a claim on
which relief may be granted.” Richards v. Mitcheff, 696 F.3d 635, 637 (7th Cir. 2012). Under
Rule 8(a)(2), a complaint must include “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the
pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). The short and plain statement under Rule
8(a)(2) must “‘give the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it
rests.’” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S.
41, 47 (1957) (ellipsis omitted)).
Under federal notice-pleading standards, a complaint’s “[f]actual allegations must be
enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. Stated
differently, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim
to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual
content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “In reviewing the sufficiency of a
complaint under the plausibility standard, [courts must] accept the well-pleaded facts in the
complaint as true, but [they] ‘need[ ] not accept as true legal conclusions, or threadbare recitals of
the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements.’” Alam v. Miller
Brewing Co., 709 F.3d 662, 665-66 (7th Cir. 2013) (quoting Brooks v. Ross, 578 F.3d 574, 581
(7th Cir. 2009)).
Additionally, any claims of or including acts of fraud must comply with Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 9(b), which requires the pleading party to “state with particularity the

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circumstances constituting fraud.” U.S. ex rel. Presser v. Acacia Mental Health Clinic, LLC, 836
F.3d 770, 775 (7th Cir. 2016). Although fraudulent or deceptive intent “may be alleged generally,”
Rule 9(b) requires a plaintiff to describe the “circumstances” of the alleged fraudulent activity with
“particularity” by including such information as “the identity of the person who made the
misrepresentation, the time, place and content of the misrepresentation, and the method by which
the misrepresentation was communicated.” Windy City Metal Fabricators & Supply, Inc. v. CIT
Tech. Fin. Servs., Inc., 536 F.3d 663, 668 (7th Cir. 2008).
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”) imposes heightened pleading
requirements on private, class action claims of securities fraud under § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5:
(b) Requirements for securities fraud actions
(1) Misleading statements and omissions
In any private action arising under this chapter in which the plaintiff alleges that
the defendant—
(A) made an untrue statement of a material fact; or
(B) omitted to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements
made, in the light of the circumstances in which they were made, not
misleading;
the complaint shall specify each statement alleged to have been misleading, the
reason or reasons why the statement is misleading, and, if an allegation
regarding the statement or omission is made on information and belief, the
complaint shall state with particularity all facts on which that belief is formed.
(2) Required state of mind
(A) In general
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), in any private action arising under this
chapter in which the plaintiff may recover money damages only on proof that
the defendant acted with a particular state of mind, the complaint shall, with
respect to each act or omission alleged to violate this chapter, state with
particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with
the required state of mind.
15 U.S.C. § 78u-4 (italicized emphasis added). Thus, under the PSLRA, private securities fraud
plaintiffs not only must plead with particularity the factual circumstances constituting fraud,
including by specifying the alleged misrepresentations and the basis for any allegations made on
information and belief, but they must also plead with particularity sufficient facts to give rise to a
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“strong inference” that the defendant acted with scienter. See Tellabs I, 437 F.3d at 594 (“[T]he
PSLRA essentially returns the class of cases it covers [i.e., private securities fraud class actions]
to a very specific version of fact pleading—one that exceeds even the particularity requirement of
. . . Rule . . . 9(b).”).
A “strong inference” is one that is “strong in light of other explanations.” Tellabs, 551
U.S. at 323. That is, it is “more than merely plausible or reasonable—it must be cogent and at
least as compelling as any opposing inference of nonfraudulent intent.” Id. at 314. Determining
whether allegations give rise to such an inference requires courts to “take into account plausible
opposing inferences” because “[t]he strength of an inference cannot be decided in a vacuum,” and
“[t]he inquiry is inherently comparative.” Id. at 323 (internal quotation marks omitted); see Makor
Issues & Rights, Ltd. v. Tellabs Inc., 513 F.3d 711 (7th Cir. 2008) (“Tellabs II” ) (“The plausibility
of an explanation depends on the plausibility of the alternative explanations.”).
The required state of mind under the PLSRA is “an intent to deceive, demonstrated by
knowledge of the statement’s falsity or reckless disregard of a substantial risk that the statement is
false.” Higginbotham, 495 F.3d at 756. Defendants acted with the required scienter if they spoke
in disregard of a risk of falsity that was “‘so obvious that [they] must have been aware of it.’” See
Tellabs II, 513 F.3d at 702, 704 (quoting In re Scholastic Corp. Sec. Litig., 252 F.3d 63, 76 (2d
Cir. 2001)). “When the facts known to a person place him on notice of a risk, he cannot ignore
the facts and plead ignorance of the risk.” Tellabs II, 513 F.3d at 704.
In support of their motion to dismiss, defendants argue—as before—that plaintiff does not
meet his burden to plead falsity and plaintiff’s complaint fails to raise a strong inference of scienter.
Additionally, they argue that certain of the statements that plaintiff challenges were forwardlooking statements protected by the PSLRA safe harbor, see 15 U.S.C. § 78u-5, and that defendants

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cannot be liable as control persons under § 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. §
78t(a), because plaintiff does not state a claim for an underlying violation of § 10(b).
I.

Material Falsity
Under the PSLRA, a complaint containing a Rule 10b-5 claim must “specify each

statement that is allegedly misleading, the reasons why it is so, and, if based on information and
belief, what specific facts support that information and belief.” Tellabs I, 437 F.3d at 595 (citing
15 U.S.C. § 78u–4(b)(1)). That does not mean that a complaint “automatically survives” if it states
all the known facts that might support an inference of falsity, nor that it fails if it “leaves out a
redundant detail.” Tellabs I, 437 F.3d at 595. “[T]he relevant question is ‘whether the facts alleged
are sufficient to support a reasonable belief as to the misleading nature of the statement or
omission.’” Id. (quoting Novak v. Kasaks, 216 F.3d 300, 314 n.1 (2d Cir. 2000)). “A litany of
alleged false statements, unaccompanied by the pleading of specific facts indicating why those
statements were false, does not meet” the standard set by the PSLRA. Metzler Inv. GMBH v.
Corinthian Colls., Inc., 540 F.3d 1049, 1070 (9th Cir. 2008).
Plaintiffs list all of the materially misleading statements and omissions defendants are
alleged to have made in a thirty-one page, eighty-four-paragraph section of the Third Amended
Complaint. (3d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 140-224.) The Court previously held that plaintiff had not alleged
sufficiently “specific facts to demonstrate when the 2Ku problems showed themselves to be of
[such] . . . magnitude” that they made the challenged statements false, at the time defendants made
them, for failing to disclose the 2Ku problems or their severity. Pierrelouis, 414 F. Supp. 3d at
1174 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Plaintiff had alleged that Gogo tracked
service outages, the individual defendants had access to the outage reports, and the outage reports
showed that service availability had dropped; but without allegations bearing on “when the data

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revealed that the de-icing problem had caused a precipitous drop in availability, or when it became
clear that costly remediation efforts were necessary,” the Court reasoned, plaintiff had not made
sufficiently specific allegations to permit a plausible inference that defendants’ statements were
false when made. Id.
Defendant argues that the Third Amended Complaint suffers from the same defects, but
the Court disagrees. The new former-employee allegations, combined with the allegations
establishing the importance for Gogo’s financial health of keeping to the 2Ku installation schedule,
correct this deficiency. The former-employee allegations, particularly the allegations of FE-1,
show that the de-icing fluid issue had begun to manifest itself prior to the beginning of the class
period on February 27, 2017. According to FE-1, a dozen planes—12% of Gogo’s 2Ku fleet, at
that time—were experiencing problems. Such a high failure rate among 2Ku systems in the field
would have been an extremely ominous sign, given the critical importance of the 2Ku product to
Gogo’s fortunes. Gogo was forced to make extensive efforts, beginning before the class period, to
correct the problem, and the former-employee allegations show that Gogo’s efforts involved not
only extensive engineering and technical work, including the acquisition and testing of an old
airplane fuselage, but also preparations to clear potential regulatory hurdles by obtaining new
STCs, if necessary.
True, these allegations still lack certain specifics that might make plaintiff’s claim more
convincing, but the claim need not be airtight to survive a motion to dismiss. At this stage, the
Court must ensure that “the grounds for the plaintiff’s suspicions . . . make the
allegations plausible,” while “remain[ing] sensitive to information asymmetries that may prevent
[plaintiff] from offering more detail” before he has had the benefit of discovery. See Pirelli
Armstrong Tire Corp. Retiree Med. Benefits Tr. v. Walgreen Co., 631 F.3d 436, 443 (7th Cir.

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2011); see Pension Tr. Fund for Operating Engineers v. DeVry Educ. Grp., Inc., No. 16 C 5198,
2017 WL 6039926, at *8-9 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 6, 2017). Given the extent of the company’s efforts to
address the de-icing problem and the importance of the 2Ku product, and given the limited
information available to plaintiff concerning Gogo’s internal deliberations and operations, plaintiff
has alleged enough factual matter to make it at least plausible that the de-icing problem had shown
itself to be of a “sufficient magnitude” to make defendants’ statements misleading at the time they
were made. Cf. Pierrelouis, 414 F. Supp. 3d at 1174-75 (citing DeVry, 2017 WL 6039926, at *89, and Jones v. Corus Bankshares, Inc., 701 F. Supp. 2d 1014, 1020-21 (N.D. Ill. 2010)).
II.

Scienter
As stated above, the PSLRA requires plaintiffs to make not general but particularized

allegations of “facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required
state of mind.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4. A “strong inference” of scienter is one that is “cogent and at
least as compelling as any opposing inference of nonfraudulent intent.” Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 314;
see id. at 323-24. The Court previously held that plaintiff did not make sufficiently particularized
allegations of facts giving rise to a strong inference of scienter because he did not allege when
defendants knew or should have known of the magnitude of the de-icing problem. Defendants
argue that plaintiff has not corrected this deficiency. As above, the Court disagrees.
Plaintiff has added particularized allegations based on accounts of former employees
demonstrating that, by the beginning of the class period, an ominously large percentage of the 2Ku
systems in operation had experienced problems, and Gogo was engaged in an extensive internal
effort to assess and correct the de-icing fluid problem in late 2016 and early 2017. Further, plaintiff
has explained in more detail that not only was the 2Ku product central to Gogo’s success, but also

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the timing of its rollout was critical, and any disruption to Gogo’s installation plans risked
endangering Gogo’s financial position.
Adding these new allegations to the old ones changes the relative strength of the competing
inferences. Previously, the Court concluded that, “because the complaint contains so little factual
detail about what defendants knew and when, there might be any of a number of different plausible
explanations for why defendants did not disclose more facts about the 2Ku de-icing problems to
investors at an earlier date.” Pierrelouis, 414 F. Supp. 3d at 1176.
For example, defendants could have reasonably believed subordinates who told
them erroneously that the problem was not serious or widespread and could be
easily repaired or avoided, and it may have taken time to realize that they were
wrong. . . . They may have thought outages were caused by other factors apart from
the de-icing fluid that were easier to fix . . . ; they may not have known how
expensive and difficult the necessary repairs would be at first; the weather may
have been different from what they expected, preventing the problem from
revealing itself right away or worsening it once it did, and so on and so forth.
Id. The Court relied on Tellabs II, which explained that a fraudulent inference is not “cogent” if
it is only one of many possible explanations:
Suppose a person woke up one morning with a sharp pain in his abdomen. He
thought it was due to a recent operation to remove his gall bladder, but realized it
could equally well have been due to any number of other things. The inference that
it was due to the operation could not be thought cogent.
513 F.3d at 710-11; see Pierrelouis, 414 F. Supp. 3d at 1176-77.
In light of the new allegations in the Third Amended Complaint, the fraudulent inference
is no longer essentially speculative. This case is now less like the above-quoted hypothetical in the
Tellabs II decision and more like the Tellabs case itself. In Tellabs, the defendant company
allegedly “paint[ed] the prospects” for its “key products” in misleadingly “rosy hues,” Tellabs II,
513 F.3d at 710, by failing to acknowledge in public statements that there had been a reduction in
orders for its “flagship” product and that orders for the flagship product’s “heralded successor”
had not materialized, id. at 709, due to “the bursting of the fiber-optics bubble,” id. at 706. The
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Seventh Circuit explained that it was “exceedingly unlikely” that the defendants’ misleading
statements were “the result of merely careless mistakes at the management level . . . rather than of
an intent to deceive or a reckless indifference to whether the statements were misleading,” because
the challenged statements concerned the company’s “most important products.” Id. at 709. It was
“very hard to credit” that “no member of the company’s senior management who was involved in
authorizing or making public statements about the demand” for these products “knew that they
were false,” at least in the absence of any “plausible story” to the contrary. Id.
Similarly, in this case, it seems unlikely, given the importance of the 2Ku product to Gogo’s
fortunes and the scale of the internal effort to fix the de-icing problem, that Gogo and members of
“senior management” such as the individual defendants were unaware of the magnitude of the
problem. Indeed, the former employees specifically allege that defendant Wade, the company’s
COO, did know of these problems at the start of the class period. Further, plaintiff alleges that
defendants Small and Wade made private statements to an investor in February 2018 that showed
that at least by that time, still several months before the full truth came out, they were aware of the
problem to a greater extent than they had revealed in public comments. (3d Am. Compl. ¶ 228.)
Defendants argue that the Court must “discount,” Higginbotham, 495 F.3d at 757, the value
of allegations based on information from anonymous sources such as the numbered—but not
named—former employees mentioned in the Third Amended Complaint. The argument has some
force, but this Court has previously recognized that the value of allegations from anonymous
sources “need not be discounted to zero,” if the accounts of the anonymous sources are “set forth
in ‘convincing detail’ and the witnesses provide enough information about their jobs to
demonstrate that they ‘were in a position to know at first hand the facts to which they are prepared
to testify.’” Pension Tr. Fund for Operating Engineers v. DeVry Educ. Grp., Inc., No. 16 C 5198,

14

2018 WL 6714326, at *3 n.2 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 20, 2018) (quoting Tellabs II, 513 F.3d at 711-12). As
in DeVry, here the former employees’ accounts are “rendered in sufficient detail to afford them a
high degree of reliability.” 2018 WL 6714326, at *3 n.2.
Defendants argue that plaintiff has not established a motive for them to lie to Gogo’s
investors. In fact, defendants argue, Small purchased $100,000 shares of Gogo stock in November
2017, and, according to defendants, this all but proves that he was totally unaware that Gogo’s
stock value was artificially inflated. The Court does not find this line of argument convincing.
Plaintiff does not need to allege any motive, see Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 325, and plaintiff succeeds
in making allegations that permit a strong inference of scienter even without allegations that
directly establish a clear motive or demonstrate that the fraud was directly or purely in the
individual defendants’ own rational economic self-interest. The point is illustrated by Tellabs II,
in which the Seventh Circuit rejected the argument that the plaintiffs failed to state a claim in the
absence of any allegation that the defendant company’s executives stood to profit from the alleged
fraud. The court explained that the argument “confuses expected with realized benefits, ” as the
executives “may have thought that there was a chance that the [problem] would right itself,” in
which case “the benefits of concealment might exceed the costs”:
Investors do not like to think they’re riding a roller coaster. Prompt disclosure of
the truth would have caused Tellabs’s stock price to plummet, as it did when the
truth came out a couple of months later. Suppose the situation had corrected itself.
Still, investors would have discovered that the stock was more volatile than they
thought, and risk-averse investors (who predominate) do not like volatility and so,
unless it can be diversified away, demand compensation in the form of a lower
price; consequently the stock might not recover to its previous level. The fact that
a gamble—concealing bad news in the hope that it will be overtaken by good
news—fails is not inconsistent with its having been a considered, though because
of the risk a reckless, gamble. It is like embezzling in the hope that winning at the
track will enable the embezzled funds to be replaced before they are discovered to
be missing.

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Tellabs II, 513 F.3d at 710 (internal citation omitted). Similarly here, the Court sees no reason why
it is particularly unlikely that Small’s stock purchase was a “gamble” he took in the hope that he
could “conceal[] bad news” long enough for it to be “overtaken by good news,” such as the
discovery of a miracle fix for the de-icing problem. The fact that the gamble failed is not
inconsistent with its having been a “considered,” if “reckless,” gamble. Id; see Asher v. Baxter
Int’l Inc., 377 F.3d 727, 728 (7th Cir. 2004) (“[T]the truth was bound to come out quickly, but the
securities laws forbid foolish frauds along with clever ones.”). Further, the stock purchase was not
massive in comparison with Small’s other stock holdings, plaintiff contends, and Small may have
concluded that his need to demonstrate his commitment to Gogo in order to maintain his position
by making the stock purchase outweighed any short-term harm that may come if the stock value
subsequently dropped. Additionally, as plaintiff argues, the stock purchase could have been based
on Small’s judgment that the fraud “had been successful”: by that time, Gogo had installed the
2Ku system on numerous partner airplanes and raised $100 million to pay expenses, and Small
may have thought that the 2Ku had become too big to fail. (Lead Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 27, ECF No.
111.) Given these plausible possibilities, the absence of a clear motive in the Third Amended
Complaint does not doom plaintiff’s claim.
As in Tellabs, while it is perhaps “conceivable” that defendants were unaware of the
problem during much of the class period, that nonfraudulent inference is certainly no more
compelling than the fraudulent inference that plaintiff urges, in light of the allegations of the
complaint as a whole. See In re Akorn, Inc. Sec. Litig., 240 F. Supp. 3d 802, 821 (N.D. Ill. 2017)
(“Ultimately, it would not be unreasonable to infer that [defendants] acted with mere carelessness.
But that inference is not more plausible or compelling than the inference that they acted recklessly
or intentionally.”). Additionally, the fact that it is not certain precisely when the “information

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available to defendants became ‘bad enough to render Defendants’ statements knowingly [or
recklessly] false’” does not defeat plaintiff’s claim because the Court need not “‘identify the
precise moment at which the culpable inference overtook the innocent one’ at this early stage.”
DeVry, 2018 WL 6714326, at *4 (quoting In re ITT Educ. Servs., Sec. Litig., 34 F. Supp. 3d 298,
310 (S.D.N.Y. 2014)). “‘When the precise moment at which liability attached becomes clear, the
Court can limit the class period accordingly,’ if necessary.” DeVry, 2018 WL 6714236, at *4
(quoting ITT Educ. Servs., 34 F. Supp. 3d at 310). Because the fraudulent inference is cogent and
at least as compelling as competing nonfraudulent inferences, it meets the PSLRA standard for
pleading scienter.
III.

Safe Harbor for Forward-Looking Statements
Defendants argue that certain of their statements 2 are protected by the PSLRA’s statutory

safe harbor. The relevant provision states as follows:
Except as provided in subsection (b), in any private action arising under this
chapter that is based on an untrue statement of a material fact or omission of a
material fact necessary to make the statement not misleading, a person referred to
in subsection (a) shall not be liable with respect to any forward-looking statement,
whether written or oral, if and to the extent that-(A) the forward-looking statement is-(i) identified as a forward-looking statement, and is accompanied by
meaningful cautionary statements identifying important factors that
could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forwardlooking statement; or
(ii) immaterial; or
(B) the plaintiff fails to prove that the forward-looking statement-(i) if made by a natural person, was made with actual knowledge by that
person that the statement was false or misleading; or
(ii) if made by a business entity;1 was-(I) made by or with the approval of an executive officer of that
entity; and
(II) made or approved by such officer with actual knowledge by
that officer that the statement was false or misleading.

2

(See Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss 3d Am. Compl. at 32-33, ECF No. 107.)

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15 U.S.C. § 78u-5(c)(1). Under this provision, a material “forward-looking” statement “cannot
give rise to liability if it was (1) ‘identified as a forward-looking statement, and is accompanied by
meaningful cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to
differ materially from those in the forward-looking statement,’ or (2) it was not made with ‘actual
knowledge’ that it was ‘false or misleading.’” W. Palm Beach Firefighters' Pension Fund v.
Conagra Brands, Inc., No. 19-CV-01323, 2020 WL 6118605, at *21 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2020)
(quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78u-5(c)(1)). The PSLRA defines “forward-looking statements” to include
the following:
(A) a statement containing a projection of revenues, income (including income
loss), earnings (including earnings loss) per share, capital expenditures, dividends,
capital structure, or other financial items;
(B) a statement of the plans and objectives of management for future operations,
including plans or objectives relating to the products or services of the issuer;
(C) a statement of future economic performance, including any such statement
contained in a discussion and analysis of financial condition by the management
or in the results of operations included pursuant to the rules and regulations of the
Commission;
(D) any statement of the assumptions underlying or relating to any statement
described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C)
15 U.S.C. §§ 78u-5(i)(1).
Defendants argue that certain of the statements that plaintiff challenges were forwardlooking statements accompanied by meaningful cautionary language, and alternatively, that
plaintiff has not plausibly alleged that any such forward-looking statements were made with actual
knowledge that they were false or misleading, rather than merely recklessly or carelessly.
Plaintiff emphasizes in response, and defendants appear to concede, that this argument does
not apply to all of the misleading statements plaintiffs cite in their complaint. Thus, even if the
Court were to agree with defendants on this issue, it would not permit the Court to dismiss any
claim in its entirety. That being the case, it might be argued that defendants’ argument is out of

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place at this stage. The Seventh Circuit has explained that “[a] motion to dismiss under Rule
12(b)(6) doesn’t permit piecemeal dismissals of parts of claims; the question at this stage is simply
whether the complaint includes factual allegations that state a plausible claim for relief.” BBL, Inc.
v. City of Angola, 809 F.3d 317, 324-25 (7th Cir. 2015). In this regard, Rule 12 is unlike Rule 56,
which expressly permits courts to award “[p]artial [s]ummary [j]udgment” to litigants who
“identif[y] each claim or defense—or the part of each claim or defense” on which there is no
genuine dispute of material fact. See BBL, 809 F.3d at 325 (internal quotation marks omitted). If
plaintiff states a claim based on some statements, then he states a claim that survives defendants’
motion to dismiss, and the Court need not determine whether the forward-looking statements could
support a claim on their own. See Cothron v. White Castle Sys., Inc., 467 F. Supp. 3d 604, 618
(N.D. Ill. 2020); Kenall Mfg. Co. v. Cooper Lighting, LLC, 354 F. Supp. 3d 877, 898 (N.D. Ill.
2018); In re Testosterone Replacement Therapy Prod. Liab. Litig. Coordinated Pretrial Proc., 159
F. Supp. 3d 898, 923-24 (N.D. Ill. 2016). But plaintiff does not make the argument, and it makes
no difference because the Court concludes that, at least at this early stage, there is no basis for
dismissal of even a claim based only on the forward-looking statements.
A. Meaningful Cautionary Language
With respect to whether defendants made forward-looking statements that were
accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements, the parties’ arguments center on whether
defendants adequately disclosed the risk that the 2Ku system might not work properly. Defendants
do not dispute that they made some statements of their expectations for Gogo’s financial future,
but, defendants argue, they were identified as forward-looking and accompanied by public
warnings of certain risks to Gogo’s business. As examples of meaningful cautionary statements,

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defendants cite the press releases that Gogo made to announce financial results during the class
period, which routinely warned of the risk of Gogo’s
inability to timely and efficiently deploy [the] 2Ku service . . . [,] the effects of
service interruptions or delays, technology failures and equipment failures or
malfunctions arising from defects or errors in [Gogo’s] software or defects in or
damage to [Gogo’s] equipment[, and] increases in [Gogo’s] projected capital
expenditures due to, among other things, unexpected costs incurred in connection
with the roll-out of [its] technology roadmap.
(Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss 3d Am. Compl. at 27 (citing Fortinsky Decl. Exs. N-Q,
ECF Nos. 108-14–108-17).) Additionally, after the partial disclosure of the de-icing problem in
February 2018, Gogo updated its 10-K form to disclose that Gogo had “encountered delays and
quality problems” in “deploy[ing] 2Ku,” and it “may continue to do so given the aggressive
installation schedule” it had set. (3d Am. Compl. ¶ 223.) In response, plaintiff points out not only
that the forward-looking statements are only a portion of the allegedly misleading statements he
cites in the Third Amended Complaint, but also, even leaving that aside, defendants’ supposedly
cautionary statements are inadequate because they do not disclose the impact of the de-icing issue
specifically and lack sufficient detail to “meaningful[ly]” inform investors.
The Seventh Circuit has explained that, to be meaningful, a firm’s warnings must amount
to something more than “caveat emptor.” Asher v. Baxter Int’l Inc., 377 F.3d 727, 733 (7th Cir.
2004). This means that it does not suffice to warn that “‘all businesses are risky’ or ‘the future lies
ahead,’” nor does it suffice simply to “highlight[] some parts of the business that might cause
problems.” Id. If it were otherwise, “then any issuer could list its lines of business, say ‘we could
have problems in any of these,’ and avoid liability for statements implying that no such problems
were on the horizon even if a precipice was in sight.” Id.; see In re MF Glob. Holdings Ltd. Sec.
Litig., 982 F. Supp. 2d 277, 318 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (“By superficially warning of possible risks while
failing to disclose critical facts, MF Global was akin to someone who warns his hiking companion
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to walk slowly because there might be a ditch ahead when he knows with near certainty that the
Grand Canyon lies one foot away.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Rombach v.
Chang, 355 F.3d 164, 173 (2d Cir. 2004) 3 (“Cautionary words about future risk cannot insulate
from liability the failure to disclose that the risk has transpired.”).
Defendants warned of the risk that that Gogo might not be able to “timely and efficiently
deploy [the] 2Ku service” due to the “effects of . . . technology failures and equipment failures or
malfunctions arising from . . . defects in or damage to [Gogo’s] equipment[, and] increases in
[Gogo’s] projected capital expenditures” to remediate the defects. (See Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. of
Mot. to Dismiss 3d Am. Compl. at 27.) They argue that, by providing these warnings concerning
the risk that defective or malfunctioning equipment might affect Gogo’s ability to deploy the 2Ku
system, they warned of the exact risk that plaintiff accuses them of failing to disclose. The Court
disagrees. On the critical points, Gogo’s caution is “vague” in comparison with what plaintiff
alleges to have been happening behind the scenes with respect to the 2Ku system, and if plaintiff’s
allegations are true, then Gogo did not precisely disclose “the exact risk that materialized.” See
Slayton v. Am. Exp. Co., 604 F.3d 758, 772 (2d Cir. 2010) (defendants’ general warning of
“potential deterioration in the high-yield sector” did not meaningfully warn of specific risk that
“rising defaults on the bonds underlying [the defendant company’s] own investment-grade CDOs
would cause deterioration in [the defendant company’s] own portfolio”). Obviously there is always
the possibility that a new and untried technology may not work as well as intended, and defendants
disclosed little more than that possibility. See id. If plaintiff’s allegations are proved true, this

Defendants argue in their reply brief that plaintiff’s reliance on Rombach is “misplaced” (Reply Br. at 15
n.12, ECF No. 112) because Rombach interpreted the “bespeaks caution” doctrine rather than the PSLRA,
but the Court is not convinced that the distinction makes Rombach any less persuasive. The two contexts
are similar. As one court has put it, Congress “borrow[ed] from the “bespeaks caution” doctrine in creating
the “analogous” PSLRA safe harbor. Stavros v. Exelon Corp., 266 F. Supp. 2d 833, 842 (N.D. Ill. 2003).
3

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might well be a case in which defendants merely “highlighted some parts of the business that might
cause problems,” without disclosing problems that were “on the horizon” although the “precipice
was in sight.” Asher, 377 F.3d at 733. Thus, at least at this stage of the case, plaintiff has the better
of the argument on this issue.
B. Actual Knowledge
For the same reasons the Court described in Part II of this Opinion, the Court concludes
that it is at least plausible that defendants had actual knowledge that their statements were false at
the time they were made. The Seventh Circuit explained in Tellabs II that it was “very hard to
credit” that “no member of the company’s senior management who was involved in authorizing or
making public statements about the demand” for the defendant company’s key products “knew
that they were false.” 513 F.3d at 709. This case is similar. If plaintiff’s allegations are true, it is
hard to imagine that Gogo’s C-level executives did not know that there was a serious question
about the 2Ku system’s reliability, given the importance of the 2Ku product to Gogo’s fortunes
and the scale of the internal effort to fix the de-icing problem. Similarly, it is hard to imagine that
they did not know that the de-icing issue was serious enough to require a reassessment of their
expectations for the company’s financial performance on some level. Thus, at least at this early
stage, the PSLRA safe harbor does not bar plaintiff’s claim.
IV.

Control Person Liability
Finally, defendants argue that plaintiff has not properly pleaded control person liability

under § 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, which would make the individual defendants liable
to the extent they exercised general control over Gogo’s operations and “‘possessed the power or
ability to control the specific transaction or activity upon which the primary violation [of the
securities laws] was predicated, whether or not that power was exercised.’” See Ross v. Career

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Education Corp., No. 12 C 276, 2012 WL 5363431, at *13-14 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 30, 2012) (quoting
Harrison v. Dean Witter Reynolds, 974 F.2d 873, 881 (7th Cir. 1992)); 15 U.S.C. § 78t.
This argument is unavailing. First, whether an individual is a controlling person for
purposes of § 20(a) is a fact-intensive issue that generally is not properly resolved at the pleading
stage. Ross, 2012 WL 5363431, at *14. Second, defendants argue only that there can be no
control-person liability without an underlying violation of the securities laws; but, as the Court has
explained above, plaintiff has pleaded a violation of section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act
and SEC Rule 10b-5. Third, defendants argue that the Court must at least dismiss plaintiff’s claim
as to defendant Norman Smagley, who was Gogo’s chief financial officer for only a portion of the
class period, but they do not explain, and the Court does not see, why this entitles him to dismissal.
As the Court has explained, “[a] motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) doesn’t permit piecemeal
dismissals of parts of claims.” See BBL, 809 F.3d at 324-25.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Court denies defendants’ motion to dismiss [106]. A
status hearing is set for May 26, 2021 at 9:30 a.m.
SO ORDERED.

ENTERED: April 26, 2021

______________________
HON. JORGE L. ALONSO
United States District Judge

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