Saxon v. Southwest Airlines Co.
Filing
30
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER Signed by the Honorable Robert M. Dow, Jr. on 10/8/2019. Plaintiff Latrice Saxon brings a putative collection action brought pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Before the Court is Defendant Southwest Airline's motion to dismiss for improper venue, arguing that Plaintiff's case must be arbitrated. #13 ; see also #27 . For the reasons set forth below, Defendant's motion to dismiss is granted and this civil case is terminated. Mailed notice(cdh, )
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
LATRICE SAXON, individually and on
behalf of others similarly situated,
Plaintiff,
v.
SOUTHWEST AIRLINES CO.,
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
Case No. 19-cv-0403
Judge Robert M. Dow, Jr.
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Latrice Saxon brings a putative collection action brought pursuant to the Fair
Labor Standards Act. Before the Court is Defendant Southwest Airline’s motion to dismiss for
improper venue, arguing that Plaintiff’s case must be arbitrated. [13]; see also [27]. For the
reasons set forth below, Defendant’s motion to dismiss is granted and this civil case is terminated.
I.
Background
This case arises out of a putative collective action brought pursuant to the Fair Labor
Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. §201 et seq. Before the case can proceed to the merits, however, the
Court must first determine the threshold issue of whether the case must be dismissed in favor of
arbitration. Both the details of Plaintiff’s job responsibilities and the procedural history are
provided for context.
A.
Job Duties
Plaintiff Latrice Saxon is a “non-exempt ramp supervisor” for Defendant Southwest
Airlines at Midway International Airport. [1, ¶¶8, 10.]1 The listed duties of Ramp Supervisors
1
Through the briefing and attached materials, the position is referred to as “Ramp Supervisor,” “Ramp
Agent Supervisor,” and various permutations thereof. The Court infers that these are all the same position
of “Ramp Supervisor.”
include (but are not limited to): assigning subordinate “Ramp Personnel” to various tasks and
monitoring their work flow; training “Ramp Agents;” and “determin[ing] that aircraft are properly
serviced and provisioned prior to departure.” [27-2 at 2.] The Ramp Supervisor position also
requires that supervisors “be able to lift and move items of 70 pounds and/or more on a regular
basis and repetitively lift weights of 40 to 50 pounds on raised surfaces.” [27-2 at 3.]
Ramp Supervisors, such as Plaintiff, “are restricted from performing Ramp Agent duties
because of the collective bargaining agreement (“CBA”) between [Defendant] and Transportation
Workers Union [] Local 555.” [27-1, ¶5.] Ramp Agents’ primary duties include loading and
unloading baggage and guiding planes to gates. Id. The restriction on Supervisors’ ability to
perform Agent tasks is not, however, absolute. Supervisors are tasked with overseeing Ramp
Agents and “may continue to perform covered work [e.g., loading baggage] while on duty, with
the understanding that the intent is for a supervisor to assist, direct, train, evaluate agent
performance and support the operation by managing and directing the workforce.” [27-1 at 3.]
Moreover, although Ramp Supervisors may not preempt Agents for shifts, Agents may give their
shifts to Ramp Supervisors in certain circumstances. [Id.] Thus, though Ramp Supervisors’ ability
to perform Agents’ tasks (most importantly handling baggage) is “restricted,” [27-1, ¶ 5], this
restriction is not a complete bar.
In fact, Plaintiff alleges that she regularly “fill[s] in for Ramp Agents at least three out of
the five days each week” that she works. When she “step[s] into the shoes of the Ramp Agents,”
Plaintiff “perform[s] the Ramp Agents’ duties of loading and unloading the goods and cargo from
Southwest planes.”2 Plaintiff further explained that in addition to passengers’ personal luggage,
2
Defendant contends that “Ramp Agent Supervisors” are restricted from performing Ramp Agent duties.
[27 at 6.] As explained above, however, this restriction is not absolute, and according to Defendant’s own
documentation, Supervisors may perform Ramp Agent duties in limited circumstances. To the extent that
there is a factual dispute as to whether Plaintiff has handled luggage and freight in her role as Ramp
2
Southwest ships (and she has handled) other freight. [Id, ¶ 6–7.] Defendant concedes that it ships
freight but argues that most of the goods shipped in its planes’ cargo holds are passenger luggage.
[27-1, ¶ 6 (“[T]he ratio of passenger baggage to freight cargo at Midway was 10:1. This means
that Midway Ramp Agents handled ten (10) times more baggage than they handled freight in
2018”).] In addition to customer baggage and air freight, Defendant also apparently ships “air
mail, ballast, and Company materials.” [27-1 at 13.] The Court infers that when Supervisors “step
into the shoes” of Agents, they also load and unload this cargo, see [28-1, ¶¶ 3–5], but neither side
has offered any evidence or assertion as to what proportion of cargo is comprised of these items.
There is one further important difference between Ramp Agents and Ramp Supervisors—
the former are included in a CBA; the latter are not. [27-2 at 10, 13.] Thus, according to the terms
of Plaintiff’s employment, she must individually arbitrate in cases such as this through a process
of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). See generally [14-5].
B.
Procedural History
Plaintiff filed a putative collective action lawsuit against Defendant, alleging a violation of
the FLSA for failure to pay overtime wages. [1, ¶¶ 28–45.] Defendants moved to dismiss pursuant
to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(3) for improper venue or in the alternative to stay proceedings pursuant to
9 U.S.C. § 3. See generally [14]. Defendants alleged that Plaintiff had signed a binding arbitration
agreement, valid under Illinois law, that required her to individually arbitrate all wage and hour
related claims against Defendant. [Id.] Because this suit was within the scope of that ADR
Supervisor, for purposes of this motion the Court assumes that she has done so. Her affidavit is
uncontradicted, and the materials that Defendant has attached to their supplemental briefing show that
Ramp Supervisors may perform Ramp Agent duties (albeit in limited circumstances). Moreover, the job
description for Ramp Supervisor requires that employees be able to, for example, “repetitively lift weights
of 40 to 50 pounds on raised surfaces.” This requirement would be inexplicable and superfluous if Ramp
Supervisors did not have to “step into the shoes” of Agents and load and unload cargo.
3
Agreement, they argue, she must submit to arbitration. See [id]; see also generally [14-5
(providing documentation of Plaintiff’s submission to ADR Agreement)].
Plaintiff conceded that she signed the ADR Agreement, and that if the Federal Arbitration
Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq., applies to her, ADR would be the proper venue for this suit. See
[25-1 at 2]. Therefore, the only threshold issue is whether she is exempt from the FAA under § 1.
[Id.]. The Court authorized limited discovery into Plaintiff’s job duties for the sole purpose of
determining whether this Court is the proper venue for the FLSA action. [25-1, 7]; [26].
II.
Legal Standard
A motion seeking dismissal pursuant to an arbitration agreement is best “conceptualized as
an objection to venue, and hence properly raised under 12(b)(3) * * *.” Automobile Mechanics
Local 701 Welfare and Pension Funds v. Vanguard Car Rental USA, Inc., 502 F.3d 740, 746 (7th
Cir. 2007). The Seventh Circuit has instructed that all facts be construed and all reasonable
inferences be drawn in favor of the plaintiff. Faulkenberg v. CB Tax Franchise Systems, LP, 637
F.3d 801, 806 (7th Cir. 2011); see also Jackson v. Payday Financial, LLC, 764 F.3d 765, 773 (7th
Cir. 2014). In contrast to the familiar Rule 12(b)(6) motion, “[w]hen ruling on a motion to dismiss
for improper venue, the district court is not obligated to limit its consideration to the pleadings [or
to] convert the motion to one for summary judgment if the parties submit evidence outside the
pleadings.” Faulkenberg, 637 F.3d at 809–10 (7th Cir. 2011). “The party opposing arbitration
has the burden of establishing why the arbitration provision should not be enforced.” Wallace v.
Grubhub Holdings Inc., 2019 WL 1399986, *2 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 28, 2019) (citing Green Tree
Financial Corp.-Alabama v. Randolph, 531 U.S. 79, 91–92 (2000)).
4
III.
Discussion
Preliminarily, the Supreme Court has explained time and again that the Federal Arbitration
Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. §§ 1 et seq., “establishes ‘a liberal federal policy favoring arbitration
agreements.’” Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis, 138 S. Ct. 1612, 1621 (2018) (quoting Moses H. Cone
Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24 (1983)); accord, e.g., American Exp.
Co. v. Italian Colors Restaurant, 570 U.S. 228, 243–44 (2013) (“[The FAA] reflects a federal
policy favoring actual arbitration * * *.”); AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 345
(2011) (“[O]ur cases place it beyond dispute that the FAA was designed to promote arbitration.”);
Circuit City, 532 U.S. at 123 (“Arbitration agreements allow parties to avoid the costs of litigation,
a benefit that may be of particular importance in employment litigation.”); Gilmer v.
Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 26 (1991) (“[I]t should be kept in mind that questions
of arbitrability must be addressed with a healthy regard for the federal policy favoring arbitration.”)
(quotation marks and citation omitted); Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood & Conklin Mfg. Co., 388 U.S.
395, 404 (1967) (noting “the unmistakably clear congressional purpose that the arbitration
procedure, when selected by the parties to a contract, be speedy and not subject to delay and
obstruction in the courts”). Thus, absent a clear statutory exception to the arbitrability of Plaintiff’s
claim, the Court must “respect and enforce agreements to arbitrate[.]” See Epic Systems, 138 S.
Ct. at 1621.
Section 2 of the FAA defines the class of arbitrable cases; it provides:
A written provision in any maritime transaction or a contract evidencing a
transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter
arising out of such contract or transaction, or the refusal to perform the whole or
any part thereof, or an agreement in writing to submit to arbitration an existing
controversy arising out of such a contract, transaction, or refusal, shall be valid,
irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity
for the revocation of any contract.
5
The Supreme Court has held that employment contracts are contracts “evidencing a transaction
involving commerce.” Circuit City, 532 U.S. at 113 (discussing Gilmer, 500 U.S. 20). Thus,
Plaintiff’s signed arbitration agreement is “valid, irrevocable, and enforceable” under § 2 unless
an exception applies.
Plaintiff argues the signed arbitration agreement is unenforceable because she falls under
an exception in § 1 of the FAA. 3 In relevant part, § 1 reads: “nothing herein contained shall apply
to contracts of employment of seamen, railroad employees, or any other class of workers engaged
in foreign or interstate commerce.” Otherwise valid agreements to arbitrate cannot be enforced if
part of a contract of employment with an enumerated worker. See New Prime, 139 S. Ct. at 539.
Plaintiff acknowledges that she is neither a seafarer nor railroad employee but argues that she is
“engaged in foreign or interstate commerce.” See 9 U.S.C. § 1. In support, she points to her
handling of baggage, freight, and other goods shipped interstate; her supervision of these
shipments; and the fact that Defendant is an airline. Defendant counters that it is not, in fact, a
transportation company; Plaintiff never personally transports goods interstate; and exceptions to
the FAA should be applied narrowly.
Notwithstanding the broad language in the residual clause to § 1 of the FAA, the Supreme
Court has adopted a narrow construction of “engaged in foreign or interstate commerce.” Circuit
City, 532 U.S. at 109. It arrived at this conclusion by employing the ejusdem generis canon of
statutory construction, which instructs that “[w]here general words follow specific words in a
statutory enumeration, the general words are construed to embrace only objects similar in nature
to those objects enumerated by the preceding specific words.” Id. at 115–16 (quotation marks and
3
The parties do not dispute, and the Court need not address, the question of arbitrability of arbitrability.
As the Supreme Court recently held, “a court should decide for itself whether § 1’s ‘contracts of
employment’ exclusion applies before ordering arbitration.” New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira, 139 S. Ct. 532,
537 (2019).
6
citations omitted). Because “engaged in interstate commerce” is preceded by references to specific
occupations within the transportation industry, the Court reasoned that “Section 1 exempts from
the FAA only contracts of employment of transportation workers.” Id. at 119. The Supreme Court
further elaborated that “transportation workers” could be “defined, for instance, as those workers
‘actually engaged in the movement of goods in interstate commerce.’ Id. at 112 (quoting Cole v.
Burns Intern. Sec. Services, 105 F.3d 1465, 1471 (D.C. Cir 1997) (collecting cases)); see also id.
at 134–35 (Souter, J., dissenting) (“A majority of this court now puts its imprimatur on the majority
view among the Courts of Appeals.”); International Broth. of Teamsters Local Union No. 50 v.
Kienstra Precast, LLC, 702 F.3d 954, 956 (7th Cir. 2012) (employing the Supreme Court’s
illustrative definition); but see Singh v. Uber Technologies Inc., ___ F.3d ___, 2019 WL 4282185
at *9 (3d Cir. Sept. 11, 2019) (describing this definition as illustrative dicta). Although the
Supreme Court recently interpreted the § 1 exemption, it did not have occasion to clarify the
definition of “transportation worker.” See New Prime, 139 S. Ct. at 539.
As one court has observed, “[i]n the 18 years since the Supreme Court decided Circuit City,
state and federal courts have grappled with these unresolved issues, but ‘little consensus has been
realized.’” Muller v. Roy Miller Freight Lines, LLC, 246 Cal.Rptr.3d 748, 753–757 (Cal. Ct. App.
2019) (collecting cases and quoting Kowalewski v. Samandarov, 590 F. Supp. 2d 477,482
(S.D.N.Y. 2008)). However, the cases examining the definition of “transportation worker” have
identified several rules-of-thumb to guide decision-making. Although the case at bar defies easy
categorization, these rules-of-thumb illuminate the outer bounds of the term “transportation
workers.”
“If there is one area of clear common ground among the federal courts to address this
question, it is that truck drivers—that is, drivers actually involved in the interstate transportation
7
of physical goods—have been found to be ‘transportation workers’ for purposes of the residuary
exemption in Section 1 of the FAA.” Kowalewski, 590 F. Supp. 2d at 483 (collecting cases). The
Seventh Circuit recently confirmed this consensus, even as applied in a borderline case. See
Kienstra, 702 F.3d at 957. In Kienstra, the plaintiffs worked at a cement company, not a trucking
company, and, when they did deliver goods, they did so almost exclusively intrastate. Id. But,
because the truckers made “a few dozen” interstate trips out of “1500 to 1750 delivers each year”
they were interstate transportation workers for the purposes of § 1 of the FAA. Id. at 958; but see
Hill v. Rent-A-Center, Inc., 398 F.3d 1286, 1289–90 (11th Cir. 2005) (explaining that an accounts
manager who made incidental deliveries across state lines is no more a transportation worker than
“a pizza delivery person who delivered pizza across a state line to a customer in a neighboring
town”).4 Here, Plaintiff does not assert in the complaint that she personally transported goods
across state lines, so she does not automatically qualify as a transportation worker under Kienstra.
There is also a broad consensus that drivers who make intrastate deliveries of locally
produced goods are exempt from the FAA. In other words, pizza-delivery drivers and the like are
not transportation workers because no part of their work touches interstate commerce. E.g.,
4
Defendant argues that one component of the test for “transportation worker” under Circuit City includes
whether the worker is employed “in an industry that primarily involves the actual, physical movement of
goods through interstate commerce.” [27 at 1 (citing JetBlue Airways Corp. v. Stephenson, 2010 WL
6781684, *2 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Nov. 22, 2010) (emphasis in original).] Defendant further contends, again
relying on JetBlue, that passenger airlines that also carry cargo, such as Defendant, are solely in the
“passenger airline industry.” [27 at 2 (citing JetBlue, 2010 WL 6781684 at *2).] In other words, JetBlue
discounted the fact that JetBlue Airlines shipped a small amount of freight and concluded that transporting
passengers is not commerce. JetBlue, 2010 WL 6781684 at *3. Preliminarily, the New York State trial
court’s unpublished opinion is hardly the only word on the matter. See, e.g., Singh, 2019 WL 4282185 at
*7–12 (explaining that Uber drivers may be “transportation workers” within § 1 of the FAA); id. at *15–16
(Porter, J., concurring) (stressing that there is no “goods-passengers distinction” in § 1 of the FAA). But
even if the Court found JetBlue’s reasoning persuasive, however, the Court is bound by the Seventh
Circuit’s holding in Kienstra. Although the workers in Kienstra were primarily employed in the cement
industry, the Seventh Circuit still found them to be transportation workers. Likewise, the Seventh Circuit
found that infrequent interstate deliveries of goods were enough to trigger the exception in § 1, contradicting
JetBlue’s reasoning regarding the proportion of activity directed toward interstate commerce.
8
Wallace v. Grubhub Holdings Inc., 2019 WL 1399986, *3 (N.D. Ill. March 28, 2019) (drivers who
deliver prepared meals from restaurants intrastate are not transportation workers); Lee v. Postmates
Inc., 2018 WL 6605659, *7 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 17, 2018) (same); Magana v. DoorDash, Inc., 343 F.
Supp. 3d 891, 899–900 (N.D. Cal. 2018) (same); Levin v. Caviar, Inc., 146 F. Supp. 3d 1146,
1152–54 (N.D. Cal 2015) (same). These cases are also inapplicable to the instant dispute, for
Plaintiff does handle at least some goods that are in interstate commerce. For example, the Ramp
Supervisors at Midway airport handle air freight for interstate shipment. [28-1, ¶¶ 4–6] ; see also
[27-1 at 13].
Finally, merely working in a transportation-adjacent industry or position—without
transporting or handling goods or directing those who do—is not enough to qualify any employee
as a transportation worker. For example, in Borgonia v. G2 Secure Staff, the plaintiff worked as a
contractor at San Francisco International Airport performing the following duties: “security
screener, wheelchair agent, and dispatcher.” 2019 WL 1865927, *1 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 25, 2019).
The plaintiff was not deemed to be a transportation worker because he did not handle goods in
interstate commerce or transport anything. Id. at *4. Some courts have found an exception to this
rule where the worker in question personally directs transportation workers engaged in interstate
travel. Compare Lenz v. Yellow Transp., Inc., 431 F.3d 348, 353 (8th Cir. 2005) (concluding that
a customer service representative for trucking company was not a transportation worker after
considering multifactor balancing test); Lorntzen v. Swift Transp., Inc., 316 F. Supp. 2d 1093,
1096–97 (D. Kansas 2004) (explaining that a “Safety Compliance Assistant” for a trucking
company is not a transportation worker); Cole v. Burns Intern. Sec. Services, 105 F.3d 1465, 1471
(D.C. Cir. 1997) (holding that a security guard at an train hub was not a transportation worker),
with Zamora v. Swift Transp. Corp., 2008 WL 2369769, *7–9 (reasoning that a manager who
9
personally monitors and directs interstate truckers is a transportation worker); Palcko v. Airborne
Express, Inc., 372 F.3d 588, 593–94 (3d Cir. 2003) (same). Here, Plaintiff does not merely work
alongside those who touch interstate commerce—she handles goods herself. Plaintiff’s role as a
supervisor is discussed below.
In contrast to the aforementioned fact patterns, the courts are split about two classes of
workers who handle goods that have traveled interstate, but whose scope of work is entirely
intrastate. The first scenario concerns drivers who make intrastate deliveries of goods that have
been shipped from out of state. Although most of the courts to consider these “last-mile” delivery
arrangements conclude that intrastate delivery people to be transportation workers, some cases
hold otherwise. Compare, e.g., Waithaka v. Amazon.com, Inc., ___F. Supp. 3d___, 2019 WL
3938053, *4 (D. Mass. Aug. 20, 2019) (holding that “last-mile” delivery drivers for Amazon are
transportation workers); Rittman v. Amazon.com, Inc., 383 F.Supp.3d 1196, 1201–02 (W.D. Wash.
2019) (same); Muller v. Roy Miller Freight Lines, LLC, 246 Cal.Rptr.3d 748, 758–59 (Cal. App.
Ct. 2019) (holding that driver who made intrastate deliveries of goods that originated almost
exclusively out of state is a transportation worker); Nieto v. Fresno Beverage Co., Inc., 245
Cal.Rptr.3d 69, 76–77 (Cal. App. Ct. 2019) (same); Ward v. Express Messenger Systems, Inc., No.
17-cv-2005-NYW, *10–11 (D. Colo. Jan. 28, 2019) (order denying motion to compel arbitration)
(explaining that intrastate deliveries of material shipped interstate by Amazon, Staples and various
pharmaceutical companies qualified as interstate commerce); Diaz v. Michigan Logistics, 167
F.Supp.3d 375, 380 n.3 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) (opining in dicta that “Plaintiffs sufficiently allege that
they were engaged in interstate transportation, notwithstanding that they did not actually drive
across state lines, as Plaintiffs were directly responsible for transporting and handling automotive
parts that allegedly moved in interstate commerce—the heart of Defendants’ business.”); Christie
10
v. Loomis Armored US, Inc., 2011 WL 6152979, *3 (holding that driver who makes intrastate
deliveries of currency is a transportation worker), with Bonner v. Michigan Logistics Incorporated,
250 F.Supp.3d 388, 397 (D. Ariz. 2017) (assuming that deliveries must cross state lines); Vargas
v. Delivery Outsourcing, LLC, 2016 WL 946112, *4–5 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 14, 2016) (discussing
Kienstra and concluding that a driver who makes intrastate deliveries of lost or delayed airline
luggage is not a transportation worker).5 Unlike these cases, in which the workers all indisputably
transported goods, here Plaintiff does not herself transport anything.
The next scenario—and the one that is most relevant here—concerns workers who load
and unload packages in a central hub. The courts to have considered these scenarios have reached
split decisions. The Sixth and Eleventh Circuits have concluded that postal workers as a class fall
within the FAA’s exemption for workers engaged in interstate commerce, seemingly regardless of
whether the workers in question transport (as opposed to merely handle) mail. But both of these
cases predate Circuit City and neither case uses the “transportation worker” framework.
Bacashihua v. U.S. Postal Service, 859 F.2d 402, 405 (6th Cir. 1988) (“If any class of workers is
engaged in interstate commerce, it is postal workers.”); American Postal Workers Union, AFLCIO v. U.S. Postal Service, 823 F.2d 466, 473 (11th Cir. 1987) (“It seems to us that, if any workers
are actually engaged in interstate commerce, the instant postal workers are.”) (internal quotations
5
In Muller, the California Court of Appeal attempted to harmonize these holdings by explaining that there
is a difference between “truckers,” “whose primary purpose is to continue the flow of interstate commerce
by transporting out-of-state freight and cargo,” and “delivery” drivers, who have a solely local focus.
Muller, 246 Cal. Rptr. 3d. at 758. Other courts have distinguished Vargas by noting that “luggage, however,
‘was not a ‘good’ to be delivered until it was delayed or lost by the airline and then discovered when it was
already intrastate. Much like a food delivery service, a luggage delivery service is not engaged in interstate
commerce because it is not in the business of shipping goods across state lines, even though it delivers good
that once travelled interstate.” Waithaka, 2019 WL 3938053 at *3 (quoting Rittman, 383 F. Supp. 3d at
1200). In other words, Vargas looks more like Borgonia or Grubhub than an interconnected interstate
delivery service. And Bonner’s factual analysis is so bare bones that it is difficult to discern whether the
drivers are better categorized as drivers delivering locally produced goods or part of a chain or interstate
truckers. See Bonner, 250 F. Supp. 3d at 397. Regardless, because Plaintiff is not a last-mile driver, the
Court need not delve too deeply into each of these outliers.
11
and citation omitted). More recent decisions, however, generally have concluded that workers
who handle goods shipped in interstate commerce—but do not transport goods themselves—are
not exempt from the FAA under § 1. Furlough v. Capstone Logistics, LLC, 2019 WL 2076723,
*7 (N.D. Cal. May 10, 2019) (holding that warehouseman whose job duties included “loading,
unloading, and handling freight; communicating with drivers; and monitoring conditions on the
docks” was not a transportation worker); Kropfelder v. Snap-On Tools Corp., 859 F. Supp. 952,
958–59 (D. Md. 1994) (concluding that warehousemen who load and unload trucks used to deliver
goods in interstate commerce are not transportation workers).6
Taken together, these two lines of cases suggest that the linchpin for classification as a
“transportation worker” under Circuit City is actual transportation, not merely handling goods.
That is, workers who transport goods intrastate as part of an interstate Pony-Express style network
may be transportation workers, but those who merely handle those goods at one end or the other
are not. Moreover, the distinction between transporting goods and merely handling them is borne
out by the other categories of exempt workers enumerated in § 1. For example, though seamen’s
contracts of employment are exempt from the FAA, grounds crew such as longshoremen are not
considered seamen. McDermott Intern., Inc. v. Wilander, 498 U.S. 337, 348 (1991) (“Whether
under the Jones Act or general maritime law, seamen do not include land-based workers[]” such
as stevedores and longshoremen.); see also Brown v. Nabors Offshore Corp., 339 F.3d 391, 393,
395 (5th Cir. 2003) (holding that the definition of “seaman” in the Jones Act should be used to
determine § 1 exemptions from the FAA); see also Veliz, 2004 WL 2452851, at *4 (explaining that
the legal definitions of seamen and railroad employees require, respectively, an “employmentrelated connection to a vessel in navigation” or “navigation of a vessel, i.e., transportation”)
6
Another possible explanation for the divergent holdings is simply that postal work is sui generis. See
Lorntzen, 316 F. Supp. 2d at 1097 (distinguishing postal cases from Kropfelder).
12
(quotation marks and citation omitted) (emphasis added). In other words, courts have begun to
materially distinguish between nonexempt workers who handle goods in service of transportation
(warehousemen, stevedores, and porters) and exempt workers who actually transport them by
navigating the channels of interstate commerce (truckers, seamen, and railroadsmen, respectively).
The case at bar is virtually indistinguishable from the cases holding that merely loading
and unloading goods is not “transportation” work. Here, Plaintiff’s job duties at most include
loading and unloading some cargo from Defendant’s planes, along with supervising that task. The
case is thus identical to Furlough and Kropfelder, both of which concluded that warehouse
managers who loaded and unloaded cargo and generally managed warehouse logistics were not
transportation workers. As in those cases, Plaintiff herself does not transport cargo at all (even
intrastate) and is therefore not a transportation worker. Accordingly, the FAA does not exempt
Plaintiff and she therefore must arbitrate her claim.
This conclusion is informed by three additional factors. First, as explained above, the
Seventh Circuit places great weight on whether the worker in question actually transported goods
across state lines. Kienstra, 702 F.3d at 957–58. The procedural history of Kienstra further
underscores the importance of interstate travel. When the case originally reached the Seventh
Circuit, it was unclear whether the truckers had crossed state lines. Id. at 956. Because the panel
felt that it might lack jurisdiction on that basis, it issued a limited remand to determine whether the
truckers did, in fact, transport goods interstate. Id. at 955–956. Here, the record is clear that
Plaintiff did not physically transport goods at all, let alone out-of-state.
Second, the trend in the case law reflects a growing consensus that handlers are not
transportation workers. As explained above, the two cases going the opposite direction both failed
to use the “transportation worker” framework, and their holdings have been called into doubt.
13
Bacashihua, 859 F.2d at 405; American Postal, 823 F.2d at 473; see also Veliz, 2004 WL 2452851,
*6 (“[I]t is unclear to what degree these cases remain good law.”); cf. also Rittman, 383 F. Supp.
3d at 1201 n.4 (suggesting that after Circuit City, the postal cases are most applicable to postal
workers who personally transport packages).
Finally, the Court is mindful of the “liberal federal policy favoring arbitration agreements.”
Epic Systems, 138 S.Ct. at 1621 (quotation marks and citation omitted). As far back as 1983, the
Supreme Court explained that “as a matter of federal law, any doubts concerning the scope of
arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration.” Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 24–25.
Since then, the Supreme Court has reiterated the importance of respecting valid arbitration
agreements, particularly in the employment context. Epic Systems, 138 S. Ct. at 1621; Circuit
City, 532 U.S. at 123.
The Court is unconvinced by Plaintiff’s arguments to the contrary. First, Plaintiff points
to the non-exhaustive eight-factor test applied by the Eighth Circuit in Lenz, arguing that these
factors show that Plaintiff is a transportation worker. [28 at 3–8 (discussing Lenz, 431 F.3d at
352).] But the Seventh Circuit has not adopted this test and other courts have noted that these
eight factors were tailored to the facts in Lenz and have limited applicability in other contexts. See
Kowalewski, 590 F. Supp. 2d at 482 n.3; cf. Singh, 2019 WL 4282185 at *10 n.8. Moreover,
although many of these factors have informed the Court’s decision-making, Lenz provides no
framework for how to weigh each factor and little guidance regarding application. In fact, the
Lenz court considered the physical transportation of goods to be of paramount importance and
applied its factors with that in mind.7 Lenz, 431 F.3d at 352–53.
7
For example, the first Lenz factor is “whether the employee works in the transportation industry.” Id. at
352. While the employee in Lenz clearly worked in the transportation industry for a trucking company, the
Eight Circuit held this factor against him because “he never directly transported goods in interstate
commerce.” Id. So too here—even granting that Plaintiff worked in the transportation industry, she has
14
Next, Plaintiffs quote half of another court’s summary of Kienstra (until the word “but”)
to suggest that the Seventh Circuit is indifferent to interstate transportation when determining
whether someone is a transportation worker. [28 at 12 (quoting Wallace, 2019 WL 1399986, *3).]
As explained above, however, the holding, reasoning, and procedural history of Kienstra strongly
suggest that, at the very least, whether a worker crossed state lines is a very important factor. See
Vargas, 2016 WL 946112, at *4. And there is nothing in Kienstra suggesting that workers who
do not transport anything are “transportation workers.”
Likewise, Plaintiff does not fall under an exception for managers recognized by the Third
Circuit. See Palcko, 372 F.3d 592–93; see also Zamora, 2008 WL 2369769 at *8–9 (discussing
Palcko). The plaintiff in Palcko was a manager who supervised and directed truckers who
delivered goods interstate. Id. at 590. She did not, however, handle goods or travel interstate
herself. Id. at 593. The Third Circuit reasoned that because the manager directly manipulated the
channels of interstate commerce, she was a transportation worker under § 1 of the FAA. Id. at
593–594.8 Although Ramp Supervisors (such as Plaintiff) supervise employees, they do not direct
the interstate shipment of goods or manipulate the channels of commerce themselves (by, for
example, directing specific pilots to fly specific routes with specific goods in tow) and therefore
are not transportation workers under this exception. See generally [27-2]. Moreover, Palcko
explicitly limited its holding to exclude warehouse managers who load and unload goods; as
“never directly transported goods in interstate commerce,” so this factor weighs against her. Contra [28 at
1].
8
The case in Zamora is quite similar, insofar as the manager was found to be a transportation worker
because she monitored truckers’ routes, mileage, and cargo, and directed their movements. Zamora, 2008
WL 2369769 at *1. Zamora is further distinguishable from this case because the manager at issue
occasionally drove for the employer. Id. at *7. Under Kienstra, that may be enough, on its own, to qualify
the manager as a transportation worker.
15
explained above, such warehouse employees are virtually indistinguishable from the Ramp
Supervisors in the instant case. Palcko, 372 F.3d at 594 n.2 (distinguishing Kropfelder).
IV.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s motion to dismiss [13] is granted, and Plaintiff’s
claims must be arbitrated. Civil case terminated.
Dated: October 8, 2019
____________________________
Robert M. Dow, Jr.
United States District Judge
16
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