Williams Jr et al v. Heartland Realty Investors, Inc. et al

Filing 53

MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order. Signed by the Honorable Sharon Johnson Coleman on 8/1/2022. Mailed notice. (ym, )

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
ANDY HOPE WILLIAMS, JR., and
VONITA CRUZ,
Plaintiffs,
v.
HEARTLAND REALTY INVESTORS, INC.,
HEARTLAND WILLOWBROOK, LLC, d/b/a
WILLOWBROOK APARTMENT HOMES,
Defendants.

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Case No. 21-cv-5730
Honorable Sharon Johnson Coleman

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Pro se plaintiffs Andy Williams and Vonita Cruz bring this lawsuit against Heartland Realty
Investors, Inc. and Heartland Willowbrook, LLC, d/b/a Willowbrook Apartment Homes
(collectively “Heartland”) alleging constitutional violations under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985(3), along
with claims under the Fair Housing Act and Illinois state law. 1 Before the Court is Heartland’s
motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). For the following reasons, the
Court grants in part without prejudice, grants in part with prejudice, and denies defendants’ Rule
12(b)(6) motion. The Court further grants plaintiffs leave to file a second amended complaint in
accordance with this ruling and their Rule 11(b) obligations.
Background
Construing their pro se amended complaint liberally, see Harris v. United States, 13 F.4th 623,
627 (7th Cir. 2021), plaintiffs allege the Heartland entities, which are the owner and property
manager of rental property in Willowbrook, Illinois, unlawfully discriminated against them as tenants

The Court dismissed defendant law firm Starr, Bejgiert, Zink & Rowells from this lawsuit on July 27, 2022.
Plaintiffs have filed a motion for reconsideration of the Court’s July 27 ruling, that the Court will address in
another order.
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based on their race and national origin. In July 2021, Heartland served plaintiffs a “notice of
infraction” for their use of a grill on their patio as prohibited by the parties’ lease agreement, even
though other Willowbrook tenants used grills on their patios. On August 11, 2021, Heartland
posted a non-renewal notice of plaintiffs’ lease on their door. Defendants’ alleged basis for the nonrenewal of the lease was that plaintiffs had made several domestic calls to the police, along with
committing the grill infraction. The lease expired on November 14, 2021, yet plaintiffs did not
move out. On January 24, 2022 Heartland filed an eviction complaint in the Circuit Court of Cook
County, Illinois.
Legal Standard
A motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim tests the sufficiency
of the complaint, not its merits. Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 529, 131 S. Ct. 1289, 179 L. Ed. 2d
233 (2011). When considering dismissal of a complaint, the Court accepts all well-pleaded factual
allegations as true and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Erickson v. Pardus, 551
U.S. 89, 94, 127 S. Ct. 2197, 167 L. Ed. 2d 1081 (2007) (per curiam). To survive a motion to
dismiss, plaintiff must “state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). A complaint is facially
plausible when the plaintiff alleges “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678,
129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009).
Discussion
Fair Housing Act Claims
In Counts I and II of their amended complaint, plaintiffs bring Fair Housing Act (“FHA”)
claims based on their national origin and race. Plaintiffs allege that Williams is “Hebrew Israelite”
and Cruz is Puerto Rican. The Court conducted legal research to determine whether being “Hebrew

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Israelite” is a protected class under the FHA and other federal discrimination statutes and has not
found any legal authority discussing this issue. Because the Court is granting plaintiffs leave to file a
second amended complaint, plaintiffs must allege how Williams is a member of a protected class for
purposes of their discrimination claims.
Turning to plaintiffs’ FHA claims, in Count I, they allege defendants threatened, intimidated,
or otherwise interfered with their exercise and enjoyment of their protected activities under the Fair
Housing Act, including interfering with plaintiffs’ right to have a grill and to continue their
residency. See 42 U.S.C. § 3617. In Count II, plaintiffs rely on 42 U.S.C. § 3604(a), which states it is
unlawful to “refuse to sell or rent after the making of a bona fide offer, or to refuse to negotiate for
the sale or rental of, or otherwise make unavailable or deny, a dwelling to any person because of
race, color, religion, sex, familial status, or national origin.” Plaintiffs also contend defendants
retaliated against them in violation of the FHA after plaintiffs questioned management about the
July 2021 notice of infraction.
Here, defendants argue their conduct was not motivated by racial animus, but by plaintiffs’
failure to obey the lease provisions prohibiting the use of grills and that plaintiffs called the police
about domestic disputes. In presenting a motion under Rule 12(b)(6), defendants cannot “attempt
to refute the complaint or to present a different set of allegations” because “[t]he attack is on the
sufficiency of the complaint, and the defendant cannot set or alter the terms of the dispute, but must
demonstrate that the plaintiff’s claim, as set forth by the complaint, is without legal consequence.”
Smith v. Burge, 222 F.Supp.3d 669, 691 (N.D. Ill. 2016) (St. Eve, J.) (citation omitted). Therefore,
defendants’ version of the facts does not change the Court’s Rule 12(b)(6) analysis.
Defendants also maintain plaintiffs have not adequately alleged specific facts supporting
their allegations of race and national origin discrimination. In their response brief, plaintiffs point to
their allegations that they were the only Hebrew Israelite and Puerto Rican family in the apartment

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complex and that defendants treated other tenants differently in relation to the grill infraction. See
Wigginton v. Bank of America Corp., 770 F.3d 521, 522 (7th Cir. 2014) (“It does not take much to allege
discrimination, but one essential allegation is … that someone else has been treated differently.”).
Defendants do not address plaintiffs’ arguments made in their response brief because defendants did
not file a reply brief.
Construing these pro se allegations in plaintiffs’ favor, along with allegations that defendants’
conduct was harassing and defendants’ reason for the grill infraction was factually baseless, plaintiffs
have alleged “enough details about the subject-matter of the case to present a story that holds
together.” Swanson v. Citibank, N.A., 614 F.3d 400, 404 (7th Cir. 2010). The Court denies
defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ FHA claims as alleged in Counts I and II.
Constitutional Claims
Plaintiffs bring two federal constitutional claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and § 1985(3)
against the Heartland entities in Counts III and IV. To bring constitutional claims under § 1983, the
defendants must have acted under the color of state law. See DiDonato v. Panatera, 24 F.4th 1156,
1159 (7th Cir. 2022). A “defendant acts under the color of state law when he abuses the position
given to him by the State.” Id. at 1159-60 (citation omitted). To clarify, “[b]ecause § 1983 actions
may only be maintained against defendants who act under color of state law, the defendants in §
1983 cases are usually government officials.” London v. RBS Citizens, N.A., 600 F.3d 742, 746 (7th
Cir. 2010). As plaintiffs tacitly admit, defendants are not government officials, but private
companies, which may be considered “state actors” for § 1983 purposes under two circumstances:
(1) when the state controls or directs the actions of the private company; and (2) when the state
delegates a public function to the private company. See Camm v. Faith, 937 F.3d 1096, 1105 (7th Cir.
2019). Plaintiffs also bring their constitutional claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3), the function of

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which “is to permit recovery from a private actor who has conspired with state actors.” Fairley v.
Andrews, 578 F.3d 518, 526 (7th Cir. 2009).
Under both § 1983 and § 1985(3), plaintiffs must allege that defendants are “state actors” or
that defendants conspired with “state actors” to deprive plaintiffs of their constitutional rights.
They have failed to do so. Moreover, despite plaintiffs’ argument to the contrary, § 1985(3) does
not apply to private activity alone. See Redwood v. Dobson, 476 F.3d 462, 467 (7th Cir. 2007). To
clarify, plaintiffs’ reliance on Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 101, 91 S.Ct. 1790, 29 L.Ed.2d 338
(1971) is misplaced because the Griffin Court only extended § 1985(3) to purely private conspiracies
if the conspiracy implicated the Thirteenth Amendment’s rights to be free of involuntary servitude
or to interstate travel. See Bray v. Alexandria Women’s Health Clinic, 506 U.S. 263, 278, 113 S.Ct. 753,
122 L.Ed.2d 34 (1993); Brokaw v. Mercer Cnty., 235 F.3d 1000, 1024 n.20 (7th Cir. 2000). Such is not
the case here. The Court therefore grants defendants’ motion to dismiss Counts III and IV with
prejudice because any amendment would be futile.
Discrimination Claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1981
Next, in Count V, plaintiffs bring a race discrimination claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 based
on defendants threatening them with the non-renewal of residency and legal action, as well as
demanding that plaintiffs remove their grill—although defendants did not require other residents to
do so. Plaintiffs further argue defendants selectively and discriminatorily enforced the terms of the
relevant lease agreement based on their race.
In their motion, defendants argue they did not renew the plaintiffs’ lease due to the grill
infraction and “the frequent police calls to the property.” As discussed, that is defendants’ version
of the events, not plaintiffs’ allegations. At this juncture, the Court is required to accept all wellpleaded facts as true and draw all permissible inferences in plaintiffs’ favor, especially because they
are proceeding pro se. See Greenpoint Tactical Income Fund LLC v. Pettigrew, 38 F.4th 555, 561 (7th Cir.

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2022). Accordingly, defendants’ sole argument concerning Count V does not establish that
plaintiffs’ § 1981 claim “fails as a matter of law” as defendants argue. The Court denies defendants’
motion to dismiss Count V.
Illinois Claims
The remainder of plaintiffs’ claims are based on Illinois’ common law, statutes, and
constitution. In Count VII, plaintiffs allege a common law fraud claim, which eventually requires
proof of the following elements: (1) a false statement of material fact; (2) defendants’ knowledge that
the statement was false; (3) defendants’ intention to induce plaintiffs to act; (4) plaintiffs’ reliance
upon the truth of the statement; and (5) damages resulting from such reliance. See Newman v. Metro.
Life Ins. Co., 885 F.3d 992, 1003 (7th Cir. 2018); Lewis v. Lead Indus. Assoc., 178 N.E.3d 1046, 1055–
56, 449 Ill.Dec. 195, 204–05, 2020 IL 124107, ¶ 30 (Ill. 2020). In their motion, defendants contend
plaintiffs did not adequately allege their fraud claim because they have not alleged that defendants
intended to induce them to act or that plaintiffs relied on the false statement.
Under the federal pleading standards and Rule 8(a), plaintiffs need not allege legal elements
and facts that correspond to each element. See Chapman v. Yellow Cab Cooperative, 875 F.3d 846, 848
(7th Cir. 2017). That said, when alleging fraud, plaintiffs must fulfill the heightened pleading
standard set forth in Rule 9(b). Cornielsen v. Infinium Capital Mgmt., LLC, 916 F.3d 589, 598 (7th Cir.
2019). As a practical matter, this means plaintiffs must describe the who, what, where, when, and
how of the fraud. Id. Plaintiffs have not alleged their fraud claim with this particularity, and thus
the Court grants defendants’ motion to dismiss Count VI without prejudice. The Court grants
plaintiffs leave to amend this claim.
In Count VIII, plaintiffs bring a claim under the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive
Business Practices Act (“ICFA”), 815 ILCS 505/1, et seq., based on defendants’ deceptive conduct in
notifying them of the grill infractions. Defendants argue the ICFA does not apply under the

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circumstances because this case does not implicate consumer protection concerns nor involve trade
or commerce. Despite this argument, plaintiffs point to cases where Illinois courts have applied the
ICFA to the landlord-tenant relationship. See Anast v. Commonwealth Apartments, 956 F.Supp. 792,
802 (N.D. Ill. 1997) (Williams, J.) (collecting cases). In doing so, courts have concluded tenants are
consumers for purposes of the ICFA. See Evergreen Real Estate Services, LLC v. Hanover Ins. Co., 142
N.E.3d 880, 886, 436 Ill.Dec. 479, 485, 2019 IL App (1st) 181867, ¶ 24 (1st Dist. 2019); Fahner v.
Testa, 445 N.E.2d 1249, 1252, 68 Ill.Dec. 396, 399, 112 Ill.App.3d 834, 838 (1st Dist. 1983). Again,
defendants do not respond to plaintiffs’ argument because they did not file a reply brief to their
motion to dismiss. Meanwhile, defendants’ consumer nexus argument does not fit the facts of this
case because plaintiffs are the actual consumers. See Liston v. King.com, Ltd., 254 F. Supp. 3d 989,
1005 (N.D. Ill. 2017) (Tharp, J.) (“courts have also allowed non-consumers ... to go forward with
ICFA claims where they satisfy the ‘consumer nexus’ test.”).
Nonetheless, like fraud claims, ICFA claims based on deceptive conduct must be alleged
with particularity under Rule 9(b). See Benson v. Fannie May Confections Brands, Inc., 944 F.3d 639, 646
(7th Cir. 2019). Here, plaintiffs did not allege their ICFA claim with the requisite particularity. As
such, the Court grants defendants’ motion to dismiss Count VIII without prejudice and grants
plaintiffs leave to amend their ICFA claim.
Further, in Count IX, plaintiffs allege defendants breached the lease agreement. Defendants
respond by arguing that plaintiffs’ allegations are conclusory because they merely state:
Defendants breached the lease by violating the Fair Housing Act by discriminating
against the Plaintiff’s, and by stating the grills were not allowed when in fact they are,
by harassing the Plaintiff’s, and failing to renew their lease in retaliation for
complaining about the misrepresentation in the Notice of Infraction letter.
(R. 25, Amend. Compl. ¶ 108).
Incorporating the allegations made throughout the amended complaint, plaintiffs have
sufficiently stated their breach of contract claim putting defendants’ on notice that the breach
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involved more than just the grill infraction (which the plaintiffs challenge as factually baseless), but
defendants’ other conduct. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 (“Determining whether a complaint states a
plausible claim for relief” is “a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its
judicial experience and common sense.”). Defendants’ argument based on their version of events is
best left for summary judgment. The Court denies defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ breach
of contract claim in Count IX.
Plaintiffs next bring a claim based on Illinois’ Retaliatory Eviction Act in Count X. “The
Retaliatory Eviction Act (765 ILCS 720/1 et seq.) prohibits landlords from terminating or refusing to
renew a tenant’s lease because she complained to governmental authorities about the condition of
the leased property.” Lake View Towers Residents Ass’n, Inc. v. Mills, 2016 IL App (1st) 143621-U, ¶
39, 2016 WL 2621178, at *8 (1st Dist. 2016). “[R]etaliatory eviction requires that: (1) the tenant
made complaints to a governmental authority; (2) violations were found; (3) the landlord was
notified of the violations; and (4) the tenancy was terminated solely because of the tenant’s
complaints.” Bakirdan v. Ferguson, 2012 IL App (3d) 110004-U, ¶ 24, 2012 WL 7005358, at *3 (3d
Dist. 2012).
Reading plaintiffs’ complaint broadly, they have not alleged that they complained to any
governmental authorities about the conditions of their leased property, such as issues about the
building code, health ordinance, or similar regulation. See 765 ILS 720/1. Instead, plaintiffs argue
they have the First Amendment right to petition the government and contact the police for
assistance. Plaintiffs’ calls to the police, however, were not in relation to the conditions of their
lease, but concerned domestic disputes. Moreover, to plausibly allege a claim under the Retaliatory
Eviction Act, plaintiffs needed to allege that after they contacted the governmental entity about their
leased property, the governmental entity found violations and that defendants were notified of such.

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Plaintiffs have failed to do so. In the end, the facts of this case do not fit the Retaliatory Eviction
Act. The Court grants defendants’ motion to dismiss Count X with prejudice.
In Count XI of their amended complaint, plaintiffs set forth a due process claim under the
Illinois Constitution, Article I, Section 2. In their response brief, plaintiffs agree that this claim
should be dismissed. The Court dismisses Count XI with prejudice.
Next, Plaintiffs bring a claim under the Illinois Human Rights Act in Count XII.
Defendants argue plaintiffs have failed to exhaust their administrative remedies under the IHRA,
which is required before filing an action in court. Plaintiffs, however, are bringing their claim under
Article 3 of the IHRA, which pertains to real estate transactions and does not require the exhaustion
of administrative remedies. See 775 ILCS 5/10-102(A)(1); Straw v. Streamwood Chamber of Commerce,
Inc., 2015 IL App (1st) 143094-U, ¶ 23, 2015 WL 5725222, at *5 (1st Dist. 2015) (“a civil action
under Article 3 of the Act may be commenced without first exhausting administrative remedies.”).
The Court denies defendants’ motion in this respect.
Last, plaintiffs allege a common law intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”)
claim in Count XIII. “Under Illinois law, a plaintiff may recover damages for intentional infliction
of emotional distress only if she establishes that (1) the defendant’s conduct was truly extreme and
outrageous; (2) the defendant intended to inflict severe emotional distress; and (3) the defendant’s
conduct did in fact cause severe emotional distress.” Richards v. U.S. Steel, 869 F.3d 557, 566 (7th
Cir. 2017). “[T]o qualify as outrageous, the nature of the defendant’s conduct must be so extreme as
to go beyond all possible bounds of decency and be regarded as intolerable in a civilized society.”
Feltmeier v. Feltmeier, 207 Ill.2d 263, 274, 278 Ill.Dec. 228, 798 N.E.2d 75, 80 (Ill. 2003).
Defendants maintain plaintiffs have failed to sufficiently plead their IIED claim because they
have not adequately alleged defendants’ conduct was “extreme and outrageous.” Plaintiffs, on the
other hand, argue they have sufficiently alleged that defendants’ conduct was extreme and

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outrageous based on defendants’ repeated slights and indignities. In making this argument, plaintiffs
rely on unreasonable inferences based on defendants’ failure to respond to their emails and letters.
Plaintiffs further assert that the situation was stressful and that defendants have little regard for the
truth. These allegations, alone, do not amount to extreme and outrageous conduct that go beyond
all possible bounds of decency. See Anast, 956 F.Supp. at 803 (landlord’s conduct that included
evicting and having mentally-ill tenant arrested, while “most unfortunate ... does not rise to the level
of extreme and outrageous”). The Court therefore grants defendants’ motion to dismiss Count XIII
without prejudice and grants plaintiffs leave to reallege this claim.
In sum, the following claims in plaintiffs’ amended complaint have been dismissed with
prejudice and are no longer part of this lawsuit: (1) plaintiffs’ constitutional claims in Counts III and
IV; (2) plaintiffs’ Retaliatory Eviction Act claim in Count X; and (3) the due process claim under the
Illinois Constitution in Count XI. The Court grants plaintiffs leave to amend the following claims:
(1) their common law fraud claim in Count VI; (2) the ICFA claim in Count VIII; and (3) the IIED
claim in Count XIII. Finally, plaintiffs need not reallege the following claims: (1) their FHA claims
in Counts I and II; (2) their § 1981 claim in Count V; (3) the breach of contract claim in Count IX;
and (4) their IHRA claim in Count XII. These claims remain in this lawsuit.
Conclusion
For these reasons, the Court grants in part without prejudice, grants in part with prejudice,
and denies defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) motion [27]. The Court further grants plaintiffs leave to file a
second amended complaint in accordance with this ruling and their Rule 11(b) obligations.
Plaintiffs’ second amended complaint is due by September 1, 2022.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Date: 8/1/2022

Entered:_____________________________
SHARON JOHNSON COLEMAN
United States District Judge
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