Plaisance v. Bayer Corporation et al
Filing
33
ORDER granting 27 Motion to Strike Class Allegations. Signed by Chief Judge David R. Herndon on 05/04/2011. (dsw)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
------------------------------------------------------------ X
IN RE YASMIN AND YAZ
(DROSPIRENONE) MARKETING,
SALES PRACTICES AND RELEVANT
PRODUCTS LIABILITY LITIGATION
3:09-md-02100-DRH-PMF
MDL No. 2100
-----------------------------------------------------------This document relates to:
Plaisance v. Bayer Corp., et al.,
No.3:09-cv-20108-DRH-PMF
Judge
David R. Herndon
ORDER
ORDER
I. Introduction
Herndon, Chief Judge:
Now before the Court is defendants’1 motion to strike or dismiss(Doc. 27),
and memorandum in support thereof (Doc. 28),the class allegations in plaintiff’s first
amended complaint (Doc. 23). Plaintiff seeks certification of a Rule 23(b)(3) nationwide
1
Bayer Corporation, Bayer HealthCare LLC, and Bayer HealthCare
Pharmaceuticals Inc., formerly known as Berlex, Inc., formerly known as Berlex
Laboratories, Inc., on its own behalf and as successor by merger to Bayer
Pharmaceuticals Corporation (Doc. 27).
1
or statewide class of individuals who allegedly suffered injury2 as a result of ingesting
YAZ and/or Yasmin. In addition, in her first amended complaint, plaintiff identifies 26
putative “common issues,” (doc. 23 ¶ 109), and alleges that certification under Rule
23(c)(4)(A) may be appropriate “with respect to [the 26 putative common issues] or
[other common issues] to be developed in the course of the litigation.” Id. ¶ 114.
Having considered the parties briefs and the relevant authority, the Court
finds that individual issues of fact and law predominate precluding certification of any of
the proposed classes. Accordingly, for the reasons discussed herein, the Court
GRANTS defendants’ motion (Doc. 27) and STRIKES the class allegations in plaintiff’s
first amended complaint.
II. BACKGROUND
A.
Plaintiff
Plaintiff is a 44-year-old citizen of the State of Louisiana who was
prescribed YAZ in May of 2006 by her physician, Dr. Eugenio C. Labadio (Doc. 23 ¶ 42,
Doc. 32 § II). During the summer of 2006, plaintiff was hospitalized due to a deep vein
thrombosis (“DVT”) in her left leg (Doc. 32 p. 2). Plaintiff alleges that the DVT, as well
as other adverse effects, were caused by her ingestion of YAZ (Doc. 23 ¶ 42) (alleging
that plaintiff “purchased, used, and suffered adverse effects including, but not limited to
a blood clot and deep vein thrombosis from ingesting YAZ®/Yasmin®”); (Doc. 23 ¶ 108)
As is discussed later in this Order, plaintiff’s first amended complaint is
somewhat inconsistent with regard to the types of injuries included in her class
definition.
2
2
(asserting that plaintiff purchased and ingested YAZ/Yasmin and developed deep vein
thrombosis).
B.
First Amended Complaint
1.
Putative Class Definitions
Plaintiff asserts that the action is brought on behalf of the “Personal
Injury Class” defined initially as “all persons residing in the United States who
purchased YAZ®/Yasmin®” (Doc. 23 ¶ 11). On several subsequent occasions,
plaintiff sets forth additional paragraphs describing the putative class as including
persons that have suffered from any and all possible YAZ or Yasmin-related
injuries Id. ¶¶ 21, 88-95, 98-99.3 In paragraph 105, of the complaint, however,
plaintiff states that the putative nationwide class is limited to persons who
suffered from DVT.4 As an alternative to the putative nationwide class, plaintiff
3
For example, in ¶ 21 of her first amended complaint, plaintiff indicates that the
putative class includes individuals who, as a result of their use of YAZ/Yasmin,
have suffered and/or will continue to suffer and/or are at greatly increased risk of:
serious and dangerous side effects including, interalia, heart
arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and other adverse cardiovascular
events, including, stroke, transient ischemic attack, blood clots,
embolisms, kidney and gallbladder disease and/or sudden death, as
well as other severe and personal injuries which are permanent and
lasting in nature, physical pain and mental anguish, including
diminished enjoyment of life, a future of high risk pregnancies, any
and all life complications created by Plaintiff Plaisance’s and the
Personal Injury Class' inability to use any form of prescription
contraception for the duration of their lives, as well as the need for
lifelong medical treatment, monitoring and/or medications, and fear
of developing any of the above named health consequences.
(Doc. 23 ¶ 21).
4
See Doc. 23 ¶ 105, which states:
3
proposes certification of a statewide class (limited to persons who suffered from
DVT); asking the Court to certify separate classes for the 50 states and the
District of Columbia. Id. at ¶106.
For 49 of the states and the District of Columbia, the name of the
statewide class representative is “Intentionally left blank.” Id. ¶¶ 24-74. Plaintiff
asserts that she can act as a surrogate representative of these classes, until
plaintiffs who actually would be members of the statewide classes turn up:
Plaintiff Plaisance, as representative for the national class, acts as a
surrogate for those state classes (defined above) for which there is yet
a nominal class representative plaintiff, i.e., a headless class. By
interlineation, plaintiff will cause to have substituted appropriate
class representatives as their claims are filed and transferred to MDL
2100 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407.
Id. ¶ 112.
Plaintiff also lists 26 putative “common issues,” id. ¶ 109, and alleges
that certification under Rule 23(c)(4)(A) may be appropriate “with respect to [the
Plaintiff Plaisance will seek certification of a nationwide personal
injury class defined as follows:
All citizens, residents, or domiciliaries in the United States who took
YAZ®/Yasmin® during the period of time between February 13, 2005
and the date of Class Notice in any dose who claim personal injuries
for deep vein thrombosis arising from ingestion of YAZ®/Yasmin®
and such citizens’, residents’ and domiciliaries’ estates,
representatives, administrators, spouses, children, relatives, and
“significant others” as their heirs or survivors. Specifically excluded
from the Class are the Defendants, their officers, directors and
employees, and any entity in which the Defendants have a controlling
interest, the agents, affiliates, legal representatives, heirs, attorneys at
law, attorneys in fact or assignees of the Defendants, any federal,
state or local entity.
(emphasis added).
4
26 putative common issues] or [other common issues] to be developed in the
course of the litigation.” Id. ¶ 114.
2.
Asserted Claims
Plaintiff asserts claims for negligence, strict product liability, breach
of express warranty, breach of implied warranty, fraudulent misrepresentation,
fraudulent concealment, negligent misrepresentation, and fraud and deceit. Id. ¶¶
117, 130, 155, 167, 179, 192, 205, 213, 299. With regard to damages, plaintiff
seeks compensatory and punitive damages, medical monitoring, and attorneys’
fees. Id.
Plaintiff’s claims are all pled under the common law. The plaintiff,
however, is a resident of and was allegedly injured in Louisiana. Id. ¶¶ 42,
106(xix). Louisiana does not follow the common law. See La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §
9:2800.52 (Louisiana Products Liability Act establishes “the exclusive theories of
liability for manufacturers for damage caused by their products”).
Later in the complaint, plaintiff includes a section titled “Ascription
of Claims,” which may be intended to plead the law that would apply to each of
the putative statewide classes. Id. ¶¶ 248-97.Some of these allegations contain
question marks. See, e.g., id.¶ 270 (Michigan law); see also id. ¶ 266 (question
marks in paragraph concerning Louisiana law).
C.
The Parties’ Arguments
Defendants argue that the class allegations are facially deficient and should
be stricken from plaintiff's first amended complaint because the putative classes cannot
5
satisfy the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) and 23(b) (See
generally, Doc. 28). Defendants contend that class certification under Rule 23(b)(3)
and/or “issue” certification under Rule 23(c)(4) would be inappropriate because each of
plaintiff's claims involve individualized questions of fact concerning each putative class
member’s medical history and use of the subject drug as well as individualized
questions of law. Id.at pp. 7-13.Defendants further state that the predominance of
individual issues of fact and law would make any nationwide class or statewide class
unmanageable. Id. at pp. 14-15. In addition defendants contend plaintiff is not an
adequate representative for any of the proposed putative classes. Id.at p. 16.
Plaintiff filed a response in opposition that fully briefs the issue of class
certification (Doc. 32).5Plaintiff’s opposition brief advances arguments with regard to the
certification of a Rule 23(b)(3) nationwide or statewide class; it does not address “issue”
certification under Rule 23(c)(4). Plaintiff maintains that the putative nationwide and
state wide classes meet the requirements of Rule 23(a) and 23(b)(3). In addition,
plaintiff contends that the unitary application of the law of Louisiana is appropriate and
resolves issues related to the application of the substantive laws of multiple jurisdictions
(See Doc. 32 p. 2) (putative classes can be certified “consistent with Rule 23
jurisprudence by unitary application of the law of one state. As a U.S. corporate citizen,
Bayer can and should not only be expected to be brought into court, but to be held
accountable and required to defend itself against claims from all persons in the United
States.”). (See also Doc. 23 ¶ 105) (stating that the putative class allegations can be
Plaintiff has had ample time to address the defendants’ arguments; plaintiff was
given additional time to fully brief the matter (Doc. 31).
5
6
resolved “through the unitary application of Louisiana law” and asserting that “as long
as no out-of-state plaintiff gets less protection under its states’ laws and Defendants are
subject to Louisiana law, there should be no objection to the unitary application of
Louisiana law.”).
III. ANALYSIS
A.
Timing of Defendants’ Motion to Strike or Dismiss
Plaintiff contends that defendants’ motion to strike or dismiss is premature
because the filing of other class actions in states across the country could somehow
resolve the deficiencies identified by the defendants (Doc. 32 p. 8). Otherwise plaintiff
does not raise any objections with regard to the timing of defendants’ motion. In
particular, plaintiff does not contend that discovery would resolve the identified
deficiencies in the class allegations or that the Court cannot obtain a full assessment of
the litigation at this time.Instead, plaintiff contends that her class allegations are
adequate.
In the instant case, defendants have identified numerous facial deficiencies
in the class allegations; no amount of time or discovery can cure these deficiencies.
Plaintiff’s argument with regard to the filing of additional class actions in other states is
unavailing for the same reason. After reviewing the parties’ briefs and the allegations in
the first amended complaint, it is obvious from the pleadings that no class action can be
maintained. Accordingly, the Court properly proceeds with its ruling on defendants’
motion to strike or dismiss plaintiff’s class allegations. See Rule 23(c)(1)(A) (providing
7
that the court, “[a]t an early practicable time ..., must determine by order whether to
certify the action as a class action”); Rule 23(d)(1)(D) (“In conducting an action under
this rule, the court may issue orders that ... require that the pleadings be amended to
eliminate allegations about representation of absent persons and that the action proceed
accordingly.”). See also e.g., Wright v. Family Dollar, Inc., 2010 WL 4962838, *1 (N.D.
Ill. Nov. 30, 2010) (Gettleman, J.) (consideringdefendant’s motion to strike class
allegations and noting that the “early practicable time” directive indicates that “courts
may-and should-address the plaintiff's class allegations when the pleadings are facially
defective and definitively establish that a class action cannot be maintained”).
B. Overview
Rule 23 requires a two-step analysis to determine whether class
certification is appropriate. First, plaintiffs must satisfy all four requirements of
Rule 23(a): (1) numerosity; (2) commonality; (3) typicality; and (4) adequacy of
representation. Failure to meet any one of these four requirements precludes
class certification. Oshana v. Coca-Cola Co., 472 F.3d 506, 513 (7th Cir.2006).
Further, plaintiffs must satisfy at least one provision of Rule 23(b). In the instant
case, plaintiff seeks monetary damages and therefore must satisfy the
predominance and manageability requirements of Rule 23(b)(3).6
Here, the Court’s analysis begins and ends with Rule 23(b)(3); it is
evident that individual questions of law and fact predominate, and therefore the
6
Plaintiff does not assert that she is seeking certification under either Rule
23(b)(1) or Rule 23(b)(2). She specifically argues for certification of a Rule
23(b)(3) class.
8
case is not manageable as a nationwide or statewide class action. Given that the
putative classes do not meet Rule 23(b)(3)’s predominance and manageability
requirements, the Court need not address whether the putative classes meet Rule
23(a)’s requirements.7
Rule 23(b)(3)’s predominance and manageability requirements also
preclude any proposed “issue” certification under Rule 23(c)(4).8To the extent that
plaintiff seeks “issue”certification under Rule 23(c)(4), the Court is not convinced
that the “common issues” identified in the first amended complaint (or common
issues that plaintiff suggests might emerge as the case progresses) are appropriate
for class treatment. In the instant case, the same individual questions of law and
fact that preclude certification of the nationwide or statewide putative classes as a
whole, preclude issue certification under Rule 23(c)(4).
C.
Rule 23(b)(3)
1.
Requirements
7
The Court notes that the putative classes do not meet all four requirements of
Rule 23(a). In particular, as defendants’ argue in their briefing, plaintiff is not an
adequate representative of any of the proposed putative classes: (1) Plaintiff
cannot represent individuals suffering from different injuries (to the extent the
complaint purports to include persons suffering from non-DVT injuries); (2)
Plaintiff cannot represent a nationwide class because she is neither an adequate
nor typical representative of persons whose claims arise under the laws of
different states; (3) plaintiff cannot represent classes from states other than
Louisiana because she is not a member of those classes; (4) plaintiff cannot
represent a Louisiana class of persons who allegedly suffered DVTs because she
asserts common law claims, which Louisiana does not recognize, and her claims
are therefore subject to dismissal (See Doc. 28 pp. 15-17).
8
The Court notes that plaintiff does not address “issue” certification in her brief.
Because plaintiff carries the burden of establishing that the class allegations meet
Rule 23’s requirements, absence of any argument in her brief on this point could
be a basis, in and of itself, for denying any proposed “issue” certification.
9
To satisfy the requirements of Rule 23(b)(3), the plaintiff must show
that common questions of factor law predominate over individual questionsand
that class treatment is superior to other available methods of adjudication.Fed. R.
Civ. P. 23(b)(3). Assessing the predominance factor requires consideration of the
substantive elements of a plaintiff’s claims and the proof necessary to establish
those elements. See Szabo v. Bridgeport Machines, Inc., 249 F.3d 672, 673-674,
677-678 (7th Cir. 2001); In re Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 288 F.3d 1012, 10151019 (7th Cir. 2002). In addition, a court must consider issues pertaining to
manageability and choice of law. See Id. Generally, because of the inherent
difficulties associated with managing an action involving a multitude of individual
issues, where individual issues predominate, class treatment is not a superior
method of adjudication. See Id.
2.
Individual issues of law predominate, precluding certification of
the putative nationwide class
The commonality and superiority requirements Rule 23(b)(3) cannot
be met unless all litigants are governed by the same legal rules. In re
Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 288 F.3d at 1015. In the instant case, under
applicable choice of law rules, the merits of the putative class members’ claims
would be governed by the substantive law of each class member’s home state.9
This action was transferred from the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Louisiana (Doc. 1 & Doc. 4). Therefore, Louisiana choice of law rules
govern the complaint. See Chang v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 599 F.3d 728, 732
(7th Cir. 2010). Under Louisiana’s codified choice of law rules, the substantive
law of each plaintiff’s home state would govern the merits of the case. See La.
Civ. Code art.3515; La. Civ. Code art. 3542. See also In re Vioxx Prods.
9
10
Accordingly, the laws of all fifty states plus the District of Columbia would be
applicable to the putative nationwide class members’ claims. Amongst the states,
there are differences in the law of product liability as well as in the applicable
theories of recovery and their subsidiary concepts. These differences, even if
slight, are not insignificant. See e.g., Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Inc., 51 F.3d 1293,
1300-1301 (7th Cir. 1995). Indeed, “such differences have led [the Seventh
Circuit] to hold that other warranty, fraud, or products-liability suits may not
proceed as nationwide classes”). In re Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 288 F.3d at
1015.See also e.g.,Isaacs v. Sprint Corp., 261 F.3d 679 (7th Cir.2001); Szabo v.
Bridgeport Machines, Inc., 249 F.3d 672 (7th Cir.2001); In re Rhone-Poulenc
Rorer Inc., 51 F.3d 1293 (7th Cir.1995).
Plaintiff asserts “that the unitary application of Louisiana law” solves
any problem with regard to variance in substantive state law (Doc. 23 ¶ 105). As
defendants correctly counter, the Seventh Circuit has rejected such an approach.
For instance, in Matter of Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Inc., 51 F.3d 1293 (7th Cir.
1995), the Seventh Circuit concluded that the district court abused its discretion
in certifying a nationwide classand held that variation amongst the states in the
law of negligence could not be overcome by application of a “general common
Liab.Litig., 478 F. Supp. 2d 897, 905-06 (E.D. La. 2007) (Fallon, J.) (applying
Louisiana choice of law rules and concluding that the substantive law of each
plaintiff’s home state would govern in a pharmaceutical product liability action).
11
law.” Id. at 1297-1302.10In so holding, the court explained that doing so would
subvert the Erie doctrine. Id. at 1300-1302.
The Seventh Circuit reached a similar conclusion in In re
Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 288 F.3d 1012, 1020 (7th Cir.2002). In
Bridgestone/Firestonethe district court, knowing that “uniform law would be
essential to class certification,” held that the putative nationwide classes (owners
of vehicles equipped with allegedly defective tires) could be maintained because
the governing choice of law principles required application of the substantive law
of the state where the particular defendant was headquartered (resulting in the
application of Tennessee law to one nationwide class and Michigan law to a
second nationwide class). Id. at 1014-1015. The Seventh Circuit disagreed; the
court held that the relevant choice of law rules required application of the law of
the fifty states and multiple territories. Id. at 1015-1018. Because the claims
“would have to be adjudicated under the laws of so many jurisdictions, [the
Seventh Circuit concluded] a single nationwide class [was] not manageable.” Id.
at 1018.
In so holding, the court noted that in the class action context
differences in state law cannot be swept away by electing to apply the law of a
single state to all class members’ claims. See Id. at 1017-1020. The Appellate
Court explained that although the unitary application of a single state’s law might
promote efficiency, it would also constitute an unacceptable violation of principles
Rhone-Poulenc Rorerinvolved class certification under Rule 23(c)(4). The
principles discussed therein apply equally to certification under Rule 23(b)(3).
10
12
of federalism. See Id. at 1020 (“Differences across states may be costly for
courts and litigants alike, but they are a fundamental aspect of our federal
republic and must not be overridden in a quest to clear the queue in
court.Tempting as it is to alter doctrine in order to facilitate class treatment,
judges must resist so that all parties' legal rights may be respected.”) (citations
omitted). See also Id. at 1018 (“State consumer-protection laws vary
considerably, and courts must respect these differences rather than apply one
state's law to sales in other states with different rules.”); Id. at 1020(in making
decisions about class certification, district courts must avoid doing “violence not
only to Rule 23 but also to principles of federalism”).
Here, because governing choice of law principles require application
of the substantive laws of the fifty states and the District of Columbia – laws which
vary amongst the jurisdictions – the case cannot be maintained as a nationwide
class action. Further, as discussed above, the law of this Circuit clearly provides
that the Court cannot ignore differences in state law in order to facilitate class
treatment. Accordingly, the Court rejects plaintiff’s contention that a nationwide
class action can be maintained by applying the law of Louisiana to all putative
class members’ claims.
3.
Individual issues of fact predominate, precluding certification of
the putative nationwide class and of the putative statewide class
Establishing the requisite elements of product liability claims
sounding in strict liability, negligence, warranty, and/or fraud generally requires
fact intensive inquiries unique to each plaintiff(such as questions related to
13
causation, injury, affirmative defenses, and damages). Accordingly, mass product
liability suits are rarely sustainable as class actions. See e.g., Szabo,249 F.3d at
674, 677-678 (cases sounding in warranty and fraud are rarely appropriate for
class certification because individual questions, such as content of oral
representations, are generally predominant). See also Thorogood v. Sears,
Roebuck and Co., 547 F.3d 742, 747-748 (7th Cir. 2008); In re
Bridgestone/Firestone, 288 F.3d at 1018; Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, 51 F.3d at 12961297.
In the instant case, almost every element of the asserted claims will
require highly individualized factual inquiries unique not only to each class
member but also to each class member’s prescribing physician. For example, as
defendants’ brief highlights, establishing causation will require (1) an examination
of each class member’s medical history, including pre-existing conditions and use
of other medications; (2) an evaluation of potential alternate causes for the alleged
injury; and (3) an assessment of individualized issues pertaining to each class
member’s prescriber, including how the doctor balances the risks and benefits of
the medicine for that particular patient, the particular doctor’s prescribing
practices, the doctor’s knowledge about the subject drug, and the doctor’s sources
of information with regard to the subject drug (Doc. 28 pp. 7-10).
Establishing elements of the fraud and warranty claims will also turn
on facts unique to each plaintiff, particularly with regard to questions of
materiality and reliance. See Thorogood, 547 F.3d at 747-748 (variance in
14
meaning each class member attached to allegedly deceptive advertisement was a
“deal breaker” with regard to class certification). As defendants note in their
brief, individualized questions relevant to these claims and subsidiary issues
might include whether each class member saw a particular representation,
whether the representation related to the medicine ingested by the particular class
member, and/or whether the representation was a factor in the decision making
process (Doc. 28 p. 9).11
Considering the case-specific questions discussed above, it is evident
that individual issues of fact predominate. Accordingly, certification of the
proposed nation-wide class would be improper. See e.g., Thorogood547 F.3d
at747-748; Szabo,249 F.3d at 674, 677-678. See also Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, 51
F.3d at11296-1297 (decertifying Rule 23(c)(4) class of hemophiliacs alleged to
have contracted HIV following infusion of defendants' blood products and
commenting that the “differences in the date of infection alone” would have made
certification under Rule 23(b)(3) improper).In addition, the same individual
questions of fact preclude certification of the putative statewide class. See
Bridgestone/Firestone, 288 F.3d at 1018 (rejecting nationwide class and
suggesting that statewide certification would be improper due to predominance of
individual issues of fact).
D.
Certification of Putative Common Issues Under Rule 23(c)(4) is not
Appropriate
Defendants also note, and the Court agrees, that determining the relief to which
class members are entitled would require individual proof.
11
15
The first amended complaint lists 26 putative common issues that
purportedly could be maintained as nationwide or statewide class actions under
Rule 23(c)(4)(Doc. 23 ¶ 109 (listing putative common issues); Doc. 23 ¶ 114
(stating that “[c]lass certification of the [26 putative common issues] may also be
appropriate pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(c)(4)(A) with respect to particular issues
setforth above or to be developed in the course of the litigation”)).
Rule 23(c)(4) states: “When appropriate (A) an action may be brought
or maintained as a class action with respect to particular issues, or (B) a class
may be divided into subclasses and each subclass treated as a class, and the
provisions of this rule shall then be construed and applied accordingly.” Seventh
Circuit jurisprudence indicates that Rule 23(b)(3)’s requirements of
predominance and manageability are applicable to “issue” certification under Rule
23(c)(4). Of primary importance is the Seventh Circuit’s decision in In re RhonePoulenc Rorer Inc., 51 F.3d 1293 (7th Cir. 1995).
In Rhone-Poulenc, the trial court certified a nationwide class of
hemophiliacs infected with the AIDS virus as a result of allegedly negligent
screening of blood solids by manufacturers. The district court declined to certify
the action under Rule 23(b)(3) but granted certification under Rule 23(c)(4); the
court concluded that the question of negligence could be determined in a class
context and the remaining issues could be individually adjudicated. The “core” of
the district court’s certification ruling was a “belief that the definition of ordinary
negligence is substantially identical in all jurisdictions. Therefore, a class trial of
16
the negligence issue (excluding issues of proximate cause and damages) would be
dispositive of the negligence claim if defendants prevailed and useable collaterally
in other jurisdictions in the event of a plaintiffs’ verdict.” In re Factor VIII of IX
Concentrate Blood Products Litigation, 2005 WL 497782, 1 (N.D. Ill. March 1,
2005) (not reported) (Grady, J.).
The Seventh Circuit disagreed and issued an extraordinary writ of
mandamus to decertify the class. The Appellate Court rejected the contention that
a “general” common law of negligence could be applied. Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, 51
F.3d at 1300-1302. Instead, applying Erie, the court concluded that the
negligence laws of 51 jurisdictions – which differ from state to state – would be
applicable. See Id. Ultimately, the Appellate Court concluded that class treatment
was not appropriate, in part, because the multiplicity of laws applicable to the
question of negligence precluded a finding of predominance or manageability.Id.12
12
The Court notes that there is disagreement amongst district courts with regard
to whether, under Rule 23(c)(4), the predominance evaluation is a limited inquiry,
focusing only on the individual issue for which class treatment is sought, or
requires consideration of the cause of action as a whole. See e.g., In re Fedex
Ground Package System, Inc., Employment Practices Litigation, 2010 WL
1652863, *1-2 (N.D. Ind. Apr. 21, 2010) (not reported) (Miller, J.); In re General
Motors Corp. Dex-Cool Prods., 241 F.R.D. 305, 313-314 (S.D.Ill.2007) (Murphy,
J.).The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals has been critical of district courts that fail
to consider the case as a whole when evaluating predominance under Rule
23(c)(4). See Castano v. Am. Tobacco Co., 84 F.3d 734, 745 n. 21 (5th Cir.
1996):
A district court cannot manufacture predominance through the
nimble use of subdivision (c)(4). The proper interpretation of the
interaction between subdivisions (b)(3) and (c)(4) is that a cause of
action, as a whole, must satisfy the predominance requirement of
(b)(3) and that (c)(4) is a housekeeping rule that allows courts to
sever the common issues for a class trial.... Reading rule 23(c)(4) as
17
In the instant case, the putative common issues include matters such
as whether the subject drugs were defective, whether the defendants are strictly
liable, whether the defendants conduct constitutes negligence, and whether the
defendants failed to give adequate warnings. See Id. These putative common
questions are enmeshed with the same individual issues of law and fact discussed
with regard to certification of the putative class as a whole. As to individual
issues of fact, the allegedly common issues and their subsidiary concepts (such as
causation, duty of care, and reliance) present questions that can only be answered
by considering facts that are unique to each putative class member and her
prescribing physician. As to individual issues of law, resolution of the putative
common issues is governed by the substantive laws unique to each putative class
member’s home state, which are not uniform bodies of law. Accordingly,
individual issues predominate and the proposed issues are not manageable as
class actions.
allowing a court to sever issues until the remaining common issue
predominates over the remaining individual issues would eviscerate
the predominance requirement of rule 23(b)(3); the result would be
automatic certification in every case where there is a common issue,
a result that could not have been intended.
On the other hand, an opinion out of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals indicates
that an issue-specific predominance test is appropriate. See Valentino v. CarterWallace, Inc., 97 F.3d 1227, 1234 (9th Cir.1996) (stating that “[e]ven if common
questions do not predominate over the individual questions so that class
certification of the entire action is warranted, Rule 23 authorizes the district court
in appropriate cases to isolate the common issues under Rule 23(c)(4)(A) and
proceed with class treatment of these particular issues.”) (citations omitted). The
Seventh Circuit has not spoken on the matter. In the instant case, however, the
Court finds that individual questions of law and fact predominate the putative
common issues as well as the case as a whole; therefore, the Court need not
resolve the matter for purposes of this Order.
18
In addition, many – if not all – of the proposed common issues
cannot be certified without triggering the Seventh Amendment concerns discussed
inRhone-Poulenc Rorer. See Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, 51 F.3dat 1303 (“[T]he judge
must not divide issues between separate trials in such a way that the same issue
is reexamined by different juries.”). In Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, the Appellate Court
concluded that allowing the issue of negligence to proceed as a class action would
be “inconsistent with the [Seventh Amendment] principle that the findings of one
jury are not to be reexamined by a second, or third, or nth jury.” Id. at 1303.The
court explained that pursuant to the district court’s plan for adjudication, the
initial jury would not completely resolve the issue of liability. Id. Instead, it
would render a decision as to whether a particular defendant acted negligently.
Subsequently, multiple juries in follow-up trials would have to examine such
issues as comparative negligence and proximate cause; this plan, the court
explained, would violate the Seventh Amendment because it would necessitate a
reexamination of the issues determined by the initial jury. Id.The same is true
with regard to the putative issues identified in plaintiff’s first amended complaint
(See e.g., Doc. 23 ¶ 109 n) (putative common issue regarding whether defendants
were negligent).
IV. CONCLUSION
Given the predominance of individualized issues of fact and lawand for the
additional reasons discussed herein, the Court concludes that class certification
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of any of the proposed classes would be inappropriate. Accordingly, for the
reasons discussed herein, the Court GRANTS defendants’ motion (Doc. 27) and
STRIKES the class allegations in plaintiff’s first amended complaint.
SO ORDERED:
Digitally signed by
David R. Herndon
Date: 2011.05.04
11:36:38 -05'00'
Chief Judge
United States District Court
DATE: May 4, 2011
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