Chapman v. USA
Filing
35
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER, The Court DENIES Chapmans motion under 28 U.S.C § 2255 (Doc. 1 ); DENIES Chapmans motion for leave to amend his petition (Doc. 20 ); DENIES without prejudice Chapmans motion for free copies (Doc. 31 ); DECLINES to issue a certificate of appealability; and DIRECTS the Clerk of Court to enter judgment accordingly. Signed by Judge J. Phil Gilbert on 8/8/2014. (jdh)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
RONDALE LEE CHAPMAN,
Petitioner,
v.
Civil No. 13-cv-384-JPG
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Criminal No 11-cr-40031-JPG
Respondent.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This matter comes before the Court on petitioner Rondale Lee Chapman’s motion to
vacate, set aside or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 and its supporting
memorandum (Docs. 1 & 2). The Court also addresses Chapman’s motion for leave to amend his
petition (Doc. 20) and his motion for free copies (Doc. 31).
On July 7, 2011, the petitioner entered an open plea of guilty to three counts of production
of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). On November 3, 2011, the Court
sentenced the petitioner to serve a total of 480 months in prison – 300 months on Count 1 and 180
months on Counts 2 and 3, to be served concurrently with each other and consecutively to the term
for Count 1. The petitioner appealed his conviction to the United States Court of Appeals for the
Seventh Circuit, which on September 20, 2012, affirmed the Court’s judgment. See United States
v. Chapman, 694 F.3d 908 (7th Cir. 2012) (per curiam). The petitioner did not seek a writ of
certiorari from the United States Supreme Court.
I.
§ 2255 Motion
In his § 2255 motion, the petitioner raises the following claims:
I.
Ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to inform petitioner of the possibility of
consecutive sentences for his three counts of conviction and for failing to provide a
reasonably accurate estimate of his likely sentence before his guilty plea;
IIa.
Ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to file a motion to suppress evidence
seized from the petitioner’s former home, and other evidence to which the seized
evidence led, based on a warrant application that contained material omissions;
IIb.
Ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to challenge the “chain of custody” of
the videotape upon which the Government’s case relied;
III.
Petitioner’s plea was involuntary because he was unaware of the possibility of
consecutive sentence terms he could receive as a consequence of pleading guilty or
the fact that he would have to register as a sex offender; and
IV.
Ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal for failing to challenge the Court’s
compliance with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11 during petitioner’s guilty
plea.
Pursuant to Rule 4(b) of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings for the United
States District Courts, the Court determined that it was plain from the motion and the record of the
prior proceedings that the petitioner was not entitled to relief on Ground IIa. The Court ordered
the Government to respond to the remaining issues. The Government has done so (Doc. 9), and
Chapman has replied to that response (Doc. 10). Chapman also asks for leave to amend his
petition to add an additional ground for relief (Doc. 20).
The Court held a hearing on the § 2255 motion on February 6, 2014, at which Chapman,
who attended by telephone, and his trial counsel, Assistant Federal Public Defender Judith
Kuenneke, who appeared in person, testified.
II.
Sentencing Proceedings
Before delving into the details of the § 2255 hearing, it would be helpful to review in detail
Chapman’s sentencing process. Prior to sentencing, the Presentence Investigation Report
(“PSR”) calculated Chapman’s sentencing range using the 2010 version of the United States
Sentencing Guideline Manual (“U.S.S.G.”). To determine Chapman’s offense level, the PSR
considered each minor victim exploited as if he or she had been contained in a separate count of
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conviction, see U.S.S.G. § 2G2.1(d)(1), including victims not charged in the indictment, id. at
App. N. 5. Because the PSR found Chapman had exploited at least four minor victims (one in
Count 1, another in Counts 2 and 3, and two others not charged in any count), it calculated
Chapman’s offense level as if he had been convicted of four separate counts, or four groups, the
last two of which were “ghost counts” since they were not charged. Under U.S.S.G. § 3D1.1, the
offense level for each group was determined separately. Then, under U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4, the
highest adjusted offense level for any count – 38 for Count 1 or Counts 2/3 in Chapman’s case –
served as the foundation upon which additional points were added based on the number of
additional “units” – four in Chapman’s case, since he exploited four minors with adjusted offense
levels within four points of each other. This left Chapman with a combined adjusted offense level
of 42. The PSR further recommended a five-level increase under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b)(1) because
Chapman had engaged in a pattern of activity involving prohibited sexual conduct, and a
three-level decrease under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a) and (b) for timely acceptance of responsibility.
This left him with a total offense level of 44, which was reduced to 43, the maximum offense level
allowed by the guidelines. Considering his criminal history category of I, this yielded a
sentencing range of life in prison. However, because Chapman was bound by the 30-year
maximum sentence on each charged count, his maximum was effectively 90 years. Because no
single count could carry a 90-year punishment, the PSR recommended consecutive sentences for
each count to achieve an appropriate sentence. See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.2(d).
Chapman objected to the PSR’s use of the “ghost counts” in calculating his offense level,
to the enhancement for a pattern of prohibited sexual conduct, and to the child pornography
guidelines generally. The Government responded to Chapman’s objections, requesting a 60-year
sentence.
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At the sentencing on November 3, 2011, the Court overruled Chapman’s objections to the
PSR’s recommendations, adopted the PSR in its entirety, and, based on an offense level of 43 and
criminal history category of I, sentenced Chapman to serve a total of 480 months in prison – 300
months on Count 1 and 180 months on Counts 2 and 3, to be served concurrently with each other
and consecutively to the term for Count 1.
III.
§ 2255 Hearing
Chapman testified that Kuenneke met with him several times before his open plea of guilty
and informed him that he could be sentenced to a total of no more than 15 years, the statutory
minimum for each count, if he pled guilty to all three counts. He also testified that she went over
the sentencing guidelines with him, but he insists she did not mention the possibility that the Court
could order the sentence for each count to run consecutively to the sentence for any other count.
At another point in the hearing, Chapman testified that at his plea hearing he knew he might be
sentenced for as many as 30 years, the statutory maximum for each count, but thought his total
sentence could not be any longer than that. He also testified that at the time of his guilty plea he
did not understand the difference between concurrent and consecutive sentences because
Kuenneke never explained it to him. He further testified that he decided to file a notice of appeal
because his sentence was far above what he had anticipated. Chapman stated that if he had known
his term of imprisonment on each count could have been consecutive, he would not have pled
guilty.
Kuenneke testified that she met with Chapman in person at least four times before his
guilty plea: on March 21, 2011, for 0.9 hours, on May 3, 2011, for about 3.5 hours, on May 17,
2011, for 1.3 hours, and on July 6, 2011, for 0.6 hours.
Kuenneke testified that at the May 3 meeting she reviewed with Chapman and explained to
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him in plain language, paragraph by paragraph, a “sentencing letter” she had written to him setting
forth his statutory sentencing range of 15 to 30 years on each count and the possibility that the
Court could impose them to run consecutively – as she explained, “30 years plus 30 years plus 30
years” – to each other. She testified that she also provided an estimate of the guideline sentencing
range she thought Chapman would likely face if he did not plead guilty (either 360 months to life
or life) or if he pled guilty (262 to 327 months or 292 to 365 months). This estimate was lower
than the ultimate guideline sentencing range of life that was eventually found in the PSR. This
was because Kuenneke was unaware at the time of the existence of the “ghost counts” which were
not evident until the PSR was issued and which ultimately added points to Chapman’s offense
level under U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4. Kuenneke also testified she informed Chapman at the May 3
meeting that he would have to register as a sex offender if he was convicted. She testified that
they also discussed a challenge to the chain of custody of an incriminating videotape and the
possibility of seeking to suppress the videotape. Kuenneke testified that on May 3, after
reviewing the letter with her, Chapman decided he wanted to plead guilty.
She testified that on May 17, she informed Chapman about the investigation her office had
done into the videotape with an eye toward seeking its suppression, but Chapman maintained his
position that he wanted to plead guilty. In light of this choice, Kuenneke chose not to further
pursue the suppression motion.
Kuenneke stated she met with Chapman again on July 6, the day before his guilty plea, and
reviewed with him the plea process as outlined in a “change of plea letter.” The documentary
evidence presented by the Government is consistent with Kuenneke’s testimony that she advised
him about potential consecutive 15- to 30-year sentences.
The Court found Kuenneke’s testimony at the February 6, 2014, hearing credible based on
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her demeanor while testifying, the certainty with which she testified about the details of her
interactions with Chapman, and the reasonableness of her testimony in light of the documentary
evidence in the case. Chapman, on the other hand, was uncertain of many specifics, and his
testimony was on occasion internally inconsistent and unreasonable in light of the other evidence
and the record in this case. Additionally, the Court is well aware of the personal interest he has in
testifying in support of his plea for relief, which is much greater than any personal interest
Kuenneke may have in testifying to the contrary. For all these reasons, the Court finds
Kuenneke’s testimony credible and the majority of Chapman’s testimony incredible. The Court
further finds Kuenneke explained to Chapman and that he understood at the time of his guilty plea
that the terms of imprisonment for each of the three counts charged against him could be imposed
consecutively to each other. Having made these findings, the Court proceeds to analyze
Chapman’s asserted grounds for § 2255 relief.
IV.
Analysis
A.
Ground I
In Ground I, Chapman asserts he received ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of
the Sixth Amendment prior to his guilty plea. He claims that, prior to his guilty plea, his counsel
failed to inform him of the possibility that the sentences for his counts of conviction could run
consecutively and that, in so doing, she failed to give him a reasonably accurate estimate of his
likely sentence.
The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution provides that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the
accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.” U.S. Const.
amend. VI. This right to assistance of counsel encompasses the right to effective assistance of
counsel. McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771, n. 14 (1970); Watson v. Anglin, 560 F.3d
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687, 690 (7th Cir. 2009). A party claiming ineffective assistance of counsel bears the burden of
showing (1) that his trial counsel’s performance fell below objective standards for reasonably
effective representation and (2) that this deficiency prejudiced the defense. Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688-94 (1984); United States v. Jones, 635 F.3d 909, 915 (7th Cir.
2011); Wyatt v. United States, 574 F.3d 455, 457 (7th Cir. 2009); Fountain v. United States, 211
F.3d 429, 434 (7th Cir. 2000).
To satisfy the first prong of the Strickland test, the petitioner must direct the Court to
specific acts or omissions of his counsel. Wyatt, 574 F.3d at 458. The Court must then consider
whether in light of all of the circumstances counsel’s performance was outside the wide range of
professionally competent assistance. Id. The Court’s review of counsel’s performance must be
“highly deferential[,] . . . indulg[ing] a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the
wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689; accord Wyatt,
574 F.3d at 458. Counsel’s performance must be evaluated keeping in mind that an attorney’s
trial strategies are a matter of professional judgment and often turn on facts not contained in the
trial record. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. The Court cannot become a “Monday morning
quarterback.” Harris v. Reed, 894 F.2d 871, 877 (7th Cir. 1990).
To satisfy the second prong of the Strickland test, the plaintiff must show that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceedings
would have been different, such that the proceedings were fundamentally unfair or unreliable.
Jones, 635 F.3d at 915; Fountain, 211 F.3d at 434; Adams v. Bertrand, 453 F.3d 428, 435 (7th Cir.
2006). “A reasonable probability is defined as one that is sufficient to undermine confidence in
an outcome.” Adams, 453 F.3d at 435 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).
In a case where a petitioner pled guilty as a result of alleged ineffective assistance of
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counsel, to satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test, the petitioner must show that there is
a reasonable probability that, but for his counsel’s deficient performance, he would not have
entered a guilty plea and instead would have gone to trial. Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 56-57
(1985); United States v. Parker, 609 F.3d 891, 894 (7th Cir. 2010); Wyatt, 574 F.3d at 458.
Counsel’s deficient performance must have been a decisive factor in the defendant’s decision to
enter a guilty plea. Wyatt, 574 F.3d at 458; see Julian v. Bartley, 495 F.3d 487, 498 (7th Cir.
2007). To make such a showing, the petitioner must present objective evidence that he would not
have entered a guilty plea; his own self-serving testimony that he would have insisted on going to
trial is not enough. Koons v. United States, 639 F.3d 348, 351 (7th Cir. 2011); McCleese v.
United States, 75 F.3d 1174, 1179 (7th Cir. 1996) (citing Toro v. Fairman, 940 F.2d 1065, 1068
(7th Cir. 1991)); see Wyatt, 574 F.3d at 458 (stating “a defendant’s mere allegation that he would
have chosen a path other than the conditional plea is insufficient by itself to establish prejudice.”).
Objective evidence can include testimonial evidence, the history of the plea negotiations showing
a change of plans immediately after counsel’s error, and the type of error likely to impact a plea.
Julian, 495 F.3d at 499-500.
The Government argues that Chapman has provided insufficient evidence – other than his
own self-serving statement – of prejudice from his counsel’s alleged deficient performance with
respect to advising him of his likely sentence.
The record is clear Chapman knew his statutory sentencing range for each count was 15 to
30 years. Chapman has provided an affidavit stating his counsel did not advise him his sentence
could run consecutively, and that had he known that fact, he would not have entered the guilty
plea. However, based on Kuenneke’s testimony at the February 6, 2014, hearing, which the Court
found credible, the evidence establishes Kuenneke adequately advised Chapman, in plain
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language able to be understood by an uneducated person, about the statutory range for each count
and that the penalties for could be imposed to run consecutively to one another. She also provided
a reasonable estimate of his potential guidelines range at the time, considering there was no
indication at the time of any “ghost counts” to elevate the range further. Thus, her performance
was not deficient, and Chapman cannot satisfy the first prong of the Strickland test for ineffective
assistance of counsel.
Even had counsel not informed Chapman that his sentences could run consecutively,
Chapman suffered no prejudice because he was informed at the plea hearing that each count
carried a 15 to 30 year sentence, and failed to object when he was later explicitly informed they
could be consecutive. It is true that the record of the plea colloquy is not explicit about the
possibility of consecutive sentences. There, the following exchange occurred while Chapman
was under oath:
THE COURT: Okay. The penalties that can be imposed upon a plea or a finding of
guilty is not less than 15 years. Is there a cap of 30 years on this?
MS. KUENNEKE: Yes, Your Honor; each count.
THE COURT: 30 years imprisonment, not less than five years to life supervised
release, and not more than a $250,000 fine. And there would also be $100
special assessment imposed on each count of conviction, and the effect of
supervised release means that once you are released from prison, if you
violate your terms of supervised release you can be revoked and sent back
to prison. Do you understand that?
MR. CHAPMAN: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: Any questions at all with regards to the nature of the charges against
you or the possible penalties? Any questions?
MR. CHAPMAN: No, sir.
Transcript of Plea at 4-5. Chapman also stated twice that no promises had been made to him to
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induce him to plead guilty, id. at 5, 8, which would include any promises from counsel that his
sentence would not exceed 15 years.
The record after the plea hearing, however, belies Chapman’s apparent misunderstanding
about the possibility of consecutive sentences. For example, the PSR calculated Chapman’s
sentencing range under the Sentencing Guidelines as life in prison. PSR at ¶ 120. (Effectively,
this was limited to a guideline range of 1080 months – 90 years – by the statutory maximum of
thirty years for each of the three counts. See 18 U.S.C. § 2251(e).) Since this range was higher
than the 30-year statutory maximum sentence for each count, the PSR specifically stated that “the
sentence imposed on one or more of the remaining counts shall run consecutively” to the extent
necessary to reach the total punishment imposed by the Court. PSR at ¶ 121. Chapman stated
during his sentencing hearing that he had received and read a copy of the PSR, Transcript of
Disposition at 2, yet Chapman did not seek to withdraw his guilty plea after reviewing the PSR.
This objective evidence does not support the inference that Chapman would not have pled guilty
had he known of the possibility of consecutive sentences and, on the contrary, supports the
inference that that the possibility of consecutive sentence did not impact his decision to plead
guilty.
The same is true for the Government’s response to Chapman’s objections to the PSR (Doc.
35), in which the Government asked for a 60-year sentence, and for Chapman’s counsel’s
statements during the disposition, where she acknowledged the possibility of consecutive
sentences for each count, Transcript of Disposition at 5-6 (stating sentences for each count “can be
stacked to get to life”; stating the Sentencing Guidelines “basically jacked him up . . . to a life
sentence”). Chapman acknowledged he had received and reviewed the Government’s objections,
Transcript of Disposition at 3, and he was present during his counsel’s acknowledgement of the
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Court’s ability to stack Chapman’s sentences for the three counts, yet he did not object or ask to
withdraw his plea. Again, this suggests whether the sentences could run consecutively was not a
decisive factor in his decision to plead guilty.
The Court is given pause because it appears that Chapman may not have received a benefit
from pleading guilty. The PSR calculated his offense level at 44 – effectively 43, since that is the
highest offense level allowed – even including a 3-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility,
yielding a guideline sentencing range of life. Had Chapman been convicted by a jury, his offense
level without the acceptance of responsibility reduction would have been 47 – also effectively 43 –
with the same guideline sentencing range. In his situation, a reasonable person might have
chosen to roll the dice by going to trial in the hopes of an acquittal rather than facing the identical
sentencing range after a guilty plea. Upon closer inspection, however, it appears that Chapman
did have a chance to receive a benefit from pleading guilty if the “ghost counts” – which were not
apparent at the time of Kuenneke’s advice regarding the plea – had not existed or if the Court had
sustained Chapman’s “ghost count” and pattern of activity objections. If the Court had ruled in
Chapman’s favor on those issues or there had not been “ghost counts,” the 3-point acceptance of
responsibility reduction could have taken him to an offense level lower than the offense level that
would have applied if Chapman had been convicted by a jury and the Court had accepted
Chapman’s arguments. The lower ranges would have given the Court a different frame of
reference from which to fashion an appropriate sentence. However, the “ghost counts” existed,
and the Court did not accept Chapman’s arguments, so his risk did not pay off.
For these reasons, the Court finds Kuenneke was not deficient in her advice to Chapman
about the potential sentence he faced and Chapman suffered no prejudice from Kuenneke’s advice.
He is not entitled to relief under § 2255 on this basis.
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B.
Ground IIb
In Ground IIb, Chapman asserts he received ineffective assistance of counsel in violation
of the Sixth Amendment when Kuenneke failed to challenge the “chain of custody” of the
videotape showing Chapman having sex with minors or minors having sex with each other at
Chapman’s residence. He complains that the tape was first obtained by theft from his residence
and then passed through several hands before landing with law enforcement. The Government
disagrees.
Counsel was not deficient for failing to challenge the “chain of custody” of the videotape in
question. Defense counsel is not deficient for failing to make a frivolous or losing argument.
Warren v. Baenen, 712 F.3d 1090, 1104 (7th Cir. 2013); Fuller v. United States, 398 F.3d 644, 652
(7th Cir. 2005); Whitehead v. Cowan, 263 F.3d 708, 731 (7th Cir. 2001). Performance is also
adequate if an attorney makes a “reasonable investigations or . . . a reasonable decision that makes
particular investigations unnecessary.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 691 (1984);
accord Warren, 712 F.3d at 1100.
The Court has already rejected in its order of May 16, 2013, any challenge to counsel’s
failure to seek suppression of videotapes seized from Chapman’s home based on the inadequacy of
the complaint in support of the search warrant. The February 6, 2014, hearing revealed that
counsel conducted a preliminary investigation into a challenge to the original stolen videotape that
served as a basis for the warrant, but then chose not to pursue the matter further once Chapman
definitively decided he wanted to plead guilty rather than go to trial. A guilty plea rendered a
challenge to the evidence unnecessary since Chapman wanted to admit to the crime. Counsel’s
decision not to further pursue a challenge to the tape was reasonable in light of Chapman’s
instructions that he wanted to plead guilty.
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Furthermore, there was little chance that a “chain of custody” argument would have
succeeded. As discussed in the Court’s May 16, 2013, order, the tape was obtained by a private
party and turned over to law enforcement. There is no allegation or indication that law
enforcement did not maintain a continuous chain of custody since receiving the videotape from the
private party or, even if it had not had continuous custody, that the videotape could not have been
authenticated by witnesses. Additionally, Chapman admitted in a post-arrest statement and
during his plea colloquy that he made the videotape.
In light of these circumstances, counsel’s performance was within the realm of
professionally competent assistance and was not constitutionally deficient. Furthermore,
Chapman suffered no prejudice from counsel’s failure to make an unnecessary and losing
argument. Ground IIb provides no basis for relief under § 2255.
C.
Ground III
In Ground III, Chapman claims his plea was involuntary, and thus in violation of his due
process rights, because he was not aware of the possibility of consecutive sentence terms or the
fact that he would have to register as a sex offender.
In order to comply with due process guarantees, a plea must be knowing and voluntary, that
is, it must “represent[] a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action
open to the defendant.” North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 31 (1970); accord Parke v. Raley,
506 U.S. 20, 28-29 (1992); Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242 (1969); McCarthy v. United
States, 394 U.S. 459, 466 (1969). A plea is considered voluntary and intelligent if, considering all
the relevant circumstances, the defendant had full awareness of the direct consequences of his
plea, notice of the nature of the charge against him, and an understanding of the law in relation to
the facts. Warren v. Baenen, 712 F.3d 1090, 1102 (7th Cir. 2013) (citing Virsnieks v. Smith, 521
13
F.3d 707, 714-15 (7th Cir. 2008)). It is the defendant’s burden to prove his plea violated due
process. Warren, 712 F.3d at 1102.
With respect to Chapman’s assertion that he did not know his the sentences for each could
run consecutively, the Court has already determined he was fully informed by competently
performing counsel of this fact prior to his guilty plea. Further, the Court correctly informed him
that he was subject to a 30-year maximum sentence on each count. Thus, Chapman had full
awareness of this direct consequence from his counsel and from the Court when he entered his
plea.
With respect to Chapman’s assertion that he did not know he would have to register as a
sex offender as a consequence of his guilty plea, such a requirement may not be a direct
consequence of a guilty plea of which a defendant must be aware before he is able to knowingly
and intelligently plead guilty. Direct consequences include the maximum length of a defendant’s
potential sentence, Dalton v. Battaglia, 402 F.3d 729, 733 (7th Cir. 2005), and the likelihood of
deportation, Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 (2010), but do not include the possibility that a
conviction may be later used to enhance a federal conviction, United States v. Reeves, 695 F.3d
637 (7th Cir. 2012), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 1606 (2013). Nevertheless, even if it is the kind of
consequence of which the defendant must be aware before his plea can be deemed voluntary, the
credible evidence at the hearing shows Chapman’s counsel advised him in their May 3, 2011,
meeting that if he was convicted he would have to register as a sex offender. Thus, Chapman had
full awareness of this fact when he entered his guilty plea.
For the foregoing reasons, Chapman’s guilty plea was not involuntary and did not violate
his due process rights. Relief under § 2255 is not warranted on this basis.
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D.
Ground IV
In Ground IV, Chapman argues his plea colloquy did not comply with Rule 11 because the
Court failed to tally up the possible maximum sentences for each count and give him a total
possible maximum for the entire case – 90 years. The Government argues the Rule 11 plea
colloquy was sufficient and therefore was not a significant argument for appeal. The Government
also argues that the Court complied with Rule 11 in the plea colloquy and that any failure to
comply with Rule 11 typically is not the kind of legal error a § 2255 motion is designed to remedy.
To the extent this ground raises constitutional arguments under the Sixth Amendment right
to effective assistance of counsel at the trial court level and the Fifth Amendment right to due
process, those arguments have been addressed earlier in this order.
To the extent Ground IV raises a statutory issue based on non-compliance with a federal
rule, it is not cognizable in this proceeding. A defendant cannot raise in a § 2255 motion
nonconstitutional issues that he failed to raise on direct appeal regardless of cause and prejudice.
Sandoval v. United States, 574 F.3d 847, 850 (7th Cir. 2009); Lanier v. United States, 220 F.3d
833, 842 (7th Cir. 2000).
To the extent Chapman asserts his counsel was constitutionally ineffective on appeal for
failing to raise the issue of non-compliance with Rule 11, the Court rejects that argument.
Appellate counsel is not deficient for failing to “raise every non-frivolous issue under the sun.”
Mason v. Hanks, 97 F.3d 887, 893 (7th Cir. 1996). Counsel is only deficient if he “fails to appeal
an issue that is both obvious and clearly stronger than one that was raised.” Winters v. Miller, 274
F.3d 1161, 1167 (7th Cir. 2001); accord Suggs v. United States, 513 F.3d 675, 678 (7th Cir. 2008).
Furthermore, a petitioner can show prejudice from this deficiency only by demonstrating “that
there is a reasonable probability that, but for the deficient performance of his attorney, the result of
15
the appeal would have been different.” Suggs, 513 F.3d at 678.
Here, the argument that the Rule 11 colloquy was fatally flawed because the Court did not
add up the total of the three 30-year maximum terms of imprisonment for each count and advise
Chapman of that total amount is a weak appellate argument. It is definitely not stronger than the
arguments counsel made on appeal: that the Court failed to adequately consider Chapman’s
mitigation arguments and failed to adequately explain its choice of sentence. The Court advised
Chapman that he faced a 15- to 30-year sentence on each count, which was all Rule 11 required the
Court to do. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(H) & (I). Counsel was not deficient for failing to
raise this argument on appeal. Nor did Chapman suffer any prejudice as a result; there is no
reasonable probability that the Court would have overturned Chapman’s conviction on this basis.
V
Motion for Leave to Amend (Doc. 20)
The Court further denies Chapman’s motion for leave to amend his § 2255 motion to add
an argument that Kuenneke was ineffective for failing to obtain a sex offender evaluation to
support an argument that he was at a low risk for recidivism, which would be relevant to the need
to protect the public from further crimes by the defendant, one of the sentencing factors. See 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(C).
Because the time for amendment as a matter of right has passed, whether Chapman should
be allowed to amend his complaint is governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2). Rule
15(a)(2) provides that a plaintiff may amend his pleading only with the opposing parties= written
consent, which the plaintiff has not obtained, or leave of court, which the Court should freely give
when justice requires. Although the text of the rule has changed in recent years, the rule still
“reflects a policy that cases should generally be decided on the merits and not on the basis of
technicalities.” McCarthy v. Painewebber, Inc., 127 F.R.D. 130, 132 (N.D. Ill. 1989); see
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Diersen v. Chicago Car Exch., 110 F.3d 481, 489 (7th Cir. 1997); Woods v. Indiana Univ.-Purdue
Univ., 996 F.2d 880, 883 (7th Cir. 1993). Generally, the decision whether to grant a party leave to
amend the pleadings is a matter left to the discretion of the district court. Orix Credit Alliance v.
Taylor Mach. Works, 125 F.3d 468, 480 (7th Cir. 1997); Sanders v. Venture Stores, 56 F.3d 771,
773 (7th Cir. 1995). A court should allow amendment of a pleading except where there is undue
delay, bad faith, dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by
amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of
the amendment, or futility of the amendment. Bausch v. Stryker Corp., 630 F.3d 546, 562 (7th
Cir. 2010) (citing Airborne Beepers & Video, Inc. v. AT & T Mobility LLC, 499 F.3d 663, 666 (7th
Cir. 2007)).
The amendment Chapman seeks to make would be futile. His theory stems from the fact
that, on direct appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit found that there was
insufficient evidence to support Kuenneke’s argument at sentencing that Chapman was at low risk
of reoffending. The Court of Appeals specifically noted that there was no evidence linking
Chapman’s specific characteristics and circumstances with a low recidivism rate. United States v.
Chapman, 694 F.3d 908, 914-15 (7th Cir. 2012) (per curiam). He believes Kuenneke was
deficient for failing to obtain a sex offender evaluation, which he believes would have
demonstrated he was at a low risk of reoffending.
Counsel was not deficient for failing to obtain such a report. She explained at the
February 6, 2014, hearing that she made a conscious decision not to obtain a report because, based
on her past experience, she believed the report would not have been helpful to Chapman. She
testified that Chapman’s situation did not have the characteristics that usually indicate a positive
evaluation would result and that, in Chapman’s particular case, she thought her other, more general
17
arguments at sentencing would be more likely to succeed. Counsel’s performance was well
within the range of reasonably competence and was not constitutionally deficient.
Because the argument Chapman seeks to add to this case would not be successful, the
Court will deny Chapman’s motion to amend (Doc. 20).
VI.
Motion for Copies (Doc. 31)
Chapman also asks the Court for the transcript of the February 6, 2014, hearing to be
prepared for him free of charge due to his indigency. He states that he needs these transcripts to
appeal the judgment in this case. Fees for such transcripts shall be paid by the United States “if
the trial judge or a circuit judge certifies that the suit or appeal is not frivolous and that the
transcript is needed to decide the issue presented by the suit or appeal.” 28 U.S.C. §953(f).
However, there is no pending appeal at this moment. The Court of Appeals has dismissed without
prejudice the appeal initiated by a February 4, 2014, notice of appeal, which Chapman prematurely
filed prior to entry of judgment (Doc. 33). For this reason, the Court will deny Chapman’s motion
without prejudice. He may reapply for a transcript if he files a new notice of appeal following
entry of judgment in this case.
VII.
Certificate of Appealability
Pursuant to Rule 11(a) of the Rules Governing § 2255 Proceedings and Rule 22(b)(1) of the
Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, the Court considers whether to issue a certificate of
appealability of this final order adverse to the petitioner. A certificate of appealability may issue
“only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28
U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); see Tennard v. Dretke, 542 U.S. 274, 282 (2004); Ouska v. Cahill-Masching,
246 F.3d 1036, 1045 (7th Cir. 2001). To make such a showing, the petitioner must “demonstrate
that reasonable jurists could debate whether [the] challenge in [the] habeas petition should have
18
been resolved in a different manner or that the issue presented was adequate to deserve
encouragement to proceed further.” Ouska, 246 F.3d at 1046; accord Tennard, 542 U.S. at 282;
Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (certificate of appealability should issue if the
petitioner demonstrates “that reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the
constitutional claims debatable or wrong.”). For the reasons stated in this order, the Court finds
that Chapman has not made such a showing and, accordingly, declines to issue a certificate of
appealability.
VIII. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons and those stated in the Court’s May 16, 2013, order (Doc. 3), the
Court:
DENIES Chapman’s motion under 28 U.S.C § 2255 (Doc. 1);
DENIES Chapman’s motion for leave to amend his petition (Doc. 20);
DENIES without prejudice Chapman’s motion for free copies (Doc. 31);
DECLINES to issue a certificate of appealability; and
DIRECTS the Clerk of Court to enter judgment accordingly.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED: August 8, 2014
s/J. Phil Gilbert
J. PHIL GILBERT
DISTRICT JUDGE
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