Widmer v. Butler et al

Filing 1

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER severing case number 14-859-NJR-DGW. Signed by Judge Nancy J. Rosenstengel on 8/5/2014. (tjk)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
MICHAEL WIDMER, #B-30985,
Plaintiff,
vs.
KIMBERLY BUTLER, WATSON,
J. LASHBROOK, B. WESTFALL,
C. BEST, R. PELKER, MAYER,
OFFICER LINDENBERG, M. NEW,
J. CLENDENEN, T. KNUST,
T. MEZO and S. DILLMAN,
Defendants.

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Case No. 14-cv-00859-NJR

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
ROSENSTENGEL, District Judge:
This matter is before the Court for review of Plaintiff Michael Widmer’s motion for leave
to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP Motion”) (Doc. 3) and his complaint (Doc. 1). Plaintiff has
accumulated at least three “strikes” by filing lawsuits that were dismissed for failure to state a
claim upon which relief may be granted or for raising frivolous claims. 1

Under the

circumstances, he may not proceed in forma pauperis in a new civil action unless he is in
imminent danger of serious physical injury. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).
The pleadings suggest that Plaintiff faces imminent danger of serious physical harm as a
result of Defendants Pelker, Mezo, and Lindenberg’s conduct. For this reason, the pending
IFP Motion shall be granted, and he shall be allowed to proceed with his Eighth Amendment
(Count 1) and retaliation (Count 2), and conspiracy (Count 3) claims against these Defendants.
1

Widmer v. Slover, Case No. 99-cv-721-GPM (S.D. Ill., dismissed as frivolous on December 7, 1999);
Widmer v. Lawless, Case No. 13-cv-1245-MJR (S.D. Ill., dismissed as frivolous on March 3, 2014); and
Widmer v. Bramlet, Case No. 14-cv-88-MJR (S.D. Ill., dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which
relief may be granted on March 26, 2014).
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The warden, Defendant Butler, shall remain in this action in her official capacity, based only
Plaintiff’s request for injunctive relief. However, all other claims shall be severed from this
action, resulting in the termination of all remaining defendants from this case.
Merits Review Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, the Court is required to promptly screen prisoner complaints
to filter out nonmeritorious claims. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The Court must dismiss any portion
of the complaint that is legally frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim upon which relief may
be granted, or asks for money damages from a defendant who by law is immune from such relief.
28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b).
An action or claim is frivolous if “it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.”
Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). An action fails to state a claim upon which relief
can be granted if it does not plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
face.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). The claim of entitlement to
relief must

cross

“the line between

possibility and

plausibility.”

Id.

at 557.

Conversely, a complaint is plausible on its face “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that
allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Although the Court is obligated to accept
factual allegations as true, see Smith v. Peters, 631 F.3d 418, 419 (7th Cir. 2011), some factual
allegations may be so sketchy or implausible that they fail to provide sufficient notice of a
plaintiff’s

claim.

Brooks

v.

Ross,

578

F.3d

574,

581

(7th

Cir.

2009).

Additionally, Courts “should not accept as adequate abstract recitations of the elements of a
cause of action or conclusory legal statements.” Id. At the same time, however, the factual

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allegations of a pro se complaint are to be liberally construed. See Rodriguez v. Plymouth
Ambulance Serv., 577 F.3d 816, 821 (7th Cir. 2009).
The Complaint
Plaintiff, who is currently incarcerated at Menard Correctional Center (“Menard”), filed
this lawsuit pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Doc. 1). He sues thirteen Menard officials for
constitutional deprivations 2 that allegedly occurred in 2013-14.

Plaintiff seeks declaratory

judgment, monetary damages, and injunctive relief (Doc. 1, p. 11).
In

the

complaint,

Plaintiff

claims

that

three

Menard

officials,

including

Defendants Pelker, Mezo, and Lindenberg, threatened him with physical harm and deprived him
of prescription medication in 2014 (Doc. 1, pp. 7-10).

On July 23, 2014, Plaintiff was

transferred to a new cell (Doc. 1, p. 8). There, Defendant Pelker approached Plaintiff and said,
“[Y]ou are going to die in here mother fu**er” (Doc. 1, p. 8).
Defendant Pelker ran a finger across his own throat.

While saying this,

Defendant Lindenberg then ordered

Plaintiff to “cuff up” and removed him from the cell, while Defendant Pelker and other officers
confiscated Plaintiff’s property. When Plaintiff told Defendant Lindenberg that he needed his
medication for asthma and high blood pressure, Defendant Lindenberg stated, “[Y]ou[’re] not
getting anything” (Doc. 1, p. 8).
Also on July 23, 2014, Defendant Mezo entered Plaintiff’s cell. As he opened the door,
Defendant Mezo stated, “[G]o to the back of the cell before I beat your ass” (Doc. 1, p. 8).
Defendant Mezo then told another officer that Plaintiff “is the bit** who sued [him]” (Doc. 1,
2

The complaint frequently mentions claims that have been raised in other lawsuits and, for that reason,
are not addressed herein. See, e.g., Widmer v. Bramlet, Case No. 14-cv-88 (S.D. Ill., dismissed for failure
to state a claim upon which relief can be granted on March 26, 2014) (addressing Plaintiff’s denial of
access to the courts by prison’s assistant paralegal); see also Widmer v. Butler, et al., Case No. 14-cv-630JPG (S.D. Ill., filed June 3, 2014) (addressing Plaintiff’s placement in a cell with a violent cellmate);
Widmer v. Kilpatrick, Case No. 13-cv-1154-NJR (S.D. Ill., filed November 6, 2013)
(addressing Plaintiff’s assault by another inmate) (Doc. 1, pp. 7, 9).
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p. 8). The following day, Plaintiff asked Defendant Mezo for his asthma and blood pressure
medications (Doc. 1, p. 10). Defendant Mezo stated, “I told you yesterday, you piece of sh*t,
you don’t (sic) have anything coming, so don’t (sic) ask” (Doc. 1, p. 10). When Plaintiff asked
Defendant Mezo if he could speak with a mental health professional, Defendant Mezo denied his
request. Plaintiff now sues Defendants Pelker, Mezo, and Lindenberg, for failing to protect him
and for denying him access to his prescription medications. He also asserts conspiracy and
retaliation claims against these defendants.
Plaintiff sues ten other Menard officials for conspiring to deprive him of access to the
courts and for interfering with his mail, in retaliation for filing lawsuits against prison officials
(Doc. 1, pp. 4-7). The complaint chronicles incidents of mail interference, both personal and
legal, that date back to 2013 (Doc. 1, p. 4). Plaintiff also alleges that he has been unable to
prosecute any of his twelve pending lawsuits in federal court since June 5, 2014, because he has
been deprived of electronically filed orders since that date (Doc. 1, pp. 6, 9). In addition, he
claims that these defendants have made retaliatory comments to him. 3

Defendants Butler,

Watson, Lashbrook, Westfall, Best, Mayer, New, Clendenen, Knust, and Dillman are named in
connection with Plaintiff’s claims of conspiracy, mail interference, denial of access to the courts,
and retaliation.
Discussion
Plaintiff shall be allowed to proceed with his Eighth Amendment claim (Count 1) against
Defendants Pelker, Lindenberg, and Mezo for exhibiting deliberate indifference to his serious

3

For example, the complaint alleges that Defendant Knust told Plaintiff that he “‘screwed himself’ by
suing the mailroom supervisor,” and Defendant Knust could do nothing to prove that the supervisor was
disposing of Plaintiff’s mail (Doc. 1, p. 5). The complaint further alleges that while escorting Plaintiff to
a new cell, Defendant Westfall allegedly told Plaintiff that he had “really pi**ed him off by suing him”
(Doc. 1, p. 7). The complaint also alleges that Defendant Mayer stated, “[Y]ou keep up filing paperwork,
you piece of sh*t, the courts don’t (sic) give a f**k what we do to convicts” (Doc. 1, p. 8).
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medical needs and for failing to protect him from harm. Plaintiff shall also be allowed to
proceed with a retaliation claim (Count 2) and a civil conspiracy claim (Count 3) against these
same defendants. Because the complaint seeks injunctive relief, Defendant Butler shall remain
in this action, based only on this request for relief. However, all other claims against all
remaining defendants shall be severed from this action, for the reasons set forth below.
Count 1
Typically, threats of mistreatment are not compensable under the Eighth Amendment.
See Babcock v. White, 102 F.3d 267, 272 (7th Cir. 1996). This is because, standing alone,
“simple verbal harassment does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment. . . .”
DeWalt v. Carter, 224 F.3d 607, 612 (7th Cir. 2000) (citing Ivey v. Wilson, 832 F.2d 950, 955
(6th Cir. 1987)); Antoine v. Uchtman, 275 Fed. App’x 539, 541 (7th Cir. 2008) (racist and
threatening statements by state prison guards do not violate a prisoner’s constitutional rights,
because “the Constitution does not compel guards to address prisoners in a civil tone using polite
language”); Patton v. Przybylski, 822 F.2d 697, 700 (7th Cir. 1987) (derogatory remarks do not
constitute constitutional violations); McDowell v. Jones, 990 F.2d 433, 434 (8th Cir. 1993);
Oltarzewski v. Ruggiero, 830 F.2d 136, 139 (8th Cir. 1987) (prison official’s use of vulgar
language did not violate inmate’s civil rights); Martin v. Sargent, 780 F.2d 1334, 1338 (8th Cir.
1985) (verbal threats by correctional officer do not amount to a constitutional violation).
With that said, the Court is required to consider each case based on its own facts, and
threats of violence may provide evidence of a defendant’s deliberate indifference. “What is
necessary to show sufficient harm for purposes of the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause
depends upon the claim at issue.” Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 8 (1992).

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In the case presented, Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim hinges on more than mere
threats of harm. The allegations of threats are coupled with allegations that Plaintiff has been
denied access to his medication for asthma and high blood pressure. Relevant to Count 1, the
Supreme Court has recognized that “deliberate indifference to serious medical needs of
prisoners” may constitute cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. Estelle v.
Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976); see also Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2006)
(per curiam). To state a claim, “[t]he plaintiff must show that (1) the medical condition was
objectively serious, and (2) the state officials acted with deliberate indifference to his medical
needs, which is a subjective standard.” Sherrod v. Lingle, 223 F.3d 605, 619 (7th Cir. 2000).
The Court now finds that the complaint satisfies the minimal pleading standards for an
Eighth Amendment medical needs claims under this standard. While refusing to give Plaintiff
his asthma and blood pressure medication, these defendants also threatened him with physical
harm and even death. Defendant Pelker allegedly stated, “[Y]ou are going to die in here mother
fu**er” on the same day Defendant Lindenberg allegedly denied Plaintiff access to his
medications in the presence of Defendant Pelker (Doc. 1, pp. 8, 10). Defendant Mezo threatened
to “beat [Plaintiff’s] ass,” and then denied Plaintiff access to his medication and a medical
provider twice (Doc. 1, p. 8). These allegations suggest that Defendant Pelker, Lindenberg, and
Mezo acted with deliberate indifference toward Plaintiff’s medical needs, health, and safety.
Further, these allegations support a finding of imminent danger, for purposes of Plaintiff’s
request to proceed in this action IFP. Under these circumstances, Plaintiff shall be allowed to
proceed with Count 1 against Defendants Pelker, Lindenberg, and Mezo at this time.

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Count 2
Plaintiff shall also be allowed to proceed with a retaliation claim (Count 2) against
Defendants Pelker, Lindenberg, and Mezo. In the prison context, where an inmate alleges
retaliation, the inmate must identify the reasons for the retaliation, as well as “the act or acts
claimed to have constituted retaliation,” so as to put those charged with the retaliation on notice
of the claim(s). Higgs v. Carver, 286 F.3d 437, 439 (7th Cir. 2002). Plaintiff must engage in
some protected First Amendment activity (for example, filing a grievance or otherwise
complaining about conditions of confinement), experience an adverse action that would likely
deter such protected activity in the future, and must allege that the protected activity was “at least
a motivating factor” in the

decision to take the retaliatory action.

Bridges v. Gilbert,

557 F.3d 541, 552 (7th Cir. 2009). The inmate need not plead facts to establish the claim beyond
a reasonable doubt, but need only provide the bare essentials of the claim; in a claim for
retaliation, the reason for the retaliation and the acts taken in an effort to retaliate suffice.
Higgs, 286 F.3d at 439.

Plaintiff has satisfied this pleading standard with respect to

Defendants Pelker, Lindenberg, and Mezo at this early stage, by alleging that these defendants
denied him access to medical care and threatened him with bodily harm because he sued one or
more of them.

Accordingly, Plaintiff shall be allowed to proceed with Count 2 against

Defendants Pelker, Lindenberg, and Mezo at this time.
Count 3
The complaint states a conspiracy claim (Count 3) against these same defendants. Civil
conspiracy claims are cognizable under § 1983. See Lewis v. Washington, 300 F.3d 829, 831
(7th Cir. 2002) (recognizing conspiracy claim under section 1983). “[I]t is enough in pleading
conspiracy merely to indicate the parties, general purpose, and approximate date. . . .”

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Walker v Thompson, 288 F.3d 1005, 1007-08 (7th Cir. 2002). See also Hoskins v. Poelstra, 320
F.3d 761, 764 (7th Cir. 2003); Tierney v. Vahle, 304 F.3d 734, 740 (7th Cir. 2002).
The complaint meets these basic pleading requirements with respect to Defendants Pelker,
Lindenberg, and Mezo. Accordingly, Plaintiff shall be allowed to proceed with Count 3 against
them at this time.
Severance
All remaining claims against all remaining defendants shall be severed from this action.
This includes Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants Butler, 4 Watson, Lashbrook, Westfall, Best,
Mayer, New, Clendenen, Knust, and Dillman for conspiracy (Count 4), retaliation (Count 5),
mail interference (Count 6), and denial of access to the courts (Count 7). In George v. Smith,
507 F.3d 605 (7th Cir. 2007), the Seventh Circuit emphasized that unrelated claims against
different defendants belong in separate lawsuits, “not only to prevent the sort of morass”
produced by multi-claim, multi-defendant suits “but also to ensure that prisoners pay the required
filing fees” under the Prison Litigation Reform Act. George, 507 F.3d at 607 (citing 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915(b), (g)).
The Court finds that Plaintiff’s complaint includes two distinct sets of claims against two
distinct groups of defendants, i.e., those defendants who deprived him of necessary medical care
and those defendants who deprived him of access to the courts and mail.
The Court further notes that only the first set of claims (Counts 1-3) suggest that Plaintiff
faces any sort of imminent danger of serious physical injury, such that Plaintiff can proceed IFP
on those claims as a “three-striker” in this action. The other set of claims (Counts 4-7), against a
distinct group of ten defendants, gives rise to no such inference and warrants the denial of IFP in
the severed case.
4

Defendant Butler shall remain in this action based solely on Plaintiff’s request for injunctive relief.
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Finally, the Court finds that the retaliation and conspiracy claims, which Plaintiff
generally asserts against all defendants, do not dictate a different outcome. This is because the
retaliation (Counts 2 and 5) and conspiracy claims (Count 3 and 4) derive from separate
underlying facts. Put differently, Counts 2 and 3 derive from the facts giving rise to Plaintiff’s
Eighth Amendment claim against Defendants Pelker, Lindenberg, and Mezo, i.e., Count 1.
Counts 4 and 5 derive from the mail interference and access to courts claims against
Defendants Butler, Watson, Lashbrook, Westfall, Best, Mayer, New, Clendenen, Knust, and
Dillman, i.e., Counts 6 and 7. There is no plausible link between the claims, such as the
suggestion that all thirteen defendants formed an agreement to deprive Plaintiff of his
constitutional rights. Neither the conspiracy nor the retaliation claim in this action forms a
plausible connection with the conspiracy and retaliation claims in the severed case, thereby
offering Plaintiff a way around the “three strikes” rule. The complaint fails to suggest a common
agreement between all thirteen defendants.
Consistent with the George decision and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 21,
Plaintiff shall be allowed to proceed with Counts 1, 2, and 3 in this action against
Defendants Pelker, Lindenberg, and Mezo. Counts 4, 5, 6, and 7 against Defendants Butler,
Watson, Lashbrook, Westfall, Best, Mayer, New, Clendenen, Knust, and Dillman shall be
severed into a separate case.
Moreover, because Plaintiff has not demonstrated that he faces any imminent danger of
serious physical harm as to Counts 4-7, he shall not be allowed to proceed IFP in the severed
action. Accordingly, he must pay the full filing fee of $400.00, should he wish to proceed with
the severed claims. If he does not wish to proceed with that action, Plaintiff shall have an

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opportunity to voluntarily dismiss the newly severed case, and avoid incurring the additional
filing fee for it, according to the instructions set forth in the disposition.
Motion for Injunctive Relief (Doc. 2)
Plaintiff has filed a motion for injunctive relief, which addresses multiple claims against
thirteen defendants. Plaintiff does not request a temporary restraining order or a preliminary
injunction with regard to any of the claims. The motion is hereby REFERRED to United States
Magistrate Judge Donald G. Wilkerson for a decision on Plaintiff’s request for injunctive relief,
but only as it pertains to the conduct of Defendants Pelker, Mezo, and Lindenberg. Defendant
Butler shall remain in this action, in her official capacity, based solely on this request for relief.
Should he seek injunctive relief in the severed action, Plaintiff must file a separate motion in that
case.
IFP Motion (Doc. 3)
Plaintiff has filed a motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis, which, for the reasons
previously discussed, is hereby GRANTED in this action. The Court shall issue a separate
Order addressing Plaintiff’s initial partial filing fee in this action.
The IFP Motion is DENIED in the severed action, involving Counts 4, 5, 6, and 7,
because Plaintiff has not demonstrated that he faces any imminent danger of serious physical
injury.
Motion for Recruitment of Counsel (Doc. 4)
Plaintiff has filed a motion for recruitment of counsel, which is also REFERRED to
United States Magistrate Judge Donald G. Wilkerson for a decision.

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Disposition
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiff’s COUNT 4, COUNT 5, COUNT 6, and
COUNT 7, which are unrelated to Counts 1, 2, and 3, are SEVERED into a new case. The new
case presents the following claims, which are subject to preliminary review under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915A, once Plaintiff pays his full filing fee of $400.00 for the severed action:
Defendants Butler, Watson, Lashbrook, Westfall, Best, Mayer, New,
Clendenen, Knust, and Dillman conspired to retaliate against Plaintiff by
interfering with his mail and denying him access to the courts.
The new case SHALL BE ASSIGNED to the undersigned District Judge for further
proceedings. In the new case, the Clerk is DIRECTED to file the following documents:
(1)

This Memorandum and Order;

(2)

The Original Complaint (Doc. 1);

(3)

Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (Doc. 3)
(which is denied in the severed case);

(4)

Plaintiff’s Motion for Recruitment of Counsel (Doc. 4);

Plaintiff is ADVISED that if, for any reason, he does not wish to proceed with the newlyopened case, he must notify the Court in writing on or before September 5, 2014. Unless
Plaintiff notifies the Court that he does not wish to pursue the newly opened action, he will be
responsible for an additional $400.00 filing fee in the new case. Service shall not be ordered
on Defendants in that case until after the deadline for Plaintiff’s response. Plaintiff should also
be aware that filing an amended complaint in the new case will not relieve him of his obligation
to pay the full $400.00 filing fee for that action.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the only claims remaining in this action are
COUNTS 1, 2, and 3 against Defendants Pelker, Lindenberg, Mezo, and Butler (in her

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official capacity), for conspiring to deprive Plaintiff of his access to his prescription medications
in violation of the Eighth Amendment. This case shall now be captioned as: Michael Widmer,
Plaintiff vs. R. Pelker, Officer Lindenberg, T. Mezo, and Kimberly Butler, Defendants.
IT IS ALSO ORDERED that Defendants BUTLER (in her individual capacity),
WATSON, LASHBROOK, WESTFALL, BEST, MAYER, NEW, CLENDENEN, KNUST,
and DILLMAN are TERMINATED from this action with prejudice.
IT IS ORDERED that the Clerk of Court shall prepare for Defendants PELKER,
LINDENBERG, MEZO, and BUTLER: (1) Form 5 (Notice of a Lawsuit and Request to
Waive Service of a Summons), and (2) Form 6 (Waiver of Service of Summons). The Clerk is
DIRECTED to mail these forms, a copy of the complaint, and this Memorandum and Order to
each Defendant’s place of employment as identified by Plaintiff. If a Defendant fails to sign and
return the Waiver of Service of Summons (Form 6) to the Clerk within 30 days from the date the
forms were sent, the Clerk shall take appropriate steps to effect formal service on that Defendant,
and the Court will require that Defendant to pay the full costs of formal service, to the extent
authorized by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
With respect to a Defendant who no longer can be found at the work address provided by
Plaintiff, the employer shall furnish the Clerk with the Defendant’s current work address, or,
if not known, the Defendant’s last-known address. This information shall be used only for
sending the forms as directed above or for formally effecting service. Any documentation of the
address shall be retained only by the Clerk. Address information shall not be maintained in the
court file or disclosed by the Clerk.
Plaintiff shall serve upon Defendants (or upon defense counsel once an appearance is
entered), a copy of every pleading or other document submitted for consideration by the Court.

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Plaintiff shall include with the original paper to be filed a certificate stating the date on which a
true and correct copy of the document was served on Defendants or counsel. Any paper received
by a district judge or magistrate judge that has not been filed with the Clerk or that fails to
include a certificate of service will be disregarded by the Court.
Defendants are ORDERED to timely file an appropriate responsive pleading to the
complaint and shall not waive filing a reply pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(g).
Pursuant to Local Rule 72.1(a)(2), this action is REFERRED to United States Magistrate
Judge Donald G. Wilkerson for further pre-trial proceedings, which shall include a determination
on the pending motion for injunctive relief (Doc. 2) and motion for recruitment of counsel
(Doc. 4).
Further, this entire matter shall be REFERRED to United States Magistrate Judge
Donald G. Wilkerson for disposition, pursuant to Local Rule 72.2(b)(2) and 28 U.S.C. § 636(c),
if all parties consent to such a referral.
If judgment is rendered against Plaintiff, and the judgment includes the payment of costs
under Section 1915, Plaintiff will be required to pay the full amount of the costs, notwithstanding
that his application to proceed in forma pauperis has been granted in this action. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915(f)(2)(A).
Plaintiff is ADVISED that at the time application was made under 28 U.S.C. § 1915 for
leave to commence this civil action without being required to prepay fees and costs or give
security for the same, the applicant and his or her attorney were deemed to have entered into a
stipulation that the recovery, if any, secured in the action shall be paid to the Clerk of the Court,
who shall pay therefrom all unpaid costs taxed against plaintiff and remit the balance to plaintiff.
Local Rule 3.1(c)(1).

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Finally, Plaintiff is ADVISED that he is under a continuing obligation to keep the Clerk
of Court and each opposing party informed of any change in his address; the Court will not
independently investigate his whereabouts. This shall be done in writing and not later than 7
days after a transfer or other change in address occurs. Failure to comply with this order will
cause a delay in the transmission of court documents and may result in dismissal of this action
for want of prosecution. See FED. R. CIV. P. 41(b).
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED: August 5, 2014

Digitally signed by Nancy J
Rosenstengel
Date: 2014.08.05 14:40:48 -05'00'

NANCY J. ROSENSTENGEL
United State District Judge

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