Reed et al v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc. et al

Filing 147

ORDER granting in part and denying in part 139 Motion to Compel filed by Plaintiffs. The parties are DIRECTED to submit a joint proposed amended scheduling order on or before December 7, 2023. Signed by Judge Stephen P. McGlynn on 11/15/2023. (jrj)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
LENNISHA REED,
Co-Administrator of the Estate of Lenn Reed,
and
LENN REED JR.,
Co-Administrator of the Estate of Lenn Reed,

Case No. 20-cv-01139-SPM

Plaintiff,
v.
WEXFORD HEALTH SOUCES, INC., et
al.,

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
MCGLYNN, District Judge:
This matter is before the Court on a second motion to compel filed by Plaintiffs against
Defendant Wexford Health Sources, Inc. (Doc. 139). For the following reasons, the motion is
granted in part and denied in part.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs Lennisha Reed and Lenn Reed Jr., Co-Administrators of the Estate of Lenn Reed
Sr., commenced this action on October 28, 2020, claiming constitutional violations pursuant to 42
U.S.C. § 1983 and violations of Illinois state laws. (Doc. 1, 63). Plaintiffs allege that while Lenn
Reed Sr. (“Reed”) was incarcerated with the Illinois Department of Corrections, medical staff
continued to mistreat his complaints of digestive problems and ignore signs of colon cancer. Once
tests were performed and Reed was diagnosed with cancer, medical staff proceeded treating and
caring for Reed in an unhurried manner. As a result, it became too late for Reed to receive effective
treatment, and he died of cancer in January 2019. Relevant to Plaintiffs’ motion currently before
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the Court is the Monell claim asserting that Reed’s injuries were proximately caused by the policies
and practices of Wexford Health Sources, Inc. (“Wexford”). (Doc. 63, p. 15-16).
On November 18, 2022, Plaintiffs filed a motion to compel against Wexford seeking to
require the production of documents pertaining to the Lippert reports 1 (Requests #47-60) and
Wexford practices and policies (Requests #30, 38, and 39). (Doc. 81). Around the same time, a
similar motion to compel was filed in the case Wiley v. Young, No. 21-cv-599-DWD, Doc. 86 (S.D.
Ill. Nov. 30, 2022). 2 There are several similarities between this litigation and the Wiley case. The
plaintiff in Wiley, Keyana Wiley, filed the lawsuit as the Administrator of Omar McCullough’s
Estate and is represented by the same attorneys as Plaintiffs Lennisha and Lenn Reed. Plaintiff
Wiley asserts that while incarcerated within the Illinois Department of Corrections McCullough
complained of gastrointestinal symptoms. See Wiley, 2023 WL 1967468, at *1 (S.D. Ill. Feb. 13,
2023). In 2019, McCullough was diagnosed with intestinal cancer. Soon after his release,
McCullough died in March 2020. Like in this case, the plaintiff in Wiley asserts that:
Defendants were deliberately indifferent to Omar McCullough’s serious medical
needs in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. She
further alleges that Defendants committed medical malpractice and are liable for
Omar McCullough’s pain and suffering and wrongful death.
Id.
On February 13, 2023, Magistrate Judge Daly issued a ruling on the motion to compel in
Wiley and granted the motion in part. Wiley, 2023 WL 1967468, at *1. Regarding the requests for
production concerning the Lippert reports, Judge Daly agreed with the plaintiff’s argument that

Lippert was a class action lawsuit filed in the Northern District of Illinois alleging inadequate healthcare on behalf
of all prisoners in the custody of IDOC. The two Lippert reports, produced by experts and were submitted in 2014 and
2018, describe numerous instances of inappropriate medical care provided to IDOC prisoners, including multiple
examples of inappropriate care provided to cancer patients. See Lippert v. Ghosh, No. 10-cv-04603 (N.D. Ill. filed on
July 23, 2010).
2
Requests for Production #47-60 and #30, 38, and #39 served in this case are nearly identical to those served in Wiley.
See Wiley v. Young, Doc. 81-1 (S.D. Ill., motion to compel filed November 30, 2022).
1

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“whether Wexford made changes or contemplated making changes to its policies and procedures
because of the Lippert reports is highly relevant to the issue of whether Wexford had a widespread
practice of delaying offsite diagnostic service.” 2023 WL 1967468, at *2. Although the
information was relevant, Judge Daly stated that the plaintiff “failed to draft most of the requests
at issue in any sort of meaningful way the reflects her claims against Defendants.” Thus, Judge
Daly limited the requests for production concerning the Lippert reports. Wexford was directed to
produce the following:
[A]ll documents and/or communications that memorialize or discuss Wexford’s
efforts (if any) prior to July 1, 2019 to address the deficiencies in the Lippert reports
regarding the untimely diagnoses of cancer and other life-threatening conditions
for IDOC inmates. Some examples of these deficiencies include, but are not limited
to, the inmates listed in the subparagraphs of Plaintiff's Requests for Production
#47 and #54. Communications between outside counsel (meaning, attorneys that
work at law firms retained by Wexford) and Wexford that “memorialize or discuss
Wexford’s efforts (if any) prior to July 1, 2019 to address the deficiencies in
the Lippert reports regarding the untimely diagnoses of cancer and other lifethreatening conditions for IDOC inmates” need not be produced or included on the
privilege log.
Id. at *2-3. Wexford was also directed to produce all documents responsive to the plaintiff’s
requests for production #47 (a)-(e) and #60 (a)-(c), (e), (g)-(q), and (s).
As to the plaintiff’s requests for production relating to Wexford polices and practices,
Judge Daly agreed with Wexford that most of the topics listed “are either irrelevant (e.g., utilization
review management) or so overly broad that Defendant could not possibly respond in any sort of
meaningful fashion…” Id. at * 5. Thus, Judge Daly ordered for Wexford to produce:
Documents that refer to Wexford’s unwritten customs and practices since 1/1/2014,
but before July 1, 2019, within the IDOC regarding (1) diagnosis, evaluation,
treatment for colon cancer; and (2) diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment for sudden
or dramatic weight loss.
Id. at *5.

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The Court held a hearing on the motion to compel in this case on April 24, 2023. (Doc.
124). The Court deferred ruling on the motion. The Court noted that while the discovery requests
at issue were almost identical to those in Wiley, it did not appear that Plaintiffs had properly met
and conferred pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37 prior to filing the motion to compel
in this litigation. (See Doc. 126, p. 18). Furthermore, the Court recognized that production of the
documents ordered to be produced by Wexford in Wiley may narrow down the parties’ disputes or
moot issues raised. Thus, the parties were directed to continue to meet and work in good faith to
resolve their disputes. The motion remained pending as the parties continued to conduct discovery.
On September 25, 2023, Plaintiffs filed the second motion to compel against Wexford that
is currently before the Court. (Doc. 139). Because discovery had evolved since the filing of the
first motion to compel and the new motion to compel seemed to narrow the discovery disputes
between Plaintiffs and Wexford, the first motion to compel was denied without prejudice. (Doc.
142).
MOTION TO COMPEL
In the current motion to compel, Plaintiffs continue to seek to compel discovery related to
the Lippert reports. Plaintiffs state that Wexford has conducted three searches for Lippert related
documents using ESI search terms as agreed upon by the parties. (Doc. 139, p. 4). After conducting
the searches, Wexford reported that the three searches yielded 3,815 documents, a “majority of
which did not include attorneys and thus were not exempted from review.” (Id.). Although a
number has not been specified, Plaintiffs assume that the number of nonprivileged documents is
around 2,000. From these nonprivileged documents, Wexford reported to Plaintiffs that only 18
documents were responsive to their discovery requests. Wexford had confined its responsiveness
analysis to the production request as modified in Judge Daly’s order in Wiley:

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[A]ll documents and/or communications that memorialize or discuss Wexford’s
efforts (if any) prior to July 1, 2019 to address the deficiencies in the Lippert reports
regarding the untimely diagnoses of cancer and other life-threatening conditions
for IDOC inmates.
Plaintiffs argue that the documents reviewed should have been considered against all of their
Monell discovery requests in Wiley and this case. (Id. at p. 5). They further contend that now that
the number of documents has been reduced, Wexford cannot refuse to consider whether any of the
gathered documents are responsive to all of Plaintiffs’ production requests based on prior
objections of overbreadth and undue burden. (Doc. 144, p. 2).
Plaintiffs also seeks production of discovery pertaining to in person meetings that discussed
the Lippert reports. Plaintiffs state that Wexford has recently reported that the ESI search terms
were unlikely to turn up many responsive emails regarding the Lippert reports because Wexford’s
executives did not communicate about Lippert via emails, but rather, discussions regarding the
Lippert class action suit occurred during in person meetings. (Doc. 139, p. 5). Plaintiffs argue that
this is the first time that Wexford has revealed this information. (Id. at p. 6). In light of this new
information, Plaintiffs asked Wexford to locate and produce notes taken by participants at the
meetings. Wexford refused. (Id.). Plaintiffs also seek to compel the production of computerized
meeting invitations to meetings pertaining to Lippert. These invitations appeared as hits in the
Lippert ESI searches.
Wexford opposes the motion. (Doc. 143). As to reviewing the 2,000 documents for
responsiveness to all of Plaintiffs’ Monell discovery, Wexford argues that its objections to
Plaintiffs’ discovery requests, as stated in response to their first motion to compel, have not been
waived or overruled. (Id. at p. 6). Wexford points out that Judge Daly’s order “created a scope of
discovery that the court found to be proportional and appropriate,” and that the ruling was
discussed at each status conference held by this Court. (Id. at p. 7). Because Wexford has produced
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discovery responsive to Judge Daly’s scope of Monell discovery, it should not have to conduct
further discovery irrespective of its objections.
Wexford further argues that Plaintiffs did not identify with particularity invitations of
Lippert meetings or notes from executives in their discovery requests; thus, they cannot move to
compel them now. (Doc. 143, p. 14). Further, meeting notes from executives from Lippert
meetings are privileged documents protected by work product and attorney client communication.
(Id. at p. 15).
ANALYSIS
The scope of discovery in federal civil cases is governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
26. The Rule states that the “[p]arties may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter
that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case.” FED. R.
CIV. P. 26(b)(1). The term “relevant” for the purposes of discovery is construed broadly to
encompass “any matter that bears on, or that reasonably could lead to other matter that could bear
on, any issue that is or may be in the case.” Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 437 U.S. 340, 351
(1978) (citing Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 501 (1947)). Federal courts permit liberal
discovery, and “the party opposing discovery has the burden of proving that the requested
discovery should be disallowed.” Peppers v. Credit One Bank, N.A., No. 17-2190, 2018 WL
8244003, at *2 (C.D. Ill. Dec. 21, 2018) (citations omitted).
As previously mentioned, Plaintiffs are seeking to compel discovery to support their
Monell claim. To prove a Monell claim against a corporation, such as Wexford, a plaintiff must
show that a policy, practice, or custom violated his constitutional rights, rather than the acts of the
corporation’s employees. See Whiting v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc., 839 F. 3d 658, 664 (7th
Cir. 2016). In this case, Plaintiffs allege that Wexford was deliberately indifferent to Reed’s serious
medical needs in violation of the Eighth Amendment. A deliberate indifference claim requires that
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Plaintiffs’ must demonstrate that Wexford was “aware of the risk created by the custom or practice
and failed to take appropriate steps to protect [Reed].” Thomas v. Cook Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 604
F. 3d 293, 303 (7th Cir. 2010).
This Court and others have stated that when Monell claims are involved the plaintiff is
entitled to a “broad and substantial amount of discovery.” Green v. Meeks, 20-cv-00463-SPM,
Doc. 122, p. 2-3 (S.D. Ill. July 14, 2021) (quoting Lymon v. Chamberlain, No. 17 CV 20093, 2020
WL 6940985, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 4, 2020) (collecting cases). As a result, “Monell discovery is
inherently time-consuming and voluminous, and the Court should also not excessively limit
discover such that it affects [the] [p]laintiff’s ability to prove his claim at trial.” Prince v. Kato,
No. 18 C 2952, 2020 WL 1874099, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 15, 2020).
I.

Review of ESI Search Results
Plaintiffs first seek the Court to compel Wexford to review roughly around 2,000

documents, 3 which were the results of an ESI search, for responsiveness to “all of Plaintiffs’
discovery requests” relating to the Lippert reports. (Doc. 139, p. 7). Plaintiffs do not specify exactly
which document requests are included in “all,” and the Court assumes that Plaintiff is referring to
requests for production #47-60, which were the subject of the previous motion to compel. (See
Doc. 81-2). The Court agrees with Plaintiffs’ contention that documents and communications that
reflect actions Wexford took in response to the Lippert reports are relevant to whether Wexford
acted with deliberate indifference despite being aware of the inadequacies of its policies and
practices. (See Doc. 81, p. 4). However, even though the number of documents to review has been

Wexford disputes that the accuracy of this number but does not provide an alternative. (Doc. 143, p. 11). Wexford
merely states that Judge Daly did not require emails to or from counsel to be recorded in a privilege log. While Judge
Daly did not require communications between outside counsel and Wexford to be produced or included in a privilege
log, it is not clear why when reviewing the 3,817 documents that were a result of the ESI search, Wexford would not
know or record the number of emails that were to not be produced because they were privileged due to attorney-client
privilege, privileged documents that were responsive but would still “need to be listed on a privilege log” as directed
by Judge Daly, and those that were responsive, non-privileged, and required for production.

3

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narrowed down by the ESI search, the issue remains that many of the document production
requests remain overly broad. A fact that has been observed by both this Court (see Doc. 126, p.
18) and Judge Daly, see Wiley, 2023 WL 1967468, at *2-3.
For example, Production Requests #50, #51, #57, and #58 seek all documents or
communications discussing medical care or delay in care generally in relation to the Lippert
reports. Likewise, Plaintiffs’ Production Requests #52 and #59 seek all documents relating to
changes in policies, practices, rules, procedures, budgeting, recruiting, training, retention, or
discipline in light of the Lippert reports. Production Requests #49 and #56 ask for all documents
or communications relating to the Lippert reports and descriptions of medical care provided to
persons with cancer. The Lippert class action lawsuit was expansive, and the class included all
inmates with serious medical or dental needs. See Lippert v. Ghosh, 10-cv-04603, Doc. 1557 (N.D.
Ill. June 24, 2022) (Amended Consent Decree). The lawsuit addressed a variety of topics from
sanitation in clinical spaces to the provision of routine dental cleanings. Id.; See also Arsberry v.
Wexford Health Sources, Inc., 2021 WL 5232733, at *6 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 10, 2021) (denying the
plaintiff’s request for all documents underlying the Lippert reports as “documents relating to
emergency care, on site dental care, and infection control [for example] would not be relevant and
necessary to Plaintiff’s claim”). Thus, these requests are overly broad and not tailored to the claims
in this case. The Court will not compel Wexford to produce documents responsive to these
production requests.
Because identifying other similarly situated inmates who were subjected to the same
policies and practices of Wexford is one way to support a Monell claim and establish the practice
was widespread, the Court will grant Plaintiffs’ motion as to Production Requests #47, #48, #53,
#54, #55, and #60, which seek information pertaining to the medical care provided to specific
individuals and whether there were repercussions against staff because of the medical care
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provided. 4 Wexford is directed to review the Lippert ESI searches and produce documents
responsive to Production Requests #47, #48, #53, #54, #55, and #60.
II.

Lippert Meeting Invitations
Plaintiffs argue that the electronic invitations to meetings about the Lippert reports are

responsive to their discovery, which specifies that the term “communications… includes but is not
limited to letters, memoranda, e-mail, notes, audio recordings, video recordings, SMS or text
messages, Tweets, and other exchanges on social media.” (Doc. 139, p. 8).
The Court disagrees. Plaintiffs did not serve a production request asking that the meeting
invitations be produced, and the meeting invitations do not fit within the scope of the production
requests that have been reviewed by this Court.
III.

Meeting Notes
Plaintiff moves to compel the production of “notes taken by participants at the meetings”

discussing the Lippert reports. (Doc. 139, p. 6).
Notes, meeting minutes, or other documentation composed in preparation of, during, or
following meetings constitute documents and communications, and therefore fall within the scope
of Production Requests #47, #48, #53, #54, #55, and #60. Such communications and documents
are relevant to Plaintiffs’ Monell claim, and Plaintiffs’ motion to compel is granted in part only as
to these production requests. See Arsberry v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc., 2021 WL 5232733, at
*10.
As discussed below, Wexford will not be required to produce documents that are protected
by attorney-client privilege. The argument that the documents and communications are protected
by work product privilege are conclusory, and Wexford has not met its burden of demonstrating

Part of Plaintiffs’ Monell claim is that Wexford failed to adequately punish and discipline prior instances of similar
misconduct. (Doc. 63, p. 16).

4

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that the privilege applies to any of the meeting documents requested.
IV.

Attorney-Client Privilege
The Court is in agreement with Judge Daly’s observation that “Wexford undoubtedly has

many documents that are written by or to its outside counsel regarding the reports and are clearly
attorney client privilege.” Wiley, 2023 WL1967468, at *2. Therefore, “communications between
outside counsel (meaning, attorneys that work at law firms retained by Wexford) and Wexford”
need not be produced or included on the privilege log for discovery in this matter. Id.
V.

Joint Scheduling Order
The parties are directed to submit a joint proposed amended scheduling order on or before

December 7, 2023.
DISPOSITION
For the reasons stated above, the Motion to Compel filed by Plaintiff is GRANTED in
part and DENIED in part. (Doc. 139).
Wexford has 60 days from the date of this Order to review the ESI searches and produce
documents and communications responsive to Production Requests #47, #48, #53, #54, #55, and
#60. Wexford is further directed to produce meeting notes, minutes, or other documentation
prepared by participants who were at meetings discussing the Lippert reports that are responsive
to Production Requests #47, #48, #53, #54, #55, and #60.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED: November 15, 2023
s/Stephen P. McGlynn
STEPHEN P. MCGLYNN
United States District Judge

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