Seals v. USA
Filing
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OPINION AND ORDER: DENIES MOTION to Vacate under 28 U.S.C. 2255 by Charles R Seals. The Court DECLINES to issue a certificate of appealability pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(3). Signed by Chief Judge Theresa L Springmann on 5/18/2017. (lhc)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA
FORT WAYNE DIVISION
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
CHARLES R. SEALS
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CAUSE NO.: 1:13-CR-89-TLS
OPINION AND ORDER
The Defendant, Charles R. Seals, is serving a sentence for armed bank robbery, 18 U.S.C.
§ 2113(a) and (d), and using a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c). The Defendant now seeks to vacate his conviction and sentence under § 924(c). His
Motion to Vacate Sentence Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 [ECF No. 176] is predicated on the Supreme
Court’s recent decision in Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). The Defendant
maintains that armed bank robbery can no longer be a predicate offense for a § 924(c)
conviction.
The Defendant filed his Motion on June 24, 2016—within the one-year period set forth in
§ 2255(f)(3), based on the Supreme Court’s June 26, 2015 decision in Johnson, which is
retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review. Welch v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257,
1265 (2016) (“Johnson is . . . a substantive decision and so has retroactive effect . . . in cases on
collateral review.”); Price v. United States, 795 F.3d 731, 734 (7th Cir. 2015) (Johnson
announced a new substantive rule which applies retroactively on collateral review). The Court
treats the Motion as timely filed.
ANALYSIS
Section 2255 allows a defendant to move to vacate, set aside, or correct a sentence that
was imposed in violation of the Constitution of the United States. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a).
Relief under § 2255 is “available only in extraordinary situations,” requiring an error of
constitutional or jurisdictional magnitude or a fundamental defect that resulted in a complete
miscarriage of justice. Blake v. United States, 723 F.3d 870, 879–80 (7th Cir. 2013).
To sustain a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3), the government must prove that the
defendant (1) used or carried a firearm and (2) did so during and in relation to a “crime of
violence.” Under § 924(c)(3), the term “crime of violence” is “an offense that is a felony” that
(A) “has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the
person or property of another” or (B) “that by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical
force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the
offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A)–(B). Subsection (A) is known as the elements clause, and
subsection (B) is referred to as the residual clause.
The Indictment identifies the predicate crime of violence as armed bank robbery, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d). A defendant commits bank robbery if he:
by force and violence, or by intimidation, takes, or attempts to take, from the
person or presence of another, or obtains or attempts to obtain by extortion any
property or money or any other thing of value belonging to, or in the care,
custody, control, management, or possession of, any bank, credit union, or any
savings and loan association.
18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). The offense can be enhanced and charged under subsection (d) if, while
committing or attempting to commit bank robbery, the defendant “assaults any person, or puts in
jeopardy the life of any person by the use of a dangerous weapon or device.” Id. § 2113(d).
As already stated, the Defendant’s Motion invokes the Supreme Court’s decision in
Johnson, which held that the residual clause of the definition of a “violent felony” in the Armed
Career Criminal Act (ACCA), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B), is unconstitutionally vague. 135 S. Ct.
at 2557 (invalidating the phrase “or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential
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risk of physical injury to another”). The Defendant was not sentenced under the ACCA, but he
claims that armed bank robbery no longer qualifies as a crime of violence under § 924(c)(3)
based on Johnson’s reasoning. His argument is two-part.
In one part, he argues that the holding in Johnson necessarily rendered the residual clause
of § 924(c)(3)(B) unconstitutionally vague. That argument has merit. See United States v.
Cardena, 842 F.3d 959, 996–97 (7th Cir. 2016) (holding that the residual clause in 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(3)(B) is unconstitutionally vague). However, it is not necessary to rely on the residual
clause in this case because bank robbery under § 2113(a) and (d) is a crime of violence under
§ 924(c)’s elements clause. See United States v. Armour, 840 F.3d 904, 908–10 (7th Cir. 2016).1
That brings the Court to the second part of the Defendant’s argument—that neither
§ 2113(a) nor (d) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of force. The
Defendant insists that armed bank robbery does not meet the definition because it can be
committed through the use of non-forceful means. For example, robbery under § 2113(a) can be
accomplished through intimidation, which the Defendant argues does not qualify as force or
violence. The Defendant also submits that placing someone in fear of “bodily harm” does not
require “violent force.” For example, a defendant could place another in fear of bodily harm by
threatening to poison that person, releasing hazardous chemicals on that person, or locking that
person up in a room without food or water. The Defendant argues that none of these methods
would require violent force. Finally, he asserts that even armed bank robbery under subsection
(d) can be accomplished through means that do not satisfy the elements clause of § 924(c).
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Other circuits have, likewise, held that bank robbery is a crime of violence under
§ 924(c)(3)(A). See United States v. Allen, 836 F.3d 894 (8th Cir. 2016); In re Hines, 824 F.3d 1334,
1337 (11th Cir. 2016); United States v. McNeal, 818 F.3d 141, 152–53 (4th Cir. 2016). The Defendant
filed his Motion and completed briefing before the Seventh Circuit issued the Armour decision.
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The Supreme Court has defined the phrase “physical force” to require no more than
“force capable of causing physical pain or injury to another person.” Johnson v. United States,
559 U.S. 133, 140 (2010)2 (citing Flores v. Ashcroft, 350 F.3d 666, 672 (7th Cir. 2003)); see also
United States v. Duncan, 833 F.3d 751, 754 (7th Cir. 2016). In Armour, the Seventh Circuit
rejected the defendant’s argument that robbery by intimidation under § 2113(a) does not satisfy
the elements clause of § 924(c), holding that, even presuming the conviction rested on the least
serious acts that could satisfy the statute, “bank robbery under § 2113(a) inherently contains a
threat of violent physical force.” 840 F.3d at 908–09 (“A bank employee can reasonably believe
that a robber’s demands for money to which he is not entitled will be met with violent force of
the type satisfying” the Supreme Court’s definition). The Supreme Court has also held that “the
act of employing poison knowingly as a device to cause physical harm” is a use of force. United
States v. Castleman, 134 S. Ct. 1405, 1415 (2014) ((interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9)). For
similar reasons, the Defendant’s remaining proposed scenarios, such as releasing hazardous
chemicals, or locking up a person in a room without food or water, would satisfy the use of force
standard. See United States v. Waters, 823 F.3d 1062, 1066 (7th Cir. 2016) (reasoning that
“withholding medicine causes physical harm, albeit indirectly, and thus qualifies as the use of
force under Castleman”).
Armour also forecloses the Defendant’s argument that subsection (d) bank robbery can be
satisfied without the strong physical force required by the 2010 Johnson case. See Armour, 840
F.3d at 908–09 (holding that the “victim’s fear of bodily harm is necessarily fear of violent
physical force that is inherent in armed bank robbery”). This is so because the actions putting the
victim in fear must be “by the use of a dangerous weapon or device.” Id.
2
This Johnson case, decided in 2010, is a different case than the 2015 Johnson case that
invalidated the residual clause of the ACCA.
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The Court finds no basis to vacate the Defendant’s 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) conviction for
using a firearm during and in relation to armed bank robbery, which is a violent crime.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the Court DENIES the Defendant’s Motion to Vacate
Sentence Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 [ECF No. 176]. Because reasonable jurists would not
debate that the Motion fails to present a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right, or that
the Motion should have been resolved in a different manner, the Court DECLINES to issue a
certificate of appealability pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(3).
SO ORDERED on May 18, 2017.
s/ Theresa L. Springmann
CHIEF JUDGE THERESA L. SPRINGMANN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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