Gass v. Commissioner or Social Security

Filing 26

OPINION AND ORDER: The Court VACATES the Commissioner's decision and REMANDS this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Signed by Judge Robert L Miller, Jr on 8/28/2017. (jss)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA
FORT WAYNE DIVISION
STEVEN GASS,
PLAINTIFF
VS.

NANCY A. BERRYHILL,1 ACTING
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,
DEFENDANT

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CAUSE NO. 1:16-CV-292 RLM-SLC

OPINION AND ORDER
Steven Gass seeks judicial review of a final decision by the Commissioner
of Social Security denying his applications for disability insurance benefits under
the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 423. The court has jurisdiction over this
action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). For the reasons that follow, the court
vacates the Commissioner's decision and remands this case for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. BACKGROUND
Mr. Gass’s application for Disability Insurance Benefits was denied
initially, on reconsideration, and following an administrative hearing at which he
and a vocational expert testified. Based on the record before her, the ALJ found

Nancy A. Berryhill was automatically substituted as the defendant in this case when
she replaced Carolyn W. Colvin as the Acting Commissioner of Social Security pursuant
to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d).
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that Mr. Gass had severe impairments, degenerative disc disease, obesity, and
diabetes, but concluded that none of Mr. Gass’s impairments met or medically
equaled any of the impairments listed in 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App’x 1.
The ALJ decided that Mr. Gass had the residual functional capacity to
perform light work, as defined in 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1567(b), with limitations;2
and that he couldn’t perform his past relevant work, but could do other jobs
available in significant numbers. The ALJ concluded that Mr. Gass wasn’t
disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act and wasn’t entitled to
benefits.
When the Appeals Council denied Mr. Gass’s request for review, the ALJ’s
decision became the final decision of the Commissioner. Sims v. Apfel, 530 U.S.
103, 107 (2000); Jones v. Astrue, 623 F.3d 1155, 1160 (7th Cir. 2010). This
appeal followed.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The issue before the court isn’t whether Mr. Gass is disabled, but whether
substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision that he wasn’t disabled. Scott

The ALJ concluded that Mr. Gass was limited to lifting and carrying 20 pounds
occasionally and ten pounds frequently, standing and walking for two hours in an eight
hour workday, and sitting for up to six hours during an eight hour workday. The ALJ
indicated that Mr. Gass couldn’t climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds, and limited him to
only occasional stooping, kneeling, crouching, crawling, and climbing stairs and ramps.
The ALJ also determined that Mr. Gass “must avoid concentrated exposure to hazards
such as unprotected heights or slippery terrain.”

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v. Astrue, 647 F.3d 734, 739 (7th Cir. 2011); Nelms v. Astrue, 553 F.3d 1093,
1097 (7th Cir. 2009). Substantial evidence means “such relevant evidence as a
reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Richardson
v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971); Jones v. Astrue, 623 F.3d 1155, 1160 (7th
Cir. 2010). In reviewing the ALJ’s decision, the court can’t reweigh the evidence,
make independent findings of fact, decide credibility, or substitute its own
judgment for that of the Commissioner, Simila v. Astrue, 573 F.3d 503, 513 (7th
Cir. 2009); Powers v. Apfel, 207 F.3d 431, 434–435 (7th Cir. 2000), but instead
must conduct “a critical review of the evidence, considering both the evidence
that supports, as well as the evidence that detracts from, the Commissioner’s
decision.” Briscoe v. Barnhart, 425 F.3d 345, 351 (7th Cir. 2005). While the ALJ
isn’t required “to address every piece of evidence or testimony presented, he must
provide a ‘logical bridge’ between the evidence and the conclusions so that [the
court] can assess the validity of the agency’s ultimate findings and afford the
claimant meaningful judicial review.” Jones v. Astrue, 623 F.3d 1155, 1160 (7th
Cir. 2010). ALJs must “sufficiently articulate their assessment of the evidence to
assure [the court] that they considered the important evidence and to enable [the
court] to trace the path of their reasoning.” Scott v. Barnhart, 297 F.3d 589, 595
(7th Cir. 2002) (internal quotations omitted).

III. DISCUSSION

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Mr. Gass argues that the ALJ made several errors requiring remand: (1)
the ALJ improperly determined that Mr. Gass didn’t meet Listing 11.14 for
peripheral neuropathy; (2) the ALJ didn’t properly consider Mr. Gass’s mental
capacity (3) the ALJ didn’t proper consider the combined effects of Mr. Gass’s
impairments, including the effect of his obesity; (4) the ALJ didn’t provide a
proper hypothetical to the vocational expert; (5) the ALJ improperly accepted
unreliable information from the vocational expert; and (6) the ALJ’s credibility
determination was flawed. Mr. Gass asks the court to either reverse the
Commissioner's decision and award benefits or remand the case for further
proceedings.

A. Listing 11.14
Mr. Gass first argues that the ALJ erred in finding that his impairments
didn't meet or equal Listing 11.14. A claimant meets Listing 11.14 if he or she
has “disorganization of motor function in two extremities” that results “in an
extreme limitation . . . in the ability to stand up from a seated position, balance
while standing or walking, or use the upper extremities.” 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404,
Subpt. P, App. 1.
Mr. Gass argues that the use of both a brace and cane, combined with his
difficulties standing, equals Listing 11.14, which, in its relevant part, requires
that the claimant be “unable to maintain an upright position while standing or
walking without the assistance of another person or an assistive device, such as
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a walker, two crutches, or two canes.” 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1. The
Commissioner responds that the ALJ fully explained why Mr. Gass’s condition
didn’t meet or equal this listing, her opinion is supported by the opinions of state
agency medical consultants Joshua Eskonen and Jonathon Sands, and Mr.
Gass offered no authority for his contention that the use of both a cane and a
foot brace should equal Listings 11.14.
Under the Social Security regulations, a claimant is automatically
considered disabled if his or her impairment meets or equals one of the specific
listed

impairments

in

the

appendix

to

the

regulations.

20

C.F.R.

§

404.1520(a)(4)(iii). Mr. Gass “has the burden of showing that his impairments
meet a listing, and he must show that his impairments satisfy all of the various
criteria specified in the listing.” Ribaudo v. Barnhart, 458 F.3d 580, 583 (7th Cir.
2006). A listing determination should be upheld if the ALJ mentions the specific
listing under consideration and the analysis isn’t perfunctory. Id.
The ALJ determined that Mr. Gass’s “diabetic neuropathy does not meet
the criteria of listing 11.14 for peripheral neuropathy because the claimant does
not have sufficient sustained disturbance of gait and station (locomotion) or
sufficient disturbance of gross and dexterous movements (use of fingers, hands,
and arms) despite treatment as defined in listing 11.04B and as defined in
11.00C.” The ALJ also noted that he was “able to ambulate effectively without
using assistive devices in both upper extremities; he testified that he uses one
cane primarily for balance while walking[ and he was] able to use at least one
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upper extremity effectively for gross and fine movements.” Mr. Gass doesn’t claim
he requires a walker, two crutches, or two canes.
The ALJ’s listing determination wasn’t improper. She mentioned the
applicable listing, discussed relevant evidence, and her analysis wasn’t
perfunctory. See Ribaudo v. Barnhart, 458 F.3d 580, 583 (7th Cir. 2006).
Further, her determination was supported by the opinions of two state agency
medical consultants who opined that Mr. Gass didn’t meet a listing. See Scheck
v. Barnhart, 357 F.3d 697, 700 (7th Cir. 2004) (recognizing that an ALJ may rely
on the opinions of state agency physicians to support a listing determination).

B. The ALJ’s Consideration of Mr. Gass’s Mental Capacity
Mr. Gass contends that the ALJ improperly discounted the opinion of
psychological examiner Paula Neuman, Psy.D., who found that his global
assessment of functioning (GAF) score was 30 3 and diagnosed him with
Asperger’s disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and major
depressive disorder. The Commissioner responds that the ALJ properly gave Dr.
Neuman’s opinion little weight because it was inconsistent with the record as a

A GAF score represents the clinician's judgment of the patient's psychological, social,
and occupational functioning. AM. PSYCHIATRIC ASS'N, DIAGNOSTIC & STATISTICAL
MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS 32 (4th ed. 2000). The Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders no longer includes the GAF metric, but ALJ's may still
consider GAF scores as opinion evidence, see Williams v. Colvin, 757 F.3d 610, 613 (7th
Cir. 2014), but “a low GAF score alone is insufficient to overturn an ALJ's finding of no
disability.” Bates v. Colvin, 736 F.3d 1093, 1099 n. 3 (7th Cir.2013).
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whole.
Dr. Neuman wasn’t a treating source; she only examined Mr. Gass once.
See Simila v. Astrue, 573 F.3d 503, 514 (7th Cir. 2009) (recognizing that a
nontreating source is one who doesn’t have an “ongoing treatment relationship”
with the patient). Under the regulations, the ALJ must decide the weight to give
a nontreating physician's opinion by considering whether the expert is a
specialist and whether the opinion is consistent with the record as a whole,
among other factors. Id. at 515.
The ALJ properly addressed these factors when determining that Dr.
Neuman’s opinion was entitled to little weight. The ALJ recognized that Dr.
Neuman was a consultative psychological examiner but found that her opinion
was inconsistent with the record. She discussed the medical evidence, indicating
that Mr. Gass had no past history of Asperger’s or attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder and other “notes about mental status elsewhere show normal
functioning.” The ALJ also recognized that Dr. Neuman found Mr. Gass’s GAF
score was 30, which suggests “[b]ehavior is considerably influenced by delusions
or hallucinations [or] serious impairment in communication or judgment. . . [or]
inability to function in almost all areas. AM. PSYCHIATRIC ASS'N, DIAGNOSTIC
& STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS 34 (4th ed. 2000). The ALJ
found that this GAF score was anomalous because the symptoms that might
lead to such a score weren’t reported elsewhere in the record and suggested this
score could have been due to sleep-deprivation or “idiosyncratic scoring by Dr.
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Neuman.” She indicated that no other examining or treating physicians found
such extreme symptoms or gave such a diagnosis.4 The ALJ also noted that no
other medical source reported that Mr. Gass displayed “questionable contact
with reality or [an] inability to sustain a conversation without constant
redirection.”
Mr. Gass suggests that because Dr. Neuman was the only psychologist
who examined him, it was improper for the ALJ to discount her opinion. But
neither the regulations nor the court of appeals require that the ALJ have an
examining psychological expert opinion to rely on when discounting the opinion
of another expert in the field. See Simila v. Astrue, 573 F.3d 503, 515 (7th Cir.
2009). And while the ALJ gave little weight to Dr. Neuman’s opinion, she gave
great weight to the opinion of the state agency psychological consultant, Benetta
Johnson Ph.D., who found Mr. Gass’s mental impairments weren’t severe. The
ALJ could properly rely Dr. Johnson’s opinion; she reviewed the entire record
and is “highly qualified and [an] expert[ ] in Social Security disability evaluation.”
20 C.F.R. § 404.1513a(b)(2); Flener ex rel. Flener v. Barnhart, 361 F.3d 442,
447–448 (7th Cir.2004).

C. Combined Effects of Impairments, Including Obesity
Mr. Gass next contends that the ALJ erred by not giving full consideration

Dr. Svetlana Hagan, Mr. Gass’s treating primary care physician, did diagnose him
with depressive disorder.

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to the combined effect of his impairments in making her residual functional
capacity assessment, including the effect of his obesity on other impairments.5
The Commissioner responds that the ALJ properly considered the combined
effects of Mr. Gass’s impairments, including his obesity.
The ALJ must “consider the aggregate effect of th[e claimant’s] entire
constellation of ailments–including those impairments that in isolation are not
severe.” Golembiewski v. Barnhart, 322 F.3d 912, 918 (7th Cir. 2003) (emphasis
in original); 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1523. See also Williams v. Colvin, 757 F.3d 610,
613 (7th Cir. 2014); Browning v. Colvin, 766 F.3d 702, 706 (7th Cir. 2014). Social
Security Ruling 02–1p requires that an ALJ “consider the effects of obesity
together with the underlying impairments, even if the individual does not claim
obesity as an impairment.” Prochaska v. Barnhart, 454 F.3d 731, 736 (7th Cir.
2006).
The record shows that the ALJ considered the combined effect of Mr.
Gass’s impairments. For example, she indicated that her determination was
based on “the combined effects of all the claimant’s medically determinable
impairments.” It was especially important for her to consider the combined effect
of Mr. Gass’s degenerative disc disease and his obesity were severe impairments

Mr. Gass also complains that the ALJ never cited 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1523, the
regulation requiring that the ALJ consider the combined effect of a claimant’s
impairments but doesn’t cite authority for the proposition that the ALJ must cite this
regulation to satisfy her obligation to consider the claimant’s impairments in the
aggregate.
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because obesity can aggravate the disabling effect of degenerative disc disease.
See Gentle v. Barnhart, 430 F.3d 865, 868 (7th Cir. 2005). See also Goins v.
Colvin, 764 F.3d 677, 681 (7th Cir. 2014); SSR 02–1p, 2002 WL 34686281 (Sept.
12, 2002). She recognized that Mr. Gass’s body mass index was 42.22, which
qualifies as morbidly obese, Goins v. Colvin, 764 F.3d 677, 681 (7th Cir. 2014),
noted that his obesity made certain postural movements more difficult, and
considered “the effects of the claimant's obesity on other body systems.” This
demonstrates that she properly considered the combined effects of Mr. Gass’s
impairments, including his obesity.

D. ALJ’s Hypothetical to the Vocational Expert
Mr. Gass next asserts that remand is required because the ALJ’s
hypothetical to the vocational expert didn’t properly address his use of a cane; a
foot brace; his manipulation and grasping problems; or Dr. Hagan’s opinion that
he would likely miss four days of work per month, be off task 25 percent of the
workday, and need regular work breaks. The Commissioner responds that the
ALJ appropriately declined to include these limitations in the hypothetical
provided to the vocational expert because she found them to be unsupported.
“ALJs must provide [vocational experts] with a complete picture of a
claimant's residual functional capacity.” Murphy v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 811, 820
(7th Cir. 2014), as amended (Aug. 20, 2014). “Hypothetical questions posed to
vocational experts ordinarily must include all limitations supported by medical
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evidence in the record.” Steele v. Barnhart, 290 F.3d 936, 942 (7th Cir. 2002).
A hand-held assistive device can be considered a limitation and is
medically required if there is “medical documentation establishing the need for
a hand-held assistive device to aid in walking or standing, and describing the
circumstances for which it is needed.” Thomas v. Colvin, 534 F. App'x 546, 550
(7th Cir. 2013) (quoting SSR 96-9P, 1996 WL 374185, at *7); Jones v. Astrue,
310 F. App'x 286, 290 (10th Cir. 2009). See also Tripp v. Astrue, 489 F. App'x
951, 955 (7th Cir. 2012) (requiring “an unambiguous opinion from a physician
stating the circumstances in which an assistive device is medically necessary”).
Mr. Gass’s treating physician, Dr. Hagan, reported that his use of a cane
was medically necessary and that he required it for standing or walking.
Occupational Therapist Shannon Mills reported that Mr. Gass was a fall risk,
has balance problems, and uses a cane to assist with these issues. The ALJ
didn’t discuss whether she believed Mr. Gass’s cane was medically necessary or
address the medical opinion evidence from Dr. Hagan or Ms. Mills regarding Mr.
Gass’s use of a cane.
The Commissioner argues that Mr. Gass’s cane wasn’t medically
necessary, noting that consultative examining physician B.T. Onamusi, M.D.
opined that Mr. Gass “did not require an assistive device for ambulation or
transfer.” But the ALJ didn’t refer to Dr. Onamusi’s opinion in her decision, so
the Commissioner can’t rely on that to support her decision. See Mendez v.
Barnhart, 439 F.3d 360, 362 (7th Cir. 2006) (the Commissioner violates the
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Chenery doctrine if it defends an ALJ decision “on a ground that he himself did
not mention”).
While remand can be appropriate where the ALJ doesn’t properly address
a claimant’s need for a cane, Thomas v. Colvin, 534 F. App'x 546, 550 (7th Cir.
2013), the Commissioner contends that remand isn’t appropriate in this case
because the use of a cane didn’t affect Mr. Gass’s ability to perform the sedentary
level occupations identified by the vocational expert. The Commissioner cites
Social Security Ruling 96-6P for support, which states that “if a medically
required hand-held assistive device is needed only for prolonged ambulation,
walking on uneven terrain, or ascending or descending slopes, the unskilled
sedentary occupational base will not ordinarily be significantly eroded.” SSR 969P, 1996 WL 374185 (July 2, 1996).
But Dr. Hagan’s opinion that Mr. Gass’s cane was medically necessary
doesn’t limit his use of the cane to “prolonged ambulation, walking on uneven
terrain, or ascending or descending slopes.” She said Mr. Gass needs the cane
even for occasional standing or walking. Furthermore, the Social Security
Administration ruling states that the “occupational base for an individual who
must use [a hand-held assistive] device for balance because of significant
involvement of both lower extremities (e.g., because of a neurological
impairment) may be significantly eroded.” Id. Mr. Gass testified that he used the
cane for balance. Ms. Mills indicated that Mr. Gass lost his balance, tripped, or
nearly fell daily and used a cane for balance. Multiple medical sources diagnosed
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Mr. Gass with peripheral neuropathy, which the ALJ found affected both of his
lower extremities, limiting his ability to walk and stand for extended periods.
Based on this medical evidence, SSR 96-9P suggests that Mr. Gass’s ability to
perform even sedentary occupations may be significantly eroded. Remand is
required for the ALJ to appropriately address Mr. Gass’s use of a cane.
Mr. Gass also complains that the ALJ’s hypothetical to the vocational
expert didn’t reference his use of a foot brace due to right foot drop or address
any limitations Mr. Gass might have in operating foot controls, although Dr.
Hagan’s opinion included foot controls limitations. The ALJ’s opinion recognized
that “[r]epeated physical examinations have shown the right foot drop” and that
Mr. Gass wore a brace on his right foot, but didn’t explain the ALJ’s rationale for
excluding the foot brace or foot control limitations in her decision. On remand,
the ALJ should properly address Mr. Gass’s use of a foot brace and determine
whether to include foot controls limitations.
Next, Mr. Gass argues that the ALJ’s improperly omitted manipulative
limitations from the hypothetical. But the ALJ thoroughly discussed why she
found that Mr. Gass’s carpal tunnel syndrome didn’t cause more than minimal
limitations so she didn’t include manipulative limitations in her residual
functional capacity determination.
Mr. Gass also asserts that the ALJ erred by not including Dr. Hagan’s
limitations regarding his ability to work regularly and stay on task while at work
in her hypothetical to the vocational expert. Dr. Hagan reported that Mr. Gass
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would miss more than four days per month as a result of his impairments or
treatment and would be off task at least 25 percent of his time at work. The
vocational expert testified that an employer would tolerate an individual missing
no more than one day of work per month and that an individual could only be
off task up to 14 percent of the work day.
The Commissioner argues that the ALJ properly considered Dr. Hagan’s
opinion, giving it little weight and declining to include the work limitations in her
hypothetical. Dr. Hagan was Mr. Gass’s treating physician and a treating
physician's opinion deserves controlling weight if the ALJ finds that a treating
source's opinion on the nature and severity of impairments “is well-supported by
medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques and is not
inconsistent with the other substantial evidence” in the record. Allord v. Astrue,
631 F.3d 411, 416–417 (7th Cir. 2011); Larson v. Astrue, 615 F.3d 744, 749 (7th
Cir. 2010). “An ALJ who does not give controlling weight to the opinion of the
claimant's treating physician must offer good reasons for declining to do so.”
Larson v. Astrue, 615 F.3d 744, 749 (7th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation omitted).
The applicable regulations “guide that decision by identifying several factors that
an ALJ must consider: ‘the length, nature, and extent of the treatment
relationship; frequency of examination; the physician's specialty; the types of
tests performed; and the consistency and support for the physician's opinion.’ ”
Campbell v. Astrue, 627 F.3d at 308 (quoting Larson v. Astrue, 615 F.3d at 751).
The ALJ noted that Dr. Hagan was Mr. Gass’s treating physician but isn’t
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a specialist, acknowledged the length of the treating relationship, and frequency
of examinations, some of the testing performed, and recognized that her opinion
conflicted with evidence in the record, including the opinions of the state agency
experts and so afforded Dr. Hagan’s opinion little weight. The ALJ’s opinion
demonstrates that she properly considered Dr. Hagan’s opinion, offered good
reasons for the weight she assigned it, and didn’t err when she declined to
include Dr. Hagan’s limitations in the hypothetical provided to the vocational
expert.

E. The ALJ’s Consideration of the Vocational Expert’s Testimony
Mr. Gass asserts that the ALJ erroneously accepted testimony inconsistent
with the DOT, namely inaccurate Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)
numbers associated with two of the three occupations identified.

6

The

Commissioner acknowledges that the vocational expert gave the ALJ inaccurate
DOT-identifying numbers for two of the three jobs he identified. The vocational
expert gave DOT number 715.687-010 for the job of “assembler” while that DOT
number actually corresponds with the job of band attacher and DOT number
559.687-014 for the job of “packager” while that DOT number corresponds with

Mr. Gass also contends that the ALJ erred by not asking the vocational expert if his
testimony was consistent with the DOT in contravention of SSR 00-4p, but she did ask
if his testimony would be consistent with the DOT before giving him the hypothetical.
This satisfies the ALJ’s obligation under SSR 00-4p, which requires that the ALJ inquire
about any conflict between a vocational expert’s testimony and the DOT before the ALJ
relies on that testimony. Weatherbee v. Astrue, 649 F.3d 565, 570 (7th Cir. 2011).

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the job of ampoule sealer. The ALJ didn’t acknowledge this discrepancy either at
the hearing or in her opinion, which cites the erroneous DOT numbers and relies
on them.
SSR 00–4p places an affirmative duty on an ALJ to “investigate and resolve
any apparent conflict between the [vocational expert’s] testimony and the DOT.”
Weatherbee v. Astrue, 649 F.3d 565, 570 (7th Cir. 2011); SSR 00–4p, 2000 WL
1898704, at *2. “A conflict is apparent if it is so obvious that the ALJ should
have picked up on [it] without any assistance.” Weatherbee v. Astrue, 649 F.3d
565, 570 (7th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation omitted). A conflict need not be
apparent at the time of the hearing, but it must be apparent “at least by the time
the ALJ produced his ruling.” Overman v. Astrue, 546 F.3d 456, 464 (7th Cir.
2008).
The ALJ didn’t need assistance to recognize that the DOT number were
inaccurate and should have discovered the error when she wrote her opinion
relying on the occupational data, so the conflict was apparent. Despite this
apparent conflict, the ALJ didn’t investigate and resolve the conflict as required
by the court of appeals. Instead, she relied on the inaccurate vocational expert’s
testimony in her opinion. An ALJ’s ruling isn’t based on substantial evidence if
it is premised on unreliable testimony from a vocational expert because the
Commissioner bears the burden of demonstrating that jobs the claimant can
perform exist in significant numbers in the economy. Overman v. Astrue, 546
F.3d 456, 464 (7th Cir. 2008); Britton v. Astrue, 521 F.3d 799, 803 (7th Cir.
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2008).
The Commissioner argues that even if the ALJ erred in relying on the
vocational expert’s testimony about the jobs of assembler and packager, the error
was harmless because the third job identified by the vocational expert, order
clerk, was correctly identified and exists in significant numbers. See Coleman v.
Astrue, 269 F. App'x 596, 602 (7th Cir. 2008) (an ALJ’s error in not probing and
resolving a conflict between a vocational expert’s testimony and the DOT is
harmless if “a significant number of jobs cited by the ALJ and not inconsistent
with the DOT remained available” to the claimant).
The vocational expert estimated that there were about 400 order clerk jobs
in Indiana and 20,000 nationally. Because “the vocational experts who testify in
social security disability cases concerning the availability of jobs . . . almost
always confine their testimony to indicating the number of such jobs that exist
in the applicant's state, or an even smaller area” and few cases rely on national
job numbers, the court of appeals focuses more attention on the availability of
jobs regionally rather than nationally. Barrett v. Barnhart, 368 F.3d 691, 692
(7th Cir. 2004). The vocational expert’s estimate that 400 order clerk jobs were
available in Indiana is substantially less than the 1,000 that the court of appeals
typically considers a significant number.7 Liskowitz v. Astrue, 559 F.3d 736, 743

The jobs the vocational examiner identified also give rise to a concern that the
Dictionary of Occupational Titles in use in today’s social security disability hearings
might not reflect the job market in 2017, in an age of globalization and digitization of
tasks. See, e.g., Alaura v. Colvin, 797 F.3d 503, 508 (7th Cir. 2015) (“And does anyone

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(7th Cir. 2009). The court, therefore, declines to hold that the ALJ’s error was
harmless and remand on this issue is required.

F. The ALJ’s Credibility Determination
Mr. Gass asserts two errors regarding the ALJ’s credibility determination:
(1) she didn’t fully credit his pain allegations and (2) she improperly relied on his
lack of treatment to undermine his pain allegations. The Commissioner responds
that the ALJ properly considered both Mr. Gass’s pain allegations, crediting some
and discounting others, and his decisions not to pursue recommended
treatment.
An ALJ's credibility determinations “are entitled to special deference
because the ALJ is in a better position than the reviewing court to observe a
witness,” but those determinations “are not immune from review.” Briscoe ex rel.
Taylor v. Barnhart, 425 F.3d 345, 354 (7th Cir. 2005); see also Schmidt v.
Astrue, 496 F.3d 833, 843 (7th Cir. 2007) (“[b]ecause the ALJ is in the best
position to observe witnesses, [the court] will not disturb [his] credibility
determinations as long as they find some support in the record”). The reviewing
court must determine whether the ALJ's determination “was reasoned and

use a typewriter any more?”); Voight v. Colvin, 781 F.3d 871, 878 (7th Cir. 2015). Given
the software available to today’s businesses, one might wonder whether 400 order clerks
are to be found in Indiana today; given the past decade’s rise in use of smartphones to
tell time, one must wonder whether there are any remaining jobs in which people in the
United States attach watchbands to wristwatches. The parties haven’t raised such
issues, so the court says no more about the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.

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supported,” Elder v. Astrue, 529 F.3d 408, 413 (7th Cir. 2008), and shouldn't
“overturn an ALJ's credibility determination unless it is patently wrong.” Shideler
v. Astrue, 688 F.3d 306, 311 (7th Cir. 2012) (internal quotations omitted).
To the extent that Mr. Gass argues that the ALJ simply disregarded his
pain allegations because they weren’t supported by objective medical evidence,
his argument isn’t persuasive. The ALJ properly considered whether objective
medical evidence supported Mr. Gass’s pain allegations, noting that x-ray
evidence and medical reports didn’t support his allegations of severe arthritis in
his hands, for example. See Powers v. Apfel, 207 F.3d 431, 435 (7th Cir. 2000).
But the gravamen of the ALJ’s credibility determination is her opinion that
Mr. Gass’s noncompliance with treatment undermined his pain allegations. She
opined that “various medical exhibits and his testimony show [a] lack of followthrough,” noted that Mr. Gass didn’t see the surgeon he was referred to to
determine whether back surgery was required, opted against epidural injections
in his back, and declined both surgery on and injections for his shoulder. The
ALJ also discussed his withdrawal from physical therapy and his decision not to
complete a recommended home exercise program.
An ALJ can consider noncompliance with treatment when making a
credibility determination, but shouldn’t if there are good reasons for
noncompliance. Murphy v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 811, 816 (7th Cir. 2014). Good
reasons for noncompliance include the inability “to afford the treatment, further
treatment would have been ineffective, or the treatment created intolerable side
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effects.” Id. “[A]n ALJ may need to question the individual at the administrative
proceeding to determine whether there are good reasons the individual did not
seek medical treatment or fully comply with prescribed treatment.” Id.
The ALJ’s reliance on noncompliance for her adverse credibility
determination doesn’t comply with the court of appeals’ requirements. At the
hearing, the ALJ didn’t ask Mr. Gass about her concerns regarding his
noncompliance with treatment recommendations, although he did testify that
physical therapy didn’t seem to help and caused him pain. There is evidence in
the record suggesting that had the ALJ inquired, she would have found that Mr.
Gass’s treatment decisions were influenced by his inability to pay for treatment,
in addition to the pain associated with his physical therapy. Dr. Hagan reported
that Mr. Gass “currently doesn’t have any health insurance[,] which limits his
access to medical treatment” and held off on laboratory testing because he didn’t
have health insurance. His occupational therapist noted that Mr. Gass requested
less frequent treatment “due to finances and gas to drive to therapy.” Dr. Hagan,
Dr. Neuman, and Dr. Michael Arata each noted that Mr. Gass didn’t have health
insurance. Dr. Neuman reported that Mr. Gass told her that he “pays cash for
all of his medical services and medications.”
But “the ALJ did not ask important questions to determine if [Mr. Gass’s]
actions were justifiable” so this court “cannot assess the validity of the ALJ's
credibility determination,” Murphy v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 811, 816 (7th Cir. 2014),
as amended (Aug. 20, 2014), or determine whether the ALJ's credibility
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determination was reasoned and supported, so remand is required. Elder v.
Astrue, 529 F.3d 408, 413 (7th Cir. 2008).

IV. CONCLUSION
The court VACATES the Commissioner's decision and REMANDS this case
for further proceeding consistent with this opinion.
SO ORDERED.
ENTERED:

August 28, 2017
/s/ Robert L. Miller, Jr.
Judge, United States District Court

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