Cunningham v. Foresters Financial Services, Inc. et al

Filing 113

OPINION AND ORDER: The Court DENIES Defendant Foresters Financial Services, Inc's Motion for Summary Judgment 80 and DENIES without prejudice the Motion for Default Judgment 104 . The Court will set this matter for a telephonic scheduling c onference by separate order (1) to reset a limited discovery period to allow Plaintiff to conduct discovery relevant to his TCPA claim based on vicarious liability against FFS and (2) to set a dispositive motion deadline. Signed by Chief Judge Theresa L Springmann on 5/20/2020. (Copy mailed to pro se party)(lhc)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA
HAMMOND DIVISION
CRAIG CUNNINGHAM,
Plaintiff,
v.

CAUSE NO.: 2:17-CV-77-TLS

FORESTERS FINANCIAL SERVICES,
INC.; MICHAEL SAMAROO;
MAHENDRA SAMAROO; AMERICA
INSURANCE GROUP, LLC; JAY POLITI;
NATIONWIDE SENIOR MARKETING,
INC.; KATIE BOLING; NICHOLAS
POLITI; NATIONWIDE SENIOR SERVICE
INC.; and VIPCO ADVISORS, INC.,
Defendants.
OPINION AND ORDER
This matter is before the Court on Defendant Foresters Financial Services, Inc.’s Motion
for Summary Judgment [ECF No. 80]. For the reasons set forth below, the Court denies the
motion pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d)(1).
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On February 17, 2017, Plaintiff Craig Cunningham, proceeding without counsel, filed a
Complaint [ECF No. 1] against twenty-one defendants, alleging that Defendant Foresters
Financial Services, Inc. (“FFS”) and others violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, 47
U.S.C. § 227, through the use of pre-recorded messages. Compl. ¶ 25, ECF No. 1.
On May 17, 2017, Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint.1 The Amended Complaint
alleges that FFS is a “Tennessee corporation.” Pl.’s Am. Compl. ¶ 2, ECF No. 22. Plaintiff

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With the filing of the Amended Complaint, the claims against Defendants United Life Associates, LLC and
Andrew Decos were dropped.

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alleges that “the defendant insurance companies have issued a high volume of insurance
quotes—and made substantial sales of products and services—derived through illegal
telemarketing calls placed by their co-defendants.” Id. ¶ 32. Relevant to the instant motion,
Plaintiff alleges that FFS actively participated in the telemarking calls through the actions of its
agents. Id. ¶ 33.
Plaintiff alleges that, in 2016, he received over forty telephone calls to two different cell
phone numbers. Id. ¶ 77, ECF No. 22. He alleges that many of the calls contained the following
prerecorded message promoting life insurance:
Attention all seniors between the ages of 55 and 85 years of age who may not
have life insurance or are concerned they may not have enough. You have been
qualified for a plan that will never expire and premiums that will never go up.
Press 1 now. There are no medical exams for this coverage and you can be
insured as early as tonight.
Id. ¶ 79. Plaintiff further alleges that, in the instances when he was able to speak with a person
after the recording, he “determined that they were all selling final expense life insurance by
Forester’s.” Id. at ¶ 81.2 Plaintiff alleges that “Foresters” provided him with “insurance quotes”
and “offered insurance” and that the Foresters defendants “issued insurance policies to persons
who accepted such quotations based on the illegal calls . . . .” Id. ¶¶ 55, 59. Plaintiff alleges that
two of the insurance agents he spoke with were Gilbert Swets and Octavia Pugh. Id. ¶¶ 85, 88.
Plaintiff alleges that an application, apparently his own, was submitted electronically to
“Foresters insurance.” Id. ¶ 85.
On August 25, 2017, FFS filed a Motion to Dismiss [ECF No. 57], arguing that, as
conceded in paragraph 54 of the Amended Complaint, see Am. Compl. ¶ 54, FFS did not make
any of the alleged calls but rather that the co-defendants made the calls. On January 9, 2018,

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Two paragraphs on page 17 of the Amended Complaint are numbered as ¶ 81. This quotation references the first
of the two paragraphs.

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then-presiding Judge Rudy Lozano granted in part the motion and dismissed without prejudice
the claims against FFS based on a theory of direct liability. Jan. 9, 2018 Opinion and Order 2, 16,
ECF No. 66. However, the Court denied the motion as to the claim based on vicarious liability
against FFS, and the claim remains pending. Id. 16–21.
In the January 9, 2018 Opinion, the Court further dismissed the claims against
Defendants Angela Harris, Insurance Professionals of America, Inc., Octavia Pugh, and Foresters
Financial Holding Company, Inc. for lack of personal jurisdiction. Id. 2, 12, 13, 14.
On April 3, 2018, the Magistrate Judge held a Rule 16(b) preliminary pretrial conference
[ECF No. 77] and set deadlines, including a discovery deadline of December 31, 2018.
On August 1, 2018, FFS filed the instant Motion for Summary Judgment [ECF No. 80].
On September 14, 2018, the Court issued an order requiring FFS to comply with Northern
District of Indiana Local Rule 5601(f) and Timms v. Frank, 953 F.2d 281 (7th Cir. 1992), by
providing Plaintiff with the requisite Notice to Pro Se Litigant. Sept. 14, 2018 Order, ECF No.
86. FFS issued the Notice [ECF No. 87] on September 17, 2018. On October 24, 2018, Plaintiff
timely filed a response [ECF No. 89] to the Motion for Summary Judgment as well as an
Affidavit [ECF No. 90]. On November 7, 2018, FFS filed a reply [ECF No. 94] in support of
summary judgment.
On January 18, 2019, a Local Rule 41-1 Notice [ECF No. 100] was issued, and, on
February 19, 2019, Plaintiff filed a Motion for Default Judgment [ECF No. 104] against the
following Defendants against whom he had obtained an entry of default [ECF No. 56]: Michael
Samaroo, Mahendra Samaroo, America Insurance Group, LLC, Nicholas Politi, Jay Politi,
Nationwide Senior Marketing, Inc., and Katie Boling. Despite also obtaining an entry of default

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against Nationwide Senior Service, Inc., ECF No. 56, Plaintiff did not include Nationwide Senior
Service, Inc. in his Motion for Default Judgment, see Motion for Default J., ECF No. 104.
On May 1, 2019, this case was reassigned to the undersigned as presiding judge. ECF No.
110.
On June 25, 2019, on Plaintiff’s motion, the Court dismissed without prejudice
Defendants Oracle Senior Insurance Group, Inc., Jason Gsoell, Apptical Corp., Glea Gsoell,
Pinnacle Senior Insurance Group Corp., I Click Advanced Marketing Company, Axis Benefit
Solutions, Inc., Axis Advisory Group, Inc., and Roderic Boling. ECF No. 111. The Court also
dismissed with prejudice Defendant Gilbert Swets.
The Court notes that summons were issued and returned as to Defendant VIPCO
Advisors, Inc. [ECF Nos. 2, 50]. Defendant VIPCO Advisors, Inc. did not respond, but Plaintiff
has not sought an entry of default or taken any other action against VIPCO Advisors, Inc.
LEGAL STANDARD
“The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.
Civ. P. 56(a). The Supreme Court has explained that “the burden on the moving party may be
discharged by ‘showing’—that is, pointing out to the district court—that there is an absence of
evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325
(1986). “If the moving party has properly supported his motion, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”
Spierer v. Rossman, 798 F.3d 502, 507 (7th Cir. 2015). Within this context, the Court must

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construe all facts and reasonable inferences from those facts in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party. Frakes v. Peoria Sch. Dist. No. 150, 872 F.3d 545, 550 (7th Cir. 2017).
MATERIAL FACTS
Foresters Financial Services, Inc. (FFS) was created and incorporated under the laws of
the State of New York with its principal place of business in the State of New York. Def.’s Br.,
Ex. 2 ¶ 3 (Karris Aff.), ECF No. 82-1. Between June 1968 and September 2015, the name of the
entity was First Investors Corporation, and, in September 2015, the name was changed to
Foresters Financial Services, Inc. Id. ¶ 4. FFS is a registered broker-dealer that effectuates
securities transactions on behalf of its customers. Id. ¶ 5. It has independent registered
representatives who assist FFS customers with their securities transactions. Id.
FFS is also a licensed insurance agency with independent contractors who are appointed
insurance producers for more than one insurer that underwrites, manufactures, and issues life
insurance products and annuities. Id. ¶ 6. However, FFS is not the insurance company for any
life insurance products or annuities that are the subject of applications completed by those
independent contractors. Id. FFS is not and has never been a life insurance company. Id. ¶ 7. At
no time, including in 2016 or thereafter, has FFS underwritten or issued life insurance products
or annuities. Id. FFS does not manufacture life insurance products, nor does it enter into life
insurance contracts with customers. Id. FFS does not maintain reserves for the payment of life
insurance death benefit claims. Id. FFS does not pay death benefit claims. Id.
In his Affidavit, Mr. Karris avers that records dating back to 1985 confirm that neither
Gilbert Swets nor Octavia Pugh have been contracted agents with FFS and neither had any
contractual or other relationship with FFS. Id. ¶ 8. Records dating back to 2002 for active and
inactive policies and for insurance applications for which there is no associated insurance policy,

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verify that no application for life insurance was submitted to FFS for a life insurance product
with the insured or owner being designated as Craig Cunningham. Id. ¶ 9.
ANALYSIS
In his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that FFS and other defendants are liable
under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”) for calling his telephone numbers in an
effort to sell life insurance coverage. Although the Court dismissed Plaintiff’s TCPA claim
against FFS based on direct liability, a claim of vicarious liability under the TCPA remains
pending against FFS. In the instant motion for summary judgment, FFS argues that it has been
erroneously named in this lawsuit as it is not a life insurance company and does not underwrite,
manufacture, or issue life insurance policies. Plaintiff, responds that, pursuant to Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 56(d), additional discovery is required before he can file a response.
FFS has offered evidence that, although it is a licensed insurance agency with
independent contractors that serve as appointed insurance producers for more than one insurer, it
is not the insurance company for any life insurance products or annuities that are the subject of
applications completed by those independent contractors. FFS has further offered evidence that
at no time has it underwritten or issued life insurance products. FFS argues that, because it is not
the insurer for any insurance product allegedly being marketed through the use of robocalls, it
cannot be held liable on the claim of vicarious liability that remains pending against it. In other
words, FFS argues that nothing allegedly done by any of the other defendants could have been
done on behalf of FFS.
In response, Plaintiff argues that additional discovery is necessary in order for him to
respond to the motion for summary judgment, submitting an affidavit in support thereof. Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d) provides that, “[i]f a nonmovant shows by affidavit or declaration

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that, for specified reasons, it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition, the court may:
(1) defer considering the motion or deny it; (2) allow time to obtain affidavits or declarations or
to take discovery; or (3) issue any other appropriate order.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d). In his affidavit
submitted pursuant to Rule 56(d), Plaintiff avers that he “received several calls from Gilbert
Swets and Octavia Pugh selling life insurance from Foresters. I have not reviewed the individual
agent contracts with Gilbert or Octavia and I have not seen which Foresters entity they signed up
with or which entity’s policies they are selling.” Pl.’s Aff., ECF No. 90. He further avers that he
does “not have enough information at this time to determine which Foresters entity was involved
one way or the other.” Id. Plaintiff argues in his response brief that he needs additional discovery
to determine the relationships between the parties and whether there are disputes of fact
regarding FFS’s relationship with the individuals who made the phone calls. At the time FFS’s
Motion for Summary Judgment was filed on August 1, 2018, the Rule 26(f) scheduling
conference had taken place just four months earlier on April 3, 2018, and five months remained
before the close of discovery, scheduled for December 31, 2018. Thus, FFS’s argument in its
reply brief that Plaintiff delayed in conducting discovery is not well taken.
Although FFS argues that it cannot be vicariously liable without Plaintiff first
establishing that it is a life insurance company, FFS cites no legal standard regarding either the
TCPA or vicarious liability as it relates to the TCPA and Plaintiff’s claims. As the Court noted in
the January 9, 2018 Opinion, “Under certain circumstances, parties that do not initiate calls may
be held vicariously liable for TCPA violations committed by third-party telemarketers ‘under a
broad range of agency principles, including not only formal agency, but also principles of
apparent authority and ratification.’” Jan. 9, 2018 Opinion 15–16 (quoting In re Dish Network,
LLC, 28 FCC Rcd. 6574, 6584 (2013)). FFS offers no legal analysis to support its position that,

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because FFS does not underwrite or issue life insurance policies, the actions of third parties
cannot render FFS liable based on vicarious liability for the phone calls under the TCPA.
Although FFS offers evidence in the form of Mr. Karris’ Affidavit that a records search shows
that FFS did not have a contractual relationship with either Gilbert Swets or Octavia Pugh,
Plaintiff’s Affidavit indicates that discovery is required to determine the relationship between
Mr. Swets and Ms. Pugh and the various Foresters entities. After additional discovery, it may be
that FFS will file an almost identical motion for summary judgment; however, Plaintiff should
have the benefit of the full discovery period before FFS can argue that Plaintiff is unable to offer
evidence to support a claim of vicarious liability.
As an alternative argument in the Motion for Summary Judgment, FFS contends
generally that there is no evidence to support a theory of vicarious liability against FFS based on
actual authority, apparent authority, or ratification. However, FFS does not develop these
arguments in its motion; rather, FFS references the arguments made in its brief in support of its
earlier-filed motion to dismiss. See Def.’s Br. 6, ECF No. 81 (referencing Mem. Support Mot. to
Dismiss 10–17, ECF No. 58). The attempt to incorporate by reference those arguments is not
well taken. The previous arguments on vicarious liability were made in the context of a motion
to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and not in
the summary judgment context. Moreover, the Court was not persuaded by the arguments and
denied the motion to dismiss on that basis. See Jan. 9, 2018 Opinion 16–21. Notably, in denying
the Rule 12(b)(6) motion on the claim of vicarious liability, the Court discussed in detail the
need for the Plaintiff to conduct discovery: “This is the case here, where Plaintiff likely does not
have access to facts to more precisely identify each defendant’s role without the benefit of
discovery.” Jan. 9, 2018 Opinion 20. FFS has not made specific arguments as to vicarious

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liability in the context of this Rule 56 motion for summary judgment. Here, FFS asserts only that
“Plaintiff will be unable to come forward with any evidence that FFS had any relationship with
any person or entity that allegedly made the robocalls.” Def.’s Br. 6. Once again, less than half of
the discovery period had passed when FFS filed its motion for summary judgment, and Plaintiff
has responded with a properly supported Rule 56(d) motion that additional discovery is
necessary.
Accordingly, because limited additional discovery is warranted, the Court denies FFS’s
Motion for Summary Judgment pursuant to Rule 56(d)(1). The Court will reset a limited
discovery period in order for Plaintiff to conduct the necessary discovery on vicarious liability,
and FFS is granted to leave to file a renewed Motion for Summary following the close of that
discovery period.
Finally, although Plaintiff received a Local Rule 41-1 Notice, which prompted the filing
of the Motion for Default Judgment [ECF No. 104], in this instance, the Court prefers to
withhold consideration of default judgment as to the defaulted parties until the claims against
non-defaulted FFS is adjudicated on the merits. Accordingly, the Court denies without prejudice
the Motion for Default Judgment and grants Plaintiff leave to refile the motion following
resolution of his claim against FFS.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Court DENIES Defendant Foresters Financial Services, Inc’s
Motion for Summary Judgment [ECF No. 80] and DENIES without prejudice the Motion for
Default Judgment [ECF No. 104]. The Court will set this matter for a telephonic scheduling
conference by separate order (1) to reset a limited discovery period to allow Plaintiff to conduct

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discovery relevant to his TCPA claim based on vicarious liability against FFS and (2) to set a
dispositive motion deadline.
SO ORDERED on May 20, 2020.
s/ Theresa L. Springmann
CHIEF JUDGE THERESA L. SPRINGMANN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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