W.P. v. ANTHEM INSURANCE COMPANIES INC
Filing
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ORDER granting 48 Motion for Partial Judgment on the Pleadings. Accordingly, the Court dismisses Plaintiffs' violations of state law claim for wrongful denial of benefits under Count I, as well as Plaintiffs' equitable relief claim unde r Count II regarding Anthem's practice of limiting the amount of hours covered for ABA therapy. Count III, the fiduciary duty claim voluntarily withdrawn by Plaintiffs', is dismissed in its entirety. Signed by Judge Tanya Walton Pratt on 2/15/2017. (CBU)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA
INDIANAPOLIS DIVISION
W.P., a minor by and through his parents and
guardians KATHRYN PIERCE and
CHESTER PIERCE, on behalf of themselves
and similarly situated individuals, and
A.B., a minor by and through his parents and
guardians MICHAEL BECK and JOANNE
KEHOE, on behalf of themselves and similarly
situated individuals,
Plaintiffs,
v.
ANTHEM INSURANCE COMPANIES INC.,
an Indiana corporation,
Defendant.
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Case No. 1:15-cv-00562-TWP-TAB
ENTRY ON MOTION FOR PARTIAL JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS
Before the Court is a Motion for Partial Judgment on the Pleadings filed by Defendant
Anthem Insurance Companies Inc. (“Anthem”), pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c).
(Filing No. 48.) On April 9, 2015, Plaintiff W.P. and his parents, Kathryn and Chester Pierce
(collectively “Plaintiffs”), brought this putative class action against Anthem under the Employee
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. W.P. is a thirteenyear-old child who suffers from autism and Anthem is his health insurance provider. W.P.’s
physician prescribed forty hours per week of Applied Behavioral Analysis (“ABA”) therapy to
treat W.P.’s autism, but Anthem covers only twenty hours per week of ABA therapy. Plaintiffs
allege that Anthem violated state and federal laws because it has a policy of limiting the number
of ABA hours it covers for children ages seven or older. (Filing No. 1.) Anthem now moves for
partial judgment on the pleadings. For the following reasons, Anthem’s Motion is GRANTED.
I. BACKGROUND
The following undisputed facts are taken from Plaintiffs’ Complaint and the parties’ briefs.
A.
Indiana’s Autism Mandate.
In 2001, the Indiana General Assembly amended the Indiana Code, requiring individual
and group health insurance policies to provide coverage for autism treatment. See Ind. Code § 278-14.2. This amendment is known as the “Autism Mandate.” The Autism Mandate states:
(a)
An accident and sickness insurance policy that is issued on a group basis
must provide coverage for the treatment of an autism spectrum disorder of an
insured. Coverage provided under this section is limited to treatment that is
prescribed by the insured’s treating physician in accordance with a treatment plan.
An insurer may not deny or refuse to issue coverage on, refuse to contract with, or
refuse to renew, refuse to reissue, or otherwise terminate or restrict coverage on an
individual under an insurance policy solely because the individual is diagnosed with
an autism spectrum disorder.
(b)
The coverage required under this section may not be subject to dollar limits,
deductibles, or coinsurance provisions that are less favorable to an insured than the
dollar limits, deductibles, or coinsurance provisions that apply to physical illness
generally under the accident and sickness insurance policy.
Ind. Code Ann. § 27-8-14.2-4.
On March 30, 2006, the Indiana Department of Insurance (“IDOI”), an agency charged
with enforcing the Indiana Insurance Code, issued Bulletin 136 interpreting the Autism Mandate.
See Ind. Ins. Bulletin 136, 2006 WL 1584562 (Mar. 30, 2006). Bulletin 136 states that an insurer
has the right to “request an updated treatment plan not more than once every six (6) months from
the treating physician to review medical necessity” and “[a]ny challenge to medical necessity will
be viewed as reasonable only if the review is by a specialist in the treatment of [autism spectrum
disorder].” Id. at 1, 3. Bulletin 136 also states that services to treat autism spectrum disorders
“will be provided without interruption, as long as those services are consistent with the treatment
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plan and with medical necessity decisions.” Id. at 2. “Service exclusions contained in the
insurance policy…that are inconsistent with the treatment plan will be considered invalid .…” Id.
B.
Factual Background.
W.P. is a thirteen year-old who suffers from severe autism. W.P. has limited verbal skills,
is unable to navigate stairs without assistance, and frequently exhibits repetitive behaviors
including rocking, flapping his arms and hands, and heavy breathing. W.P.’s treating physician
prescribed forty hours per week of ABA therapy to treat W.P.’s autism. In February 2011, W.P.
began receiving ABA therapy and his parents observed almost immediate improvements in his
ability to walk, use words, and respond appropriately to prompts. W.P.’s repetitive behaviors also
decreased.
W.P. is the beneficiary of a health insurance plan (“the Plan”) sponsored by his father’s
employer. Anthem is the insurer and claims administrator for the Plan. Anthem initially covered
W.P.’s forty hours of ABA therapy but, in July 2013, Anthem reduced the number of covered
ABA therapy hours for W.P. to twenty-five hours per week. In July 2014, Anthem further reduced
the number of covered hours to twenty hours per week.
C.
Procedural Background.
On July 29, 2014, Plaintiffs filed a written appeal to Anthem regarding its coverage
decision. On October 31, 2014, Anthem issued a written denial of the appeal, upholding its
decision to limit the amount of ABA therapy hours it covered. Thereafter, in January 2015,
Anthem contacted W.P.’s therapy provider and made a “take-it-or-leave-it” offer to temporarily
increase the number of hours authorized from twenty to twenty-five in exchange for Plaintiffs
giving up any appeal rights.
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On April 9, 2015, Plaintiffs filed this putative class action asserting that Anthem’s policy
and practice of limiting coverage for ABA therapy for school-aged children with autism violates
ERISA because it fails to comply with Indiana’s Autism Mandate, as well as federal law.
Plaintiffs’ Complaint outlines three counts. Count I asserts that W.P. and the Class are entitled to
recover benefits because Anthem limited coverage for ABA therapy in violation of state and
federal law. Count II states that the Court should enjoin Anthem’s practice of limiting the amount
of hours covered for ABA therapy and from offering providers “take-it-or-leave-it” deals in
exchange for participants giving up their right to appeal coverage denials. Count III alleges that
Anthem breached its fiduciary duty to W.P. and the Class by acting in a manner inconsistent with
Indiana and federal law. (Filing No. 1.)
Anthem now seeks partial judgment on the pleadings, contending that it has not violated
the Autism Mandate, Plaintiffs’ claim for equitable relief regarding the cap on ABA therapy hours
is not cognizable under ERISA, and Plaintiffs’ fiduciary duty claim fails a matter of law. (Filing
No. 48.) In response, Plaintiffs voluntarily withdrew the fiduciary duty claim. (Filing No. 50.)
II.
LEGAL STANDARD
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) permits a party to move for judgment after the parties
have filed a complaint and an answer. Rule 12(c) motions are analyzed under the same standard
as a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). Pisciotta v. Old Nat’l Bancorp, 499 F.3d 629, 633
(7th Cir. 2007); Frey v. Bank One, 91 F.3d 45, 46 (7th Cir. 1996). Under Rule 12(b)(6), a
complaint must allege facts that are “enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.”
Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). Although “detailed factual allegations”
are not required, mere “labels,” “conclusions,” or “formulaic recitation[s] of the elements of a
cause of action” are insufficient. Id. Stated differently, the complaint must include “enough facts
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to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Hecker v. Deere & Co., 556 F.3d 575, 580
(7th Cir. 2009) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). To be facially plausible, the
complaint must allow “the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for
the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S.
at 556).
Like a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court will grant a Rule 12(c) motion only if “it appears
beyond doubt that the plaintiff cannot prove any facts that would support his claim for relief.” N.
Ind. Gun & Outdoor Shows, Inc. v. City of S. Bend, 163 F.3d 449, 452 (7th Cir. 1998) (quoting
Craigs, Inc. v. Gen. Elec. Capital Corp., 12 F.3d 686, 688 (7th Cir. 1993)). The factual allegations
in the complaint are viewed in a light most favorable to the non-moving party; however, the court
is “not obliged to ignore any facts set forth in the complaint that undermine the plaintiff’s claim or
to assign any weight to unsupported conclusions of law.” Id. (quoting R.J.R. Serv., Inc. v. Aetna
Cas. & Sur. Co., 895 F.2d 279, 281 (7th Cir. 1989)). “As the title of the rule implies, Rule 12(c)
permits a judgment based on the pleadings alone. . . . The pleadings include the complaint, the
answer, and any written instruments attached as exhibits.” Id. (internal citations omitted).
III. DISCUSSION
The issues remaining before the Court are: 1) whether the Autism Mandate permits Anthem
to cap the number of covered ABA therapy hours it covers, and 2) whether ERISA limits Plaintiffs’
ability to seek equitable relief for wrongful denial of benefits. The Court will address each issue
in turn.
A.
The Autism Mandate Permits Caps on ABA Therapy Hours.
Anthem argues that it is entitled to partial judgment on the pleadings because the plain
language of Indiana’s Autism Mandate does not prohibit it from imposing a cap on the number of
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ABA hours it covers. Where statutory language “‘is plain and free from ambiguity, and the
meaning expressed is definite, a literal interpretation of the statute should be adopted.’” Benham
v. State, 637 N.E.2d 133, 136 (Ind. 1994) (quoting Rogers v. Calumet Nat’l Bank of Hammond,
213 Ind. 576, 583 (1938)). Anthem contends that the Autism Mandate only prohibits an insurer
from restricting or denying coverage “solely” because an individual is diagnosed with autism, and
from imposing “dollar limits, deductibles, or coinsurance provisions that are less favorable to an
insured than the dollar limits, deductibles, or coinsurance provisions that apply to physical illness
generally” under the Plan. See Ind. Code Ann. § 27-8-14.2-4. Anthem further relies on a similar
article under Indiana’s Insurance Code that regards mental health services, when arguing that it
did not violate the Autism Mandate because treatment and hour limitations are different from
financial requirements. See Ind. Code § 27-13-7-14.8(d) (“[a] group or individual contract with a
health maintenance organization may not permit treatment limitations or financial requirements
on the coverage of services for a mental illness if similar limitations or requirements are not
imposed on the coverage of services for other medical or surgical conditions” (emphasis added)).
In response, Plaintiffs first rely on City of Angola when asserting that the Court should
deny Anthem’s Motion because it is directed only at parts of the claims outlined in Counts I and
II of the Complaint and is procedurally improper under Rule 12. See BBL, Inc. v. City of Angola,
809 F.3d 317, 325 (7th Cir. 2015) (“[a] motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) doesn’t permit
piecemeal dismissals of parts of claims; the question at this stage is simply whether the complaint
includes factual allegations that state a plausible claim for relief”) (citations omitted) (emphasis in
original). Plaintiffs next argue that, even if the Court considers the merits of Anthem’s Motion,
the plain language of the Autism Mandate requires insurers to cover any “treatment that is
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proscribed by the insured’s treating physician in accordance with a treatment plan” and precludes
the application of quantitative caps on coverage. (Filing No. 50 at 13).
Plaintiffs further contend that to the extent the Court finds the Autism Mandate ambiguous,
the Court must defer to the IDOI’s authoritative interpretation, which considers “dollar limits and
visit limits to be synonymous,” and need not turn to other statutes for aid. See Ind. Ins. Bulletin
136, 2006 WL 1584562, *2 (Mar. 30, 2006). Plaintiffs assert that there is a strongly persuasive
presumption that the legislature agrees with IDOI’s interpretation of the statute because, in 2013,
the legislature amended the Autism Mandate, but made no changes to the substantive requirements
of the law and failed to reject IDOI’s interpretation. “[A] long adhered to administrative
interpretation subsequent to legislation, with no subsequent change having been made in the statute
involved, raises a presumption of legislative acquiescence which is strongly persuasive upon the
courts.” Ind. State Bd. of Embalmers & Funeral Directors v. Keller, 274 Ind. 123, 130 (1980).
In reply, Anthem contends that the IDOI’s interpretation that dollar limits and visit limits
are synonymous is not relevant because “visit limits” are not the same as “hour limits.” Anthem
argues that, even if the Court finds that the IDOI’s interpretation prohibits insurers from capping
the number of covered ABA therapy hours, the IDOI’s contention cannot override the plain
meaning of the statute.
The Court first finds, as Anthem persuasively argues in reply, Plaintiffs’ reliance on City
of Angola is misplaced. Unlike the defendants in the City of Angola, Anthem seeks judgment on
stand-alone claims rather than on a single element of one claim. See City of Angola, 809 F.3d at
325 (stating defendant’s “motion for judgment on the pleadings on parts of the First Amendment
claim may have been improper”). Here, in Count I of the Complaint, Plaintiffs allege that Anthem
violated two separate statutes, Indiana’s Autism Mandate and the federal Mental Health Parity and
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Addiction Equity Act of 2008 (“MHPAEA”). In Count II, Plaintiffs again assert two distinct
claims for injunctive relief—wrongful denial of benefits and Anthem offering “take-it-or-leave-it”
deals in exchange for participants giving up their right to appeal coverage denials. Accordingly,
the Court concludes that Anthem’s Motion for Partial Judgment on the Pleadings does not amount
to “piecemeal dismissals of parts of claims.” See id. (emphasis added).
Turning now to the merits, both parties contend that the Autism Mandate is clear and
unambiguous. The parties, however, dispute whether the Autism Mandate requires Anthem to
cover any treatment proscribed by W.P.’s treating physician, and whether legislators intended the
limitation on financial requirements, such as dollars and deductibles, to be synonymous with hour
limitations. “If the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, it is not subject to judicial
interpretation.” Albright v. Pyle, 637 N.E.2d 1360, 1363-64 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994). “A mere
disagreement among litigants over the meaning of a statute does not prove ambiguity; it usually
means that one of the litigants is simply wrong.” Bank of Am. Nat. Trust & Sav. Ass'n v. 203 N.
LaSalle St. P'ship, 526 U.S. 434, 461 (1999). Courts “look to the plain, ordinary meaning of the
words and phrases in a statute to discern the legislative intent” and “presume that the legislature
intended its language to be applied in a logical manner consistent with the statute’s underlying
policies and goals.” Ashlin Transp. Servs., Inc. v. Indiana Unemployment Ins. Bd., 637 N.E.2d
162, 166 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994). “The Supreme Court has repeatedly recognized that ‘[i]n
ascertaining the plain meaning of the statute, the court must look to the particular statutory
language at issue, as well as the language and design of the statute as a whole.’” Crowley v. Pace
Suburban Bus Div. of Reg’l Transp. Auth., 938 F.2d 797, 798 (7th Cir. 1991) (quoting K Mart
Corp. v. Cartier, Inc., 486 U.S. 281, 291 (1988)).
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After reviewing the statute as a whole, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ interpretation of the
Autism Mandate is at odds with the plain language of the statute. The Autism Mandate specifically
states that:
(a) An accident and sickness insurance policy that is issued on a group basis must
provide coverage for the treatment of an autism spectrum disorder of an insured.
Coverage provided under this section is limited to treatment that is prescribed
by the insured's treating physician in accordance with a treatment plan. An
insurer may not deny or refuse to issue coverage on, refuse to contract with, or
refuse to renew, refuse to reissue, or otherwise terminate or restrict coverage on
an individual under an insurance policy solely because the individual is
diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder.
(b) The coverage required under this section may not be subject to dollar limits,
deductibles, or coinsurance provisions that are less favorable to an insured
than the dollar limits, deductibles, or coinsurance provisions that apply to
physical illness generally under the accident and sickness insurance policy.
Ind. Code Ann. § 27-8-14.2-4 (emphasis added). If the Court permits Plaintiffs’ reading of the
statute, that an insurer is required to cover any treatment proscribed by the insured’s treating
physician, then the last sentence of subsection (a) and subsection (b) in its entirety would add
nothing to the statute. See Corley v. United States, 556 U.S. 303 (2009) (“[a] statute should be
construed [to give effect] to all its provisions, so that no part will be inoperative or superfluous,
void or insignificant”) (citations omitted). Based on the plain language of the Autism Mandate,
the Court finds that Anthem is not required to cover any treatment proscribed by W.P.’s treating
physician. Accordingly, Anthem may refuse to provide or terminate coverage for autism treatment
so long as its refusal is not solely or exclusively based on W.P.’s autism spectrum disorder and
Anthem does not impose less favorable financial limitations than those that apply to physical
illness under the Plan.
The Court also finds that when viewing the plain language of the statute, and other similar
statutes under the Indiana Insurance Code, the limitation on financial requirements outlined in
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subsection (b) is not synonymous with an hour limitation. See Ind. Code § 27-13-7-14.8(d); see
also Chicago & Calumet Dist. Transit Co. v. Mueller, 213 Ind. 530, 534 (1938) (when determining
legislative intent, a court may look to “other statutes regarding the same subjects, or relative
subjects”) (citations omitted). The Court agrees with Anthem and concludes that, even if IDOI’s
interpretation of the Autism Mandate imposes an hour limitation, the plain language of Indiana’s
Autism Mandate does not preclude Anthem from capping the number of covered ABA therapy
hours. See Etzler v. Indiana Dep't of Revenue, 43 N.E.3d 250, 255 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (rejecting
the Department of Revenue’s proposed interpretation of a statute as “neither apparent in its plain
language nor consistent with other sections of Indiana Code chapter 6-8.1-8”); see also Town of
Merrillville v. Merrillville Conservancy Dist. By & Through Bd. of Directors, 649 N.E.2d 645,
649 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995) (“[w]hen the legislature enacts a statute, [courts] presume [the legislature]
is aware of existing statutes in the same area”); Sanders v. State, 466 N.E.2d 424, 428 (Ind.1984)
(“[s]tatutes relating to the same general subject matter are in pari materia 1 and should be construed
together so as to produce a harmonious statutory scheme”). Accordingly, Anthem’s Motion for
partial judgment on Plaintiffs’ claim that Anthem violated the Autism Mandate is granted.
B.
ERISA Limits Equitable Relief Claims for Wrongful Denial of Benefits.
Anthem also requests partial judgment on Plaintiffs’ equitable relief claim for wrongful
denial of benefits under Count II of the Complaint, arguing that the claim is not available because
it is duplicitous of Plaintiffs’ wrongful denial of benefits claim under Count I of the Complaint. A
civil action may be brought under ERISA,
(1) by a participant or beneficiary—
(A) for the relief provided for in subsection (c) of this section, or
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In Pari Materia, BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014) (“[o]n the same subject; relating to the same matter”).
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(B) to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to enforce his
rights under the terms of the plan, or to clarify his rights to future
benefits under the terms of the plan.
(2) by the Secretary, or by a participant, beneficiary or fiduciary for appropriate
relief under section 1109 of this title;
(3) by a participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary (A) to enjoin any act or practice
which violates any provision of this subchapter or the terms of the plan, or
(B) to obtain other appropriate equitable relief (i) to redress such violations
or (ii) to enforce any provisions of this subchapter or the terms of the plan…
29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)-(3). Anthem relies on Varity Corp. and Mondry when arguing that because
relief is available under subsection (a)(1)(B), Plaintiffs are not entitled to relief under subsection
(a)(3). See Varity Corp. v. Howe, 516 U.S. 489, 490 (1996) (Section (a)(3) acts “as a safety net,
offering appropriate equitable relief for injuries caused by violations that [the statute] does not
elsewhere adequately remedy”); Mondry v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 557 F.3d 781, 805 (7th Cir.
2009) (“a majority of the circuits are of the view that if relief is available to a plan participant
under subsection (a)(1)(B), then that relief is un available under subsection (a)(3)”).
In response, Plaintiffs argue that neither the Supreme Court nor the Seventh Circuit has
held that a plaintiff is precluded from pleading claims under both § 1132(a)(3) and § 1132(a)(1)(B).
Plaintiffs contend, despite the courts in Varity Corp. and Mondry stating that relief is unavailable
under section (a)(3) if it is available under section (a)(1)(B), the courts did not hold that a district
court must dismiss claims under section (a)(3) where claims under section (a)(1)(B) are pled.
Plaintiffs also asserts that Varity Corp. bars only duplicate recovery and does not address pleading
alternate theories of liability. See Silva v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 762 F.3d 711, 726 (8th Cir. 2014)
(“nothing in Varity Corp. overrules federal pleading rules..., under such rules, a plaintiff may plead
claims hypothetically or alternatively”). Plaintiffs further argue that the Court should deny
Anthem’s Motion on this issue because it is impossible to determine at the pleading stage whether
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equitable relief may be appropriate since questions remain regarding whether Anthem violated
Indiana’s Autism Mandate, federal MHPAEA, as well as Plaintiffs’ other claims.
The Court finds, as Anthem persuasively argues, that equitable relief is not available under
ERISA for denial of benefits claims where a plaintiff may recover under § 1132(a)(1)(B). See
Varity Corp., 516 U.S. at 515 (“where Congress elsewhere provided adequate relief for a
beneficiary’s injury, there will likely be no need for further equitable relief, in which case such
relief normally would not be “appropriate”); see also Karr v. Dow Agrosciences LLC, No. 1:10CV-00975-LJM, 2012 WL 1365438, at *8 (S.D. Ind. Apr. 19, 2012) (“this Court has found §
1132(a)(3) and 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B) to be mutually exclusive”— § 1132(a)(3) acts as a safety
net, offering appropriate equitable remedies where 29 U.S.C. § 1132 does not elsewhere
adequately remedy). The Court concludes that, because § 1132(a)(1)(B) provides a remedy for
Plaintiffs to recover for wrongful denial of benefits, Plaintiffs may not pursue the claim under §
1132(a)(3). Accordingly, Anthem’s Motion for partial judgment on Plaintiffs’ equitable relief
claim for wrongful denial of benefits under Count II of the Complaint is granted.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Anthem’s Motion for Partial Judgment on
the Pleadings. (Filing No. 48.) Accordingly, the Court dismisses Plaintiffs’ violation of state law
claim for wrongful denial of benefits under Count I, as well as Plaintiffs’ equitable relief claim
under Count II regarding Anthem’s practice of limiting the amount of hours covered for ABA
therapy. Count III, the fiduciary duty claim voluntarily withdrawn by Plaintiffs’, is dismissed in
its entirety. (Filing No. 1.) The claims remaining for trial are:
Count I: Plaintiffs’ claim that they are entitled to recover benefits because Anthem limited
coverage for ABA therapy in violation of federal law.
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Count II: Plaintiffs’ claim to enjoin Anthem from offering providers “take-it-or-leave-it”
deals in exchange for participants giving up their right to appeal coverage denials.
SO ORDERED.
Date: 2/15/2017
DISTRIBUTION:
Jonathan Lamont Mayes
BOSE MCKINNEY & EVANS, LLP
jmayes@boselaw.com
Kristopher N. Kazmierczak
KATZ & KORIN P.C.
kkaz@katzkorin.com
Sally F. Zweig
KATZ & KORIN P.C.
szweig@katzkorin.com
Martin J. Bishop
REED SMITH LLP
mbishop@reedsmith.com
Rebecca R. Hanson
REED SMITH LLP
rhanson@reedsmith.com
Timothy R. Carwinski
REED SMITH LLP
tcarwinski@reedsmith.com
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Syed Ali Saeed
SAEED & LITTLE LLP
ali@sllawfirm.com
Blythe H. Chandler
TERRELL MARSHALL LAW GROUP PLLC
bchandler@terrellmarshall.com
Toby J. Marshall
TERRELL MARSHALL LAW GROUP PLLC
tmarshall@terrellmarshall.com
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