MILES v. SAUL

Filing 16

ENTRY ON JUDICIAL REVIEW - Plaintiff Cathy M. requests judicial review of the final decision of the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration, denying her application for Disability Insurance Benefits ("DIB") under the Social Se curity Act. For the following reasons, the Court affirms the decision of the Commissioner. "The standard for disability claims under the Social Security Act is stringent." Williams-Overstreet v. Astrue, 364 F. App'x 271, 274 (7th Ci r. 2010). For the reasons stated above, the 20 Court finds no legal basis to reverse the ALJ's decision. The final decision of the Commissioner is AFFIRMED. Cathy M.'s appeal is DISMISSED. (See Entry). Signed by Judge Tanya Walton Pratt on 9/8/2021. (AKH)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA
INDIANAPOLIS DIVISION
CATHY M.,

)
)
Plaintiff,
)
)
v.
)
)
KILOLO KIJAKAZI, Acting Commissioner of the )
Social Security Administration, 1
)
)
Defendant.
)

Case No. 1:20-cv-01637-TWP-DLP

ENTRY ON JUDICIAL REVIEW
Plaintiff Cathy M. 2 requests judicial review of the final decision of the Commissioner of the
Social Security Administration (the "SSA"), denying her application for Disability Insurance
Benefits ("DIB") under the Social Security Act. For the following reasons, the Court affirms the
decision of the Commissioner.
I.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On June 13, 2016, Cathy M. filed an application for DIB, alleging a disability onset date
of December 1, 2015. (Filing No. 10-2 at 16.) Her application was initially denied on July 29,
2016, (Filing No. 10-4 at 2), and upon reconsideration on January 20, 2017, (Filing No. 10-4 at 7).
Administrative Law Judge Douglas A. Walker (the "ALJ") conducted a hearing on February 27,

1

According to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), after the removal of Andrew M. Saul from his office as
Commissioner of the SSA on July 9, 2021, Kilolo Kijakazi automatically became the Defendant in this case when she
was named as the Acting Commissioner of the SSA.
2
To protect the privacy interests of claimants for Social Security benefits, consistent with the recommendation of the
Court Administration and Case Management Committee of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, the
Southern District of Indiana has opted to use only the first name and last initial of non-governmental parties in its
Social Security judicial review opinions.

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2019, at which Cathy M., represented by counsel, and a vocational expert ("VE"), appeared and
testified. (Filing No. 10-2 at 36-70.) The ALJ issued a decision on March 25, 2019, concluding
that Cathy M. was not entitled to receive benefits. (Filing No. 10-2 at 13-28.) The Appeals Council
denied review on April 10, 2020. (Filing No. 10-2 at 2.) On June 15, 2020, Cathy M. timely filed
this civil action, asking the Court pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) to review the final decision of
the Commissioner denying her benefits. (Filing No. 1.)
II.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

"The Social Security Administration (SSA) provides benefits to individuals who cannot
obtain work because of a physical or mental disability." Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1151
(2019). Disability is defined as the "inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason
of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in
death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12
months." 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A); Stephens v. Berryhill, 888 F.3d 323, 327 (7th Cir. 2018). To
be found disabled, a claimant must demonstrate that her physical or mental limitations prevent her
from doing not only her previous work but any other kind of gainful employment which exists in
the national economy, considering her age, education, and work experience.

42 U.S.C. §

423(d)(2)(A).
The Commissioner employs a five-step sequential analysis to determine whether a claimant
is disabled. At step one, if the claimant is engaged in substantial gainful activity, she is not disabled
despite her medical condition and other factors. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(i). At step two, if the
claimant does not have a "severe" impairment that also meets the durational requirement, she is
not disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(ii). A severe impairment is one that "significantly limits
[a claimant's] physical or mental ability to do basic work activities." 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(c). At

2

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step three, the Commissioner determines whether the claimant's impairment or combination of
impairments meets or medically equals any impairment that appears in the Listing of Impairments,
20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1, and whether the impairment meets the twelve-month
duration requirement; if so, the claimant is deemed disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(iii).
If the claimant's impairments do not meet or medically equal one of the impairments on
the Listing of Impairments, then her residual functional capacity will be assessed and used for the
fourth and fifth steps. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(iv)-(v). Residual functional capacity
("RFC") is the "maximum that a claimant can still do despite [her] mental and physical
limitations."

Craft v. Astrue, 539 F.3d 668, 675-76 (7th Cir. 2008) (citing 20 C.F.R. §

404.1545(a)(1); Social Security Ruling ("SSR") 96-8p (S.S.A. July 2, 1996), 1996 WL 374184).
At step four, if the claimant can perform her past relevant work, she is not disabled. 20 C.F.R. §
404.1520(a)(4)(iv). At the fifth and final step, it must be determined whether the claimant can
perform any other work, given her RFC and considering her age, education, and past work
experience. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(v). The claimant is not disabled if she can perform any
other work in the relevant economy. Id.
The combined effect of all the impairments of the claimant shall be considered throughout
the disability determination process. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(B). The burden of proof is on the
claimant for the first four steps; it then shifts to the Commissioner for the fifth step. Young v. Sec'y
of Health & Human Servs., 957 F.2d 386, 389 (7th Cir. 1992).
When an applicant appeals an adverse benefits decision, this Court's role is limited to
ensuring that the ALJ applied the correct legal standards and that substantial evidence exists for
the ALJ's decision. Stephens, 888 F.3d at 327. For the purpose of judicial review, "substantial
evidence" is such relevant "evidence that 'a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support

3

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a conclusion.'" Zoch v. Saul, 981 F.3d 597, 601 (7th Cir. 2020) (quoting Biestek, 139 S. Ct. at
1154). "Although this Court reviews the record as a whole, it cannot substitute its own judgment
for that of the SSA by reevaluating the facts, or reweighing the evidence to decide whether a
claimant is in fact disabled." Stephens, 888 F.3d at 327. Reviewing courts also "do not decide
questions of credibility, deferring instead to the ALJ's conclusions unless 'patently wrong.'" Zoch,
981 F.3d at 601 (quoting Summers v. Berryhill, 864 F.3d 523, 528 (7th Cir. 2017)). The Court
does "determine whether the ALJ built an 'accurate and logical bridge' between the evidence and
the conclusion." Peeters v. Saul, 975 F.3d 639, 641 (7th Cir. 2020) (quoting Beardsley v. Colvin,
758 F.3d 834, 837 (7th Cir. 2014)).
If the ALJ committed no legal error and substantial evidence exists to support the ALJ's
decision, the Court must affirm the denial of benefits. Stephens, 888 F.3d at 327. When an ALJ's
decision does not apply the correct legal standard, a remand for further proceedings is usually the
appropriate remedy. Karr v. Saul, 989 F.3d 508, 513 (7th Cir. 2021). Typically, a remand is also
appropriate when the decision is not supported by substantial evidence. Briscoe ex rel. Taylor v.
Barnhart, 425 F.3d 345, 355 (7th Cir. 2005). "An award of benefits is appropriate only where all
factual issues have been resolved and the 'record can yield but one supportable conclusion.'" Id.
(quoting Campbell v. Shalala, 988 F.2d 741, 744 (7th Cir. 1993)).
III.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

When Cathy M. filed, she alleged that she could no longer work because of chronic,
incurable disequilibrium, bipolar disorder, liver adenomas, a hysterectomy, and chronic migraines.
(Filing No. 10-6 at 3.) She was 36 years old when her alleged disability began. (See Filing No.
10-5 at 2.) She has completed master's degrees in healthcare management and accounting. (Filing
No. 10-2 at 39.) She has worked as an accounts receivable clerk, group coordinator in the health

4

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insurance industry, IT associate, quality auditor, and research consultant. (Filing No. 10-6 at 4.)
The relevant evidence of record is amply set forth in the parties' briefs, as well as the ALJ's decision
and need not be repeated here. Specific facts relevant to the Court's disposition of this case are
discussed below.
The ALJ followed the five-step sequential evaluation set forth by the SSA in 20 C.F.R. §
404.1520(a)(4) and concluded that Cathy M. was not disabled. (Filing No. 10-2 at 28.) At step
one, the ALJ found that Cathy M. had not engaged in substantial gainful activity3 since December
1, 2015, the alleged onset date. (Filing No. 10-2 at 18.) At step two, the ALJ found that Cathy M.
had "the following severe impairments: migraines, vertiginous syndromes, liver adenoma, and
other disorders of [the] vestibular system." (Filing No. 10-2 at 18 (citations omitted).) At step
three, the ALJ found that Cathy M. did not have an impairment or combination of impairments
that met or medically equaled the severity of one of the listed impairments. (Filing No. 10-2 at
20.) After step three but before step four, the ALJ concluded:
After careful consideration of the entire record, the undersigned finds that the
claimant has the residual functional capacity to perform less than the full range of
sedentary work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(a). She could perform work which
requires up to 30 days to 3 months to learn techniques, acquire the information, and
develop the facility for average performances in a specific job situation; she could
lift or carry 10 pounds occasionally and 10 pounds frequently; she could stand
and/or walk (with normal breaks) for a total of 2 hours in an 8-hour workday; she
could sit (with normal breaks) for a total of 6 hours in an 8-hour workday; she could
occasionally ascend and descend stairs; due to mild to moderate pain and
medication side effects, she should avoid hazards in the workplace such as
unprotected areas of moving machinery; heights; ramps; ladders; scaffolds; and on
the ground, unprotected areas of holes and pits; she should be restricted to a
"relatively clean" work environment (low levels of dusts, noxious odors, fumes,
gas, while avoiding poor ventilation affecting the respiratory system, eyes, or skin);
stable temperatures; moderate noise; occasional humidity and wetness; she could
perform each of the following postural activities occasionally: balancing, stooping,
crouching, kneeling, and crawling but not the climbing of ropes or scaffolds, and
3

Substantial gainful activity is defined as work activity that is both substantial (i.e., involves significant physical or
mental activities) and gainful (i.e., work that is usually done for pay or profit, whether or not a profit is realized). 20
C.F.R. § 404.1572(a).

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of ladders exceeding 6 feet; she has non-exertional limitations which frequently
affect her ability to concentrate upon complex or detailed tasks, but she would
remain capable of understanding, remembering, and carrying out the job
instructions defined earlier; making work related judgments and decisions;
responding appropriately to supervision, co-workers and work situations; and
dealing with changes in a routine work setting; she should avoid stressful situations
and can occasionally: work with co-workers in a team; work directly with the
public; and work with supervisors or co-workers where interpersonal interaction or
discussion is required; and she should work in an environment where she makes
few decisions and uses little judgment.
(Filing No. 10-2 at 20-21.) At step four, the ALJ found, considering the VE's testimony and Cathy
M.'s RFC, that she could not perform any of her past relevant work as a research assistant II,
insurance clerk, and data entry clerk. (Filing No. 10-2 at 26.) At step five, considering Cathy M.'s
age, education, work experience, and RFC, as well as the VE's testimony, the ALJ concluded that
Cathy M. could have performed other work through the date of the decision with jobs existing in
significant numbers in the national economy in representative occupations, such as a call-out
operator, parimutuel ticket checker, and addresser. (Filing No. 10-2 at 27-28.)
IV.

DISCUSSION

Cathy M. makes four assertions. She asserts that the ALJ erroneously: (1) failed to include
all the limitations caused by her severe and non-severe impairments, (Filing No. 12 at 21-23); (2)
evaluated her subjective statements concerning her symptoms, (Filing No. 12 at 24-25); (3)
rejected a medical opinion, (Filing No. 12 at 25-26); and (4) made a step five determination that
was not supported by substantial evidence, (Filing No. 12 at 26-27).
A.

RFC and Subjective Symptom Evaluation
Though Cathy M. organizes her appeal arguments into challenges to the ALJ's: (1) RFC

finding in one section; and (2) subjective symptom evaluation in another section, the specific
arguments within each section sometimes fit better in the other section, and the inquiries are
interrelated rather than distinct. (See Filing No. 12 at 21-25.) "The regulations require that an
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ALJ's RFC be based on the entire case record, including the objective medical findings and the
credibility of the claimant's subjective complaints." Poppa v. Astrue, 569 F.3d 1167, 1170-71
(10th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted); see 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529; 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545. "Since the
purpose of the credibility evaluation is to help the ALJ assess a claimant's RFC, the ALJ's
credibility and RFC determinations are inherently intertwined." Poppa, 569 F.3d at 1171; see
Outlaw v. Astrue, 412 F. App'x 894, 897 (7th Cir. 2011) ("RFC determinations are inherently
intertwined with matters of credibility, and we generally defer to an ALJ's credibility finding unless
it is 'patently wrong.'") (quoting Jones v. Astrue, 623 F.3d 1155, 1160 (7th Cir. 2010)).
Accordingly, the Court will address the arguments within the first two sections of Cathy M.'s brief
together.
The ALJ's summary of the medical evidence included statements that an "MRI of the brain
was unremarkable," and a "videonystagmography (VNG) test 4 was normal." (Filing No. 10-2 at
22.) Cathy M. contends that "[t]hese assertions are not supported by the record." (Filing No. 12
at 24.) When the state agency consultant physician summarized the record evidence on January
20, 2017, she noted that "VNG was normal." (Filing No. 10-3 at 27.) On December 7, 2015, an
inner ear specialist treating Cathy M. also commented that "[s]he's had a normal VNG." (Filing
No. 10-7 at 34.) The specialist's impression was vestibular migraines, (Filing No. 10-7 at 34),
which the ALJ also noted directly after the statements quoted above, (Filing No. 10-2 at 22). On
June 18, 2015, VNG testing did not show "evidence of significant peripheral vestibular
dysfunction," but there was "evidence of significant central vestibular dysfunction." (Filing No.
10-6 at 55-56; Filing No. 10-7 at 12.) Moreover, vestibular and oculomotor testing, performed on

4

VNG testing uses small cameras to record eye movements and is one of many objective diagnostic tools that can
be used to investigate balance problems. Mayo Clinic, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/balanceproblems/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350477 (last visited August 17, 2021).

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February 2, 2016, showed "a substantial reduction in labyrinthine function on the left side (canal
paresis of 57%), in line with the spontaneous nystagmus to the left and left onset in response to
sinusoidal rotations." (Filing No. 10-9 at 9.) While the ALJ's summary of the evidence, pertaining
to VNG testing in particular, is incomplete, the ALJ found a vestibular disorder to be one of Cathy
M.'s severe impairments, and he reduced her RFC—further than the state agency consultants'
assessments—to the sedentary exertional level with standing and walking limited to two hours in
an eight-hour workday. (See, e.g., Filing No. 10-3 at 26 (most recent consultant's assessment that
Cathy M. was limited to a range of light exertional work with standing and walking four hours in
a workday).) The ALJ explained that he was convinced by gait testing that showed that Cathy
M.'s pattern was insecure and unsteady. (Filing No. 10-2 at 22.)
Similarly, the MRI of Cathy M.'s brain was not completely unremarkable. An MRI taken
January 12, 2016, showed a "few scattered small white matter hyperintense foci which are
nonspecific. These are nonspecific findings that may be seen in the setting of migraine, small
vessel ischemic changes, vasculitis, or other inflammatory etiologies." (Filing No. 10-7 at 82-83.)
Cathy M.'s treating neurologist commented about the similar findings of a previous MRI that the
lesions were probably the result of hypertension, smoking, or migraines, rather than an indication
of multiple sclerosis. (Filing No. 10-7 at 6.) However, again, the ALJ credited that migraines
were a severe impairment. Cathy M. has not developed how the objective testing results conflicted
with her RFC. The VNG testing seems to suggest that Cathy M. was at least limited to the
sedentary exertional level, but it's not apparent that the testing shows she was incapable of sitdown work. Even though Cathy M. was a daily smoker during the period at issue, (see, e.g., Filing
No. 10-7 at 122), the MRI might be diagnostic evidence of migraines, but it does not demonstrate
the severity of Cathy M.'s impairment such that it directly correlated with any specific functional

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limitations. See, e.g., Schmidt v. Barnhart, 395 F.3d 737, 745-46 (7th Cir. 2005) (establishing a
medical determinable impairment is only part of the claimant's burden, she must also demonstrate
resulting functional limitations).
Cathy M. asserts that the ALJ failed to include a limitation that she would be off task during
the workday because of her vertigo and migraines. (Filing No. 12 at 21.) She cites her own
statements that she continued to have severe migraines four to seven days a week, made mistakes
in the past while working with migraines, and usually needed to lie down when she had one.
(Filing No. 12 at 21.) On July 21, 2015, Cathy M. reported to her neurologist that her vertigo was
giving her "hallucinations," that were "minor," but "scary." (Filing No. 10-7 at 6.) During physical
therapy, she reported "worsening of her visual and auditory hallucinations." (Filing No. 10-7 at
29.) On January 29, 2016, Cathy M. detailed her history to a pain management physician who
administered a steroid nerve block injection for her migraines. (Filing No. 10-7 at 52-54.) She
reported that she had more than a ten-year history of migraines that were resistant to multiple
medications, increased with stress, occurred five to six days a week, and varied in intensity from
no pain to a slight dull headache to severe ten out of ten pain. (Filing No. 10-7 at 52.) She reported
that she also had a six-month history of "severe disequilibrium," not necessarily associated with a
headache, that was "associated with changes in mental status and blurred vision." (Filing No. 107 at 52.)
When evaluating a claimant's subjective statements about the intensity and persistence of
her symptoms, the ALJ must often, as here, make a credibility determination concerning the
limiting effects of those symptoms. Cole v. Colvin, 831 F.3d 411, 412 (7th Cir. 2016). Reviewing
courts "may disturb the ALJ's credibility finding only if it is 'patently wrong.'" Burmester v.
Berryhill, 920 F.3d 507, 510 (7th Cir. 2019) (quoting Curvin v. Colvin, 778 F.3d 645, 651 (7th Cir.

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2015)).

Reviewing courts examine whether a credibility determination was reasoned and

supported; only when an ALJ's decision "lacks any explanation or support . . . will [a court] declare
it to be 'patently wrong.'" Elder v. Astrue, 529 F.3d 408, 413-14 (7th Cir. 2008). "Credibility
determinations will not be overturned unless they are clearly incorrect. As long as the ALJ's
decision is supported by substantial and convincing evidence, it deserves this court's deference."
Arnold v. Barnhart, 473 F.3d 816, 823 (7th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted); see Alvarado v. Colvin,
836 F.3d 744, 749 (7th Cir. 2016) (A credibility determination "tied to evidence in the record" may
not be disturbed as patently wrong.). If a fully favorable determination cannot be made based
solely on the objective medical evidence, SSR 16-3p directs the ALJ to consider "all of the
evidence to evaluate the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of an individual's symptoms,"
including the regulatory factors relevant to a claimant's symptoms, such as daily activities, the
location, duration, frequency, and intensity of pain or other symptoms, factors that precipitate and
aggravate the symptoms, the type, dosage, effectiveness, and side effects of any medication an
individual takes or has taken to alleviate pain or other symptoms; and treatment, other than
medication, an individual receives or has received for relief of pain or other symptoms. SSR 163p (S.S.A Oct. 25, 2017), 2017 WL 5180304, at *6-8; 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(3).
During the hearing, the ALJ asked Cathy M. "how long have you suffered from migraines?"
(Filing No. 10-2 at 53.) The ALJ rephrased, "Fair to say it's several years before you stopped
working?" (Filing No. 10-2 at 53.) Cathy M. testified, "Oh, yeah, it's been over ten years." (Filing
No. 10-2 at 53.) The ALJ asked, "Have they changed at all since you've stopped working?" (Filing
No. 10-2 at 53.) Cathy M. testified that "[i]n a way" they had, because injections "improved the
frequency." (Filing No. 10-2 at 53-54.) The demonstrated ability to work with "long-standing
complaints" is generally substantial evidence that a claimant is not disabled unless evidence shows

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the impairment or impairments have worsened. Castile v. Astrue, 617 F.3d 923, 927-28 (7th Cir.
2010). For instance, on August 23, 2016, Cathy M. reported to her psychiatrist that her disability
claim "was supposed to be mainly for the vertigo." (Filing No. 10-9 at 4.) Moreover, the ALJ
partially credited Cathy M.'s subjective complaints. For example, consistent with the record
showing that stress was a factor that triggered more severe migraines, the ALJ limited her to
unskilled, low stress work with reduced interpersonal interactions, few decisions, and little use of
judgment.
The ALJ also limited Cathy M. to no complex or detailed tasks—despite her considerable
education and work experience—because he found that she would frequently have issues
concentrating on such tasks. 5 In the context of the RFC, the ALJ did not find it necessary to also
account for time that Cathy M. would be off task. The ALJ is required to credit the limitations
established through subjective statements only to the extent he finds them credible. Simila v.
Astrue, 573 F.3d 503, 521 (7th Cir. 2009).
Cathy M. presents several arguments that undermine the ALJ's consideration of her
subjective statements. She argues that the ALJ ignored evidence regarding her activities of daily
living that conflicted with his determination. (Filing No. 12 at 22-24.) The Seventh Circuit has
"criticized ALJs for equating activities of daily living with an ability to work." Loveless v. Colvin,
810 F.3d 502, 508 (7th Cir. 2016) (citations omitted). However, an ALJ is not only permitted but
instructed to consider daily activities. Id. (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(3)(i)). The ALJ may
properly use activities of daily living to demonstrate that the claimant's testimony was undermined

5
Cathy M. also contends that the ALJ failed to account for "any exacerbating effects" of her mental impairments in
the RFC. (Filing No. 12 at 22.) However, Cathy M. does not assert the limitations that were supported by the effect
of her mental impairments. An appellant must develop an alleged error with the ALJ's RFC analysis by identifying a
specific limitation that was both supported and neglected. Jozefyk v. Berryhill, 923 F.3d 492, 497-98 (7th Cir. 2019).
Cathy M. has not demonstrated that the ALJ's RFC finding was insufficient to account for her mental impairments.

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about the extent of her exertional limitations. Loveless, 810 F.3d at 508; Pepper v. Colvin, 712
F.3d 351, 369 (7th Cir. 2013). The ALJ explained that "[w]ith regard to household chores, the
claimant did not endorse any activities strongly inconsistent with sedentary level exertion." (Filing
No. 10-2 at 22.) The statement is ambiguous. Perhaps, the ALJ meant that Cathy M.'s reported
activities of daily living did not show she was capable of a greater exertional level than the ALJ
found her to be when he assessed sedentary work, i.e. light exertional work that had been assessed
by the consultants. Such a conclusion would not necessarily support an adverse credibility
determination because it leaves open the question whether Cathy M.'s daily activities supported or
conflicted with even greater limitations than the ALJ found. Cathy M. assumes that the ALJ was
explaining that he found her activities of daily living to support that she could sustain sedentary
exertional work. (See Filing No. 12 at 22.) Regardless, the ALJ clearly was aware that Cathy M.
had reported symptoms that would conflict with her ability to sustain work. In the immediately
following sentences, the ALJ explained that "[i]n pain questionnaires, the claimant reported severe
migraines 4-7 days per week. During the hearing, the claimant reiterated these allegations."
(Filing No. 10-2 at 22 (citations omitted).)
The potentially more substantive issue raised by Cathy M. is that the ALJ did not always
confront the record evidence regarding her daily activities that supported her disabling allegations.
See, e.g., Gentle v. Barnhart, 430 F.3d 865, 867 (7th Cir. 2005) (An ALJ's analysis of daily
activities can be flawed based on "[u]ncontested evidence [that was] not mentioned" about the
difficulties the claimant has with performing those activities or the assistance she receives from
others.) For instance, concerning the severity of Cathy M.'s mental impairments, the ALJ
explained that he found that she had mild limitations with understanding, remembering, or
applying information, rather than moderate limitations, "because the claimant endorsed

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independent abilities to pay bills, count change, handle a savings account, and to balance a
checkbook." (Filing No. 10-2 at 20 (citation omitted).) However, in the same form the ALJ cited
that Cathy M. had provided to the SSA, she also reported that she lost track of time, often forgot,
and frequently paid her bills late, which was a departure from her previous habits. (Filing No. 106 at 48-49.)
The ALJ also failed to confront a letter from an attorney for a licensed in-home healthcare
provider who was responding to Cathy M.'s hearing representative's request for records of her
"treatment for her cognitive disorder." (Filing No. 10-9 at 144-45.) The attorney explained that
an evaluation and consultation had been arranged at the request of Cathy M.'s stepfather in March
2017, and care was provided in her home, twice a week, beginning in April 2017. (Filing No. 109 at 144.) The attorney also explained that Cathy M. "is often confused and has trouble making
rational and reasonable decisions in routine matters of daily living." (Filing No. 10-9 at 144.) The
attorney concluded that with the provider's assistance, Cathy M. was "able to live independently
in her own home without being placed in a facility. She does need regular and close supervision
to be certain she does not have an episode where she could become a danger to herself or others."
(Filing No. 10-9 at 145.)
During the hearing, Cathy M.'s representative asked her what led to the decision to pursue
a caregiver. (Filing No. 10-2 at 50.) She responded, "The inability to drive very much, to get
through a whole grocery trip." (Filing No. 10-2 at 50.) The ALJ asked several follow-up questions
that included the following exchange:
[ALJ:] Was this at the insistence, or recommendation, or suggestion of a physician?
[Cathy M.:] Well, I talked to my doctor about it, but insurance won't pay for it, so -[ALJ:] Well, actually they will under some circumstances.

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[Cathy M.:] Under some – I understand that, yeah but, for what I needed, they won't.
I needed more help with the mobility and the getting places, and getting errands
ran, and housekeeping, things like that. And, yeah, they won't pay for things like –
[ALJ:] Okay, all right.
(Filing No. 10-2 at 51.)
Although the ALJ should have addressed the letter, the failure to do so is harmless. This
is because there is no medical evidence that Cathy M. was diagnosed with a cognitive disorder.
Furthermore, her testimony about her need for services was significantly different than what is
described in the letter. There is no medical evidence corroborating that she had the inability to
make rational, independent decisions. Based on the record, the Court does not conclude that the
ALJ's subjective symptom evaluation was patently wrong because he failed to confront the
evidence detailed above. A deficiency in the ALJ's decision does not invalidate the ALJ's
credibility determination where the record shows that the ALJ considered other pertinent facts in
making that determination. See McKinzey v. Astrue, 641 F.3d 884, 890 (7th Cir. 2011) (upholding
the ALJ's credibility determination despite finding "deficiencies" such that there was "some merit
in two out of three of McKinzey's attacks" because the ALJ had cited to record evidence that
undermined the limiting effect of the claimant's symptoms).
The ALJ explained that multiple, unremarkable mental status examinations supported his
finding that Cathy M.'s mental impairments were not severe. (Filing No. 10-2 at 18-19.) The
Seventh Circuit has explained "it is proper to read the ALJ's decision as a whole, and . . . it would
be needless formality to have the ALJ repeat substantially similar factual analyses" throughout the
decision. Rice v. Barnhart, 384 F.3d 363, 370 n.5 (7th Cir. 2004). Normal mental status
examination findings also undermine Cathy M.'s own allegations that she had significant memory
problems, her frequent episodes of vertigo altered her mental status, and they resulted in

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hallucinations, as well as the allegations in the letter that she was frequently confused and could
not make rational decisions. On August 6, 2014, Cathy M. reported to her psychiatrist treating her
bipolar disorder that she had increased stress from prolonged unemployment and the resulting need
to move in with her parents. (Filing No. 10-7 at 86.) Cathy M. was well groomed, pleasant,
cooperative, alert, oriented, with logical, coherent, and relevant thought processes, no delusions or
hallucinations, and she had intact recent and remote memory, attention and concentration, and
judgment. (Filing No. 10-7 at 88-89.) The same was true during visits on September 16, 2014,
(Filing No. 10-7 at 92), October 16, 2014, (Filing No. 10-7 at 94-95), January 2, 2015, (Filing No.
10-7 at 97), May 20, 2015, (Filing No. 10-7 at 98-99), July 27, 2015, (Filing No. 10-7 at 102),
August 31, 2015, (Filing No. 10-7 at 105-06), October 5, 2015, (Filing No. 10-7 at 109 (despite
her also being "in some visible discomfort due to the vertigo"), November 17, 2015, (Filing No.
10-7 at 113), and February 25, 2016, (Filing No. 10-7 at 117).
On May 14, 2015, Cathy M. reported to another provider that her vertigo symptoms were
getting worse every day to the point she felt like she was going to pass out, she had weakness in
her limbs, and had "problems trying to keep a conversation due to weakness." (Filing No. 10-9 at
129.) On examination, she was noted to be awake and alert with an appropriate mood and affect.
(Filing No. 10-9 at 130.) On January 11, 2016, at a gastroenterology consultation, she was noted
to have normal judgment, insight, short and long-term memory, with proper orientation, and "no
evidence of depression, anxiety or agitation." (Filing No. 10-7 at 188.) On August 23, 2016,
Cathy M. returned to her psychiatrist and reported that despite ongoing headaches, debilitating
vertigo, an enlarged liver, and narcolepsy, she had "[o]verall . . . been able to manage most days,"
she tolerated her medications "well," "they make a positive difference on her level of alertness,"
and they made a "marked difference" with her sleep. (Filing No. 10-9 at 4.) Her mental status

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examination recorded that her mood was "stressed," but everything remained intact, including her
memory, judgment, thought processes, appearance, affect, and attention and concentration. (Filing
No. 10-9 at 5.) On February 20, 2017, during an emergency room visit when she was diagnosed
with Cellulitis, her psychiatric examination was "normal" including affect and demeanor. (Filing
No. 10-10 at 91.) On May 31, 2017, another treating provider noted her to be awake and alert with
appropriate mood and affect. (Filing No. 10-9 at 85.) On October 12, 2017, Cathy M. reported to
her primary care physician that her Depakote for bipolar disorder was stopped because of changes
in her liver and "she was manic while she was trying different med[ications] to control her
condition [but] she was . . . now on lithium with better control." (Filing No. 10-11 at 34.) The
psychiatric examination was normal. (Filing No. 10-11 at 35.) On July 18, 2018, her psychiatric
examination with her primary care provider was again normal. (Filing No. 10-11 at 19.) The
complete lack of corroborating examination findings recorded across several providers including
most notably Cathy M.'s treating psychiatrist—even in the context of contemporaneous and
significant subjective complaints during those treatment visits—is substantial evidence in support
of the ALJ's RFC finding and credibility determination. Accordingly, reversable error has not
been demonstrated.
B.

Medical Opinion
Cathy M. also contends that the ALJ's reasons for giving little weight to the medical

opinion of a consultative source, Catherine Cho, M.D. ("Dr. Cho"), were unsupported by
substantial evidence. (Filing No. 12 at 25-26.)
When weighing a medical opinion, "the regulations require the ALJ to consider the length,
nature, and extent of the treatment relationship, frequency of examination, the physician's
specialty, the types of tests performed, and the consistency and supportability of the physician's

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opinion." Scott v. Astrue, 647 F.3d 734, 740 (7th Cir. 2011); see 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c). So long
as the ALJ "minimally articulates" his reasoning for discounting a medical opinion, the Court must
uphold the determination. Elder, 529 F.3d at 415-16.
Though it is not noted in the record anywhere, Cathy M. emphasizes that Dr. Cho is the
Director of Neuro-Ontology at New York Hospital. (Filing No. 12 at 25 (citing NYU Langone
Health,

https://nyulangone.org/doctors/1730151895/catherine-cho#credentials

(last

visited

August 18, 2018).) On May 21, 2018, Dr. Cho filled out a form noting that she had seen Cathy
M. as a "consultant only, will not continue to follow patient," and her diagnoses were "possible"
persistent postural perceptual dizziness, as well as migraines associated with vertigo. (Filing No.
10-10 at 115.) Dr. Cho indicated that Cathy M. could not work any hours per day, could sit for
four hours in a workday, walk for four hours in a workday, frequently would not be able to sustain
attention and concentration to perform even simple tasks, and would have four or more absences
per month. (Filing No. 10-10 at 115-16.) Dr. Cho explained that "[a]t the time," Cathy M. was
"unsteady with 'brain fog' due to headaches and vestibular disorder" and she "has not been
adequately managed and will not be able to concentrate on any task due to [her] vestibular
disorder." (Filing No. 10-10 at 116.) Dr. Cho indicated that the restrictions were likely to change
within the next 12 months. (Filing No. 10-10 at 116.)
The ALJ addressed the opinion. He described it as assessing "many extreme limitations"
that would preclude all work. (Filing No. 10-2 at 24.) He explained:
The undesigned gives little weight to these opinions because they are only partially
consistent with the records. They are not well supported by any adequate
explanations or any objective clinical signs, diagnostic studies or laboratory
findings. Moreover, the length of treatment and frequency of examinations are also
factors that negate the persuasiveness of these opinions.
(Filing No. 10-2 at 24.)

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Cathy M. testified that she had seen Dr. Cho twice in one trip to New York in May 2018
(Filing No. 10-2 at 55), and Dr. Cho had prescribed her Valium for stress. (Filing No. 10-2 at 5758.) However, the record does not include the evidence from Dr. Cho's consultation. Even
assuming that Dr. Cho's opinion was based on an examination and a review of Cathy M.'s reported
history and symptoms that was filtered through the specialist's experience and education, Dr. Cho
indicated that the limitations were "likely" to change within a year with adequate treatment. The
Seventh Circuit has explained that it "would be exceedingly illogical to credit a doctor's opinion
because [she] is more likely to have a detailed and longitudinal view of the claimant's impairments
when in fact, there is no detail[ed] or longitudinal view." Scheck v. Barnhart, 357 F.3d 697, 702
(7th Cir. 2004) (emphasis in original). Dr. Cho did not support her assessment with reference to
any testing or examination findings.
As explained above, the record does not include mental status examination findings that
would support that Cathy M. was frequently unable to attend to or concentrate on any tasks.
Moreover, Cathy M. had the burden to produce the evidence of the consultation to rebut the
existing record. The Seventh Circuit has held that "[w]hen an applicant for social security benefits
is represented by counsel the administrative law judge is entitled to assume that the applicant is
making [her] strongest case for benefits." Glenn v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 814 F.2d 387,
391 (7th Cir. 1987); Summers v. Berryhill, 864 F.3d 523, 527 (7th Cir. 2017). Accordingly, the
ALJ gave good reasons for rejecting Dr. Cho's opinion.
C.

Step Five
Cathy M. contends that the ALJ's step five determination is not supported by substantial

evidence. (Filing No. 12 at 26.) She asserts that the ALJ found that one of the three occupational
titles that she could perform was a call-out operator, but the VE testified that occupation would

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not qualify if interpersonal interactions were limited to on an occasional basis. (Filing No. 12 at
26.) Cathy M. also contends that had the ALJ included additional limitations regarding her being
off task or absent from work in her RFC, the VE's testimony established that those limitations
would be disabling, but the ALJ did not explain why those additional limitations were not
supported by the record. (Filing No. 12 at 27.)
Cathy M.'s argument concerning the call-out operator position is immaterial. The written
decision does contain a couple of errors, including listing the call-out operator occupation even
though that title would not qualify based on Cathy M.'s RFC. The ALJ also listed an incorrect
occupational code for the parimutuel ticket checker title. See Dictionary of Occupational Titles,
DICOT 219.587-010 (G.P.O.), 1991 WL 671989. However, the ALJ put to the VE a series of
hypotheticals layering additional limitations on to the previous questions, including ultimately one
such hypothetical question that comprised Cathy M.'s RFC limitations. (See Filing No. 10-2 at
64-67.) The VE testified that such an individual would be capable of working in representative
occupations, such as an addresser, document preparer, and parimutuel ticket checker with a
combined total of approximately 52,000 jobs in the nation. (See Filing No. 10-2 at 66-67.) The
VE's testimony is substantial evidence in support of the ALJ's step five determination.
Cathy M.'s remaining arguments only develop that her alleged errors with the ALJ's RFC
finding would be material if additional limitations were supported by the record. However, as
explained in the first section of this Entry, the Court does not find reversable error demonstrated
by Cathy M.'s substantive arguments concerning the ALJ's RFC finding.
V.

CONCLUSION

"The standard for disability claims under the Social Security Act is stringent." WilliamsOverstreet v. Astrue, 364 F. App'x 271, 274 (7th Cir. 2010). For the reasons stated above, the

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Court finds no legal basis to reverse the ALJ's decision. The final decision of the Commissioner
is AFFIRMED. Cathy M.'s appeal is DISMISSED.
SO ORDERED.
Date: 9/8/2021

DISTRIBUTION:
Jonelle L. Redelman
REDELMAN LAW LLC
[e-mail]
Catherine Seagle
SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION
[e-mail]
Julian Clifford Wierenga
UNITED STATES ATTORNEY'S OFFICE (Indianapolis)
[e-mail]

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