AL-KASSAR v. BUREAU OF PRISONS et al.

Filing 294

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW - Mr. al-Kassar has not shown that the United States was negligent in its treatment of him during his confinement in the CMU SHU at the FCI Terre Haute from September 16, 2016 and October 19, 2016. He similarl y has not shown that the United States subjected him to negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress. Judgment consistent with this conclusion, the Court's screening Order, dkt. 44 , and the Entry Sustaining Affirmative Defense of Exhaustion, dkt. 193 , shall now issue. SEE ORDER. Copy to plaintiff via US Mail. Signed by Judge James Patrick Hanlon on 9/28/2023.(KAA)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA
TERRE HAUTE DIVISION
MONZER AL-KASSAR,
Plaintiff,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant.

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No. 2:18-cv-00086-JPH-MKK

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
Monzer al-Kassar, who is incarcerated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons
(BOP), brings claims against the United States for negligence under the Federal
Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2671 et seq. (FTCA), and for infliction of emotional
distress under state law. He alleges that he was subject to conditions tantamount
to torture, including unbearable heat and noise, complete lack of medical care,
and unsanitary conditions, while housed in the Special Housing Unit (SHU) of
the Communications Management Unit (CMU) at the Federal Correctional
Institution in Terre Haute, Indiana (FCI Terre Haute).1 Mr. al-Kassar claims that
as a result of the conditions he was subjected to in the SHU for approximately
one month, he suffered injuries and damages, including back pain, impaired
balance, injury to his hand, fear of death, severe symptoms of high glucose and
high blood pressure, heat stroke, dehydration, extreme weakness, sleep

Mr. al-Kassar also raised other claims, including under the theory recognized in Bivens
v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bur. of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), but those
claims have since been dismissed. Dkt. 44; dkt. 193.
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deprivation, impaired sight, impaired hearing, impairment of mental faculties,
and emotional trauma. The Court recruited counsel for Mr. al-Kassar and
conducted a bench trial on March 6 and 7, 2023, to resolve these claims.2 The
parties submitted proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. Dkt. 291;
dkt. 292.

Having considered those filings, the evidence, and arguments

presented at trial, the Court now makes findings of fact and conclusions of law
in accordance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)(1).
I. Findings of Fact
At the outset, a word about the credibility of Mr. al-Kassar's trial testimony
is necessary. The vast majority of Mr. al-Kassar's factual allegations are
supported solely by his own testimony, with little to no corroborating evidence.
Therefore, the Court's evaluation of the veracity of Mr. al-Kassar's trial testimony
is critical to his ability to prove-up his claims. As referenced and alluded to
elsewhere in these findings, Mr. al-Kassar's trial testimony was often
inconsistent, both in relation to answers given at trial and his prior testimony
and statements.3 Also, when subjected to cross-examination, Mr. al-Kassar was
often combative, argumentative, and evasive.
For example, Mr. al-Kassar testified that he complained daily to BOP staff
about insects and rats in his cell. Tr. Vol. 1 at 112:6-7 ("I complained every
minute I can when somebody pass by. They don't give a damn who was inside

The Court is grateful for the significant time and efforts of volunteer counsel David
Carr, Paul Sweeney, and Kayla Ernst of Ice Miller LLP, in representing Mr. al-Kassar.
3
The Court notes that it also made adverse credibility findings with respect to aspects
of Mr. al-Kassar's testimony at the Pavey hearing. Dkt. 193 at 12
2

2

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there."). Then, when confronted with his inconsistent deposition testimony, Mr.
al-Kassar was evasive:
Question: And I will re-ask the question I asked before I talked about this
deposition. Did you complain to anybody about the insects?
Answer: In my writing, I think. You know, I cannot remember, to be honest,
You know, I have complained about everything. You know, my main
complaint was not about the insects, about the heat and sound.
Id. at 114:9-15.

Mr. al-Kassar then conceded that when asked during his

deposition whether he had complained about the insects, he had answered, "I
cannot recall", id. at 114, in contrast to his trial testimony that he "complained
every minute [about the insects] when someone pass by", id. at 112:6-7.
Regarding his cell, Mr. al-Kassar testified at trial that it did not have an
exhaust fan, Tr. Vol. 1 at 106:21-23 ("No machine in the window."). But he had
previously stated in a grievance that "an industrial size exhaust fan was
purposefully left running in the cell window while another fan was placed in the
cell door." Ex. 4 at 1. And other evidence introduced at trial, e.g., Tr. Vol. 1 at
238:16-25, establishes that the cell, in fact, had an exhaust fan. Mr. al-Kassar's
inconsistent testimony on this point, which was critical to his claim regarding
the conditions in his cell, was irreconcilable and not credible.
In another example, Mr. al-Kassar testified that he was never given his
self-carry medications. Id. at 120:2-4 ("Question: Is it possible that someone
brought you those medications later on? Answer: No one brought me any
medications."). Yet during his deposition, Mr. al-Kassar answered the same
question, "I cannot recall". Id. at 120:11-14. And giving a third variation of the
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story, he also testified he had told his daughter during a phone call that he had
been given his self-carry medications after a week in the SHU. Id. at 122:7-13.
Next, Mr. al-Kassar was evasive when asked when his alleged back pain
became severe and when he first complained about it to BOP staff:
Question: So you would agree your back pain did not become severe until
April of 2018, correct?
Answer: I had – suffered a lot, but sometimes – I'm the sort of person I
don't complain a lot. My suffer – if you read the report, I did not ever ask
for a doctor maybe once or twice. I asked to go to sick call. I don’t get really
– I have my medication, I know something – what is good for me, painkiller
and all of that, but when you start really excessive – to the point where I
lost my balance . . .
Question: I think you have answered my question. So you didn't complain
to your doctors about your severe pain until April 2018, is that your
testimony?
Answer: What I'm trying to say, I did not ask to go to see Ms. Brooks –
Id. at 134:25-135:17.
In response to repeated nonresponsive and evasive answers, the Court
made a contemporaneous record of Mr. al-Kassar's conduct, admonishing him:
Mr. al-Kassar, wait, wait, okay, stop. Sir, I'm going to tell you again to
answer his question. The question was: "So you didn't complain to your
doctors about your severe pain until April 2018, is that your testimony?"
And if you keep giving additional non-responsive answers and asking him
questions, then we're going to get into territory where you may not be able
to give your follow-up answers to your lawyers as a sanction for not
following the rules and I'm the one who is going to rule on this case and
so I suggest that you pay attention to the rules, answer his questions, and
your lawyers will be able to give you a chance to do more talking, but now
is not the time.
Id. at 135:18-136:4.
Based on the foregoing, as well as other instances of inconsistent
testimony identified throughout these findings, and the Court's observations of
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Mr. al-Kassar's demeanor when he testified, the Court does not find Mr. alKassar's trial testimony credible, and therefore gives it little weight in evaluating
his claims.
A. Mr. al-Kassar
Before being transferred to the SHU, Mr. al-Kassar was confined in the
CMU at FCI Terre Haute from 2011 until September 16, 2016. Tr. Vol. 1 at 27:12;
Ex. 44 (1st) at ¶ 23.
Mr. al-Kassar suffers from various medical conditions, Tr. Vol. 1 at 43:1214, and was prescribed numerous medications to treat those conditions,
including high blood pressure, diabetic neuropathy, high cholesterol, and
diabetes. Tr. Vol. 2 at 357:6-361:17; Ex. 114 at 69.
Mr. al-Kassar testified that before he was transferred to the CMU SHU, he
was in good physical health. He stated that he ran for an hour a day, walked for
more than an hour, and played basketball, volleyball, and tennis. He did not
require assistance to walk or use a cane. Tr. Vol. 1 at 27:17-19. At a medical
appointment in June 2016, Mr. al-Kassar's blood pressure was normal, and he
weighed 204 pounds. Tr. Vol. 2 at 327:7-329:10; Ex. 110.
B. Placement in the SHU
Mr. al-Kassar was placed in the CMU SHU on September 16, 2016, and
stayed there for about a month, until his transfer to the United States
Penitentiary in Marion, Illinois (USP Marion). Ex. 44 (1st) at ¶ 18.
Inmates can be moved to the CMU SHU for several reasons: when they are
pending transfer to another facility, as punishment for disciplinary incident
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reports, when they are under investigation, or if they request protective custody.
Tr. Vol. 1 at 229:23-25, 233:3-234:4. BOP moved Mr. al-Kassar to the CMU SHU
pending transfer to USP Marion to separate him from Shaun Bridges, another
CMU inmate.4 Id. at 230:3-4, 231:10-14. Mr. Bridges was manipulating Mr. alKassar by telling him lies intended to make him believe that Mr. Bridges could
help him get released. Id. at 234:6-16.
The CMU SHU is a unit of between six and eight cells separated from the
rest of the CMU. Id. at 205:4-18, 217:21-25, 237:24-238:6. This unit also has a
shower, law library, and a linen closet. Id. at 205:15-18, 217:25-218:3, 238:5-6.
Each cell in the CMU SHU had an exterior window through which inmates could
observe daylight. Id. at 40:13, 218:4-9, 238:22-23. Mr. al-Kassar's cell was about
4 meters by 3 meters in size. Id. at 39:21-23. It had a metal door with an
approximately 6-inch by 6-inch metal mesh screen, a concrete floor, a bunk bed
with a mattress, a toilet, and a sink with running water. Mr. al-Kassar testified
that the water from the sink was brown and that he did drink it. Id. at 39:2440:2, 41:4-12, 49:19-22; 107:24-25.
BOP employee Clint Swift worked as a Case Manager in the CMU while Mr.
al-Kassar was in the CMU SHU. Id. at 203:20-21. He testified that BOP staff
checked on inmates in the CMU SHU every 30 minutes, and that medical
personnel checked on inmates in the CMU SHU at least twice daily.

Id. at

Mr. al-Kassar disputes the reason that he was placed in the SHU but has provided
no evidence contradicting the reason given by the BOP, which is supported by
evidence. Regardless, the reason why Mr. al-Kassar was put in the SHU is not
material to the Court's evaluation of his claims.
4

6

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206:11-16. When at work, Mr. Swift personally interacted with Mr. al-Kassar
daily, and never observed Mr. al-Kassar in any type of distress. Id. at 209:3-12.
BOP employee Jeff Dobbins was the Senior Officer Specialist assigned with
overseeing the CMU while Mr. al-Kassar was in the CMU SHU. Id. at 238:1-3.
On the days he worked, Mr. Dobbins walked the CMU SHU every 30 minutes,
interacting with Mr. al-Kassar multiple times daily. Id. at 238:12-13, 240:24241:1. Mr. al-Kassar never complained to him about the temperature, a hot floor,
noise or other conditions, nor did he request medical care. Id. at 241:6-242:4.
He never observed Mr. al-Kassar in any type of distress. Id. at 242:20-22.
C. Heat
The FCI Terre Haute was built in 1940. Ex. 118 at 7. It was not equipped
with air-conditioning at the time of construction, and most of the building,
including the CMU SHU, is not air conditioned. Tr. Vol. 1 at 206:21-25. Instead,
the temperature during the non-winter months in the CMU SHU is regulated by
a ventilation system through which air is blown from an industrial, pedestal fan
sitting outside the CMU SHU cells into the individual cells through the grated
window in the cell doors. Id. at 106:9-10, 207:3-6, 219:11-17, 238:16-25, 266:19. Warm air is also pumped out of the cells through each cell's exhaust fan,
which is mounted within each cell's window.5 Id. at 207:3-6, 219:18-23, 238:1625.

While Mr. al-Kassar denied at trial that his cell in the SHU had an exhaust fan, Tr.
Vol. 1 at 106:21-23 ("No machine in the window."), he stated in a grievance that "an
industrial size exhaust fan was purposefully left running in the cell window while
another fan was placed in the cell door." Ex. 4 at 1. Moreover, the other evidence
introduced at trial, e.g., Tr. Vol. 1 at 238:16-25, establishes that the cell had an exhaust
5

7

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BOP regulations require FCI Terre Haute to ensure that "at least 10 cubic
feet of outside or recirculated filtered air per minute per person is provided in
inmate cells…" Ex. 116 at 38 (BOP Program Statement P1600.09). To confirm
compliance with this requirement, FCI Terre Haute must undergo an
independent ventilation assessment at least once per American Correctional
Association (ACA) accreditation cycle. Id. FCI Terre Haute had a ventilation,
lighting, and sound level survey between April 26 and April 28, 2016. Ex. 119 at
1; Tr. Vol 1 at 160:10-11. As part of the survey, ventilation flow rates were
randomly gathered in different parts of the facility, including the housing units.
Ex. 119 at 2. The survey concluded that the ventilation flow rates met ACA
requirements. Id. at 1; Tr. Vol. 1 at 160:14-15. In addition, BOP witnesses
testified that the unit was not excessively hot. See Tr. Vol. 1 at 156:19-21,
178:13-22, 207:15-17, 220:12-20, 239:7-9, 257:22-23.
The Court concludes that while Mr. al-Kassar's cell in the SHU may have
been uncomfortably warm, the temperature was not as extreme as described by
Mr. al-Kassar. Mr. al-Kassar's testimony about the temperature was often
inconsistent with his prior earlier statements, and otherwise incredible. For
example, as explained above, Mr. al-Kassar's trial testimony that his cell did not
have an exhaust fan is not credible. In addition, Mr. al-Kassar testified that his
cell was so hot that he could not step on the floor with bare feet. Tr. Vol. 1 at
41:3-7. Given the lack of sunlight, the Court finds this claim incredible on its

fan. Mr. al-Kassar's inconsistent testimony on this point is irreconcilable so the Court
gives no weight to Mr. al-Kassar's testimony that his cell had no exhaust fan.

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face. It is also contradicted by the testimony of Officer Dobbins who observed
Mr. al-Kassar walk on his cell floor without shoes every day to retrieve his food
tray. Id. at 241:10-12. And even if the floor was uncomfortably warm, Mr. alKassar had access to slippers the entire time he was in the CMU SHU that he
could have used to protect his feet from the floor. Id. at 108:17-109:1. Finally,
Dr. Randall Pass, who examined Mr. al-Kassar after his transfer to the USP
Marion, testified that the feeling of heat in his feet that Mr. al-Kassar described
while in the CMU SHU is likely attributable to neuropathy that causes Mr. alKassar to experience a burning sensation in his feet. Ex. 110 at 1; Tr. Vol. 1 at
306:14-308:5.
Mr. al-Kassar also points to the testimony of Shaun Bridges and Paul
Bergrin, which was submitted in the form of Mr. Bridges' deposition and Mr.
Bergrin's interrogatory responses, regarding the conditions in the CMU SHU.
But like the testimony of Mr. al-Kassar on this point, the Court does not find the
testimony of Mr. Bridges or Mr. Bergrin credible.
Mr. Bridges was not in the CMU SHU at the same time as Mr. al-Kassar.
Ex. 79 at 47:3-5, 62:6-14. Moreover, Mr. Bridges' testimony is questionable at
best, given that his relationship with Mr. al-Kassar was premised on lying to him
to obtain information. Id. at 52:13-23; 60 (also stating that he didn't recall what
he told Mr. al-Kassr "because whatever [he] told him was 99 percent untrue",
and that he fabricated documents as part of a ruse to try to get information from
Mr. al-Kassar).

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Mr. Bergrin's interrogatory answers are hyperbolic and inconsistent. See,
e.g., Ex. 77 at 9 (stating in response to Interrogatory No. 7 that the heat in the
cell "was analogous to walking into a furnace or when the oven door opens after
cooking a Thanksgiving Turkey for 8 hours; and it never stopped. It was like this
24 hours a day, every day."); compare Ex. 77 at 11 ("Interrogatory No. 9: … [t]here
was a huge (one of them) fan outside the cells + in the common area … the fan
… blew dust, dirt, dead insects, mosquitos etc. into our cells + hot air") with Ex.
78 at 2 ("Interrogatory No. 1: … [t]he cells were blocked from underneath with a
rubberized, rolled suppressor, thereby permitting no air, sound, nor materials to
be passed via the cell door").
In contrast to the testimony of Mr. al-Kassar, Mr. Bergrin, and Mr. Bridges,
BOP witnesses credibly testified that the unit was not excessively hot. See Tr.
Vol. 1 at 156:19-21, 178:13-22, 207:15-17, 220:12-20, 239:7-9, 257:22-23. The
testimony of the BOP witnesses is corroborated by the ventilation survey that
concluded the ventilation systems at the facility complied with the BOP's
requirements. While Mr. al-Kassar contends that the survey does not indicate
that the CMU SHU specifically was evaluated, he has presented no reason to
conclude that the ventilation system there was different from the systems in
other parts of the facility or that any changes in ventilation occurred in the few
months between when the survey was conducted and Mr. al-Kassar was moved
to the CMU SHU. The Court thus credits the BOP witnesses' testimony and the
ventilation survey in concluding that the CMU SHU was not as hot as described
by Mr. al-Kassar.
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D. Noise Levels
Mr. al-Kassar testified that the fans in the SHU were excessively loud,
preventing one from hearing another speak.
He contends that when Warden Julian came to his cell, he had to have the
fan turned off just so he could talk to Mr. al-Kassar. Id. at 41:22-25. But BOP
witnesses testified that they could converse inside the CMU SHU and speak over
the fans without difficulty. Id. at 207:7-11, 220:7-11, 239:1-4, 257:24-258:2.
And no BOP witness was aware of the screeching mechanical noise described by
Mr. al-Kassar. Id. at 207:21-23, 220:21-23, 239:13-15.
The Court credits the BOP witnesses' testimony about the noise level in
the SHU over Mr. al-Kassar's testimony. First, Mr. al-Kassar had a phone call
with his daughter from his cell. Ex. 104; Ex. 105. While Mr. al-Kassar says that
he was able to conduct the call only by holding the phone close to his ear, he
had "no problem hearing [his] daughter speak to him when [he] was talking to
her on the phone". Tr. Vol. 1 at 110:24-111:21. Next, the FCI Terre Haute must
undergo regular noise level surveys "to ensure that housing areas do not have
excessive noise sources (e.g., noisy pipes, fans, ice machines, or mechanical
rooms) close to inmate sleeping areas." Ex. 116 at 27. The April 2016 survey took
random sound level measurements in all housing and segregation units and
concluded that all sound level measurements were below the limits established
in ACA standards. Ex. 119 at 1-2, 4; Tr. Vol. 1 at 160:10-17. In addition, the
June 2016 ACA accreditation audit found that "[t]hroughout the tour … noise

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levels … were within normal standards ranges. This includes the FCI[.]" Ex. 118
at 7; Tr. Vol. 1 at 163:21-22.
As with the ventilation survey, Mr. al-Kassar challenges the applicability
of the noise level surveys to his allegations that the fans in the CMU SHU
specifically were unbearably loud. He points out that those audits and surveys
pre-date his time at the SHU and lack specific references to a visit of the SHU
cells. See Exs. 118, 119. He also contends that Warden Julian cannot recall
whether surveyors visited the CMU SHU cells specifically. Tr. Vol. 1 at 186:8-18.
But, again, there's no credible evidence casting doubt on the accuracy of the
survey. Moreover, while multiple witnesses testified that the fans in the SHU
were not overly loud, no witness corroborated Mr. al-Kassar's account of the
"screeching" sound.
E. Sanitation
Mr. al-Kassar testified that his cell was unsanitary with urine dripping
from the ceiling and an infestation of insects and rats. Id. at 40:5-9. But the
June

2016

accreditation

audit

found

that

"[e]nvironmental

conditions

throughout the FCC in both housing and institutional areas are of high quality"
and that FCI Terre Haute's sanitation was "outstanding." Ex. 118 at 7-8; Tr. Vol.
1 at 163:23-25. The ACA audit team stated it "was very impressed with the degree
of cleanliness found throughout the facilities during our tours . . . . Cleaning
chemicals and cleaning equipment is maintained and issued as needed." Ex. 118
at 8. In addition, CMU SHU cells, like Mr. al-Kassar's, are cleaned by the
inmates. Tr. Vol. 1 at 207:24-208:2, 239:16-18.
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Furthermore, the evidence shows that FCI Terre Haute must maintain a
plan for pest control, ex. 116 at 28, and that FCI Terre Haute staff were required
to "come in and treat for pests and whatever the inmates were complaining
about." Tr. Vol. 1 at 157:25-158:3. Pests were treated routinely by safety
department staff responding to complaints and spraying the infested area. Id. at
158:4-10, 221:6-12. No BOP witness observed pests in Mr. al-Kassar's cell. Id.
at 156:19-21, 208:3-5, 220:24-221:1, 240:2-4, 241:17-18.
The Court credits the testimony of BOP personnel over Mr. al-Kassar's
testimony. When the BOP personnel testimony is viewed along with evidence of
the FCI sanitation and pest control plan, there's no credible evidence that Mr.
al-Kassar was subjected to the unsanitary conditions that he described.
F. Time Outside the Cell
During his time in the CMU SHU, Mr. al-Kassar left his cell to go to
recreation two or three times. Id. at 44:5-8, 46:19, 103:15-104:18. He also left
his cell to use the computer. Id. at 46:24-47:2. Mr. al-Kassar admits that he was
able to shower during his stay in the SHU. Id. at 74:16-23, 140:23-24. While
he initially stated that he was only given the opportunity to shower two or three
times total, he later admitted that he was given more opportunities to shower
but declined. Id. at 140:21-24.
Mr. al-Kasser testified that his time outside his cell provided minimal relief
from the conditions inside. Id. at 46:14-47:11.

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G. Medical Care
Mr. al-Kassar testified that he was denied his medications and other
necessary medical care while he was in the SHU.
The trial testimony establishes that medical staff visited inmates in the
SHU daily. Id. at 200:20-22, 206:14-16, 218:21-25. Indeed, BOP staff gave Mr.
al-Kassar a glucose meter the day after he was moved to the CMU SHU, which
he used in his cell. Id. at 42:17-43:9; Ex. 28 at 1. Mr. al-Kassar contends that,
when he tested his glucose, it registered over 300, but he provided no testimony
about how many times his glucose tested at this level. Tr. Vol. 1 at 43:4-8.
Medications in the BOP can be self-carry, which means multiple doses of
the medication are dispensed to the patient and the patient is responsible for
taking the medication in his cell, or distributed through pill pass, which means
a medical provider must dispense each dose to the patient directly. See Tr. Vol.
2 at 317:23-318:3, 362:6-10, 363:5-8. Before his transfer to the CMU SHU, Mr.
al-Kassar self-carried most of his medications. Tr. Vol. 1 at 43:12-14. But his
neuropathy medication (amitriptyline) was delivered to him every evening. Tr.
Vol. 2 at 317:13-318:3, 361:20-362:10; Ex. 111. It was not a self-carry
medication because it presented an overdose risk. Tr. Vol. 2 at 318:4-11. When
he was transferred to the SHU, staff did not allow Mr. al-Kassar to take his selfcarry medications with him. Tr. Vol. 1, at 43:12-19. Mr. al-Kassar testified that,
despite his pleas, staff never brought him his medication. Id. at 43:19-25.
The Court does not credit Mr. al-Kassar's testimony that he never received
his medications while he was in the CMU SHU. First, the evidence shows that
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BOP personnel visited Mr. al-Kassar and distributed medication to him daily.
While he testified at trial that he was given one pill only a few times at night to
help him sleep, BOP medical administration records show that he was regularly
given his amitriptyline while in the SHU. Ex. 111.6 The BOP medical
administration record is further corroborated by Mr. al-Kassar's deposition
testimony that he regularly received medication from BOP personnel while in the
SHU. Ex. 125 at 46:14-23. ("Q. And then once you got to the SHU, did you receive
your medications again? A. At nighttime, somebody used to come and give me
one pill, small pill. Q. Okay. Did that person come every night? A. Yes. I don't
know if every night, but -- you know, they don't come every night…."). Mr. alKassar also told his daughter during a phone call that BOP brought him his selfcarry medications, albeit a week after he arrived in the SHU. Tr. Vol. 1 at 123:39.7
Next, Mr. al-Kassar underwent an initial medical screening when he
arrived at USP Marion on October 19, 2016. Ex. 112; Tr. Vol. 1 at 329:14-330:3.
While Mr. al-Kassar's weight was not noted at this screening, it showed that he
had no recent weight loss, no current mental health complaints, and a complaint
of low back pain. Ex. 112 at 1-2.

This record also shows that Mr. al-Kassar received medication on a few dates after he
had left the FCI-Terre Haute. While this is clearly an error, it does not show that Mr.
al-Kassar never got his medication.
7 Mr. al-Kassar explained at trial that he told his daughter this because he did not want
her to worry about him. Id. The Court finds this testimony not credible because Mr. alKassar complained during that phone call about being unable to sleep and stated that
he was being tortured. Ex. 60. Mr. al-Kassar's testimony is at best inconsistent on this
point.
6

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He later underwent a full medical examination on October 25, 2016, which
showed that his blood pressure and diabetes were under control. Ex. 113; Tr.
Vol. 2 at 310:18-311:1. Dr. Randall Pass, who performed this exam, testified that
Mr. al-Kassar's condition was inconsistent with a patient who had not taken his
medications for the past month. Tr. Vol. 2 at 311:6-15, 316:1-7. And Mr. alKassar did not mention to Dr. Pass that he had not taken all his medications
recently. Id. at 311:12-15, 316:5-7. Mr. al-Kassar said that he was no longer
taking one of the medicines for his mental health, from which Dr. Pass inferred
"if there were any other medicines he wasn't taking he would have told me that."
Id. at 311:6-15; Ex. 113 at 7 ("MENTAL HEALTH – doing fine off meds, will d/c
[discontinue] Zoloft order"). Mr. al-Kassar did complain of balance issues at his
October 25, 2016, exam. Ex. 113 at 3. Dr. Pass explained that his diabetic
neuropathy can affect balance. Tr. Vol. 2 at 316:16-317:3. Dr. Pass also noted
that diabetic neuropathy can affect how someone perceives sensations of hot or
cold on their bare feet. Id. at 316:24-317:1. Dr. Pass testified that he did not
believe on October 25, 2016, that any heat and noise in the CMU SHU were the
cause of Mr. al-Kassar's balance issues. Id. at 367:5-8.
While Mr. al-Kassar's glucose reading was 303 on October 25, id. at
311:19-312:1, Dr. Pass ordered blood work and later reviewed his A1C levels. Id.
at 314:1-9; Ex. 113 at 6; Ex. 129 at 107-108. A patient's A1C most accurately
measures a patient's blood glucose levels over time. Tr. Vol. 2 at 312:9-15,
315:17-20, 364:16-18. Mr. al-Kassar's A1C level (collected on November 1, 2016)
was 6.7, lower than his March 2016 A1C of 8.2. Compare Ex. 110 at 1 (8.2 A1C)
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with Ex. 129 at 108 (6.7 A1C); Tr. Vol. 2 at 315:6-10. Dr. Pass testified that this
shows that Mr. al-Kassar's diabetic condition "significant[ly] improv[ed]" between
March and October 2016 – which included the time he was in the CMU SHU. Tr.
Vol. 2 at 315:6-10.
Mr. al-Kassar met with attorney Gail Gray in late October 2016. Ms. Gray
testified that when she saw him at the USP Marion, it looked like he lost weight
and had bags under his eyes. Tr. Vol. 2 at 290:17-24.8
While the evidence does not establish that Mr. al-Kassar had access every
day he was in the SHU to every medication that he was prescribed, it does not
show that he was denied necessary medical care. On the contrary, Mr. al-Kassar
interacted with BOP medical personnel daily, was given and had access to
prescription medications, and otherwise was provided medical care. Neither the
initial medical screening on the day he arrived at USP Marion or the full medical
exam conducted a week later revealed signs of lack of medical care, and Mr. alKassar did not make any complaints to health care staff at USP Marion about
being denied medical care in the SHU at FCI Terre Haute. And again, Mr. alKassar's testimony about his medical care was inconsistent. He stated that he
was never given his self-carry medications, yet he told his daughter that they

Mr. al-Kassar also presented testimony from Reginald Falice, a fellow inmate at the
USP Marion. Tr. Vol 1 at 150:25-151:5. Mr. Falice testified that Mr. al-Kassar had low
energy and trouble walking around. Id. at 148:13-16, 149:17-18. But the Court does
not give much weight to Mr. Falice's testimony because he lacks personal knowledge for
any basis of comparison regarding his observations of Mr. al-Kassar's energy levels and
the degree to which he was ambulatory. He has never been to FCI Terre Haute and had
not met Mr. al-Kassar before he arrived at Marion. Id. at 150:25-151:5.
8

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were delivered to him. The Court also credits Dr. Pass's testimony that Mr. alKassar did not present to him as someone who had not taken his medications
for a month. Indeed, while Mr. al-Kassar has identified two times in which his
glucose level was very high, his overall A1C had improved after his time in the
SHU.
H. Falls
Mr. al-Kassar testified that, because of the conditions in the SHU, he lost
his balance and fell about three or four times when he was in the SHU. Tr. Vol.
1 at 45:1-4. He stated that these falls caused him back pain. Id. at 46:7-13. But
Dr. Pass testified that Mr. al-Kassar did not tell him during his examination on
October 25, 2016, that he had been injured while in the SHU. Tr. Vol. 2 at
325:10-16. In addition, Mr. al-Kassar's medical records also show that he has a
degenerative back condition and has experienced medical issues with his back
for over 20 years. Ex. 85 at 1 ("he had same [back pain] 25 years ago"); Ex. 110
at 4 (noting prescription for Naproxen for "low back pain"); Tr. Vol. 1 at 133:3134:18. His records also show that he underwent surgery to his lumbar spine
several years before he was incarcerated. Ex. 85 at 1; Tr. Vol. 2 at 323:11-23.
And his medical records generally refer to his back condition as degenerative and
arthritic. Id. at 324:7-19; 325:3-9.
Mr. al-Kassar's medical records show, and Dr. Pass testified, that Mr. alKassar did not experience any new symptoms related to his back beyond his
preexisting chronic condition until April 2018 – about a year and a half after he
was transferred from FCI Terre Haute. Id. at 323:5-324:6. Mr. al-Kassar
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confirmed that he "did not tell [his] doctors about [his] severe back pain until
April 2018." Tr. Vol. 1 at 136:9-12. And when he told medical personnel about a
back problem in 2018, long after his stay in the SHU, Mr. al-Kassar explained
that it was "new pain" and had "absolutely nothing to do with" "the SHU
incident." Id. at 142:20-143:4. Mr. al-Kassar received a cane to help him walk in
May 2018, after this new pain started. Ex. 129 at 453; Tr. Vol. 2 at 326:2-10. An
MRI of his spine from July 23, 2018 shows degenerative changes consistent with
arthritis. Ex. 87; Tr. Vol. 2 at 325:2-9.
Mr. al-Kassar also asserts that he suffered an injury to his hand because
of his stay at the SHU. He testified that when he arrived at the USP Marion, he
started feeling significant pain in his hand. Tr. Vol. 1 at 99:14-21. BOP medical
records include a film in February 2019 of his right hand and note a history of a
fall. Ex. 129 at 549. Dr. Pass testified that the x-ray shows an old, healed fracture
as well as severe post-traumatic osteoarthritic changes, i.e., changes as a result
of a trauma. Tr. Vol. 2, 352:4-353:6. While Mr. al-Kassar's 2019 x-ray indicates
that his hand had been injured before, he has not presented sufficient evidence
to connect this x-ray to any alleged injury in 2016. Indeed, Mr. al-Kassar testified
that his hand started hurting when he arrived at USP Marion. Tr. Vol. 1 at 99:1721. He did not testify that he experienced an incident at SHU that would have
caused injury to his hand—rather he testified that his hand just started hurting
upon arrival to the facility.

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II. Conclusions of Law
A. Spoliation of Evidence
Mr. al-Kassar contends that the BOP failed to preserve key video evidence
despite knowing that litigation was imminent.
The CMU SHU has cameras, which would have recorded interactions
between Mr. al-Kassar and others in the SHU, al-Kassar's condition as he
entered and exited his cell in the SHU, any paperwork that Mr. al-Kassar
attempted to hand to BOP staff through the slot in his cell, and any signs that
Mr. al-Kassar posted in view of the camera. Tr. Vol. 1, at 89:20, 212:14-23,
214:5-16, 248:21-249:3, 253:13-16. But the range of video cameras in the SHU
does not include the inside of individual cells, including Mr. al-Kassar's. Id. at
225:25-226:1.
BOP Intelligence Research Specialist Evelyn Keller testified that BOP
typically preserves SHU videotapes for 21 days unless she puts in place a hold
request. Id. at 216:22-217:1, 227:19- 229:20; Ex. 92. BOP personnel would issue
a hold request for video surveillance when an incident occurred, during an
investigation, or if a preservation request was issued through the Courts or
outside law enforcement. Id. at 234:17-21.
Mr. al-Kassar did not file a formal grievance (BP-9, with an attached BP-8)
about the conditions at FCI-Terre Haute until February 23, 2017. Dkt. 193 at
15. Mr. al-Kassar filed a tort claim on the matter on February 26, 2018. Ex. 44
(2nd). These documents were submitted well beyond the BOP's 21-day retention
policy.
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Mr. al-Kassar bases his spoliation argument on a letter dated October 10,
2016, addressed to Warden Julian complaining of the conditions in the CMU
SHU. Ex. 42. The parties agree that BOP scanned a copy of the letter into Mr. alKassar's electronic file on October 21, 2016. Ex. 92 at ¶ 9. And, at the Pavey
hearing in this case, Mr. Swift testified that the letter, once scanned, should have
been directed to the warden for a response, but Mr. Swift did not know whether
it was. Ex. 128 at 95:7-24. Mr. al-Kassar contends that this letter put the BOP
on notice that litigation over these allegations was imminent and the BOP,
therefore, should have saved videos of the CMU SHU that would support his
claims. In ruling on the defendants' exhaustion defense, the Court concluded
that any letter submitted by Mr. al-Kassar did not initiate "the administrative
remedy process because they were not received by the proper authorities." Dkt.
193 at 12, 15. Further, the Court had found that neither Warden Julian or Mr.
Swift had seen the letter before this lawsuit was filed. Id. at 12.
A spoliation sanction is "proper only where a party has a duty to preserve
evidence because it knew, or should have known, that litigation was imminent."
Trask-Morton v. Motel 6 Operating L.P., 534 F.3d 672, 681 (7th Cir. 2008). Before
the Court can impose the sanction, the Court must also find that the destruction
of materials was done in bad faith. Id.
Here, the October 2016 letter did not initiate the administrative remedy
process, and there is no evidence establishing that, even though it was scanned
into Mr. al-Kassar's file, it was reviewed by BOP personnel at that time. Mr. alKassar has therefore failed to show that any BOP officer knew or should have
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known that litigation was imminent so that video of the SHU should have been
preserved. And even if there were a factual basis to support a finding that the
BOP had a duty to preserve video footage of the SHU, the evidence does not show
bad faith of any BOP personnel. The Court concludes that no surveillance video
was destroyed in bad faith, and a spoliation sanction is, therefore, not
appropriate.
B. Negligence
Under the FTCA, a negligence claim against the United States is governed
by "the law of the place where the act or omission occurred." 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b).
Thus, because the actions Mr. al-Kassar complains of occurred in Indiana,
Indiana law applies. See id. To prove negligence under Indiana law, Mr. al-Kassar
must establish: (1) a duty owed to him by the defendant; (2) a breach of that duty
by the defendant; and (3) that the breach proximately caused the plaintiff's
damages. Caesars Riverboat Casino, LLC v. Kephart, 934 N.E.2d 1120, 1123 (Ind.
2010).
The parties do not dispute that the BOP owed Mr. al-Kassar a general duty
of care during his incarceration at the USP Terre Haute under 18 U.S.C. § 4042.
This statute provides that the BOP shall "(2) provide suitable quarters and
provide for the safekeeping, care and subsistence of all persons charged with or
convicted of offenses against the United States, or held as witnesses or
otherwise" and "(3) provide for the protection, instruction, and discipline of all
persons charged with or convicted of offenses against the United States." 18
U.S.C. § 4042(a)(2)(3). While Section 4042 describes a general duty of care for
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persons in federal custody, applicable state tort law—here, the law of Indiana—
governs whether the duty was breached and whether the breach was the
proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries. Molzof v. United States, 502 U.S. 301,
305 (1992) ("[T]he extent of the United States' liability under the FTCA is
generally determined by reference to state law.")
Mr. al-Kassar argues that BOP breached the duty of care by: (a) depriving
him of medical treatment and ignoring his pleas for medical help; (b) not
maintaining an adequate living facility in the FCI Terre Haute CMU SHU cell for
al-Kassar, including the failure to provide an environment with adequate
temperature control, sound levels, or sanitation; (c) only providing a few
opportunities for him to shower, and even then, forcing him to re-dress in dirty,
sweaty clothes after he showered; and (d) restricting his ability to contact his
legal counsel, which may have resulted in relief for him sooner. He also contends
that these breaches caused him multiple injuries.
As discussed above, the Court finds that the conditions where Mr. alKassar was housed in the SHU were not excessively hot, noisy, or unsanitary, or
that he was denied necessary medical care. Thus, he has not shown that the
United States breached its duty to provide him safe living conditions and medical
care. Given this finding, Mr. al-Kassar's ability to contact his legal counsel in a
timely manner does not have any bearing on his FTCA claim.
The Court also finds that, even if the United States had breached its duties,
Mr. al-Kassar has failed to show causation, that is, that any act by a BOP official
caused his alleged injuries. Under Indiana law, "questions of medical causation"
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are "question[s] of science necessarily dependent upon testimony by physicians
or surgeons with experience in the area." Armstrong v. Cerestar USA, Inc., 775
N.E.2d 360, 368 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (citing Hannan v. Pest Control Servs., Inc.,
734 N.E.2d 674, 679 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000)). While Mr. al-Kassar contends that
the conditions in the SHU caused him a host of injuries, including back pain,
impaired balance, injury to his hand, fear of death, severe symptoms of high
glucose and high blood pressure, heat stroke, dehydration, extreme weakness,
sleep deprivation, impaired sight, impaired hearing, impairment of mental
faculties, and emotional trauma, he presented no expert testimony to support
this conclusion. Indeed, when asked during his deposition what he thought
caused his memory loss, Mr. al-Kassar replied, "This is a medical issue. I'm not
a doctor." Tr. Vol. 1 at 138:15-16; Ex. 125 at 70:24-25.
Mr. al-Kassar contends that the alleged dramatic change in his condition
between when he was taken to the SHU and transferred to the USP Marion are
enough to allow a lay person to conclude that the conditions he contends he
experienced in the SHU caused his injuries. But, as the Court has already found,
Mr. al-Kassar's testimony regarding his condition and the conditions of
confinement at the SHU lacks credibility. Further, Dr. Pass, who saw Mr. alKassar after his transfer to the USP Marion, testified that Mr. al-Kassar did not
present as someone who had not been provided medication or medical care in
the past month. Tr. Vol. 2 at 311:6-15, 316:1-7. And, while Mr. al-Kassar
contends that he fell several times while he was in the SHU, "[t]he mere allegation
of a fall is insufficient to establish negligence, and negligence cannot be inferred
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from the mere fact of a fall." Taylor v. Cmty. Hosps. of Indiana, Inc., 949 N.E.2d
361, 364 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (quoting Hall v. Eastland Mall, 769 N.E.2d 198,
206 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002)).
In addition, Mr. al-Kassar had experienced back pain for many years,
which he complained of becoming more severe nearly two years after his
departure from the CMU SHU. Ex. 85 at 1; Ex. 110 at 4; Tr. Vol. 1 at 136:9-12.
Because he had been experiencing back pain before his time in the SHU and that
pain became more severe well after he left the SHU, he has not shown that his
time in the SHU caused that pain. Myers v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 629 F.3d 639,
643 (7th Cir. 2010) ("But when there is no obvious origin to an injury and it has
multiple potential etiologies, expert testimony is necessary to establish
causation.") (internal quotation and citation omitted).
Mr. al-Kassar also states that BOP policy requires showers to be available
daily and suggests that by not offering him a shower every day, and not allowing
him to change into clean clothes, the BOP breached a duty to him. Ex. 83 at 6
(BOP Program Statement 5214.02). "[T]o satisfy the duty element of a negligence
claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate that a defendant had a duty toward the
plaintiff that arose either at common law or by statute." Gresser v. Reliable
Exterminators, Inc., 160 N.E.3d 184, 190 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020). It's unclear that
the violation of BOP policy can create a mandatory duty. Ates v. United States,
No. 2:21-CV-00418-JPH-MG, 2023 WL 1765991, at *7 (S.D. Ind. Feb. 2, 2023)
(citing Zimmerman v. Moore, 441 N.E.2d 690, 696 (Ind. Ct. App. 1982)).

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Regardless, he still has not shown that insufficient access to showers and/or
fresh clothing caused him any injuries.
Because Mr. al-Kassar has failed to show that any negligent act on the
part of BOP staff caused him injury, he is not entitled to relief on his negligence
claim.
C. Infliction of Emotional Distress
Mr. al-Kassar also alleges that the BOP's actions amounted to intentional
infliction of emotional distress. A claim for negligent infliction of emotional
distress has the same elements as a negligence claim: (1) duty; (2) breach; and
(3) compensable damages proximately caused by the breach. Cmty. Health
Network, Inc. v. McKenzie, 185 N.E.3d 368, 379 (Ind. 2022). But a negligent
infliction of emotional distress claim also requires the plaintiff to show physical
impact. Id. This is known as the modified impact rule. "For purposes of the
modified rule, the direct impact sustained by the plaintiff must necessarily be a
'physical' one." Atl. Coast Airlines v. Cook, 857 N.E.2d 989, 996 (Ind. 2006)
(quoting Ross v. Cheema, 716 N.E.2d 435, 437 (Ind. 1999)). Here, while Mr. alKassar alleges that he faced excessive heat and noise during his time in the CMU
SHU, he has not proven that he suffered a direct physical impact from any BOP
action. See id. (holding that breathing cigarette smoke and feeling floor vibrations
caused by unruly airline passenger could not satisfy the modified impact rule).
Accordingly, he is not entitled to relief on his negligent infliction of
emotional distress claim.

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D. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
Finally, Mr. al-Kassar alleges that the BOP's actions constituted
intentional infliction of emotional distress.
The elements of intentional infliction of emotional distress are that
a defendant (1) engages in extreme and outrageous conduct that (2)
intentionally or recklessly (3) causes (4) severe emotional distress to
another. Id. at 959–60. The requirements to prove this tort are
rigorous. Intentional infliction of emotional distress is found where
conduct exceeds all bounds usually tolerated by a decent society
and causes mental distress of a very serious kind. Liability has been
found only where the conduct has been so outrageous in character,
and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of
decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in
a civilized community.
Bd. of Trustees of Purdue Univ. v. Eisenstein, 87 N.E.3d 481, 500 (Ind. Ct. App.
2017) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
Again, while Mr. al-Kassar may have experienced some discomfort while
confined in the CMU SHU, the Court does not credit his position that those
conditions were synonymous with torture. Instead, the Court credits the
testimony of BOP personnel and corroborating evidence showing that the SHU
was not excessively hot or noisy or unsanitary and that Mr. al-Kassar was not
denied medications and care that he needed for a month. Thus, Mr. al-Kassar
has not shown that he was subject to conditions that "exceeds all bounds usually
tolerated by a decent society." Eisenstein, 87 N.E.3d at 500. He therefore is not
entitled to relief on his intentional infliction of emotional distress claim.
III. Conclusion
Mr. al-Kassar has not shown that the United States was negligent in its
treatment of him during his confinement in the CMU SHU at the FCI Terre Haute
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from September 16, 2016 and October 19, 2016. He similarly has not shown
that the United States subjected him to negligent or intentional infliction of
emotional distress.
Judgment consistent with this conclusion, the Court's screening Order,
dkt. [44], and the Entry Sustaining Affirmative Defense of Exhaustion, dkt. [193],
shall now issue.
SO ORDERED.
Date: 9/28/2023

Distribution:
MONZER AL-KASSAR
61111-054
MARION
U.S. PENITENTIARY
P.O. BOX 1000
MARION, IL 62959
All Electronically Registered Counsel

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