THE HARTFORD STEAM BOILER INSPECTION AND INSURANCE COMPANY v. CAMPBELL et al

Filing 56

ORDER granting in part and denying in part 8 Defendants' Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim. (SEE ORDER FOR DETAILS.) Signed by Judge Sarah Evans Barker on 3/31/2021. (LDH)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA
NEW ALBANY DIVISION
THE HARTFORD STEAM BOILER
INSPECTION AND INSURANCE COMPANY,
Plaintiff,
v.
MICHAEL CAMPBELL,
KIAH JACOBS,
ONECIS INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendants.

)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)

No. 4:20-cv-00117-SEB-DML

ORDER ON DEFENDANTS' MOTION TO DISMISS
Plaintiff The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company ("HSB")
initiated this action on June 1, 2020, charging Defendants with violations of the Defend
Trade Secrets Act, 18 U.S.C § 1836; the Indiana Uniform Trade Secrets Act, Ind. Code. §
24-2-3-1, breach of contract, and various other business-related torts. Now before the
Court is Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, [Dkt. 8], filed pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6). For the reasons set forth herein, this motion is granted in part and
denied in part.
Factual Background
I.

HSB's Operations in the Specialty Insurance Industry
HSB's complaint presents the following recitation of facts, which we accept as true

in ruling on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss. 1

1

In opposing the Motion to Dismiss, HSB has attached to its briefing several exhibits, including
affidavits from its representatives, in an attempt to bolster its factual allegations against
1

HSB is "engaged in the business of equipment breakdown insurance and other
specialty insurance coverages, inspection services, lost reduction and engineering-based
risk management for businesses, homes and farms." The majority of HSB's clients
include manufactures and sellers of various "pressure-retaining vessels such as air tanks,
propane tanks, boilers, and other such industrial machines." In serving these clients, HSB
provides third-party inspection and related services to its commercial clients. HSB assists
its clients in avoiding losses while also providing to them insurance to allow for the
prompt recovery of those losses that do occur. This industry is highly competitive;
indeed, HSB aggressively competes with equipment breakdown insurance providers,
such as Defendant OneCIS Insurance Company ("OneCIS"), "throughout the United
States and beyond."
To provide high quality services to its clients, HSB expends considerable
resources training its "Authorized Inspectors," who join HSB first as "Authorized
Inspector Trainees." Prior to becoming Authorized Inspectors, trainees must receive a
"Commission" from the "National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors
("Board"). Receiving a Commission requires each trainee to satisfy the Board’s
educational, experience, employment, and examination prerequisites. This process

Defendants. This material is not properly before the Court on the question of whether the
Complaint adequately alleges cognizable claims. Arcelormittal Ind. Harbor
LLC v. Amex Nooter, LLC, 194 F. Supp. 3d 804, 811 (N.D. Ind. 2016) (“For purposes of ruling
on the motion brought under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court does not consider those matters offered by
the parties in support of their brief that are outside the Complaint.”). If HSB believed that the
purported newly discovered facts contained in these exhibits were vital to its causes of action, it
should have filed an amended pleading. See FED. R. CIV. P. 15.
2

typically takes six months to complete. In addition, candidates seeking a Commission
must successfully complete the National Board Authorized Inspector Course and pass the
Authorized Inspector Commission Exam. HSB reimburses its trainees for all reasonable
expenses incurred while they pursue their Commissions. In total, HSB typically invests
$80,000 to recruit, hire, and train each individual trainee before he or she can begin
generating billable work on HSB's behalf. Even after an Authorized Inspector Trainee
attains Commission, HSB continues to train and develop its inspectors for endorsements
and specialized qualifications.
Once promoted, Authorized Inspectors are charged with developing and
maintaining HSB's customer relationships. To ensure its customers' needs are satisfied,
HSB assigns an Authorized Inspector to each customer to address that customer's service
needs for the duration of its relationship with HSB. The Authorized Inspectors are often
the customers' primary point of contact at HSB. Accordingly, HSB encourages its
Authorized Inspectors to develop close relationships with customers.
In performing their duties, Authorized Inspectors are required to maintain detailed
logs for each customer, referred to as "Bound Diaries," cataloging certain activities (e.g.,
inspections, reviews, and other services) that the Authorized Inspector has performed for
that customer. HSB believes that the Bound Diaries contain and constitute confidential
and trade secret information which is of substantial proprietary value to HSB. The
Bound Diaries explicitly and conspicuously state that the information contained therein is
HSB’s property and is for internal use only. The Bound Diaries further admonish that the
information may not be reproduced or distributed without HSB’s written permission.
3

In addition to the Bound Diaries, HSB maintains an electronic database, referred
to as “ESIS” (Engineering Services Information System), which tracks additional
proprietary data concerning HSB’s confidential customer-specific services. The data
housed in ESIS is likewise the property of HSB. HSB ensures the confidentiality of such
information by requiring a password to access ESIS. Further, as the information on ESIS
is highly confidential once an employee accesses this database through an authorized
password, the employee’s access is limited to information relevant to that employee and
his/her customers.
HSB maintains that its Bound Diaries and ESIS database provide HSB "a distinct
business advantage over its competitors, and both contain and constitute proprietary,
confidential and trade secret information." If a competitor were to unlawfully gain access
to HSB's proprietary information contained within either the Bound Diaries or the ESIS
database, or if these competitors were to improperly hire away HSB's inspectors to
capitalize on existing relationships between these inspectors and HSB's customers, HSB
alleges that it would lose the competitive advantage that it has created, built, and
developed in its 150 years of operation.
II.

The Individual Defendants' Employment with HSB
On February 15, 2013, HSB hired Defendant Michael Campbell (Mr. Campbell)

as an Authorized Inspector Trainee. From this date until his resignation from HSB on
May 8, 2020, Mr. Campbell directly serviced more than 100 HSB clients. During the
course of Mr. Campbell's employment with HSB, HSB devoted substantial resources to
training him and providing him with industry experience and expertise.
4

HSB hired Defendant Kiah Jacobs ("Mr. Jacobs") as an Authorized Inspector
Trainee on October 14, 2015. Mr. Jacobs directly serviced more than 50 HSB clients
during his employment with HSB until his resignation on April 3, 2020. Similar to Mr.
Campbell, Mr. Jacob was the recipient of substantial resources invested by HSB in the
form of training and experiences.
In their respective positions, Mr. Campbell and Mr. Jacobs (collectively, the
"Individual Defendants") were responsible for communicating with HSB's current and
potential customers and facilitating their utilization of HSB's services. HSB "placed a
high level of trust and confidence" in the Individual Defendants, granting to each of them
unique credentials for access to HSB's confidential, proprietary, and trade secret
information contained in the ESIS.
As conditions of their employment, the Individual Defendants entered into
employment agreements with HSB. These agreements contained the following covenant:
That for a period of six months after termination of employment with the
Company, when said termination is occasioned by the Employee, the Employee
will not accept employment in any of the states, commonwealths, territories or
possessions of the United States of America; or from any company or organization
whose corporate headquarters is located within the states, commonwealths,
territories or possessions of the United States of America, if such employment is
offered because of the knowledge, skill or credentials obtained as a result of the
aforementioned training.
[Dkt. 9, Exh. A, the "Restrict Covenant Agreement"). In sum, the Individual
Defendants agreed not to accept any competitive employment anywhere in the United
States for a period of six months following their employment with HSB, if such

5

employment was offered because of the knowledge, skill, or credentials obtained through
HSB's specialized training.
Because Mr. Jacobs was granted additional access to highly confidential and
proprietary information belonging to HSB, he also entered into a "Proprietary
Information and Invention Assignment Agreement" ("PIIAA"). Pursuant to the PIIAA,
Mr. Jacobs agreed that he would not use or disclose to anyone not affiliated with HSB
any confidential, proprietary or trade secret information obtained through his
employment with HSB at any time, without HSB's express permission. Mr. Jacobs
promised to maintain HSB's trade secrets and other confidential information with "strict
secrecy." Section 2b of the PIIAA specifically provides:
(a) At the termination of your employment, or at any other time as may be
requested, all memoranda, diaries, notes, records, drawings, sketches, plans or
other documents (whether in hard copy or electronic format) relating, directly
or indirectly to Confidential Information are to be delivered to [the Company]
without retaining any copies, notes or excerpts of such documents.
[Comp. ¶ 44].
III.

The Individual Defendants' Resignations from HSB
On February 7, 2020, Mr. Campbell submitted his notice of resignation to HSB,

explaining that he was leaving the company to care for his ailing parents. In actuality, he
was leaving HSB to join its competitor, OneCIS. Indeed, he had accepted his position
with OneCIS just one day before the submission of his notice of resignation. His last day
of employment with HSB was May 8, 2020.
One month later, on March 12, 2020, Mr. Jacobs submitted his notice of
resignation, identifying April 3, 2020 as his final day of employment. Mr. Jacobs
6

likewise had accepted employment with OneCIS. However, he had also concealed this
fact, instead indicating that he was resigning from HSB to pursue the creation of a
fireworks company.
Shortly after Mr. Campbell's departure from HSB in May 2020, the company
conducted a preliminary review of the messages stored on Mr. Campbell's HSB-issued
cell phone. HSB's review of Mr. Campbell's phone messages revealed that,
simultaneously with accepting OneCIS's offer of employment, Mr. Campbell had notified
Jerry Byers, OneCIS's Director of Southeastern Region, that he and Mr. Jacobs had
executed the Restrictive Covenant Agreements with HSB. OneCIS nonetheless decided
to hire Mr. Campbell and Mr. Jacobs and continues to employ them.
In the weeks that followed his notice of resignation but while he was still
employed with HSB, Mr. Campbell provided Mr. Byers with sensitive pricing and
revenue information belonging to HSB, allegedly enabling OneCIS to gain improper
insight into HSB's business. During this same time period, Mr. Campbell and Mr. Jacobs
conspired to retain confidential HSB information to share with OneCIS. For example, on
May 4, 2020, after Mr. Jacobs had resigned from HSB but while Mr. Campbell was still
in its employ, Mr. Jacobs informed Mr. Campbell that he had retained "a bunch of notes
and paperwork" from HSB. Mr. Jacobs asked Mr. Campbell which of these materials Mr.
Jacobs should keep and potentially provide to OneCIS, and Mr. Campbell instructed him
to retain any Bound Diaries he might have. HSB alleges that Mr. Campbell and Mr.
Jacobs kept these materials in order to use them for their advantage at OneCIS.

7

HSB further alleges that OneCIS induced Mr. Campbell and Mr. Jacobs to breach
their contracts with and duties to HSB. Indeed, in the past two years, OneCIS has
"targeted, recruited, and hired away at least ten of HSB's Authorized Inspectors and other
employees." Its alleged goal in doing so is to benefit from the time and resources HSB
has invested in its employees and ultimately to "turn these stolen HSB employees into
stolen HSB customer relationships – and business."
Based on these facts, HSB alleges the following causes of action: (1)
Misappropriation of Trade Secrets under the Defend Trade Secrets Act, 18 U.S.C. §
1836, and the Indiana Uniform Trade Secrets Act, Ind. Code. § 24-2-3-1 (against all
defendants); (2) Breach of Contract – Non-Compete Obligations under the Restrictive
Covenant Agreements and Non-Disclosure Obligations under PIIAA (against the
Individual Defendants); (3) Employee Piracy and Unfair Competition (against OneCIS);
(4) Tortious Interference with Prospective Economic Advantage: HSB's Workforce
(against all defendants); (5) Tortious Interference with Prospective Economic Advantage:
HSB's Customers (against all defendants); (6) Breach of Fiduciary Duty and Duties of
Loyalty (against the Individual Defendants); and (7) Conversion (against all defendants).
Analysis
I.

Standard of Review
"To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Aschcroft
v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
544, 570 (2007)). At minimum, a plaintiff is required to support its complaint with "some
8

specific facts." McCauley v. City of Chicago, 671 F.3d 611, 616 (7th Cir. 2011) (quoting
Brooks v. Ross, 578 F.3d 574, 581 (7th Cir. 2009)). "Threadbare recitals of the elements
of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice" to
withstand the requirements of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8 and 12(b)(6). Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 678. How much specificity is required may vary from case to case, but “‘the
plaintiff must give enough details about the subject-matter of the case to present a story
that holds together.’” McCauley, 671 F.3d at 616 (quoting Swanson v. Citibank, N.A., 614
F.3d 400, 404 (7th Cir. 2010)).
In addressing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, we treat all well-pleaded factual allegations
as true, and we construe all inferences that reasonably may be drawn from those facts in
the light most favorable to the non-movant. Burke v. 401 N. Wabash Venture, LLC, 714
F.3d 501, 504 (7th Cir. 2013) (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678).
II.

Discussion
Defendants move for the dismissal of all claims against them. We review each of

their objections to HSB's Complaint in turn below.
A. HSB's Trade Secret Misappropriation Claims May Proceed
Count I of HSB's complaint alleges that Defendants have misappropriated HSB's
trade secrets in violation of the Defend Trade Secrets Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1836 ("DTSA"),
and the Indiana Uniform Trade Secrets Act, Ind. Code. § 1836 ("IUTSA"). Defendants
seek dismissal of Count One, citing HSB's purported failure to allege specific instances
of misappropriation.

9

The elements of a claim under the DTSA and IUTSA are similar; key to each is
the existence of a trade secret and its misappropriation. Defendants do not contest the
sufficiency of the Complaint in alleging the former; they contest only that the Complaint
fails to adequately allege any misappropriation by Defendants.
The DTSA defines "misappropriation" as either the "acquisition of a trade secret
of another . . . by improper means" or the "disclosure or use of a trade secret of another
without express or implied consent. . . ." 18 U.S.C. § 1839(5)(A)-(B). Similarly, the
IUTSA defines "misappropriation" as the "disclosure or use of a trade secret without
consent by one who knew or had reason to know the trade secret was 'acquired under
circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain secrecy or limit its use' or derived from
one who 'owed a duty to the person seeking relief to maintain its secrecy or limit its use.'"
Ind. Code. § 24-2-3-1. Both the DTSA and IUTSA provide that "actual or threatened
misappropriation" of trade secrets may be enjoined. 18 U.S.C. § 1836(a)(3)(A)(i); Ind.
Code § 24-2-3-3(a).
HSB's Complaint alleges that the Individual Defendants, through their
employment with HSB, gained access to HSB's trade secrets, including its Bound Diaries.
Because Mr. Campbell and Mr. Jacob accessed and acquired HSB's trade secrets through
legitimate means, that is, their employment with HSB, the parties do not dispute that the
misappropriation analysis with respect to the Individual Defendants hinges on whether
HSB adequately alleged the actual or threatened disclosure or use of its trade secrets
without its consent. See Packaging Corp. of Am., Inc. v. Croner, 419 F. Supp. 3d 1059,
1066 (N.D. Ill. 2020).
10

To that end, the Complaint alleges that the Individual Defendants disclosed HSB's
trade secrets, including its "customer lists" and its "customer and revenue/pricing
information," to OneCIS. The Complaint further alleges that Mr. Campbell provided to
Mr. Byers, an executive at OneCIS, "sensitive pricing and revenue information belonging
to HSB."2 In addition, the Complaint alleges that, on May 4, 2020, Mr. Jacobs, while
employed at OneCIS, contacted Mr. Campbell, who, at that time, had accepted a position
with OneCIS and was in his final week of employment at HSB. Mr. Jacobs informed Mr.
Campbell that he had retained various documents from HSB and inquired with Mr.
Campbell as to which he should keep and potentially share with OneCIS. Mr. Campbell
directed Mr. Jacobs to keep "the Bound Diaries," indicating that he would "need" them.
We agree with HSB that these alleged facts sufficiently give rise to a reasonable
inference of actual or threatened misappropriation of HSB's trade secrets. Though the
Complaint may not be flooded with details as to the alleged misappropriation, it
nonetheless sufficiently sets forth various categories of trade secrets that the Individual
Defendants shared with OneCIS representatives, including Mr. Byers. In addition, the
Complaint alleges that Mr. Campbell and Mr. Jacobs collaborated in the retention of
HSB's Bound Diaries following their departure from OneCIS, which Mr. Campbell
purported to "need." The reasonable inference arising from this factual allegation is that
Mr. Campbell "needed" them for his work at his new employer and HSB's competitor,

2

Defendants allocate a one-sentence footnote in their briefing to question whether these
materials qualify as trade secrets. They fail, however, to articulate any analysis on this issue, and
the Court will not craft an argument for them.
11

and that Mr. Jacobs facilitated this improper retention of the Bound Diaries, placing them
at risk of misappropriation. These allegations sufficiently plead the misappropriation (or
threatened misappropriation) of HSB's trade secrets at the hands of Defendants.
The cases invoked by Defendants do not support an alternative finding. In each of
them, the complaints alleged only that defendants had access to or possession of trade
secrets. Packaging Corp. of Am., 419 F. Supp. 3d at 1066 ("But even if the Court infers
Croner's possession of the information in question, mere possession of trade secrets does
not suffice to plausibly allege disclosure or use of those trade secrets[.]"); LigTel
Commc'ns, Inc. v. Baicells Techs., Inc., 455 F. Supp. 3d 792, 808, 2020 WL 1934178
(N.D. Ind. 2020) ("[H]aving had access to trade secrets and misappropriating trade
secrets are two entirely different allegations."); Indus. Packaging Supplies, Inc. v.
Channell, No. 18-CV-00165, 2018 WL 2560993, at *2 (N.D. Ill. 2018) (same). The
Complaint in this case goes well beyond mere possession or access.
Accordingly, HSB's DTSA and IUTSA claims may proceed, and the motion to
dismiss Count I is denied.
B. HSB's Breach of Contract Claims (Count II) Are Dismissed
Count II of HSB's Complaint alleges that the Individual Defendants have breached
their non-compete obligations outlined in the Restrictive Covenant Agreements. It further
alleges that Mr. Jacobs violated his non-disclosure obligations under the PIIAA.
Defendants move for the dismissal of both sets of breach of contract claims.

12

1. HSB's Claim That the Individual Defendants Breached Their Restrictive
Covenant Agreements Requires Dismissal Without Prejudice
With respect to the alleged breaches of the Restrictive Covenant Agreements,
Defendants contend that these claims must be dismissed on the grounds that the noncompete provisions contained therein are unenforceable under Connecticut law. 3
In reviewing the enforceability of restrictive covenant agreements such as the one
at issue here, Connecticut law provides that "[a] covenant that restricts the activities of an
employee following the termination of his employment is valid and enforceable if the
restraint is reasonable." New Haven Tobacco Co. v. Perrelli, 559 A.2d 715, 717 (1989);
see also DeLeo v. Equale & Cirone, LLP, 202 Conn. App. 650, 672 (2021). To determine
reasonableness in this context, we evaluate the following five criteria:
(1) the length of time the restriction is to be in effect; (2) the geographic area
covered by the restriction; (3) the degree of protection afforded to the party in
whose favor the covenant is made; (4) the restrictions on the employee's ability to
pursue his occupation; and (5) the extent of interference with the public's interests.
DeLeo, 202 Conn. App. at 672. This five-prong analysis "is disjunctive, rather
than conjunctive; a finding of unreasonableness in any one of the criteria is enough to

3

The Restrictive Covenant Agreements include the following choice of law provision: "[T]he
terms of this Agreement shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State
of Connecticut." The parties agree that this provision controls here. We note as well that we
"must look to the conflict-of-laws rules of the forum state for the applicable substantive law."
Jupiter Aluminum Corp. v. Home Ins. Co., 225 F.3d 868, 873 (7th Cir. 2000). Under Indiana law,
where, as here, the parties stipulate in their contract as to what law governs, courts are to apply
the law of the forum chosen by the parties. Kentucky Nat. Ins. Co. v. Empire Fire & Marine Ins.
Co., 919 N.E.2d 565, 575 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010).
13

render the covenant unenforceable." Id. (internal quotations omitted) (citing New Haven,
559 A.2d at 717).
Defendants contend that the non-compete obligations are unreasonable on several
grounds, including that they "exceed any legitimate business interest of HSB, are
geographically overbroad, are overly restricting on Campbell and Jacobs, and harm the
public." [Def. Br. at 9]. We quote again the terms of the non-compete provision at issue:
That for a period of six months after termination of employment with the
Company, when said termination is occasioned by the Employee, the Employee
will not accept employment in any of the states, commonwealths, territories or
possessions of the United States of America; or from any company or organization
whose corporate headquarters is located within the states, commonwealths,
territories or possessions of the United States of America, if such employment is
offered because of the knowledge, skill or credentials obtained as a result of the
aforementioned training.
[Dkt. 9, Exh. A].
We review first Defendants' contention that the geographic scope of the noncompete provision is unreasonable in that applies to work throughout the United States.
"The general rule is that the application of a restrictive covenant will be confined
to a geographical area which is reasonable in view of the particular situation." Braman
Chem. Enterprises, Inc. v. Barnes, 42 Conn. L. Rptr. 547 (Conn. Super. Ct. Dec. 12,
2006). Geographic restrictions should be "narrowly tailored to the plaintiff's business
situation." Id. The reasonableness of a geographic restriction in a covenant not to
compete is "intertwined" with the reasonableness of the covenant's time restrictions. Van
Dyck Printing Co. v. DiNicola, 43 Conn.Sup. 191, 648 A.2d 898 (1993). Broad

14

geographic restrictions may thus be reasonable if the duration is short; longer periods
may be reasonable if the geographic area is small. Id.
As Defendants explain, the Complaint lacks any allegations as to the geographic
area served by the Individual Defendants. From what can be inferred from the
Complaint's jurisdictional statements, the Individual Defendants' "engaged in the
wrongful conduct described [herein] in the State of Indiana." There is thus no basis in the
Complaint to justify this nationwide ban on work, say Defendants.
Plaintiffs maintain that Connecticut law permits nationwide (and even worldwide)
geographic restrictions, noting that Connecticut courts have rejected a "per se
invalidation of a noncompete provision on the ground that it imposes a worldwide
geographic restriction." Ineo, LLC v. Lenehan, 66 Conn. L. Rptr. 72 (Conn. Super. Ct.
Feb. 20, 2018).
Defendants, however, are not seeking to strike down the geographic restriction on
the grounds that it is per se unreasonable. Instead, they assert that the Complaint fails to
plead sufficient facts supporting the reasonableness of the nationwide restriction in this
particular situation. We agree with Defendants on this issue.
In determining whether a geographical restriction is narrowly tailored to protect a
plaintiff's legitimate interests, Connecticut courts look to the geographic area where the
defendant serviced plaintiff's business or customers as well to the area where the
plaintiff's customers are located or its business is operating. Braman Chem. Enterprises,
Inc. v. Barnes, 42 Conn. L. Rptr. 547 (Conn. Super. Ct. Dec. 12, 2006) (collecting cases).
For example, in Van Dyck Printing Co. v. Dinicola, the court upheld a state-wide
15

restriction as reasonable where it effectively foreclosed employment in the area
"consisting of the plaintiff's actual customers" that had been "formerly serviced by the
defendant." 648 A.2d at 902; see also New Haven, 559 A.2d at 715. In contrast, a 50-mile
wide radius was struck done as unreasonable where it covered "well over two million
prospective [] customers," only 700 of which were serviced by the defendant. Braman,
42 Conn. L. Rptr. at 547.
Here, as Defendants have correctly explained, the facts in the Complaint do not
provide adequate justification for a nationwide restriction. There are no allegations
establishing the regions or areas serviced by the Individual Defendants. Though HSB
alleges that it competes "throughout the United States and beyond," the Complaint
provides no insight as to where in the world HSB is actually servicing its clients, nor any
indication that the Individual Defendants had any relationship with HSB's clients across
the United States such that HSB's interests would be at risk but for a nationwide
restriction. See Braman, 42 Conn. L. Rptr. at 547; Van Dyck, 648 A.2d at 902. We note
as well that the willingness of Connecticut courts to uphold such broad restrictions
usually occurs in the context of computer and internet-drive commerce where narrower
geographic restraints would "provide no effective protection." Friese v. Fadner Media
Enterprises, LLC, 2017 WL 1238436, at *6–7 (Conn. Super. Ct. Jan. 18, 2017) (“The
courts that have upheld relatively narrow geographic limitations have generally been
dealing with businesses not engaged in internet or global commerce, such as barber
shops, beauty parlors, and insurance agents"); id. ("[T]he law has come to acknowledge
the inapplicability of geographic bounds to companies that do business on a national or
16

international basis . . . This trend is particularly applicable to a business operating on the
internet.). See also Ineo, LLC v. Lenehan, 66 Conn. L. Rptr. 72 (Conn. Super. Ct. Feb. 20,
2018) ("In this case, in light of the worldwide nature of the plaintiff's business and
clientele, as well as the fact that it is technologically based, the court does not find the
global scope of the restrictive covenant set forth in the Agreement to be unreasonable.").
The Complaint presented here proffers no allegation that HSB's business is internet or
technology based. Instead, HSB is "engaged in the business of equipment breakdown
insurance and other specialty insurance coverages[.]" [Compl. ¶ 2].
Though the duration of the covenant is not challenged as unreasonable (and, in
fact, durations of this length have on occasion been recognized as much), the Complaint
nonetheless fails to tell us enough about the nature of the Individual Defendants work
such that we could determine if the geographic scope is reasonable based on how it
intertwines with the durational restriction. Braman, 42 Conn. L. Rptr. at 547; Van Dyck,
648 A.2d at 902.
For these reasons, we agree that the Complaint does not provide sufficient facts to
justify the geographic scope of the non-compete provision and thus the Restrictive
Covenant Agreements appear unenforceable. We need not review Defendants' remaining
challenges to the reasonableness of the non-compete provision at this time. Count II of
the Complaint is dismissed to the extent it alleges that the Individual Defendants have
breached their obligations contained within the Restrictive Covenant Agreements. This
claim is dismissed without prejudice so that HSB may plead additional facts which
support the justification of the nationwide restriction, if and as appropriate.
17

2. HSB's Claim That Mr. Jacobs Breached the PIIAA Is Dismissed
In addition to charging the Individual Defendants with breaching their noncompete obligations, Count I of HSB's complaint alleges that Mr. Jacobs breached his
non-disclosure obligations under the PIIAA. Section 2b of this provision provides:
(a) At the termination of your employment, or at any other time as may be
requested, all memoranda, diaries, notes, records, drawings, sketches, plans or
other documents (whether in hard copy or electronic format) relating, directly
or indirectly to Confidential Information are to be delivered to [the Company]
without retaining any copies, notes or excerpts of such documents.
The Complaint alleges that Mr. Jacobs breached his obligations under this
provision by retaining, following his departure from HSB, "a bunch of notes and
paperwork" and by impermissibly disclosing proprietary, confidential, and trade secret
information to OneCIS. To prevail on its breach of contract claim, HSB must show: "the
formation of an agreement, performance by one party, breach of the agreement by the
other party and damages." Bouchard v. Sundberg, 834 A.2d 744, 751 (Ct. App. 2003).
Defendants seek dismissal of this claim, arguing that HSB had not sufficiently
pled that Mr. Jacobs breached his contractual duties. Defendants also assert that HSB has
not alleged that it has suffered damages arising from any breaches.
HSB does not dispute that its Complaint fails to allege that HSB has sustained
damages caused by these purported breaches. Accordingly, Count I is dismissed to the
extent it seeks to hold Mr. Jacobs liable for breaching the PIIAA, again without
prejudice.
18

C. HSB's Claims of "Employee Piracy and Unfair Competition" (Count III) Are
Dismissed
We next address Defendants' contention that HSB's claims for "Employee Piracy
and Unfair Competition" (Count III) must be dismissed.
As to "employee piracy," Defendants contend that there is no Indiana case law
"establishing, discussing, or even referencing such a cause of action." Defendants thus
request the dismissal of HSB's claim of "employee piracy." The Court's research also
fails to disclose the existence of such a tort, and HSB's briefing omits any reference to the
term "employee piracy."4 Accordingly, we dismiss Count III to the extent it seeks to hold
Defendants liable for the non-existent tort of "employee piracy."
The second cause of action in Count III is a claim of "unfair competition."
Defendants assert that this claim simply mirrors HSB's tortious interference claims.
Because the Complaint does not set forth facts giving rise to an independent unfair
competition claim, Defendants request dismissal of this cause of action.
HSB does not appear to dispute that its unfair competition claim is merely another
take on its tortious interference claims. In response to Defendants challenges on this

4

HSB's briefing includes vague references to "employee raiding" as a form of "unfair
competition." To the extent it is asserting that "employee raiding" is synonymous with
"employee piracy," this does not save its "employee piracy" from dismissal. Genesys Telecomms.
Labs., Inc. v. Morales, No. 1:19-cv000695-TWP-DML, 2019 WL 5722225, at *16 (S.D. Ind.
Nov. 5, 2019) ("Indiana does not recognize 'corporate raiding' as an independent cause of
action[.]") (internal quotations omitted); Howmedica Osteonics Corp. v. DJO Glob., Inc., No.
1:17-cv-00938-SEB-TAB, 2018 WL 3130969, at *7 (S.D. Ind. Mar. 15, 2018) (same).
19

claim, HSB primarily recites boilerplate statements related to unfair competition, a
doctrine which "does not describe a single course of conduct or a tort with a specific
number of elements" but "instead describes a general category into which a number of
new torts may be placed when recognized by the courts." Panther Brands, LLC v. Indy
Racing League, LLC, 126 N.E.3d 898, 908 (Ind. Ct. App.), reh'g denied (Aug. 12, 2019),
trans. denied, 138 N.E.3d 961 (Ind. 2019).
What HSB fails to do is explain how its unfair competition claim is anything but
duplicative of its tortious interference claims, particularly its claim that Defendants
tortiously interfered with HSB's workforce. Indeed, Plaintiff appears to agree that its
allegations of "unfair competition" fall within this claim, [See Pl. Br., p. 23], and, from
our careful review of the Complaint, this claim presents no legal theory independent of
that which is articulated in HSB's tortious interference with its workforce claim.
Accordingly, we agree with Defendants that Count III should be dismissed in its entirety.
See, e.g. Howmedica, 2018 WL 3130969, at *7 (dismissing plaintiff's claim where it was
duplicative of another claim, but allowing plaintiff to pursue the theory of the first claim
within the context of its latter, surviving claim); Meridian Fin. Advisors, Ltd. v. Pence,
763 F. Supp. 2d 1046, 1064, 2011 WL 129637 (S.D. Ind. 2011) (“[T]he tort of unfair
competition has been considered a subspecies of the class of torts known as tortious
interference with business or contractual relations.”); see Felsher v. Univ. of Evansville,
755 N.E.2d 589, 598 (Ind. 2001) (same). 5

5

This is not to say that a claim of unfair competition is always a subset of a tortious interference
claim or that the former can never be pursued independently of the latter. See Howmedica, 2018
20

D. HSB's Claims for Breach of Fiduciary Duty Are Dismissed (Count VI)
Defendants next seek dismissal of HSB's claims that the Individual Defendants
have breached their fiduciary duties of loyalty to HSB (Count VI).
In Indiana, 6 "an employee owes his employer a fiduciary duty of loyalty." SJS
Refractory Co., LLC v. Empire Refractory Sales, Inc., 952 N.E.2d 758, 768 (Ind. Ct. App.
2011). Consistent with one's duty of loyalty, an employee may not "use confidential
information specific to his employer's business before the employee leaves his
employee." Id.
The Individual Defendants contend that HSB's claims that they improperly
disclosed its confidential and proprietary information in breach of their fiduciary duties
are preempted by the IUTSA. Indeed, the IUTSA provides: "The chapter displaces all
conflicting law of this state pertaining to the misappropriation of trade secrets, except
contract law and criminal law." Ind. Code. § 24-2-3-1(c). The IUTSA thus preempts any
common law claims for the misappropriation of trade secrets. HDNet LLC v. N. Am.
Boxing Council, 972 N.E.2d 920, 924 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012); Tecnomatic, S.P.A. v. Remy,
Inc., 954 F. Supp. 2d 860, 869, 2013 WL 3188814 (S.D. Ind. 2013). The Indiana Court of
Appeals has further held that, with exception for breach of contract claims, the IUTSA

WL 3130969, at *7. Here, however, HSB has failed to differentiate between the two theories
such that both can survive independently at this juncture.
6 The parties agree that Indiana law governs HSB's common law claims.
21

"abolishes all free-standing alternative causes of action for theft or misuse of confidential,
proprietary, or otherwise secret information falling short of trade secret status." Id.;
Konecranes, Inc. v. Davis, 2013 WL 1566326, at *4 (S.D. Ind. Apr. 12, 2013) (discussing
HDNet LLC).
We need not engage in any longform analysis to hold that this claim must also be
dismissed. To the extent that HSB is alleging that the Individual Defendants breached
their fiduciary duties of loyalty by misappropriating trade secrets, that claim is obviously
preempted by the IUTSA. See, e.g. id.; Genesys Telecommunications Labs., Inc. v.
Morales, 2019 WL 5722225, at *15 (S.D. Ind. Nov. 5, 2019). To the extent HSB
believes that this claim is outside the purview of the IUTSA on the grounds that not all
"confidential and proprietary information" rises to the level of trade secrets, [Pl. Br., p.
32], the Indiana Court of Appeals has expressly rejected the legitimacy of such a claim.
HDNet LLC, 972 N.E.2d at 924. It is beyond dispute that both of the aforementioned
theories are not viable in light of HDNet:
A claim cannot be preempted or not preempted based entirely upon whether or
not the information at issue qualifies as a trade secret. If the information is a trade
secret, the plaintiff's claim is preempted; if not, the plaintiff has no legal interest
upon which to base his or her claim. Either way, the claim is not cognizable.
Tecnomatic, 954 F. Supp. 2d at 869 (quoting HDNet LLC, 972 N.E.2d at 924). 7

7

For these same reasons, we dismiss HSB's conversion claim (Count VII), which is based on the
alleged retention of HSB's "trade secrets and confidential, proprietary and/or non-public
information[.]"Though Indiana courts have recognized that conversion claims may not be
preempted by the IUTSA where the possessions purportedly converted were "tangible property"
that have "some intrinsic value apart from the information contained within," (for example,
"three-dimensional computer models for modular homes"), no such allegations exist here. See
Remy, Inc. v. Tecnomatic S.P.A., 2014 WL 2882855, at *11 (S.D. Ind. June 24, 2014).
22

Any reference to HDNet is conspicuously absent from HSB's briefing (though
Defendants placed HSB on notice of this case), which relies instead on cases which
preceded this pivotal decision.
We also grant Defendants' request to dismiss HSB's claims that the Individual
Defendants breached their fiduciary duties of loyalty by "soliciting HSB employees to
work for OneCIS" and by "failing to inform HSB of OneCIS's solicitations and scheme to
raid HSB's employees." We agree with Defendants that these claims are entirely
conclusory and lack any factual underpinnings in the complaint and therefore must be
dismissed. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. ("Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of
action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice" to withstand the
requirements of Rules 8 and 12(b)(6)). 8
For these reasons, we dismiss Count VI of the Complaint.
E. HSB's Claims for Tortious Interference (Count IV & Count V) Must Also Be
Dismissed Without Prejudice
We turn finally to Defendants' challenges to HSB's claims against OneCIS and the
Individuals Defendants for "tortious interference with prospective economic advantage:
HSB's workforce" (Count IV) and "tortious interference with prospective economic
advantage: HSB's customers" (Count V). In sum, Count IV alleges that Defendants
intentionally caused HSB employees to leave so that OneCIS could reap the benefits of

8

We note that HSB does not attempt to defend the sufficiency of its Complaint with respect to
this issue, relying instead on extraneous materials submitted with its briefing.
23

HSB's investments in them. Count V alleges the same, but with respect to HSB's
customers.
Under Indiana law, a claim for tortious interference with a business relationship,
whether employees or customers, requires proof of the following elements: (1) the
existence of a valid business relationship; (2) the defendant's knowledge of the existence
of the relationship; (3) the defendant's intentional interference in the relationship; (4) the
absence of justification; and (5) damages resulting from the defendant's interference.
Comfax Corp. v. North American Van Lines, Inc., 587 N.E.2d 118, 124 (Ind. Ct. App.
1992). In addition to these five elements, the plaintiff must also prove "some independent
illegal action." Brazauskas v. Fort Wayne-S. Bend Diocese, Inc., 796 N.E.2d 286, 291
(Ind. 2003).
Defendants contend that the Complaint has not pled sufficient facts to support the
fourth element, that is, absence of justification, nor the presence of any independent
illegal action. We find the latter argument to be dispositive here.
Under a tortious interference claim, "illegal action" need not be "criminal action."
Rather, sufficiently "wrongful" action will fulfill this requirement. Meridian, 763 F.
Supp. 2d at 1063. "Wrongful" action includes "unscrupulous behavior based upon
prevailing societal and business standards of morality and ethics." Techcom, Inc. v.
Telematrix, LLC, 903 N.E.2d 187 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).
Allegations of breach of contract do not satisfy the independent illegal action
requirement. Nikish Software Corp. v. Manatron, Inc., 801 F. Supp. 2d 791, 797 (S.D.
Ind. 2011) (collecting cases). In addition, HSB has stated that its tortious interference
24

claims "are separate and apart from, and unrelated to, its misappropriation of HSB's trade
secrets." [Compl. ¶ 98]. According to Defendants, no other potential allegations of
wrongful or illegal conduct can be gleaned from the Complaint.
HSB maintains that it has sufficiently pled this requirement. It first asserts that
breaches of one's fiduciary duty, as well as a competitor's inducement of such breaches, is
sufficient to satisfy this requirement. Though HSB's legal assertion may be true, it
ignores the fact that we have dismissed its claims for breach of fiduciary duty for their
failure to state a claim on which relief could be granted. We note as well that there is no
specific allegation in the Complaint that OneCIS induced the Individual Defendants to
steal or disclose HSB's confidential information. Similarly, the Complaint does not tether
the tortious interference claims to any illegal misconduct in the form of fiduciary duty
breaches.
HSB also asserts that OneCIS's acts of "unfair competition" were wrongful and
illegal. To that end, HSB argues that OneCIS unfairly competed when it supposedly
"raided" HSB's employees. HSB directs us to the fact that OneCIS, over the past two
years, has hired ten former HSB employees. HSB pleads no specific facts, however, as to
how these employees were "targeted" or "poached" by OneCIS, nor does it allege that
OneCIS induced or encouraged these unidentified employees to breach their contractual
or fiduciary duties to HBS. 9 The mere retention of employees from one company cannot

9

Though the Complaint alleges that OneCIS induced the Individual Defendants to breach their
contractual duties to HSB, HSB's briefing on this particular issue does not incorporate this
allegation or otherwise elaborate on any alleged raiding of the Individual Defendants by OneCIS.
25

be sufficient to establish unfair employee raiding rising to the level of wrongful and
illegal conduct. See, e.g., Genesys, 2019 WL 5722225, at *17 (holding that employee
raiding sufficiently pled where defendant allegedly encouraged plaintiff's employees to
engage with and contribute to defendant's company contrary to plaintiffs' contractual
duties); CDW LLC v. NETech Corp., 722 F. Supp. 2d 1052, 1064 (S.D. Ind. 2010)
(reviewing allegations of defendant's strategy to target plaintiff's employees and
incentivize them to leave plaintiff); see also The Finish Line, Inc. v. Foot Locker, Inc.,
2006 WL 146633, at *9 (S.D. Ind. Jan. 18, 2006) (rejecting claim of employee raiding
where there was no indication that defendant had done anything more than sought out
talented individuals who happened to be at-will employees of plaintiff). 10
For the reasons explicated above, Counts IV and V are dismissed without
prejudice.
CONCLUSION
Defendants' Motion to Dismiss [Dkt. 8] is granted in part and denied in part. It
is denied with respect to Count I. It is granted in all other respects. Counts II through
Counts VII are dismissed without prejudice with leave to replead in twenty-one days.
IT IS SO ORDERED.

Date:

3/31/2021

_______________________________
SARAH EVANS BARKER, JUDGE
United States District Court
Southern District of Indiana

Distribution:

10

We note again that HSB, in crafting its arguments, has relied on facts not actually alleged in
the Complaint, but instead presented in its briefing and the attachments thereto which cannot be
considered by the Court at this juncture.
26

Robert H. Bernstein
GREENBERG TRAURIG LLP
[e-mail]
Tracy Nicole Betz
TAFT STETTINIUS & HOLLISTER LLP (Indianapolis)
[e-mail]
Jackie R. Clowers
APPLEGATE FIFER PULLIAM
[e-mail]
Stephanie Lauren Grass
PAGANELLI LAW GROUP
[e-mail]
Meghaan C. Madriz
MCGUIRE WOODS LLP
[e-mail]
Yasser A. Madriz
MCGUIRE WOODS LLP
[e-mail]
A. Wolfgang McGavran
MCGUIRE WOODS LLP
[e-mail]
Fred Anthony Paganelli
PAGANELLI LAW GROUP
[e-mail]
Michael J. Slocum
GREENBERG TRAURIG LLP
[e-mail]

27