DAVIS v. KIJAKAZI

Filing 19

ENTRY REVIEWING THE COMMISSIONER'S DECISION - The standard for disability claims under the Social Security Act is stringent. "The Act does not contemplate degrees of disability or allow for an award based on partial disability." Even c laimants with substantial impairments are not necessarily entitled to benefits, which are paid for by taxes, including taxes paid by those who work despite serious physical or mental impairments and for whom working is difficult and painful." Id . Taken together, the Court can find no legal basis presented by Catherine to reverse the ALJ's decision that she was not disabled during the relevant period. Therefore, the ALJ's decision is AFFIRMED. Final judgment shall issue accordingly. SEE ORDER. Signed by Magistrate Judge Kellie M. Barr on 8/30/2024.(AAS)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA
NEW ALBANY DIVISION
CATHERINE D., 1
Plaintiff,
v.
MARTIN O'MALLEY, 2
Defendant.

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No. 4:23-cv-00079-KMB-TWP

ENTRY REVIEWING THE COMMISSIONER'S DECISION
Plaintiff Catherine D. applied for disability benefits and supplemental security income
from the Social Security Administration ("SSA") on August 5, 2021, alleging an onset date of
September 30, 2020. [Dkt. 9-2 at 24.] Administrative Law Judge Christopher S. Tindale (the
"ALJ") issued a decision on August 17, 2022, concluding that Catherine was not disabled and
therefore not entitled to receive the requested benefits. [Id. at 24-40.] The Appeals Council denied
her request for review on March 9, 2023. [Id. at 21-23.] On May 11, 2023, Catherine timely filed
this civil action asking the Court to review the denial of benefits according to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g)
and 28 U.S.C. § 1361. [Dkt. 1.]

To protect the privacy interests of claimants for Social Security benefits, and consistent with the
recommendation of the Court Administration and Case Management Committee of the
Administrative Office of the United States Courts, the Southern District of Indiana has opted to
use only the first names and last initials of non-governmental parties in its Social Security judicial
review opinions.
1

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), Martin J. O'Malley automatically became the
Defendant in this case when he was sworn in as Commissioner of the Social Security
Administration on December 20, 2023, replacing Acting Commissioner of the Social Security
Administration Kilolo Kijakazi.
2

I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
"The Social Security Administration (SSA) provides benefits to individuals who cannot
obtain work because of a physical or mental disability." Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1151
(2019). Disability is the inability "to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any
medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or
which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve months."
Stephens v. Berryhill, 888 F.3d 323, 327 (7th Cir. 2018) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A)).
When an applicant appeals an adverse benefits decision, this Court's role is limited to
ensuring that the ALJ applied the correct legal standards and that substantial evidence exists for
the ALJ's decision. Stephens, 888 F.3d at 327. "[S]ubstantial evidence" is "evidence that 'a
reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.'" Zoch v. Saul, 981 F.3d 597,
601 (7th Cir. 2020) (quoting Biestek, 139 S. Ct. at 1154). "Although this Court reviews the record
as a whole, it cannot substitute its own judgment for that of the SSA by reevaluating the facts, or
reweighing the evidence to decide whether a claimant is in fact disabled." Stephens, 888 F.3d at
327. Reviewing courts also "do not decide questions of credibility, deferring instead to the ALJ's
conclusions unless 'patently wrong.'" Zoch, 981 F.3d at 601 (quoting Summers v. Berryhill, 864
F.3d 523, 528 (7th Cir. 2017)). "[E]ven under deferential standard of review for social security
disability cases, an [ALJ] must provide a logical bridge between the evidence and [the]
conclusions." Jarnutowski v. Kijakazi, 48 F.4th 769, 773 (7th Cir. 2022) (internal quotations
omitted).
The SSA applies a five-step evaluation to determine whether the claimant is disabled.
Stephens, 888 F.3d at 327 (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4); 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4)). The
ALJ must evaluate the following, in sequence:

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(1) whether the claimant is currently [un]employed; (2) whether the claimant has a
severe impairment; (3) whether the claimant's impairment meets or equals one of
the impairments listed by the [Commissioner]; (4) whether the claimant can
perform her past work; and (5) whether the claimant is capable of performing work
in the national economy.
Clifford v. Apfel, 227 F.3d 863, 868 (7th Cir. 2000), as amended (Dec. 13, 2000) (citations
omitted). "If a claimant satisfies steps one, two, and three, she will automatically be found
disabled. If a claimant satisfies steps one and two, but not three, then she must satisfy step four.
Once step four is satisfied, the burden shifts to the SSA to establish that the claimant is capable of
performing work in the national economy." Knight v. Chater, 55 F.3d 309, 313 (7th Cir. 1995).
After Step Three, but before Step Four, the ALJ must determine a claimant's residual
functional capacity ("RFC") by evaluating "all limitations that arise from medically determinable
impairments, even those that are not severe." Villano v. Astrue, 556 F.3d 558, 563 (7th Cir. 2009).
In doing so, the ALJ "may not dismiss a line of evidence contrary to the ruling." Id. The ALJ uses
the RFC at Step Four to determine whether the claimant can perform her own past relevant work
and if not, at Step Five to determine whether the claimant can perform other work. See 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1520(a)(4)(iv), (v).
If the ALJ committed no legal error and substantial evidence exists to support the ALJ's
decision, the Court must affirm the denial of benefits. Stephens, 888 F.3d at 327. When an ALJ's
decision does not apply the correct legal standard, a remand for further proceedings is usually the
appropriate remedy. Karr v. Saul, 989 F.3d 508, 513 (7th Cir. 2021). Typically, a remand is also
appropriate when the decision is not supported by substantial evidence. Briscoe ex rel. Taylor v.
Barnhart, 425 F.3d 345, 355 (7th Cir. 2005).

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II. RELEVANT BACKGROUND 3
Catherine was 40 years old when she applied for disability benefits. [Dkt. 9-5 at 2.]
She previously worked as a special education teacher, a nurse's assistant, an occupational therapy
assistant, and an interpreter. [Dkt. 9-2 at 69.]
The ALJ followed the five-step evaluation set forth by SSA in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)
and concluded that Catherine was not disabled. Specifically, the ALJ found as follows:
•

At Step One, Catherine has not engaged in substantial gainful activity since September 30,
2020, the amended alleged onset date. [Dkt. 9-2 at 27.]

•

At Step Two, Catherine has the following severe impairments: diabetes mellitus,
gastrointestinal disorder, mood disorder, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and pilonidal
cyst status-post surgical intervention. [Id.]

•

At Step Three, Catherine does not have an impairment or combination of impairments that
meets or medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments. [Id.]

•

After Step Three but before Step Four, Catherine has the RFC "to perform light work as
defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(b) and 416.967(b) except [that she] can occasionally climb
ramps and stairs, but never climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds. [She] can occasionally
balance, as defined by the Selected Characteristics of Occupations (SCO); and occasionally
stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl. She is limited to no fine depth perception, such as threading
a needle. [She] can understand, remember, and carry out detailed, but not complex tasks.
She can interact occasionally with co-workers and supervisors, but no interaction with the
public. She can attend to tasks for a sufficient period to complete tasks. She can manage
the stresses involved with detailed work-related tasks. The claimant is limited to no fast
production rate or pace work, such as assembly line work." [Id. at 28.]

•

At Step Four, Catherine is unable to perform any past relevant work. [Id. at 38.]

•

At Step Five, relying on testimony from the vocational expert ("VE"), and considering
Catherine's age, education, and RFC, there were jobs that existed in the national economy
that Catherine could have performed through the date of the decision, including Mail Clerk,
Marker, Office Helper, Sorter, Document Preparer, and Table Worker. [Id. at 38-40.]

3

The relevant evidence of record is set forth in the Parties' briefs and need not be repeated here.
Specific facts relevant to the disposition of this case are discussed below as necessary.
4

III. DISCUSSION
Catherine raises two issues for the Court's review: (1) whether the ALJ's subjective
symptom analysis was patently wrong; and (2) whether the ALJ explained how the evidence
supported Catherine's RFC restrictions related to concentration, persistence, or pace. [Dkt. 13 at
10.] The Court will address each issue in turn.
A. Subjective Symptom Analysis
Catherine argues that the ALJ's subjective symptom analysis was patently wrong because
he disregarded her complaints about the intensity, persistence, and frequency of her symptoms
based on his alleged errors in reviewing the medical evidence. [Dkt. 13 at 11-12.] She also argues
that the ALJ mischaracterized her medical care as "conservative" when she received the standard
treatments for type 1 diabetes—medications and dietary and lifestyle modifications. [Id. at 12.]
She argues that he relied on her non-compliance with medication and treatment to discredit her
claims about the intensity, persistence, and frequency of her symptoms without first exploring
reasons for her non-compliance and argues that the record shows that her non-compliance arose
from her mental health struggles. [Id. at 12-13.] She argues that the ALJ relied on her ability to
engage in certain daily activities, such as caring for her children, driving, preparing meals,
performing chores, shopping, paying bills, and watching movies, without acknowledging certain
qualifications on these activities, including that her mother and husband help care for the children
and pets, that she bathes only once a week and does not brush her teeth and relies on her husband
to remind her to maintain personal hygiene, that she only prepares meals that take ten minutes or
less, and that it takes her days to complete chores with family help. [Id. at 14-15.] Finally,
Catherine argues that the ALJ erred in finding her husband's third-party function report only
somewhat persuasive simply because he is biased, has no medical training, and made statements
that were inconsistent with the medical record. [Id. at 15-16.]
5

In response, the Commissioner argues that the ALJ properly considered the record as a
whole in conducting Catherine's subjective symptom analysis, including the objective medical
evidence, her conservative treatment, her non-compliance with medication, and her daily activities,
as he was required to do under 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545 and SSR 96-8p. [Dkt. 15 at 5.] He further
argues that in weighing the medical evidence, the ALJ acknowledged both normal findings, such
as exams where providers did not note any physical or mental abnormalities, and abnormal
findings, such as fluctuations in blood sugar, abdominal tenderness, treatment for an inflamed cyst,
vision issues, and counseling and medication for mood disorders. [Id. at 6.] The Commissioner
argues that the ALJ expressly noted that Catherine required "fairly extensive" treatment for
diabetes but also accurately found that her diabetes improved when she was compliant with
ordinary and conservative treatment, including insulin, medication, and lifestyle modifications.
[Id. at 8-9.] As for the reasons Catherine was sometimes non-compliant with medication and
treatment recommendations, the Commissioner argues that the ALJ reviewed the medical records,
which indicated that Catherine told her providers that she "forgot" to take her medications, that
any suggestion that her mental health issues caused her non-compliance is belied by the medical
record showing that she had no issues with impaired memory or concentration, and that Catherine's
attorney did not submit evidence or argument that her mood disorders caused her non-compliance.
[Id. at 10-11.] The Commissioner argues that the ALJ properly identified some qualifications on
Catherine's daily activities and was not required to detail each and every factor in conducting her
subjective symptom analysis. [Id. at 10-11.] Finally, he argues that the ALJ properly weighed the
third-party function report from Catherine's husband, noting that it was "somewhat persuasive"
given that the husband was biased and has no medical training. [Id. at 12-13.]

6

Catherine replies that the ALJ failed to address certain medical evidence—such as
diminished sensation in the lower extremities, tenderness, weakness, and range of motion deficits
in the shoulders, weakness in the left side of the body, decreased range of motion in the hip and
lumbar spine, and abnormal gait—and only summarily mentioned other medical evidence—such
as exams where Catherine had mild to severe problems with anxiety and depression, disoriented
thinking, and dress and grooming. [Dkt. 16 at 6.] She argues that the ALJ erred by characterizing
her treatment as "conservative" without identifying what other more aggressive treatments might
have been available. [Id. at 6-7.] She characterizes the Commissioner's argument that she had
merely forgotten to take her medications as a post-hoc rationalization prohibited by the doctrine
set forth in Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery, 318 U.S. 80 (1943). [Id. at 7-8.]
She argues that the qualifications on her daily activities are fundamentally more severe than the
ALJ's opinion suggests. [Id. at 8.] Finally, she argues that that the ALJ erred by discrediting her
husband's third-party report based on his lack of medical experience. [Id. at. 8-9.]
When assessing a claimant's subjective symptoms, an ALJ will complete a two-step
process. First, the ALJ will "consider whether there is an underlying medically determinable
physical or mental impairment(s) that could reasonably be expected to produce an individual's
symptoms, such as pain." SSR 16-3p (S.S.A. Oct. 25, 2017), 2017 WL 5180304, at *3. Second,
"once an underlying physical or mental impairment(s) that could reasonably be expected to
produce an individual's symptoms is established," the ALJ will "evaluate the intensity and
persistence of those symptoms to determine the extent to which the symptoms limit an individual's
ability to perform work-related activities." Id. The ALJ will not evaluate an individual's symptoms
based solely on objective medical evidence unless the objective medical evidence supports a
finding that the claimant is in fact disabled. Id. at *4-5. The ALJ will consider factors including

7

but not limited to the claimant's daily activities and the effectiveness of the claimant's medication or
treatment. Id. at *7-8. The court must afford the ALJ's determinations special deference, and it
will only reverse if the ALJ's determination is patently wrong. Larson v. Astrue, 615 F.3d 744,
751 (7th Cir. 2010); Engstrand v. Colvin, 788 F.3d 655, 660 (7th Cir. 2015).
Given the substantial deference afforded to an ALJ's credibility determinations, the Court
finds that the ALJ's subjective symptom analysis in this case was not "patently wrong" and does
not provide a basis for reversal. The ALJ considered the record as a whole, including the factors
set forth in 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529 and 416.929, in finding that the intensity, persistence, and
limiting effects of Catherine's condition were less severe than she alleged. [Dkt. 9-2 at 30.]
In considering the objective medical evidence, the ALJ provided accurate chronologies
of Catherine's chronic conditions and described how they improved and declined over time; he
did not cherry-pick treatment notes that showed improvement or ignore whole lines of evidence
about limiting symptoms. [Id. at 30-36.] While the ALJ did not detail each and every symptom
in Catherine's medical notes, but he was not required to do so. See Gedatus v. Saul, 994 F.3d
893, 901 (7th Cir. 2021) (finding no error where the ALJ's summary of the plaintiff's medical
history did not mention every favorable piece of evidence for the plaintiff). Further, Catherine
has not explained how the symptoms the ALJ omitted from his written order, such as a lack of
range of motion in the shoulders and abnormal gait, fundamentally changed the ALJ's
characterization of her condition and course of treatment such that those omissions rendered his
analysis "patently wrong." See, e.g., David C. v. Kijakazi, 2022 WL 602520, at *8 (N.D. Ill.
March 1, 2022) (finding that the ALJ did not err by failing to explicitly discuss medical evidence
about the plaintiff's antalgic gait and reduced range of motion in considering his disability claim
for a spinal disorder, myotonic dystrophy, and obesity) (citing Gedatus, 994 F.3d at 901).

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Here, the ALJ ultimately concluded that while Catherine required "fairly extensive" medical
care, she responded well to ordinary treatments for her conditions, and complications from her
conditions largely resulted from her own non-compliance with medication and treatment
recommendations. [Dkt. 9-2 at 31.] As explained in the paragraphs below, this conclusion was
a reasonable weighing of the relevant evidence that the Court will not disturb.
The ALJ did not err by relying on Catherine's non-compliance with medication and
treatment in discrediting her claims about the severity of her symptoms. Non-compliance with
treatment is expressly set forth as a factor for evaluating a claimant's symptoms by SSA's own
regulations. See SSR 16-3p ("[I]f the individual fails to follow prescribed treatment that might
improve symptoms, we may find the alleged intensity and persistence of an individual's
symptoms are inconsistent with the overall evidence of record."). The ALJ did not ask
Catherine to explain the reasons for her non-compliance at the administrative hearing, but he
was not required to do so. See Deborah M. v. Saul, 994 F.3d 785, 790 (7th Cir. 2021)
(explaining that SSR 16-3p "did not require the ALJ to ask Plaintiff about her failure to seek
treatment. That rule provides that an ALJ must consider possible reasons for a failure to seek
treatment," which the ALJ satisfied by reviewing the claimant's medical records). Here, the
ALJ considered Catherine's medical records, which showed that she often "forgot" to comply
with medications and treatment. [See, e.g., dkt. 9-2 at 31 ("During a follow-up examination in
October 2020, the claimant admitted she sometimes forgot to take her prescribed Humalog . . .
. Similarly, she indicated that she 'often' misses her medications, including taking her insulin
only approximately 25% of the time.").]
Catherine's argument that the ALJ erred by "failing to address the likelihood that
Plaintiff's 'poor compliance' with diabetes treatment at times was caused by mental health

9

struggles" is not accurate. [Dkt. 16 at 7.] First, Catherine attributed her poor compliance to
forgetfulness, not to a mood disorder or other mental illness. Second, the ALJ considered the
possibility that there could have been a mental health or cognitive reason for Catherine's
forgetfulness but noted that the medical evidence did not support that: "In addition, the record
makes no mention of any chronic issues with the claimant's short- or long-term memory.
Indeed, her recent and remote memory is described as intact and there are no noted issues with
cognition or intelligence . . . . No doctor has indicated that the claimant was unable to understand
their prescribed treatment regimens for the claimant." [Dkt. 9-2 at 35.] Catherine's reliance on
Chenery is misplaced. Forgetfulness is not a post-hoc rationalization of the ALJ's decision by
the Commissioner; to the contrary, the ALJ expressly relied on Catherine's own statements that
her non-compliance arose from forgetfulness in his written opinion. [Id. at 31, 35.]
The ALJ did not err by characterizing Catherine's treatment as conservative and relying
on that characterization in evaluating her subjective symptoms. Applicable SSA regulations
state that the ALJ "will consider the type, dosage, effectiveness, and side effects of any
medication" as well as "treatment other than medication" in evaluating a claimant's symptoms.
20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(3)(iv), (v) (cleaned up).

Catherine's point that her providers'

recommendations included the standard treatments for type 1 diabetes and that the ALJ did not
identify other treatments she could have pursued is well-taken. However, Catherine does not
argue that she required other aggressive treatments for chronic complications from diabetes that
would pose a barrier to full-time employment. The ALJ's characterization of Catherine's
treatment history—conservative, with occasional acute interventions or hospitalizations due to
her own non-compliance with medication and treatment recommendations—was a reasonable
weighing of the evidence that the Court will not disturb.

10

The ALJ did not err in weighing the credibility of Catherine's husband's third-party
function report. The ALJ noted that Catherine's husband has an interest in Catherine obtaining
disability benefits and is not an impartial witness. [Dkt. 9-2 at 37.] Bias is a bedrock factor in
considering any witness's credibility. See United States v. Manske, 186 F.3d 770, 777 (7th Cir.
1999) ("[D]espite absence of explicit mention of bias in federal rules, bias is [a] permissible and
established basis of impeachment. Indeed, it is the quintessentially appropriate topic for crossexamination. Bias is always relevant.") (internal quotations and citations omitted). The ALJ
also found that her husband has no medical training and is therefore not trained "to make
exacting observations as to dates, frequencies, types, and degrees of medical signs and
symptoms, or of the frequency or intensity of unusual moods or mannerisms." [Dkt. 9-2 at 37.]
Catherine does not contest this point on the limits of her husband's personal knowledge. Instead,
she argues that the ALJ erred because SSA's regulations required him to consider observations
by non-medical sources. [Dkt. 13 at 15-16 (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(3), SSR 16-3p)).]
However, these regulations merely require that an ALJ consider a non-medical source's
observations; they do not require an ALJ to blindly accept those observations as true. In this
case, the ALJ considered Catherine's husband's report and found it "somewhat persuasive" to
the extent that it was consistent with Catherine's RFC and the preponderance of the medical
evidence. [Dkt. 9-2 at 37.] Catherine argues that the ALJ should have articulated which aspects
of the medical evidence were inconsistent with her husband's report, but SSA regulations did
not require that. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(d) (evidence from non-medical sources are not
subject to the factors ALJ's must consider when they weigh the credibility of medical sources).
Further, the ALJ noted that Catherine's medical providers found no limitations on her ability to
concentrate, which conflicts with her husband's third-party function report. [Dkt. 9-2 at 34; dkt.

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9-6 at 29.] Taken together, these three considerations of Catherine's husband's third-party
function report—bias, lack of knowledge, and inconsistency with medical records showing no
deficits in Catherine's ability to concentrate—sufficiently articulated the ALJ's decision to find
her husband's report only "somewhat persuasive." See also Sherman v. Kijakazi, 2023 WL
5304650, at *6 (C.D. Ill Aug. 17, 2023) (any error in evaluating third-party function report was
harmless because the report merely reiterated information in the claimant's own statements,
which the ALJ discredited) (citing Carlson v. Shalala, 999 F.2d 180, 181 (7th Cir. 1993) (where
a third-party function report merely reiterates information already in the record, it is not a new
line of evidence, and the ALJ does not commit reversible error by failing to discuss the thirdparty function report explicitly)). Accordingly, Catherine has not shown reversible error in the
ALJ's credibility determination of her husband's third-party function report.
Finally, to the extent that the ALJ erred in considering Catherine's daily activities, any
error would be harmless and would not provide a basis for reversal. The ALJ did not address
each and every limitation on Catherine's daily activities, such as the time it takes her to complete
household chores.

However, the limitation that Catherine repeatedly emphasizes in the

briefing—that she requires help and reminders to groom herself and brush her teeth—is
addressed and rejected in the ALJ's written opinion. [See dkt. 9-2 at 34-35 (noting three
counseling and psychiatry appointments where Catherine was described as having "only mild
problems with poor dress and grooming," being "casually dressed and groomed," and having
"no problems with grooming," and that "other providers failed to note any significant or
persistent deficiencies in hygiene or that she wore inappropriate attire").] Even if the ALJ could
have taken a more granular approach to Catherine's daily activities and expressly addressed
more of her alleged limitations, this would not provide a basis for reversal in light of the ALJ's

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other stated reasons for discrediting her claims about the intensity, frequency, and persistence
of her subjective symptoms. Ultimately, reviewing courts take a deferential approach to the
ALJ's credibility determinations, and the ALJ need only "minimally articulate reasons for
crediting or rejecting evidence of disability" to withstand review. Scivally v. Sullivan, 966 F.2d
1070, 1076 (7th Cir. 1992). The ALJ's reasoning does not need to be "flawless," Similia v.
Astrue, 573 F.3d 503, 519 (7th Cir. 2009), and will be sustained on review despite isolated
errors, see Halsell v. Astrue, 357 F. App'x 717, 722-23 (7th Cir. 2009) ("Not all of the ALJ's
reasons must be valid as long as enough of them are."); Walcott v. Berryhill, 2019 WL 2494165,
at *8 (S.D. Ind. Feb. 5, 2019) ("Even if this court were to hold that the ALJ should have
expressly addressed Plaintiff's activities, any error was harmless because the ALJ provided other
reasons for discounting Plaintiff's subjective complaints.").
In sum, Catherine has not identified reversible error in the ALJ's subjective symptom
analysis. He considered the necessary factors for assessing credibility as set forth in applicable
SSA regulations. He accurately described the chronologies of Catherine's illnesses and did not
cherry-pick or mischaracterize the medical evidence. He reasonably determined that Catherine
generally received conservative treatment for diabetes and that occasional complications
requiring acute interventions resulted from her own inexcusable failure to comply with
medication and treatment recommendations. The ALJ considered and weighed her husband's
third-party function report. To the extent the ALJ erred by not addressing each and every
limitation on Catherine's daily activities, any error would be harmless given the totality of the
ALJ's analysis. Accordingly, Catherine's request for remand on this issue is denied.

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B. RFC Restrictions
Catherine argues that the ALJ did not explain how her RFC, which limits her to "no fast
production rate or pace work, such as assembly line work" addresses her limitations in
concentration, persistence, or pace. [Dkt. 13 at 16-20.] She argues that her fluctuations in blood
sugar, her anxiety and depression, and the side effects of her medications cause fatigue, headaches,
frequent urination, vomiting, diarrhea, panic attacks, and indifference. [Id. at 17-18.] Given these
symptoms, Catherine argues that the ALJ should have found that she has moderate limitations in
concentration, and persistence, and pace, and that her RFC does not account for all three of these
deficits. [Id. at 18-19.] Even if the RFC does adequately account for these deficits, she argues,
the jobs that the ALJ found she could perform at Step 5 involve a temperament factor of "R" in the
Department of Labor's Revised Handbook for Analyzing Jobs ("RHAJ") and would exceed her
capabilities because the ALJ found that she cannot perform fast production rate work. [Id. at 19.]
She also argues that the RFC does not account for her need for substantial off-task time to
accommodate her frequent headaches and other symptoms. [Id. at 19-20.]
The Commissioner responds that Catherine's RFC includes limitations in addition to
"no fast production rate or pace work, such as assembly line work," that account for her medical
conditions. [Dkt. 15 at 13-14.] These limitations include her ability to "understand, remember,
and carry out detailed, but not complex tasks" and her ability to "interact occasionally with coworkers and supervisors, but no interaction with the public." [Id.] He argues that there is no
evidence of impaired concentration or cognition in the treatment record, and that the state agency
consultants did not opine that Catherine has limitations in concentration or persistence. [Id. at 1314.] He points out that the consultants did not find a limitation on Catherine's pace either and that
the ALJ independently added this limitation to account for her difficulties managing stress. [Id.]

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He argues that the ALJ reasonably relied on the VE's testimony about jobs Catherine could perform
given her RFC and that the ALJ did not find that Catherine required significant time off task.
[Id. at 15-16.]
In reply, Catherine argues that the ALJ erred in conducting her subjective symptom analysis
and should have found limitations in concentration and persistence and a requirement of substantial
time off-task or absent. [Dkt. 16 at 10-13.] She also argues that the ALJ had an independent duty
to assess the VE's testimony and address any discrepancies with the RHAJ. [Id. at 13-14.]
An ALJ need not use any "magic words" when formulating a claimant's RFC. Crump v.
Saul, 932 F.3d 567, 570 (7th Cir. 2019). However, "the ALJ must explicitly account for all of a
claimant's limitations in [his] hypothetical, including limitations in concentration, persistence, or
pace, unless the vocational expert has independently reviewed the medical record. DeCamp v.
Berryhill, 916 F.3d 671, 675 (7th Cir. 2019). "[B]oth the hypothetical posed to the VE and the
ALJ's RFC assessment must incorporate all of the claimant's symptoms supported by the medical
record." Yurt v. Colvin, 758 F.3d 850, 857 (7th Cir. 2014).
The Court is not persuaded by Catherine's arguments and finds that she has not shown
reversible error on this issue. As an initial matter, the Court has already found that the ALJ did
not err in conducting the subjective symptom analysis, and he was not required to accept as true
Catherine's claims about the intensity, frequency, and persistence of her symptoms. See supra Sec.
III-A. The specific argument that Catherine makes about the ALJ's subjective symptom analysis
with respect to this issue is also unpersuasive. The ALJ noted that Catherine's medical records
showed that she had "no problems with poor concentration," and the state agency consultants also
found no limitations on concentration or persistence. [Dkt. 9-2 at 34; dkt. 9-3 at 11, 22, 31, 42.]
For the reasons set forth in the previous section, the ALJ was not required to credit the husband's

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third-party function report stating that Catherine has trouble paying attention, [dkt. 9-6 at 29], or
Catherine's own statements about difficulty with concentration, [dkt. 9-6 at 21], over the
assessments of Catherine's medical providers and the state agency consultants who all opined that
she did not have limitations in this domain.
Moving on to whether the RFC adequately accounts for Catherine's limitations in pace, the
Court finds that the ALJ did not commit reversible error on this issue. The ALJ explained that
even though Catherine had no limitations in concentration and persistence, and even though none
of the state agency consultants found that she had any limitations in pace, he limited her to "no fast
production rate or pace work," including assembly line work, in order to "accommodate[] any
reduced stress tolerance and ensure[] that [she] is able to adapt and manage herself in a work
setting." [Dkt. 9-2 at 35.] This case is distinguishable from the one Catherine relies on in her
opening brief. In DeCamp, two state agency psychologists found that the claimant had moderate
limitations in concentration, persistence, and pace. 916 F.3d at 673. One of the psychologists also
found that she had moderate limitations in "perform[ing] activities within a schedule" and
"perform[ing] at a consistent pace without an unreasonable number and length of rest periods."
[Id.] The other psychologist found that she had "extreme" limitations in "withstanding routine
work stresses." [Id.] Given these expert opinions, which the ALJ found persuasive, the court held
that an RFC limiting the claimant to "no fast-paced production line or tandem tasks" did not
account for her moderate limitations in concentration, persistence, and pace. [Id. at 675-76.] Here,
by contrast, Catherine does not have moderate limitations in concentration or persistence. No
expert found that she has any limitations in pace. The ALJ did not find that she has limitations in
maintaining a consistent pace or an extreme limitation in withstanding routine work stresses.
Instead, the ALJ added a restriction beyond the experts' recommendations excluding "fast

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production rate or pace work, such as assembly line work," to accommodate Catherine's claim
about reduced stress tolerance. [Dkt. 9-2 at 35.] The Court finds no error in this additional
limitation under the specific circumstances of this case.
The ALJ did not err by excluding from the RFC a requirement that Catherine requires
significant off-task time during the workday and would often be absent from work. An ALJ is
"only required to incorporate limitations that [he] found [are] supported by evidence." Alvarado
v. Colvin, 836 F.3d 744, 751 (7th Cir. 2016). An ALJ is not required to list domains for which the
claimant has no limitations, as this would be "a needless formality." Gary B. v. Berryhill, 2018
WL 4907495, at *3 (S.D. Ind. Oct. 10, 2018). Here, the ALJ did not find that Catherine would
frequently be off-task or absent from work and thus was not required to make a finding on those
domains in the RFC. [See generally dkt. 9-2 at 28-38.] Catherine testified that she suffers from
frequent urination, gastrointestinal issues, headaches, fatigue, and panic attacks, [id. at 56-58], but
as mentioned above, the ALJ was not required to accept her claims about the intensity, frequency,
and persistence of her symptoms. See supra at Sec. III-A. Catherine provides no binding authority
for the proposition that the ALJ must make a finding on each and every domain he references in a
hypothetical to the ALJ, and the Court does not find that asking the VE about off-task time and
absenteeism required the ALJ to make such a finding in this case. Accordingly, the Court
concludes that the ALJ was not required to make a finding about off-task time or absenteeism in
the RFC and that Catherine has not shown reversible error on this issue.
Finally, Catherine has not shown reversible error on her Step Five argument and has
forfeited that argument for judicial review. The ALJ relied on testimony from the VE that there
were significant available jobs in the national economy for a person with Catherine's RFC. When
the ALJ bases his decision at Step 5 on the VE's testimony, the ALJ must ensure that the VE's

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testimony is the product of a reliable analysis. Fetting v. Kijakazi, 62 F.4th 332, 339 (7th Cir.
2023). However, "[w]hen no one questions the [VE's] foundation or reasoning, an ALJ is entitled
to accept the [VE's] conclusion, even if that conclusion differs from" the Department of Labor's
Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Donahue v. Barnhart, 279 F.3d 441, 446 (7th Cir. 2002). Thus,
when a claimant does not object to or challenge a VE's testimony during the disability hearing
before the ALJ, she forfeits any objections she might have raised for judicial review. See Brown
v. Colvin, 845 F.3d 247, 254 (7th Cir. 2016); Fetting, 62 F.4th at 338 ("A claimant who fails to
object at the hearing forfeits any challenge to the VE's testimony. This objection must be specific;
to avoid forfeiture, a claimant must do more than make a general objection or vaguely ask the VE
about his methodology"); Leisgang v. Kijakazi, 72 F. 4th 216, 220 (7th Cir. 2023) (reiterating that
a claimant "may not start objecting to unquestioned and uncontradicted VE testimony in federal
court after the closure of the administrative record" and that when the claimant fails to raise a
timely objection, the issue is forfeited unless the VE's testimony is "facially implausible or
incoherent").
Even though Catherine was represented by an attorney at her administrative hearing,
she did not raise any challenges to the VE's testimony about jobs in the national economy that are
available to a person with her RFC. [See dkt. 9-2 at 69-73.] The argument that she presents for
the first time on judicial review—that the jobs the VE identified would be unavailable to her
because they are categorized as temperament factor "R" and therefore involve "performing a few
routine and uninvolved tasks over and over again according to set procedures, sequence, or pace
with little opportunity for diversion or interruption," [dkt. 13 at 19 (citing U.S. Dep't of Labor,
Revised Handbook for Analyzing Jobs 10–1 10-2 (1991)]—does not identify an error in the VE's
testimony that is so facially implausible or incoherent that it excuses her forfeiture of the issue. As

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the Commissioner points out, the description quoted above is a disjunctive test: "procedures,
sequence or pace." Thus, jobs in the temperament "R" category, such as the ones identified by the
VE, do not necessarily require the jobholder to work according to a set pace; they could merely
require a set procedure or a set sequence. Even if they did require a set pace, Catherine has not
explained why the ALJ should have assumed that the set pace would be a "fast production rate or
pace, such as assembly line work," which is a job requirement that the ALJ specifically instructed
the VE that Catherine could not meet. Put differently, Catherine could not prevail on the merits of
this argument even if she had preserved the issue for review and thus cannot meet the higher
standard for error that she is required to meet here to avoid forfeiture. Accordingly, the Court finds
no reversible error on this issue.
In sum, Catherine's RFC is supported by substantial evidence, and the ALJ built a logical
bridge between the evidence and her RFC. The ALJ did not err by excluding limitations on
concentration, persistence, off-task time, or absenteeism in her RFC because he did not find her to
be limited in those domains. The RFC adequately encompasses Catherine's pace limitations as
described by the ALJ. Catherine challenges the VE's testimony about available jobs in the national
economy for the first time on judicial review. The Court is not persuaded that she has identified
an error on that issue, let alone an error in the VE's testimony that is so facially implausible that it
would excuse her forfeiture of the issue. Accordingly, Catherine's request for remand on this issue
is denied.
IV. CONCLUSION
The standard for disability claims under the Social Security Act is stringent. Plessinger v.
Berryhill, 900 F.3d 909, 911 (7th Cir. 2018). "The Act does not contemplate degrees of disability
or allow for an award based on partial disability." Williams-Overstreet v. Astrue, 364 F. App'x 271,

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274 (7th Cir. 2010) (citing Stephens v. Heckler, 766 F.2d 284, 285 (7th Cir. 1985)). "Even
claimants with substantial impairments are not necessarily entitled to benefits, which are paid for
by taxes, including taxes paid by those who work despite serious physical or mental impairments
and for whom working is difficult and painful." Id. Taken together, the Court can find no legal
basis presented by Catherine to reverse the ALJ's decision that she was not disabled during the
relevant period. Therefore, the ALJ's decision is AFFIRMED.
accordingly.
So ORDERED.
Date: 8/30/2024

Distribution:
All ECF-registered counsel of record via email

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Final judgment shall issue