Catipovic v. Turley et al
Filing
25
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER: Denying 16 Motion to Dismiss: Denying 18 Motion to Dismiss. Signed by Judge Mark W Bennett on 06/08/12. (kfs)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF IOWA
CENTRAL DIVISION
BRANIMIR CATIPOVIC,
No. C 11-3074-MWB
Plaintiff,
vs.
MARK TURLEY, RONALD FAGEN,
and FAGEN, INC.,
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND
ORDER REGARDING DEFENDANTS’
MOTIONS TO DISMISS
Defendants.
___________________________
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
INTRODUCTION........................................................................... 3
A.
Factual Background ............................................................... 3
B.
Procedural Background ........................................................... 8
II.
LEGAL ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 11
A.
Turley’s Motion To Dismiss .................................................... 11
1.
Arguments of the parties ................................................ 11
2.
Applicable standards ..................................................... 13
a.
Principles of personal jurisdiction ............................ 13
b.
“General” personal jurisdiction ............................... 14
c.
“Specific” personal jurisdiction ............................... 15
d.
The role of contracts in the personal jurisdiction
analysis............................................................. 16
e.
Rule 12(b)(2) standards for dismissal for lack of
personal jurisdiction ............................................. 18
3.
Application of the standards ........................................... 20
4.
Summary ................................................................... 22
B.
The Fagen Defendants’ Motion To Dismiss ................................. 23
1.
Dismissal for improper venue .......................................... 23
a.
Arguments of the parties ....................................... 23
b.
Applicable standards ............................................ 25
i. The applicable venue statute............................... 26
C.
III.
ii. Venue based on § 1391(a)(2) ............................. 27
iii. Standards for dismissal for improper venue .......... 29
c.
Application of the standards ................................... 32
i. Venue with Turley present ................................. 33
ii. Venue with Turley absent ................................. 33
d.
Summary........................................................... 36
Failure To State A Claim ....................................................... 37
1.
Arguments of the parties ................................................ 37
2.
Analysis .................................................................... 39
a.
Applicable standards ............................................ 39
b.
Application of the standards ................................... 42
i. Elements of the claim ....................................... 42
ii. Pleading of the claim ...................................... 44
iii. The Fagen Defendants’ further challenges ........... 45
c.
Summary........................................................... 47
CONCLUSION ............................................................................ 47
A former Iowa resident seeks to recover damages for breach of contract and
unjust enrichment from an Irish citizen, and damages for unjust enrichment from a
Minnesota citizen and a Minnesota company, arising from the failure of an alleged
partnership to develop ethanol production facilities in Eastern Europe.
The Irish
defendant has moved to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure, for lack of personal jurisdiction over him, and the Minnesota defendants
have moved to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(3), for improper venue, and Rule
12(b)(6), for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted. Thus, the pending
2
motions turn, at least in the first instance, on whether this forum is the proper one in
which the plaintiff may bring his claims.
I.
A.
INTRODUCTION
Factual Background
Ordinarily, “when ruling on a defendant’s motion to dismiss, a judge must
accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint.” Erickson v.
Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
555-56 (2007)). Thus, the factual background to a motion to dismiss must ordinarily be
drawn solely from the plaintiffs’ factual allegations. See Ashanti v. City of Golden
Valley, 666 F.3d 1148, 1151 (8th Cir. 2012) (“[M]atters outside the pleading may not
be considered in deciding a Rule 12[(b)(6)] motion to dismiss”). However, on a motion
to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) of the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure, if the court does not conduct a hearing, the court may
consider the pleadings, any affidavits, and any exhibits supporting or opposing the
motion. See K-V Pharm. Co. v. J. Uriach & CIA, S.A., 648 F.3d 588, 592 (8th Cir.
2011); Pangaea, Inc. v. Flying Burrito, L.L.C., 647 F.3d 741, 745 (8th Cir. 2011).
Thus, where indicated, I have included pertinent facts from sources other than the
pleadings in this statement of the factual background to the parties’ dispute.
Plaintiff Branimir Catipovic is a naturalized citizen of the United States who was
born in Croatia. At the times relevant to this dispute, he was domiciled in Iowa, and
working as a medical doctor specializing in internal medicine, allergy/immunology, at
the Veteran’s Administration Hospital (VA Hospital) in Mason City, Iowa.
In his
Amended Complaint and a Declaration (docket no. 20-1) filed in resistance to one of
the pending motions to dismiss, Catipovic avers that he is now domiciled in
3
Massachusetts.
Defendant Mark Turley is a citizen of Ireland who, among other
business activities, provides start-up capital to and invests in new business ventures.
Defendant Roland Fagen is a citizen of and domiciled in Minnesota, and defendant
Fagen, Inc., (FI), is a Minnesota corporation, headquartered in Granite Falls,
Minnesota, engaged in commercial and industrial contracting and engineering services,
focusing primarily on the ethanol plant industry. In the motion to dismiss by Fagen and
FI, Fagen asserts that he is the executive vice president of FI.
Catipovic alleges that, while working as a medical doctor at the VA Hospital in
Mason City in 2005-2006, he became aware of an ethanol production facility located in
Mason City.
He then began to study ethanol production, in part, because of his
knowledge and understanding of the agricultural and environmental similarities between
Iowa and Eastern Europe. In 2006, he toured the Mason City ethanol plant with its
CEO, Walter Wendland.
Catipovic alleges that he and Wendland recognized the
potential to replicate the ethanol production success of the Mason City plant in Eastern
Europe, so they gathered critical operational and financial information in Iowa, then
they traveled to Croatia in July 2006. While in Croatia, they selected a site to build an
ethanol production facility. They also worked with a sophisticated financial model
designed to validate the viability of producing ethanol in Eastern Europe and created
initial financial and business plans.
Catipovic alleges that, in the late fall of 2006, he and Wendland traveled to
Granite Falls, Minnesota, to offer the opportunity to build ethanol plants in Eastern
Europe to Fagen and FI. Catipovic and Wendland discussed with Fagen the financial
viability of the project and shared the information that they had gathered. Fagen and FI
allegedly agreed to work with Catipovic and Wendland. Catipovic alleges that, in April
of 2007, he met with Turley in Ireland to try to obtain start-up capital for the project.
4
In May 2007, Turley met with Catipovic’s brother, Hrvoje Catipovic, in Croatia to gain
more information about the investment opportunity.
Then, in June 2007, Turley,
Catipovic, and Wendland met in Mason City, Iowa, to visit ethanol plants. During that
visit, Catipovic alleges that the three entered into an agreement (the 2007 Agreement)
to build ethanol plants in Eastern Europe, with the first plant to be built in Osijek,
Croatia. Pursuant to the 2007 Agreement, Wendland and Catipovic were to receive a
20% interest in the ethanol plant. The parties to the 2007 Agreement agreed that the
venture would be known as Ethanol Europe B.V. The day after Turley, Catipovic, and
Wendland reached the 2007 Agreement, they were joined by Fagen in Mason City, and
they retained FI as the builder for the Osijek plant. In an e-mail to Catipovic and
Wendland dated July 3, 2007, Turley confirmed details of the 2007 Agreement. See
Complaint (docket no. 1), Exhibit A (unsigned proposed agreement identifying
Catipovic and Wendland as the “promoters,” and granting them a 20% interest, and
identifying Turley and Chris McHugh as the “investors,” and granting them an 80%
interest).
Catipovic alleges that Turley subsequently sent “numerous” communications to
Catipovic and Wendland in Iowa regarding their agreement. More specifically, in his
Declaration, Catipovic avers that Turley and his representatives “constantly”
communicated with him and with Wendland in Iowa, via e-mail, telephone, etc., to
discuss the status of the Eastern Europe ethanol project from June 2007 forward, and
that this communication included extensive negotiations, sent to the promoters in Iowa,
concerning a possible shareholders agreement.
Catipovic has attached examples of
these communications to his Declaration.
Catipovic alleges that, in reliance on the agreements with Turley, Fagen, and FI,
and Turley’s promise to fund a subsistence package for him, Catipovic took a leave of
5
absence from his employment with the VA Hospital and moved to Croatia to focus his
full energies on the Ethanol Europe project. FI entered into a Preliminary Services
Agreement with Ethanol Europe B.V. on October 18, 2007, and, in early 2008, Fagen
traveled to Croatia. Also in early February 2008, Catipovic met with Turley again, this
time in Ireland, to address and negotiate issues that had arisen regarding the Ethanol
Europe project.
Catipovic alleges that, at this time, work was progressing on a
shareholders agreement, pursuant to the 2007 Agreement. Catipovic alleges that he and
Turley successfully addressed several outstanding issues and celebrated their continued
commitment to the 2007 Agreement.
Catipovic alleges that, days later, on February 15, 2008, after he had left
Ireland, Turley inexplicably and unilaterally refused to move forward with the 2007
Agreement and ordered that all work on the shareholders agreement cease. In a letter
dated February 20, 2008, Turley offered what Catipovic alleges were material changes
to the 2007 Agreement and provided Catipovic and Wendland with what they regarded
as three unacceptable options.
Although Catipovic alleges that he responded to
Turley’s letter with an attempt to salvage some type of business relationship, Turley
halted all communications.
Catipovic also alleges that, unbeknownst to him or to Wendland, after they had
presented their business opportunity to Turley, Fagen, and FI, those three secretly
planned to move forward without Catipovic and Wendland and, indeed, used the
information, resources, and contacts, as well as the logo, business and financial plans,
and the services of the commercial real estate expert that Catipovic and Wendland had
provided to pursue the Ethanol Europe project without Catipovic and Wendland.
Catipovic alleges that Turley’s efforts included contacting the Croatian government in a
failed attempt to obtain the prime parcel of real estate that Catipovic had previously
6
secured for the first Eastern Europe ethanol plant, then attempting to secure alternate
sites elsewhere in Eastern Europe. Catipovic alleges that a March 2010 newspaper
article reported that FI was pre-fabricating pipe for an ethanol plant in Hungary and
identified Turley as the key investor in that project. Construction began on an ethanol
plant in Hungary in August 2010.
Catipovic alleges that Turley, Fagen, and FI
ultimately built an ethanol plant in Hungary and continue to pursue the Ethanol Europe
project that he and Wendland initially presented to them.
In an affidavit filed in support of Turley’s first motion to dismiss and referred to
in his second motion to dismiss, which is currently pending, Turley avers that he is a
citizen of the Republic of Ireland and a resident of Hungary and that he has never been
a resident of Iowa or any other state in the United States. He also avers that he does
not hold, and has never held, an ownership interest in any property or business in Iowa;
that he is not currently, and has never been, an officer or board member of any
business based in Iowa or any other state in the United States; that he does not regularly
conduct business with any individuals or businesses located in Iowa; that he has only
been to Iowa on two occasions, the first time in 2007, for two days, to visit an ethanol
plant located in Mason City, Iowa, and to meet with Catipovic regarding the alleged
matters at issue in this lawsuit, and the second time in 2011, an overnight visit, to tour
an ethanol plant located in Arthur, Iowa. Turley also avers that he does not regularly
communicate via telephone, e-mail, or regular mail with individuals or businesses in
Iowa, although he does speak via telephone with an individual in Arthur, Iowa, on an
infrequent basis regarding matters that are purportedly wholly unrelated to this lawsuit.
He also acknowledges that, in 2007 and 2008, he communicated with Catipovic, then a
resident of Mason City, primarily via e-mail and regular mail, regarding the alleged
7
matters at issue in this lawsuit. Turley avers that he has no other contacts with the state
of Iowa.
B.
Procedural Background
On December 29, 2011, Catipovic filed his Complaint (docket no. 1), initiating
this lawsuit and naming Turley, Fagen, and FI as defendants. Where appropriate, I
will refer to Fagen and FI collectively as the Fagen Defendants. In his Complaint,
Catipovic asserted a claim of breach of contract against Turley and a claim of unjust
enrichment against Turley and the Fagen Defendants. On March 30, 2012, Turley filed
a Motion To Dismiss For Lack Of Subject Matter Jurisdiction And Personal
Jurisdiction (docket no. 8), pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(2) of the Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure, and the Fagen Defendants filed a Motion To Dismiss For Lack Of
Subject Matter Jurisdiction (docket no. 9), pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1).
Catipovic
resisted those motions to dismiss on April 16, 2012. See docket nos. 12 and 13.
However, on April 12, 2012, within 21 days of the filing of the defendants’
original motions to dismiss, see FED. R. CIV. P. 15(a)1)(B) (as amended effective
December 1, 2009), Catipovic also filed an Amended Complaint (docket no. 11), again
naming Turley, Fagen, and FI as defendants. In his Amended Complaint, Catipovic
alleges that this court has personal jurisdiction over the defendants, as they actively
conducted business in Iowa and committed acts that are the subject of the Amended
Complaint in Iowa; that diversity jurisdiction is proper pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332,
as there is complete diversity with respect to the claims and the amount in controversy
exceeds $75,000.00; and that venue is proper in this district pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1391, because a substantial part of the events and omissions giving rise to his claims
occurred in this district.
8
In Count I of his Amended Complaint, Catipovic asserts a claim of breach of
contract against defendant Turley. This claim is based on Turley’s alleged unilateral
termination of performance of and failure to perform all of his obligations under the
2007 Agreement, including his commitment to provide equity capital. On this claim,
Catipovic seeks an award of all compensatory and consequential damages, including his
expected return on the 2007 Agreement, interest, costs, and any other relief that this
court deems equitable, just, and proper. In Count II of his Amended Complaint,
Catipovic asserts a claim of unjust enrichment against Turley and the Fagen
Defendants.
In this claim, Catipovic asserts that the defendants received his and
Wendland’s services, including the original idea to build ethanol plants in Eastern
Europe, the identification of a commercial real estate expert in Eastern Europe, and
introduction to the ethanol industry and an ethanol plant manufacturer for Turley, and a
business plan, financial projections, logo, etc., for all defendants; that the defendants
used these services, well-recognized in the ethanol industry as valuable, without
compensating Wendland or Catipovic; and that the defendants will be unjustly enriched
unless they are ordered to compensate Catipovic for the valuable services that he
provided.
On this claim, Catipovic seeks an award of the industry standard
compensation for the work that he performed and the value that he provided to the
defendants, as well as interest on that amount, costs, and any other further relief that
the court deems equitable.
On April 23, 2012, defendant Turley filed his Motion To Dismiss Plaintiff’s
First Amended Complaint For Lack Of Personal Jurisdiction (docket no. 16), pursuant
to Rule 12(b)(2), and a Notice (docket no. 17) withdrawing his original Motion To
Dismiss (docket no. 8) as moot in light of the filing of Catipovic’s Amended
Complaint. In his April 23, 2012, Motion To Dismiss, Turley argues, in essence, that
9
his contacts with Iowa are so limited that they are insufficient for this court to exercise
personal jurisdiction over him. On May 7, 2012, Catipovic filed a Resistance (docket
no. 20) to Turley’s second Motion To Dismiss, accompanied by his Declaration and
supporting exhibits, and Turley filed a Reply (docket no. 22) in further support of his
Motion on May 16, 2012.
On April 30, 2012, the Fagen Defendants filed their Motion To Dismiss
Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint (docket no. 18), pursuant to Rule 12(b)(3), for
improper venue, and Rule 12(b)(6), for failure to state a claim on which relief can be
granted, and a Notice (docket no. 19) withdrawing their original Motion To Dismiss
(docket no. 9) as moot in light of the filing of Catipovic’s Amended Complaint. As to
their challenge to venue, the Fagen Defendants argue that Catipovic’s unjust enrichment
claim is based on events and actions that occurred tangentially in Minnesota, but
primarily in Croatia and Hungary, while none occurred in Iowa. Thus, they argue that
venue is not proper in Iowa under former 28 U.S.C. § 1391(a)(2).1 Moreover, they
argue that, if Turley is dismissed, then venue is not proper under former 28 U.S.C.
§ 1391(a)(3), because venue is only proper in Minnesota pursuant to former 28 U.S.C.
§ 1391(a)(1), where the remaining defendants reside.
As to their challenge to the
sufficiency of the Amended Complaint to state a claim, the Fagen Defendants argue that
Catipovic has failed to allege essential elements of a claim of unjust enrichment under
1
As the Fagen Defendants point out in their supporting brief, 28 U.S.C. § 1391
was amended effective January 7, 2012, for all actions commenced on or after that
date. See Federal Courts Jurisdiction And Venue Clarification Act of 2011, Pub. L.
112-63, 125 Stat. 758, § 205 (December 7, 2011). This amendment, inter alia, moved
the pertinent provisions concerning venue in civil actions from § 1391(a) to § 1391(b).
However, Catipovic’s action was commenced on December 29, 2011, so that it is
subject to the prior version of the statute. Id.
10
Minnesota law. On May 17, 2012, Catipovic filed his Resistance (docket no. 23) to the
Fagen Defendants’ second Motion To Dismiss.
On May 23, 2012, the Fagen
Defendants filed a Reply (docket no. 24) in further support of their Motion.
I do not find that oral arguments on the pending Motions To Dismiss are
necessary, nor does my crowded schedule permit timely scheduling of such oral
arguments. Therefore, I deem the Motions To Dismiss fully submitted on the written
submissions.
II.
LEGAL ANALYSIS
Turley and the Fagen Defendants have filed separate Motions To Dismiss with
little apparent overlap of issues. Therefore, I will consider their motions separately,
beginning with Turley’s Motion.
A.
Turley’s Motion To Dismiss
As noted above, Turley’s April 23, 2012, Motion To Dismiss asserts lack of
personal jurisdiction, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2). Catipovic asserts that this court does
have personal jurisdiction over Turley.
1.
Arguments of the parties
Turley argues that Catipovic’s allegations and his own affidavit show that he has
no ongoing contacts with Iowa such that general jurisdiction is proper. Furthermore,
Turley argues, any of his conduct in Iowa arguably related to this lawsuit is insufficient
to support the exercise of specific jurisdiction.
This is so, he argues, because
Catipovic’s allegations show that the alleged 2007 Agreement concerned the
development of ethanol plants in Croatia and that the majority of negotiations related to
11
the project occurred outside of Iowa.
He contends that simply entering into an
agreement with an Iowa resident is not enough for personal jurisdiction to attach. He
argues that he did not have enough contacts with Iowa for personal jurisdiction to
attach, even considering his visit to Mason City, Iowa, and his e-mail and telephone
communications with Catipovic in 2007 and 2008, and conceding, for the sake of
argument, that he entered into a contractual relationship with Catipovic while present in
Iowa. Therefore, he argues, Catipovic’s claims against him must be dismissed for lack
of personal jurisdiction.
Catipovic argues that, at this juncture, he need only make a prima facie showing
of personal jurisdiction over Turley and that, viewing the facts alleged in the Amended
Complaint and various affidavits in the light most favorable to him, he has done so. He
argues that he has pointed to sufficient circumstances from which Turley would have
reasonably anticipated being haled into court in this forum, at least to satisfy specific
jurisdiction. Catipovic argues that Turley admitted in his affidavit that he traveled to
Iowa to meet with Catipovic and Wendland, and that Turley actually entered into the
agreement at issue while in Iowa, thus creating a continuing relationship with citizens
of this state, such that Turley is subject to regulation and sanctions in this state.
Catipovic also argues that Turley’s contacts with Iowa from initiating and participating
in communications related to the 2007 Agreement are relevant to support personal
jurisdiction. In other words, Catipovic argues that the issues in this lawsuit center on
the agreement between Catipovic and Turley, which was conceived and entered into in
Iowa.
Catipovic also argues that the exercise of personal jurisdiction over Turley
comports with fair play and substantial justice, because nothing undermines the effect
of Turley directing his activities at forum residents.
More specifically, Catipovic
argues that Turley has secured counsel in Iowa and has traveled to Iowa on occasion;
12
Iowa has an interest in adjudicating a dispute concerning an agreement entered into in
Iowa; and no other state has an interest in resolving the controversy.
In reply, Turley reiterates that simply entering into a contract with Iowa
residents, even when coupled with communications with the Iowa residents related to
the alleged agreement, is not sufficient to support personal jurisdiction over him. He
also argues that, where the negotiations and course of dealing of the parties do not
create a substantial connection to the forum state and the contemplated consequences or
object of the alleged contract are centered outside the forum state, personal jurisdiction
does not lie.
Here, he argues that his contacts with Iowa are inconsequential and
merely happenstance. He also argues that it is clear that significant portions of the
alleged negotiations took place in Ireland and that the consequences of the alleged
contract were centered in Croatia. He argues that merely retaining counsel in Iowa
does not establish minimum contacts, because the relevant contacts must have been
prior to the filing of the lawsuit.
2.
Applicable standards
a.
Principles of personal jurisdiction
“Personal jurisdiction over a defendant represents the power of a court to enter
‘a valid judgment imposing a personal obligation or duty in favor of the plaintiff.’”
Viasystems, Inc. v. EBM-Papst St. Georgen GmbH & Co., KG, 646 F.3d 589, 592-93
(8th Cir. 2011) (quoting Kulko v. Superior Court of Cal., 436 U.S. 84, 91 (1978)).
Personal jurisdiction can be either “general” or “specific.” See, e.g., id. at 593. Put
succinctly,
“‘Specific jurisdiction refers to jurisdiction over causes of
action arising from or related to a defendant’s actions within
the forum state,’ while ‘[g]eneral jurisdiction . . . refers to
the power of a state to adjudicate any cause of action
13
involving a particular defendant, regardless of where the
cause of action arose.’” Miller v. Nippon Carbon Co., 528
F.3d 1087, 1091 (8th Cir. 2008) (alterations in original)
(quoting Bell Paper Box, Inc. v. U.S. Kids, Inc., 22 F.3d
816, 819 (8th Cir. 1994)).
Viasystems, Inc., 646 F.3d at 593.
In a diversity case, such as this one, personal jurisdiction—“general” or
“specific”—can be exercised only if it is authorized by the state’s long-arm statute and
the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Id. at 593 & 595; accord K-V Pharm. Co. v. J. Uriach & CIA, S.A., 648 F.3d 588,
592 (8th Cir. 2011) (“Personal jurisdiction . . . exists ‘only to the extent permitted by
the long-arm statute of the forum state and by the Due Process Clause.’” (quoting
Dever v. Hentzen Coatings, Inc., 380 F.3d 1070, 1073 (8th Cir. 2004)). The Eighth
Circuit Court of Appeals has repeatedly recognized that Iowa’s long-arm statute
expands personal jurisdiction to the widest due process parameters allowed by the
United States Constitution, so that the court’s inquiry is limited to whether the exercise
of personal jurisdiction comports with due process. See Wells Dairy, Inc. v. Food
Movers Int’l, Inc., 607 F.3d 515, 518 (8th Cir. 2010) (citing Hammond v. Florida Fin.
Corp., 695 N.W.2d 1, 5 (Iowa 2005)); Hicklin Eng’g, Inc. v. Aidco, Inc., 959 F.2d
738, 739 (8th Cir. 1992) (per curiam) (citing Newton Mfg. Co. v. Biogenetics, Ltd.,
461 N.W.2d 472, 474 (Iowa Ct. App. 1990)).
b.
“General” personal jurisdiction
Because “general” personal jurisdiction extends to causes of action unrelated to
the defendant’s contacts with the forum state, it is subject to a higher due-process
threshold than “specific” jurisdiction. Viasystems, Inc., 646 F.3d at 595. Here, only
an individual defendant, defendant Turley, has challenged personal jurisdiction over
14
him. “‘For an individual, the paradigm forum for the exercise of general jurisdiction is
the individual’s domicile.’” Id. (quoting Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v.
Brown, 564 U.S. ___, ___, 131 S. Ct. 2846, 2853-54 (2011)). Catopovic does not
assert that Turley is, or ever was, a domiciliary of Iowa, or any other basis for the
exercise of “general” jurisdiction over him. Therefore, I will turn to a more detailed
consideration of the requirements of “specific” jurisdiction, on which Catipovic does
rely.
c.
“Specific” personal jurisdiction
“The touchstone of the due-process analysis” for specific jurisdiction is “whether
the defendant has sufficient ‘minimum contacts with [the forum state] such that the
maintenance of the suit does not offend “traditional notions of fair play and substantial
justice.”’” Id. at 594 (quoting International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310,
316 (1945), in turn quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463 (1940)); accord K-V
Pharm. Co., 648 F.3d at 592 (“Due process requires that the defendant purposefully
establish ‘minimum contacts’ in the forum state such that asserting personal jurisdiction
and maintaining the lawsuit against the defendant does not offend ‘traditional
conceptions of fair play and substantial justice.’” (quoting Burger King Corp. v.
Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 464, 474–477 (1985), with brackets and internal quotation
marks omitted)). “The fundamental inquiry is whether the defendant has purposefully
availed itself of the benefits and protections of the forum state to such a degree that it
should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.” Id. (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted); accord K-V Pharm. Co., 648 F.3d at 592.
Based on these principles, the Eighth Circuit
established five factors that must be considered
determining whether sufficient minimum contacts exist
personal jurisdiction: “(1) the nature and quality of
15
has
in
for
the
contacts with the forum state; (2) the quantity of the
contacts; (3) the relationship of the cause of action to the
contacts; (4) the interest of [the forum state] in providing a
forum for its residents; and (5) the convenience or
inconvenience to the parties.” Johnson, 614 F.3d at 794.
Although “the first three factors are primary factors, and the
remaining two are secondary factors,” we look at all of the
factors and the totality of the circumstances in deciding
whether personal jurisdiction exists. Id.
K-V Pharm. Co., 648 F.3d at 592-93.
d.
The role of contracts in the personal jurisdiction analysis
The parties here dispute the effect of the 2007 Agreement and conduct related to
it in the determination of personal jurisdiction. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals
also addressed this issue in K-V Pharmaceutical Company, as follows:
A contract between a plaintiff and an out-of-state defendant
is not sufficient in and of itself to establish personal
jurisdiction over the defendant in the plaintiff’s forum state.
Burger King, 471 U.S. at 478–79, 105 S.Ct. 2174.
Personal jurisdiction, moreover, does not turn on
“mechanical tests or on conceptualistic theories of the place
of contracting or of performance.” Id. at 478, 105 S.Ct.
2174 (ellipses and internal quotation marks omitted). The
Supreme Court has instead
emphasized the need for a “highly realistic” approach
that recognizes that a “contract” is “ordinarily but an
intermediate step serving to tie up prior business
negotiations with future consequences which
themselves are the real object of the business
transaction.” It is these factors—prior negotiations
and contemplated future consequences, along with the
terms of the contract and the parties’ actual course of
dealing—that must be evaluated in determining
16
whether the defendant purposefully
minimum contacts within the forum.
established
Id. at 479, 105 S.Ct. 2174 (quoting Hoopeston Canning Co.
v. Cullen, 318 U.S. 313, 316–17, 63 S.Ct. 602, 87 L.Ed.
777 (1943)).
K-V Pharm. Co., 648 F.3d at 593.
The disposition of the personal jurisdiction question in K-V Pharmaceutical
Company further highlights the significance of contract negotiations in the forum state
and communications into the forum state by a foreign defendant relating to the contract.
In that case, the court found that the foreign defendant’s “purposeful contacts” with the
forum state included “[l]etters, emails, and telephone calls to KV before May 1993 that
were part of the contract negotiations”; the active involvement of numerous of the
defendant’s employees in those negotiations over a period of years; and a face-to-face
meeting in the forum state to renegotiate the contract’s payment terms. See id. The
court distinguished the case before it from Digi-Tel Holdings, Inc. v. Proteq
Telecommunications (PTE), Ltd., 89 F.3d 519 (8th Cir. 1996), in which it had
concluded that personal jurisdiction over the foreign defendant was absent:
True enough, the Singapore company in Digi–Tel exchanged
telephone calls, letters, and faxes with the Minnesota
company, and the contract contained a Minnesota choice-oflaw provision. Id. at 523. But all of the face-to-face
meetings occurred in Singapore and “[n]o part of the
contract was to be performed in Minnesota.” Id. at 525.
The Singapore company “was to develop and produce the
phones [that the Minnesota company purchased] overseas
and [was to] transfer ownership to [the Minnesota company]
in Singapore.” Id. Because the “delivery term was ‘F.O.B.
Singapore’ . . ., the seller was obligated to deliver to
Singapore and nowhere else.” Id. . . . In contrast, the
parties here (1) had a long-term product-development
17
contract that would require Uriach to have a continuing
relationship with Missouri; (2) the parties engaged in a faceto-face meeting in Missouri to negotiate an amendment to
their contract; (3) the contract terms governing the sale and
delivery of Flutrimazole required Uriach to ship the drug to
Missouri; and (4) Uriach made payments to KV, which is
based in Missouri. These facts distinguish Digi–Tel from
the case before us.
K-V Pharm. Co., 648 F.3d at 595-96 (emphasis added). The court also distinguished
its more recent decision in Viasystems, in part, on the ground that the foreign defendant
in that case “never engaged in face-to-face meetings” in the forum state and also on the
ground that other contacts, consisting of “‘scattered emails, phone calls, and a wiretransfer of money to [the plaintiff] in Missouri,’” were merely “incidental” and “did
not ‘constitute a deliberate and substantial connection with the state such that [the
defendant] could reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.’” Id. at 596 (citing
Viasystems, 646 F.3d at 592-94); see also id. (distinguishing Sybaritic, Inc. v. Interport
Int’l, Inc., 957 F.2d 522 (8th Cir. 1992), on the ground that the plaintiff admitted that
the contract was negotiated, presented, and executed in Japan).
Thus, even if the place of contracting is not dispositive, where face-to-face
meetings and negotiations occurred or were directed and where the parties’ agreement
was executed remain significant factors in the minimum-contacts, due-process analysis.
e.
Rule 12(b)(2) standards for dismissal for lack of personal
jurisdiction
The remaining preliminary question is what standards apply where, as here, a
defendant challenges personal jurisdiction by pre-answer motion to dismiss. Rule 12(b)
of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides for a pre-answer motion to dismiss,
18
inter alia, for “lack of personal jurisdiction.” FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(2). As the Eighth
Circuit Court of Appeals also recently explained in K-V Pharmaceutical Company,
To survive a motion to dismiss for lack of personal
jurisdiction, a plaintiff must make a prima facie showing that
personal jurisdiction exists, which is accomplished by
pleading sufficient facts “to support a reasonable inference
that the defendant[ ] can be subjected to jurisdiction within
the state.” [Dever v. Hentzen Coatings, Inc., 380 F.3d
1070, 1072 (8th Cir. 2004)] (original brackets and internal
quotation marks omitted); accord Digi–Tel Holdings, Inc. v.
Proteq Telecommunications (PTE), Ltd., 89 F.3d 519, 522
(8th Cir. 1996). Although “[t]he evidentiary showing
required at the prima facie stage is minimal,” Johnson v.
Arden, 614 F.3d 785, 794 (8th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation
marks omitted), the “showing must be tested, not by the
pleadings alone, but by the affidavits and exhibits”
supporting or opposing the motion, Dever, 380 F.3d at 1072
(internal quotation marks omitted). We must view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and
resolve all factual conflicts in its favor in deciding whether
the plaintiff made the requisite showing. Digi–Tel, 89 F.3d
at 522.
K-V Pharm. Co., 648 F.3d at 591-92.”); Pangaea, Inc., 647 F.3d at 745 (“When
jurisdiction is challenged on a pretrial motion to dismiss, the ‘nonmoving party need
only make a prima facie showing of jurisdiction.’” (quoting Dakota Indus., Inc. v.
Dakota Sportswear, Inc., 946 F.2d 1384, 1387 (8th Cir. 1991)); Viasystems, Inc., 646
F.3d at 593 (“We require a party asserting jurisdiction to make only a prima facie
showing of jurisdiction and will view the evidence in the light most favorable to that
party.”). More specifically still, “[w]here, as here, ‘the district court does not hold a
hearing and instead relies on pleadings and affidavits, . . . the court must look at the
facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and resolve all factual conflicts
19
in favor of that party.’” Pangaea, Inc., 647 F.3d at 745 (quoting Dakota Indus., Inc.,
946 F.2d at 1387, with internal citations omitted)). “Nevertheless, ‘[t]he party seeking
to establish the court’s in personam jurisdiction carries the burden of proof, and the
burden does not shift to the party challenging jurisdiction.’” Viasystems, Inc., 646
F.3d at 593 (quoting Epps v. Stewart Info. Servs. Corp., 327 F.3d 642, 647 (8th Cir.
2003)).
3.
Application of the standards
Contrary to Turley’s assertions, after reviewing the pleadings and affidavits and
considering the facts in the light most favorable to Catipovic—in the absence of a
hearing—I conclude that Catipovic has made the necessary prima facie showing of
“specific” personal jurisdiction over Turley to defeat Turley’s Rule 12(b)(2) Motion To
Dismiss.
See Pangea, Inc., 647 F.3d at 745.
Catipovic’s evidence, which is
confirmed rather than contradicted in essential details by Turley’s affidavit, is enough
to make a prima facie showing that Catipovic has satisfied the “touchstone of the dueprocess analysis,” that is, that Turley “has sufficient minimum contacts with [Iowa]
such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and
substantial justice.” Viasystems, Inc., 646 F.3d at 594 (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted).
More specifically, I find that Turley “has purposefully availed himself of the
benefits and protections of the forum state to such a degree that [he] should reasonably
anticipate being haled into court there.” Id. (citations and internal quotation marks
omitted) (describing this as the “fundamental inquiry”). I find that the nature, quality,
and quantity of Turley’s contacts with Iowa, see K-V Pharm. Co., 648 F.3d at 592-93
(identifying these as the first two factors in the minimum contacts analysis), amount to
more than “scattered emails [and] phone calls” or merely “incidental” contact with the
20
forum; instead, Turley engaged in a face-to-face meeting with Wendland and Catipovic,
after touring ethanol plants in Iowa, during which Turley entered into the 2007
Agreement with Iowa residents. See id. at 595-96 (distinguishing both Digi-Tel and
Viasystems on the basis of where face-to-face negotiations and execution of the contract
occurred). Under these circumstances, Turley’s contacts with Iowa were not “mere
fortuity,” but arose because Turley “purposefully availed” himself of the privilege of
conducting activities in Iowa.
See Pangaea, Inc., 647 F.3d at 745.
Turley then
followed up with frequent—Catipovic alleges “numerous” or “constant”—contacts with
Catipovic in Iowa during 2007 and 2008 concerning the performance of the 2007
Agreement and further negotiation of a shareholders agreement.
Cf. K-V Pharm.
Co. 648 F.3d at 593 (noting the frequency of communications with the plaintiff in the
forum state over an extended period of time relating to negotiation of the contract and
an amendment).
It is certainly true that this case differs from K-V Pharmaceutical Company in
that the 2007 Agreement was not to be performed exclusively in the forum state,
because a good share of the parties’ anticipated ongoing relationship was expected to be
centered in Croatia and elsewhere in Eastern Europe, and some of the parties’ further
negotiations apparently occurred in Ireland. Compare id. at 595-96. Nevertheless,
enough of Turley’s course of conduct specifically relating to the parties’ relationship
occurred in Iowa or was directed at Catipovic and Wendland in Iowa for a court in this
forum to have the power to subject Turley to judgment concerning that conduct. See
id. at 592-93 (identifying the third factor in the minimum contacts analysis as the
relationship of the cause of action to the contacts); see also Pangaea, Inc., 647 F.3d at
745 (considering whether the defendant followed a course of conduct directed at the
society or economy within the forum to give that forum the power to subject the
21
defendant to judgment concerning that conduct).
Turley entered into a continuing
relationship with Iowa, to the extent of continuing to communicate with Catipovic and
Wendland here, and it appears that Wendland’s part of the relationship was performed
in Iowa. Cf. K-V Pharm. Co., 648 F.3d at 595-96 (noting that the defendant entered
into an agreement with the plaintiff that required an ongoing relationship with the forum
state).
Consideration of the remaining factors in the minimum contacts analysis does not
convince me that it is unjust or unreasonable for Turley to be haled into court here.
See id. at 592-93 (also considering the interest of the forum state in providing a forum
for its residents and the convenience or inconvenience to the parties). Iowa has an
interest in providing a forum for a former resident—and a resident at the time of much
of the conduct at issue—as well as a forum for hearing a dispute concerning a contract
negotiated in part and entered into in Iowa with Iowa residents to be performed, at least
in part, in Iowa. Cf. id. at 595. The convenience of the parties is essentially neutral or
largely balances out, because Turley has not found it inconvenient to travel to Iowa to
pursue a business venture and Catipovic formerly resided here and is still a resident of
the United States. Cf. id. This is true, even though a trial in Croatia might be no less
or no more inconvenient for either of the parties, because of their past travels there and
Turley’s alleged current residence in Hungary. Cf. id. I do not find that it is unfair or
unreasonable to subject Turley to suit in this forum.
4.
Summary
Considering the totality of the circumstances, see id. at 592-93, I conclude that
this court may exercise “specific” personal jurisdiction over Turley concerning
Catipovic’s claims. Under these circumstances, Turley’s Motion To Dismiss for lack
of personal jurisdiction is denied.
22
B.
The Fagen Defendants’ Motion To Dismiss
The Fagen Defendants have also moved to dismiss, albeit on two grounds that
are different from Turley’s. They have moved to dismiss for improper venue, pursuant
to Rule 12(b)(3), and for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted,
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). I will consider these grounds for dismissal in turn.
1.
Dismissal for improper venue
a.
Arguments of the parties
The Fagen Defendants assert that venue must be assessed on the basis of the
circumstances as they now exist, not as they existed at the time that the Amended
Complaint was filed. Indeed, they urge me to consider Turley’s Motion To Dismiss
first, as I have done, and their initial brief does not contemplate the possibility that
Turley’s Motion might be denied, as it actually has been. Nevertheless, I will consider
all of their arguments, in the event that my denial of Turley’s Motion is overturned.
The Fagen Defendants argue that, if Turley is dismissed from the action, the
court will be left with a claim of unjust enrichment by a resident of Massachusetts
against two Minnesota defendants. They argue that, in such circumstances, venue is
not proper on the unjust enrichment claim against them under former 28 U.S.C.
§ 1391(a)(2),2 because venue pursuant to that subsection must be based on where the
defendants’ actions occurred, not on where the plaintiff’s actions occurred. They argue
that their actions allegedly giving rise to Catipovic’s unjust enrichment claim occurred
either in Croatia or Hungary, or possibly tangentially in Minnesota, when they
2
Again, as I explained above, in note 1, the Fagen Defendants have correctly
relied on the version of § 1391 in effect prior to January 7, 2012.
23
allegedly took advantage of Catipovic’s services, not in Iowa. They point out that it
was not until 2008 that Turley allegedly planned to move ahead without Catipovic, so
that only then did Catipovic’s unjust enrichment claim arise. They also argue that, if
Turley is dismissed, then venue would be proper on claims against Minnesota
defendants only in Minnesota, pursuant to former § 1391(a)(1), because former
§ 1391(a)(3), which applies only if there is no district in which the action may
otherwise be brought, would be inapplicable.
In response, Catipovic argues that defendant Turley is currently a defendant in
this action unless and until the court grants his motion to dismiss. Catipovic argues
that, consequently, venue is proper in this district pursuant to former § 1391(a)(2),
because this is a district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving
rise to the claim occurred. He argues that a substantial part of the events giving rise to
the unjust enrichment claim occurred in Iowa, pointing to the meeting in Mason City,
Iowa, in June 2007 at which Catipovic and all of the defendants were present and
during which all of the parties made plans and entered into agreements to build ethanol
plants in Eastern Europe—in other words, Catipovic argues that this meeting was when
the parties began their business relationship together in earnest and that it is when the
defendants began receiving his services for which he was not compensated. He argues
that he does not have to show that the Northern District of Iowa is the best venue or
that it has the most substantial contacts to the dispute, just that it has a substantial
connection to the claim.
He argues that the Northern District of Iowa meets that
requirement.
Catipovic also argues that dismissal would be inappropriate, even assuming, for
the sake of argument, that he is unable to show that the Northern District of Iowa had a
substantial connection to his unjust enrichment claim against the Fagen Defendants.
24
Rather, he argues that, in those circumstances, the court should transfer the case, in the
interest of justice, to the District of Minnesota, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a)
(2012). He also argues that, even if this district is not the proper venue for his claim
against the Fagen Defendants, it is still the proper venue for his claims against Turley,
so that this court has the power to sever the claims and transfer only the claim against
the Fagen Defendants, rather than transfer the entire action. He argues, however, that I
should not sever his claims in this case, because doing so would result in the same
issues being litigated in two places. He also argues that transfer of the entire action is
not appropriate, because Minnesota is not a proper venue for his claims against Turley.
Thus, he argues that this action ultimately must stay in this district.
In reply, the Fagen Defendants reiterate that, if I dismiss Turley, this case must
be dismissed, because venue would then be proper only in Minnesota. The Fagen
Defendants belatedly concede that, if Turley is a proper defendant, then venue would
be proper in the Northern District of Iowa, but they argue that it would be proper only
under former § 1391(a)(3), as this is a district in which any defendant can be found, not
under former § 1391(a)(2), as Catipovic asserts.3
b.
Applicable standards
Venue is “the place where the power to adjudicate is to be exercised, the place
where the suit may be or should be heard.” Farmers Elevator Mut. Ins. Co. v. Carl J.
3
The Fagen Defendants also argue that I could still properly dismiss the case,
even if venue is proper pursuant to former § 1391(a)(3), because Catipovic has failed to
state an unjust enrichment claim under Minnesota law. They argue that, because the
case is transferable to Minnesota pursuant to § 1406(a), Minnesota law would also be
applicable to the unjust enrichment claim. I will consider, below, if I reach the Fagen
Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) motion, whether Catipovic has stated a claim of unjust
enrichment under applicable law.
25
Austad & Sons, Inc., 343 F.2d 7, 11 (8th Cir. 1965) (citing 56 AM. JUR. Venue, § 2,
and 92 C.J.S. Venue § 1). The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has recognized that
“‘[v]enue requirements exist for the benefit of defendants.’”
Richards v. Aramark
Servs., Inc., 108 F.3d 925, 928 (8th Cir. 1997) (quoting Hoover Group, Inc. v. Custom
Metalcraft, Inc., 84 F.3d 1408, 1410 (Fed. Cir. 1996)). More specifically, “[o]ne of
the central purposes of statutory venue is to ensure that a defendant is not ‘haled into a
remote district having no real relationship to the dispute.’” Woodke v. Dahm, 70 F.3d
983, 985 (8th Cir. 1995) (quoting Cottman Transmission Sys., Inc. v. Martino, 36 F.3d
291, 294 (3d Cir. 1994)); see also Richards, 108 F.3d at 928 (quoting Woodke, 70
F.3d at 985). The Fagen Defendants are correct that both the Eighth Circuit Court of
Appeals and I have held that “[i]t is proper to assess the propriety of venue on the basis
of circumstances as they now exist, as opposed to the state of affairs that obtained when
the complaint was first filed against two defendants.” Knowlton v. Allied Van Lines,
Inc., 900 F.2d 1196, 1200-01 (citing Newman-Green, Inc. v. Alfonzo-Larrain, 490
U.S. 826 (1989)); Daughetee v. CHR Hansen, Inc., 2011 WL 1113868, *3-*4 (N.D.
Iowa March 25, 2011) (slip op.) (quoting Knowlton, 900 F.2d at 1200).
i.
The applicable venue statute
Where no “special” venue statute is applicable, the general venue statute, 28
U.S.C. § 1391, applies. Id. More specifically, where a “transitory” action (one not
involving real property) was filed in federal court before January 7, 2012, based solely
on diversity jurisdiction, venue is determined by former 28 U.S.C. § 1391(a), and state
venue statutes are not applicable. See Accurate Controls, Inc. v. Cerro Gordo Cnty.
Bd. of Supervisors, 627 F. Supp. 2d 976, 987 (N.D. Iowa 2009); 28 U.S.C. § 1391(a)
(2002) (expressly providing for venue in a “civil action wherein jurisdiction is founded
only on diversity of citizenship”). Former section 1391(a) provided as follows:
26
(a) A civil action wherein jurisdiction is founded only on
diversity of citizenship may, except as otherwise provided
by law, be brought only in (1) a judicial district where any
defendant resides, if all defendants reside in the same State,
(2) a judicial district in which a substantial part of the events
or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred, or a
substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is
situated, or (3) a judicial district in which any defendant is
subject to personal jurisdiction at the time the action is
commenced, if there is no district in which the action may
otherwise be brought.
28 U.S.C. § 1391(a) (2002). Catipovic relies solely on former § 1391(a)(2) as the basis
for venue in this case.
ii.
Venue based on § 1391(a)(2)
Former subsection 1391(a)(2) “does not posit a single appropriate district for
venue; venue may be proper in any number of districts, provided only that a substantial
part of the events giving rise to the claim occurred there.” Woodke, 70 F.3d at 985
(explaining similar language in former § 1391(b)(2)); Setco Enters. Corp. v. Robbins,
19 F.3d 1278, 1281 (8th Cir. 1994) (explaining § 1391(a)(2)). The Eighth Circuit
Court of Appeals has expressly rejected the notion that former § 1391(a)(2) requires the
court to choose the district with the “weight of the contacts” as the proper district.
Setco, 19 F.3d at 1281. Instead,
we no longer ask which district among two or more potential
forums is the “best” venue, as [Missouri Hous. Dev.
Comm’n v.] Brice[, 919 F.2d 1306 (8th Cir. 1990),] did.
See Bates v. C & S Adjusters, Inc., 980 F.2d 865, 867 (2d
Cir. 1992) (construing § 1391(b)(2)). Rather, we ask
whether the district the plaintiff chose had a substantial
connection to the claim, whether or not other forums had
greater contacts.
27
Setco, 19 F.3d at 1281; accord Pecoraro v. Sky Ranch for Boys, Inc., 340 F.3d 558,
563 (8th Cir. 2003) (citing Setco, 19 F.3d at 1281).
In the part pertinent here, former section 1391(a)(2) expressly requires a
determination of whether the plaintiff’s chosen forum is one “in which a substantial part
of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred.” 28 U.S.C. § 1391(a)(2)
(2002); see Cottman, 36 F.3d at 294 (explaining, “The test for determining venue is not
the defendant’s ‘contacts’ with a particular district, but rather the location of those
‘events or omissions giving rise to the claim,’ theoretically a more easily demonstrable
circumstance than where a ‘claim arose,’” which was the language in the predecessor
statute). Thus, the key question is what events are a “substantial part” of those giving
rise to the plaintiff’s claims?
The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has explained that matters of importance to
the plaintiff’s suit, such as conduct of the parties or a court order on which the claim is
based, are a “substantial part” of the events giving rise to the plaintiff’s claims. Setco,
19 F.3d at 1281. Similarly, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals has explained that “[i]n
assessing whether events or omissions giving rise to the [plaintiff’s] claims are
substantial, it is necessary to look at the nature of the dispute.” Cottman, 36 F.3d at
295; see also Gulf Ins. Co. v. Glasbrenner, 417 F.3d 353, 357 (2d Cir. 2005)
(observing that “for venue to be proper, significant events or omissions material to the
plaintiff’s claim must have occurred in the district in question,” and that it “would be
error . . . to treat the venue statute’s substantial part test as mirroring the minimum
contacts test employed in personal jurisdiction inquiries”); Jenkins Brick Co. v.
Bremer, 321 F.3d 1366, 1371 (11th Cir. 2003) (noting that in determining venue under
former § 1391(a)(2), “[o]nly the events that directly give rise to a claim are relevant,”
and that “of the places where the events have taken place, only those locations hosting a
28
substantial part of the events are to be considered).
The Eighth Circuit Court of
Appeals has clarified that the district in which “a substantial part of the events or
omissions giving rise to the claim occurred,” within the meaning of § 1391(a)(2),
means where the events giving rise to the action occurred, not where the events giving
rise to the plaintiff’s damages occurred. See Wisland v. Admiral Beverage Corp., 119
F.3d 733, 736 (8th Cir. 1997) (rejecting the plaintiff’s argument that Wisconsin was a
proper forum, because “a substantial part of the events giving rise to her damage claims
occurred in Wisconsin where she received the majority of her medical treatment,”
concluding that “the events giving rise to her action involve the alleged negligence of
the defendants in South Dakota, not the nature of her medical treatment in Wisconsin).4
iii.
Standards for dismissal for improper venue
Rule 12(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides for a pre-answer
motion to dismiss for “improper venue,” pursuant to subsection (b)(3), as well as for
lack of personal jurisdiction, pursuant to subsection (b)(2). FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(3).5
4
The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals appears to have reached a different
conclusion, because it has held that, in a tort action, “‘the locus of the injury [is] a
relevant factor’ in making this determination” of where a substantial part of the events
giving rise to the claim occurred. See Fiore v. Walden, 657 F.3d 838, 859 (9th Cir.
2011) (quoting Myers v/ Bennett Law Offices, 238 F.3d 1068, 1076 (9th Cir. 2001)).
In Fiore, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that the fact that economic harm was
suffered in Nevada was sufficient to establish Nevada as a proper forum under former
§ 1391(b)(2), which was analogous to former § 1391(a)(2), but for civil actions not
based exclusively on diversity jurisdiction. Id.
5
The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has “recognize[d] that there is some
controversy as to whether Rule 12(b)(3) or 12(b)(6) is the proper vehicle for bringing a
motion to dismiss based on improper venue when the issue turns on a forum selection
clause in the parties’ underlying contract,” but did not resolve that controversy for this
Circuit. See Rainforest Café, Inc. v. EklecCo, L.L.C., 340 F.3d 544, 545 n.5 (8th Cir.
29
Although the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals does not appear to have spoken to the
issue, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals has stated that, just as a plaintiff must make
only a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction when faced with a Rule 12(b)(2)
motion, a plaintiff resisting a Rule 12(b)(3) motion to dismiss for improper venue is
only required to make a prima facie showing of proper venue. Aggarao v. MOL Ship
Mgmt., Ltd., 675 F.3d 355, 366 (4th Cir. 2012) (citing Mitrano v. Hawes, 377 F.3d
402, 405 (4th Cir. 2004)). That statement seems to suggest that the plaintiff bears the
burden to show proper venue on a Rule 12(b)(3) motion, although that burden might be
slight. However, the Circuit Courts of Appeals that have expressly considered the
matter are split on who bears the burden when venue is challenged, pursuant to Rule
12(b)(3). Compare Myers v. American Dental Ass’n, 695 F.2d 716, 724-25 (3d Cir.
1982) (holding that the party asserting improper venue bears the burden of showing
improper venue); with Anonymous v. Kaye, 104 F.3d 355 (2d Cir. 1996) (unpublished
op.) (holding that, “[o]n a motion to dismiss for improper venue, the plaintiff has the
burden of establishing that it has chosen the proper venue” (citing Pocahontas Supreme
Coal Co. v. National Mines Corp., 90 F.R.D. 67, 69 (S.D.N.Y. 1981))). I do not find
it necessary to decide who bears the burden of proof, because that issue is not likely to
be dispositive here; the burden of proof will not change the record evidence.
Courts to consider the question of what record I may consider on a Rule 12(b)(3)
motion to dismiss for improper venue have all agreed that I am “permitted to consider
2003). Even though this action arises, in part, from alleged breach of a contract, the
2007 Agreement, and Catipovic alleges that there was also an “agreement” with the
Fagen Defendants that they would provide services to the Ethanol Europe group, no
party has argued that there is a forum selection clause in any agreement that would
govern venue.
30
evidence outside of the pleadings.” See, e.g., Aggarao, 675 F.3d at 366; Faulkenberg
v. CB Tax Franchise Sys., L.P., 637 F.3d 801, 809-10 (7th Cir. 2011); Liles v. GinnLa West End, Ltd., 631 F.3d 1242, 1244 n.5 (11th Cir. 2011); Doe 1 v. AOL, L.L.C.,
552 F.3d 1077, 1081 (9th Cir. 2009). Nevertheless, most courts and commentators
also agree that, on a Rule 12(b)(3) motion to dismiss for improper venue, I must accept
as true all allegations in the complaint, at least where they are not contradicted by a
defendant’s affidavit, and resolve all conflicts in favor of the plaintiff.
See, e.g.,
Aggarao, 675 F.3d at 366; Murphy v. Schneider Nat’l, Inc., 362 F.3d 1133, 1138 (9th
Cir. 2004); TradeComet.com, L.L.C. v. Google, Inc., 647 F.3d 472, 475 (2d Cir.
2011); Pierce v. Shorty Small’s of Branson, Inc., 137 F.3d 1190, 1192 (10th Cir.
1998); 5B CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR R. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND
PROCEDURE § 1352 (3d ed. 2004); but see Kukje Hwajae Ins. Co. v. M/V Hyundai
Liberty, 408 F.3d 1250, 1254 (9th Cir. 2005) (“A motion to enforce a forum-selection
clause is treated as a motion pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(3).
Consequently, the pleadings need not be accepted as true, and facts outside the
pleadings properly may be considered.” (citation omitted)).6
In light of the language of former § 1391(a)(2) and the emphasis of the courts
applying that statute have put on the relationship between the events relied on to
establish venue and the plaintiff’s claims, see, e.g., Setco, 19 F.3d at 1281, I find
particularly appropriate the “two-part analysis” employed by the Tenth Circuit Court of
6
Although lack of personal jurisdiction leaves the court with no alternative but to
dismiss the claims against the pertinent defendant, 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a) allows a district
court to transfer “a case laying venue in the wrong division or district . . . to any
district or division in which it could have been brought,” if doing so would “be in the
interest of justice.” I will consider whether transfer or dismissal is the appropriate
course only if I determine that venue is improper in this district.
31
Appeals when considering challenges to venue under former § 1391(a)(2) pursuant to
Rule 12(b)(3). See Employers Mut. Cas. Co. v. Bartile Roofs, Inc., 618 F.3d 1153,
1166 (10th Cir. 2010). As that court explained, “First, [the court] examine[s] the
nature of the plaintiff’s claims and the acts or omissions underlying those claims.” Id.
“Second, [the court] determine[s] whether substantial ‘events material to those claims
occurred’ in the forum district.” Id. (quoting Gulf Ins. Co, 417 F.3d at 357). The
Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals noted that the Circuit Courts of Appeals have split on
whether the focus should be solely on the activities of the defendant or should also
consider the activities of the plaintiff. See id. at n.11 (citing cases). I do not have to
decide which side of the split to follow, because the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals
has already made clear that the controlling law in this Circuit is that courts must focus
on relevant activities of the defendant, not activities of the plaintiff. See Woodke, 70
F.3d at 985 (concluding that Congress meant to require courts to focus on relevant
activities of the defendant, not activities of the plaintiff).
c.
Application of the standards
As the Fagen Defendants assert, I must assess venue in the circumstances as they
now exist. Knowlton, 900 F.2d at 1200. As noted above, the primary premise of the
Fagen Defendants’ Motion To Dismiss was that defendant Turley’s Motion To Dismiss
would be granted. That premise has failed, however, because I have denied Turley’s
Motion To Dismiss. Nevertheless, I will consider whether venue is proper in this
district, both in the circumstances as they now exist, with Turley part of the lawsuit,
and in the circumstances that the Fagen Defendants had envisioned, with Turley absent
from the lawsuit, because of the possibility that my denial of Turley’s Motion To
Dismiss might be overturned.
32
i.
Venue with Turley present
Starting with the circumstances as they now exist, see Knowlton, 900 F.2d at
1200, that is, with Turley still present as a defendant in this litigation, the Fagen
Defendants belatedly concede, in their Reply, that venue would be proper in this
district.
However, they assert that venue is proper here only pursuant to former
§ 1391(a)(3), because this is a district in which any defendant can be found, not
pursuant to former § 1391(a)(2), because this is not a district in which a “substantial
part” of the events giving rise to Catipovic’s claim against them occurred. In light of
the Fagen Defendants’ concession that venue is proper in this district, if Turley remains
part of the lawsuit, I do not find it necessary, in the first instance, to decide whether
venue is proper pursuant to former § 1391(a)(2) or former § 1391(a)(3).7
Because
Turley remains part of this lawsuit, the part of the Fagen Defendants’ Motion To
Dismiss seeking dismissal for improper venue pursuant to Rule 12(b)(3) is denied.
ii.
Venue with Turley absent
Even if the circumstances were as the Fagen Defendants envisioned that they
would be at this point in the litigation—that is, with Turley dismissed from the case for
lack of personal jurisdiction over him—venue would still be proper in this forum.
Although the Fagen Defendants argue that, in Turley’s absence, Catipovic cannot
establish that this district is a proper venue pursuant to former § 1391(a)(2)—or any
other subdivision of former § 1391(a)—I disagree.
7
Were it necessary for me to make such a determination, I would find that the
same two-step analysis set out in Bartile Roofs and applied in subsection (ii) below
would lead to the conclusion that venue is proper pursuant to former § 1391(a)(2), not
former § 1391(a)(3).
33
Applying the two-step analysis of the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals in Bartile
Roofs to a challenge to venue under former § 1391(a)(2), I consider, first, “the nature
of the plaintiff’s claims and the acts or omissions underlying those claims,” see 618
F.3d at 1166; accord Setco, 19 F.3d at 1281 (explaining that matters of importance to
the plaintiff’s suit are a “substantial part” of the events giving rise to the plaintiff’s
claims), keeping in mind that, under Eighth Circuit law, only the activities of the
defendants are relevant. See Woodke, 70 F.3d at 985. The Fagen Defendants argue
that the wrongful act central to Catipovic’s unjust enrichment claim was allegedly using
information and ideas that Catipovic provided without compensating him, but that such
conduct did not occur until 2008, when Turley allegedly decided to go forward without
Catipovic, and that conduct did not occur in Iowa. Whether the claim is defined by
Minnesota law, as the Fagen Defendants contend, or by Iowa law, as Catipovic
contends, the Fagen Defendants have failed to consider all of the relevant conduct of a
defendant on such a claim.
As the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals recently explained, “To establish a claim
of unjust enrichment under Minnesota law, a plaintiff must show the defendant
‘knowingly received or obtained something of value for which the defendant in equity
and good conscience should pay.’” E-Shops Corp. v. U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n, ___ F.3d
___, ___, 2012 WL 1758822, *6 (8th Cir. May 18, 2012) (quoting Schaaf v.
Residential Funding Corp., 517 F.3d 544, 553–54 (8th Cir. 2008)). Similarly, the
Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has explained, “To recover for unjust enrichment
[under Iowa law], [the plaintiff] must show: ‘(1) [the defendant] was enriched by the
receipt of a benefit; (2) the enrichment was at the expense of [the plaintiff]; and (3) it is
unjust to allow the defendant to retain the benefit under the circumstances.’” Lakeside
Feeders, Inc. v. Producers Livestock Mktg. Ass’n, 666 F.3d 1099, 1112 (8th Cir. 2012)
34
(quoting State ex rel. Palmer v. Unisys Corp., 637 N.W.2d 142, 149 (Iowa 2001)).
Thus, even focusing solely on the conduct of the defendants, see Woodke, 70 F.3d at
985 (concluding that Congress meant to require courts to focus on relevant activities of
the defendant, not activities of the plaintiff), conduct that is an act or omission
underlying the unjust enrichment claims, see Bartile Roofs, 618 F.3d at 1166
(considering, first, “the nature of the plaintiff’s claims and the acts or omissions
underlying those claims”), or a substantial part of events giving rise to an unjust
enrichment claim, see Setco, 19 F.3d at 1281 (explaining that matters of importance to
the plaintiff’s suit are a “substantial part” of the events giving rise to the plaintiff’s
claims), is the defendants’ receipt of a benefit or something of value from the plaintiff.
Next, I must consider “whether substantial ‘events material to those claims
occurred’ in the forum district.” Id. (quoting Gulf Ins. Co, 417 F.3d at 357). Taking
Catipovic’s allegations as true and viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
Catipovic, see, e.g., Aggarao, 675 F.3d at 36, Catipovic provided, and the defendants
received, a substantial part of the allegedly valuable benefits, services, and information
from Catipovic while Catipovic, Wendland, and all of the defendants were in Iowa in
2007. This is so, whether or not other forums had greater contacts. Setco, 19 F.3d at
1281. Catipovic has alleged, and the record so far presented suggests, that all of the
defendants received something of value from him in Iowa when he began to provide
information about ethanol production in Eastern Europe and the specific business plan
and other information that would make doing so feasible during the 2007 meeting in
Mason City, Iowa. The Fagen Defendants’ assertion that the conduct giving rise to
Catipovic’s unjust enrichment claim did not occur until 2008, and then in Ireland or
Eastern Eurpoe, when Turley allegedly decided to go forward without Catipovic and
Wendland, is simply wrong. The question for an unjust enrichment claim against the
35
Fagen Defendants would be when they engaged in conduct that is an act or omission
underlying the unjust enrichment claim against them or that is a substantial part of the
events giving rise to the unjust enrichment claim against them, not when Turley
engaged in such conduct. Moreover, no formulation of a cause of action for unjust
enrichment that has been drawn to my attention suggests that the decision or intention
not to compensate the plaintiff for his services or the benefits that he provided, or the
failure to compensate the plaintiff for his services or the benefits that he provided, must
necessarily have occurred at the same time as the defendant received that benefit or
those services.8
Thus, substantial events material to Catipovic’s unjust enrichment claims
occurred in Iowa, and this district is a proper forum pursuant to former § 1391(a)(2).
Bartile Roofs, 618 F.3d at 1166.
Therefore, the Fagen Defendants would not be
entitled to dismissal of this action for improper venue, even if Turley’s motion to
dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction had been granted.
d.
Summary
The Fagen Defendants are not entitled to dismissal for improper venue, whether
I consider the motion in the circumstances as they now exist, with Turley remaining a
party to this action, or in the circumstances that the Fagen Defendants envisioned, with
Turley dismissed from the action. The Rule 12(b)(3) part of the Fagen Defendants’
Motion To Dismiss is denied.
8
Catipovic does not assert a “fraud” claim, which might require him to prove
that the defendants had the intention to deprive him of something of value at the time
that they received that thing of value.
36
C.
Failure To State A Claim
The Fagen Defendants assert that, if venue is proper in this forum, then
Catipovic’s unjust enrichment claim against them should be dismissed pursuant to Rule
12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim against them on which relief can be granted.
Catipovic disputes this second ground for pre-answer dismissal, as well.
1.
Arguments of the parties
In support of the Rule 12(b)(6) part of their motion, the Fagen Defendants argue
that, to plead a claim of unjust enrichment under Minnesota law, the plaintiff must
plead more than that the defendant benefitted from the efforts of the plaintiff, but must
allege that the defendant was unjustly enriched in the sense that the term “unjustly”
means “illegally” or “unlawfully.” They also argue that, under Minnesota law, the
plaintiff must plead that he provided the benefits to the defendant “unknowingly or
unwillingly.” They argue that Catipovic voluntarily provided the services in question
to them, so that the receipt of those benefits was not “unlawful,” nor was it “unwilling”
or “unknowing.”
They assert that Catipovic’s later dispute with Turley over the
shareholders agreement had nothing to do with them.
Catipovic argues that he has stated an unjust enrichment claim against the Fagen
Defendants, because that claim is governed by Iowa law, not Minnesota law. They
argue that a choice of law is required, because there is a true conflict between Iowa law
and Minnesota law, where Minnesota law requires “illegal” or “unlawful” conduct of
the defendant for any enrichment to be “unjust,” but Iowa law does not. Catipovic also
argues that, under Iowa choice-of-law rules, which apply because Iowa is the forum
state, this court must apply the “most significant relationship” test.” Iowa is the forum
with the “most significant relationship,” Catipovic argues, because Iowa has an interest
in regulating the conduct of persons within its territory and redressing injuries that
37
occurred there, where the events giving rise to his unjust enrichment claim occurred in
Iowa. On the other hand, he argues that the facts alleged in his Amended Complaint
show no relationship between the state of Minnesota and Catipovic’s claim of unjust
enrichment, other than the Fagen Defendants’ residence in Minnesota. Catipovic also
argues that his unjust enrichment claim is properly pleaded under Iowa law. He points
out that he has alleged that the Fagen Defendants received a benefit by receiving his
services; that they were enriched by using those services without compensating him, to
his expense; and that it is unjust for the Fagen Defendants to use his services without
compensating him.
In reply, the Fagen Defendants argue that, if Turley is dismissed, venue is
improper in this forum; the case is transferable to Minnesota for improper venue
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a); the law of the transferee state, Minnesota, applies
when a case is transferred pursuant to § 1406(a); and Catipovic concedes that he cannot
state an unjust enrichment claim under Minnesota law. In the alternative, they argue
that Catipovic has failed to state a claim of unjust enrichment under Iowa law. This is
so, they argue, because they deny that they used Catipovic’s services, where he was a
doctor and they were experts in the ethanol plant industry, and because he voluntarily
provided the information and services in question for his own purposes, to woo them to
participate in the project, and that he could have protected himself in contractual
negotiations, but he failed to do so.
38
2.
Analysis
a.
Applicable standards
Rule 12(b)(6) provides for a motion to dismiss on the basis of “failure to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted.”9 In Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
544 (2007), the Supreme Court revisited the standards for determining whether factual
allegations are sufficient to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss:
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only “a
short and plain statement of the claim showing that the
pleader is entitled to relief,” in order to “give the defendant
fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon
which it rests,” Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47, 78 S.
Ct. 99, 2 L. Ed. 2d 80 (1957). While a complaint attacked
by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed
factual allegations, ibid.; Sanjuan v. American Bd. of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc., 40 F.3d 247, 251 (C.A.7
1994), a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the “grounds” of
his “entitle[ment] to relief” requires more than labels and
conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a
cause of action will not do, see Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S.
265, 286, 106 S. Ct. 2932, 92 L. Ed. 2d 209 (1986) (on a
motion to dismiss, courts “are not bound to accept as true a
legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation”). Factual
allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above
the speculative level, see 5 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal
Practice and Procedure § 1216, pp. 235-236 (3d ed.2004)
9
Effective December 1, 2007, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12 was
“amended as part of the general restyling of the Civil Rules to make them more easily
understood and to make style and terminology consistent throughout the rules.” FED.
R. CIV. P. 12, advisory committee’s note. The advisory committee notes make it clear
that the “changes are to be stylistic only.” Id. The stylistic changes to Rule 12(b)(6)
are in fact minimal, as Rule 12(b)(6) continues to authorize a motion to dismiss “for
failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6).
Thus, the amendment did not change the standards for a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.
39
(hereinafter Wright & Miller) (“[T]he pleading must contain
something more . . . than . . . a statement of facts that
merely creates a suspicion [of] a legally cognizable right of
action”), on the ASSUMPTION THAT ALL THE
allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in
fact), see, e.g., Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506,
508, n. 1, 122 S. Ct. 992, 152 L. Ed. 2d 1 (2002); Neitzke
v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 327, 109 S. Ct. 1827, 104 L.
Ed. 2d 338 (1989) (“Rule 12(b)(6) does not
countenance . . . dismissals based on a judge’s disbelief of a
complaint’s factual allegations”); Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416
U.S. 232, 236, 94 S. Ct. 1683, 40 L. Ed. 2d 90 (1974) (a
well-pleaded complaint may proceed even if it appears “that
a recovery is very remote and unlikely”).
Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555-56 (footnote omitted); see Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.
662, 677 (2009) (instructing that “short and plain statement” requirement “demands
more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed me accusation.”). Thus, the
Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has recognized that, under Bell Atlantic, “To survive a
motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain factual allegations sufficient ‘to raise a
right to relief above the speculative level. . . .’” Parkhurst v. Tabor, 569 F.3d 861,
865 (8th Cir. 2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555). To put it another way,
“the complaint must allege ‘only enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible
on its face.’” B&B Hardware, Inc. v. Hargis Indus., Inc., 569 F.3d 383, 387 (8th Cir.
2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 570); accord Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (“Where
a complaint pleads facts that are ‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability, it
‘stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief.’”)
(quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 557).
“In addressing a motion to dismiss, ‘[t]he court may consider the pleadings
themselves, materials embraced by the pleadings, exhibits attached to the pleadings,
and matters of public record.’” Illig v. Union Elec. Co., 652 F.3d 971, 976 (8th Cir.
40
2011) (quoting Mills v. City of Grand Forks, 614 F.3d 495, 498 (8th Cir. 2010));
accord Ashanti, 666 F.3d at 1151. Even after Bell Atlantic, the court must still accept
as true the plaintiff’s well pleaded allegations. Id.; Parkhurst, 569 F.3d at 865 (citing
Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 326-27 (1989)); B&B Hardware, Inc., 569 F.3d at
387 (“[W]e ‘assume[ ] as true all factual allegations of the complaint’” (quoting Levy v.
Ohl, 477 F.3d 988, 991 (8th Cir. 2007)). The court must also still “construe the
complaint liberally in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Eckert v. Titan Tire
Corp., 514 F.3d 801, 806 (8th Cir. 2008) (post-Bell Atlantic decision). On the other
hand, “[w]here the allegations show on the face of the complaint that there is some
insuperable bar to relief, dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is [still] appropriate.” Benton
v. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., 524 F.3d 866, 870 (8th Cir. 2008) (citing Parnes v.
Gateway 2000, Inc., 122 F.3d 539, 546 (8th Cir. 1997), for this standard in a
discussion of Rule 12(b)(6) standards in light of Bell Atlantic).
Thus, what is ordinarily required is pleading of allegations sufficient to raise a
plausible inference as to each element of a claim or cause of action. See Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 678-79; accord Hamilton, 621 F.3d at 818-19; Parkhurst, 569 F.3d at 865 (“To
survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain factual allegations sufficient ‘to
raise a right to relief above the speculative level. . . .’” (quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S.
at 555)); B&B Hardware, Inc., 569 F.3d at 387 (“[T]he complaint must allege ‘only
enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” (quoting Bell
Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 570)). Moreover, allegations that raise plausible inferences of
alternative scenarios, one that satisfies a particular element and one that does not satisfy
that element, are sufficient to state a claim, because “[w]hich inference will prove to be
correct is not an issue to be determined by a motion to dismiss.” Hamilton, 621 F.3d
at 819 (noting that the plaintiffs’ complaint raised plausible inferences of both employee
and independent contractor status, in support of the “employee status” element of his
41
claim that the purported employer negligently breached its duty to maintain a safe
workplace for its employees).
b.
Application of the standards
i.
Elements of the claim
A key issue for determining whether Catipovic has stated an unjust enrichment
claim upon which relief can be granted is the law applicable to that claim. Because I
have concluded that venue is proper in Iowa, § 1406(a), which provides for transfer to
a proper forum, does not apply. See 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a). Because the action is not
“transferable” pursuant to § 1406(a), there is no transfer that calls for the application of
the law of the transferee court. Compare Eggleton v. Plasser & Theurer Export Von
Bahnbaumaschinen Gesellshaft, MBH, 495 F.3d 582, 585-86 (8th Cir. 2007); Wisland
v. Admiral Bev. Corp., 119 F.3d 733, 736 (8th Cir. 1997).
Thus, the Fagen
Defendants’ argument for the application of Minnesota law to this claim fails. The
Fagen Defendants have not disputed Catipovic’s argument that, if this is a proper
forum, Iowa’s choice-of-law rules would require the application of Iowa law. Thus,
the only remaining question is whether or not Catipovic has stated an unjust enrichment
claim under Iowa law on which relief can be granted.
As the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has explained, in a case applying Iowa
law,
“Unjust enrichment is a doctrine that ‘evolved from the most
basic legal concept of preventing injustice.’” In re Estate of
Roethler, 801 N.W.2d 833, 845 (Iowa 2011) (quoting State
ex rel. Palmer v. Unisys Corp., 637 N.W.2d 142, 149 (Iowa
2001)). “The doctrine of unjust enrichment is based on the
principle that a party should not be permitted to be unjustly
enriched at the expense of another or receive property or
benefits without paying just compensation.” Palmer, 637
N.W.2d at 154.
42
Lakeside Feeders, Inc., 666 F.3d at 1112; Waldner v. Carr, 618 F.3d 838, 848 (8th
Cir. 2010) (“The theory of unjust enrichment ‘is premised on the idea that it is unfair to
allow a person to benefit from another’s services when the other expected
compensation.’ State Pub. Defender v. Iowa Dist. Court for Woodbury County, 731
N.W.2d 680, 684 (Iowa 2007). Such implied contracts do not arise from the traditional
bargaining setting but ‘rest on a legal fiction arising from considerations of justice and
the equitable principles of unjust enrichment.’
Hunter v. Union State Bank, 505
N.W.2d 172, 177 (Iowa 1993).”). The Iowa Supreme Court has explained that “unjust
enrichment is a broad principle with few limitations.”
State ex rel. Palmer, 637
N.W.2d at 155.10
Thus, as noted above, “[t]o recover for unjust enrichment [under Iowa law], [the
plaintiff] must show: ‘(1) [the defendant] was enriched by the receipt of a benefit; (2)
the enrichment was at the expense of [the plaintiff]; and (3) it is unjust to allow the
defendant to retain the benefit under the circumstances.’” Lakeside Feeders, Inc., 666
F.3d at 1112 (quoting State ex rel. Palmer, 637 N.W.2d at 149); Waldner, 618 F.3d at
648 (stating the elements in a similar way (quoting State ex rel. Palmer, 637 N.W.2d at
10
In State ex rel. Palmer, the Iowa Supreme Court explained, further,
We have never limited this principle to require the benefits
to be conferred directly by the plaintiff. See Iconco v.
Jensen Constr. Co., 622 F.2d 1291, 1301-02 (8th Cir.1980)
(plaintiff not required to show he directly conferred benefit
on defendant under Iowa law). Instead, benefits can be
direct or indirect, and can involve benefits conferred by
third parties. See I Palmer, § 1.7, at 40-41, 44. The
critical inquiry is that the benefit received be at the expense
of the plaintiff. See Guldberg v. Greenfield, 259 Iowa 873,
878, 146 N.W.2d 298, 301 (1966).
State ex rel. Palmer, 637 N.W.2d at 155.
43
154-55)). Iowa courts, including this one, have sometimes added a fourth element, that
there must be no at-law remedy available to the plaintiffs. See Union Pac. R. Co. v.
Cedar Rapids and Iowa City R. Co., 477 F. Supp. 2d 980, 1003 (N.D. Iowa 2007)
(citing Iowa Waste Sys., Inc. v. Buchanan Cnty., 617 N.W.2d 23, 30 (Iowa Ct. App.
2000)). However, the Iowa Supreme Court has explained,
The adequacy of a legal remedy is a general limitation on
the exercise of equity jurisdiction and is properly considered
when restitution is sought in equity, but no independent
principle exists that restricts restitution to cases where
alternative remedies are inadequate. See I Palmer, § 1.6, at
33-34.
State ex rel. Palmer, 637 N.W.2d at 154 n.2 (noting the addition of this fourth element
in Iowa Waste Sys., Inc., 617 N.W.2d at 30).
ii.
Pleading of the claim
I find that Catipovic has made more than “a formulaic recitation of the elements
of [an unjust enrichment] cause of action” under Iowa law. See Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S.
at 555. He has also pleaded allegations sufficient to raise a plausible inference as to
each element of his claim. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79.
More specifically, as to the first element, that the Fagen Defendants were
enriched by the receipt of a benefit, Lakeside Feeders, Inc., 666 F.3d at 1112,
Catipovic has alleged that “Turley and Fagen used information, resources and contacts,
including the logo, business and financial plans and the services of the commercial real
estate expert provided to them by Catipovic and Wendland to pursue the Ethanol
Europe project without Catipovic and Wendland,” Amended Complaint at ¶ 25; that
Turley and the Fagen Defendants “continue to pursue the Eastern Europe ethanol
project initially presented to them by Catipovic and Wendland,” id. at ¶ 28; and that
Turley and the Fagen Defendants “received Catipovic and Wendland’s services,
including: the original idea to build ethanol plants in Eastern Europe, the identification
44
of a commercial real estate expert in Eastern Europe, introduction to the ethanol
industry and an ethanol plant manufacturer (for Turley), a business plan, financial
projections, logo, etc.,” and that “Defendants used these services, well-recognized in
the ethanol industry as valuable services . . . ,” id. at ¶ 34. As to the second element,
that the enrichment was at Catipovic’s expense, Lakeside Feeders, Inc., 666 F.3d at
1112, Catipovic has alleged that Turley and the Fagen Defendants used his services and
the information that he provided “without compensating Wendland and Catipovic.”
Amended Complaint at ¶ 34. As to the third element, that it is unjust to allow the
defendant to retain the benefit under the circumstances, Lakeside Feeders, Inc., 666
F.3d at 1112, Catipovic has not only pleaded, baldly, that “Defendants will be unjustly
enriched unless they are ordered to compensate Catipovic for the valuable services he
provided,” Amended Complaint at 35, but that the services he provided are “wellrecognized in the ethanol industry as valuable services,” id. at ¶ 34, and that there is an
“industry standard compensation for the work he performed and the value he provided
to the Defendants,” id., Count II: Unjust Enrichment (prayer for relief), and that the
Fagen Defendants have not paid him any compensation. Id. at ¶ 34.
In short, the allegations here do not “show on the face of the complaint that there
is some insuperable bar to relief,” justifying dismissal of the unjust enrichment claim
against the Fagen Defendants under Rule 12(b)(6). Benton, 524 F.3d at 870 (stating
this standard in a discussion of Rule 12(b)(6) standards in light of Bell Atlantic).
iii.
The Fagen Defendants’ further challenges
The Fagen Defendants contend that dismissal of the unjust enrichment claim
against them is nevertheless appropriate, because they deny that they used Catipovic’s
services, where he was a doctor and they were experts in the ethanol plant industry,
and because Catipovic voluntarily provided the information and services in question for
45
his own purposes, to woo them to participate in the project, and he could have
protected himself in contractual negotiations, but he failed to do so. I disagree.
First, the Fagen Defendants’ mere denial that they used Catipovic’s services is
simply of no moment, where, on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, I must not only
accept as true Catipovic’s well-pleaded allegations, Illig, 652 F.3d at 976, but
“construe the complaint liberally in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Eckert,
514 F.3d at 806. Even though Catipovic is a medical doctor, he alleges that he had
developed expertise in the application of the principles of ethanol production in Iowa to
Eastern Europe, based on his initial knowledge and understanding of the agricultural
and environmental similarities between Iowa and Eastern Europe and his subsequent
investigations. See, e.g., Amended Complaint at ¶¶ 8, 10, and 11. At best, the Fagen
Defendants’ denial that they used Catipovic’s services raises a factual issue that requires
development in discovery and then, perhaps, testing on a motion for summary judgment
based on a fully developed record, or, perhaps, testing in the crucible where credibility
can be judged, a jury trial.
Equally unavailing are the Fagen Defendants’ assertions that Catipovic
voluntarily provided the services in question for his own purposes, to woo them to
participate in the project, and that he could have protected himself in contractual
negotiations, but he failed to do so. I find that these are essentially fact-driven issues
going to the question of whether the circumstances are such that it is unjust to allow the
defendant to retain the benefit that they received from him, under the circumstances,
Lakeside Feeders, Inc., 666 F.3d at 1112, which I believe are inappropriate for
determination on a motion to dismiss. Again, on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, I
must take as true Catipovic’s allegations suggesting that it is unjust for the Fagen
Defendants to retain the benefits that they received from him without compensating
him. Illig, 652 F.3d at 976. Furthermore, the cases that the Fagen Defendants cite for
46
the proposition that such conduct on Catipovic’s part could defeat his unjust enrichment
claim involved a developed summary judgment record or a fully-developed trial record.
See Union Pac. R. Co., 477 F. Supp. 2d at 1003 (finding no genuine issue of material
fact, on a motion for summary judgment, that “any supposed injustice is, again, further
mitigated by the fact that UP could have used the terms of the operating agreement
eventually negotiated between UP and CRANDIC to recoup some of the costs of the
construction of the Fairfax Yard” that UP was trying to recover by way of an unjust
enrichment claim); In re Petersen, 273 B.R. 586, 592 (Bankr. N.D. Iowa 2002)
(observing, “Iowa courts seem especially reluctant to find ‘unjust enrichment’ when
parties have voluntarily placed themselves in a situation or have failed to take action to
put themselves in a better situation,” and holding after trial that the party claiming
unjust enrichment had considered, but decided not to insist on, a mortgage to secure her
interest, and that “[t]his court should not now improve her bargain by providing
security that she herself knowingly elected not to take”).
c.
Summary
Whatever subsequent development of the record may ultimately show about the
merits of Catipovic’s unjust enrichment claim against the Fagen Defendants, Catipovic
has stated such a claim under Iowa law upon which relief can be granted in his
Amended Complaint. The Rule 12(b)(6) part of the Fagen Defendants’ Motion To
Dismiss is denied.
III.
CONCLUSION
I do not find merit in the Rule 12(b) motions to dismiss by the defendants.
Rather, upon the foregoing,
47
1.
Defendant Turley’s April 23, 2012, Motion To Dismiss Plaintiff’s First
Amended Complaint For Lack Of Personal Jurisdiction (docket no. 16), pursuant to
Rule 12(b)(2), is denied; and
2.
The Fagen Defendants’ April 30, 2012, Motion To Dismiss Plaintiff’s
Amended Complaint (docket no. 18), pursuant to Rule 12(b)(3), for improper venue,
and Rule 12(b)(6), for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted, is denied
in its entirety.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED this 8th day of June, 2012.
______________________________________
MARK W. BENNETT
U.S. DISTRICT COURT JUDGE
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF IOWA
48
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