Villalpando v. United States of America
Filing
21
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER re 1 Pro Se MOTION to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence (2255) (Criminal Action CR06-4027-MWB.). This motion is denied in part and ruling is reserved in part. The Clerk of Court shall appoint counsel to represent Villalpando on this claim. Counsel shall have to and including 6/21/2012 to consult with Villalpando and to file a report with the court. Ruling is reserved on whether a certificate of appealability will issue for any claim or contention in this case. See text of Order. Signed by Judge Mark W Bennett on 5/7/12. (copy w/nef mailed to pro se filer; copy emailed to CJA Panel Administrator) (djs)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF IOWA
WESTERN DIVISION
ALBERTO VILLALPANDO,
Petitioner,
No. C 10-4051-MWB
(Crim. No. CR 06-4027-MWB)
vs.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND
ORDER REGARDING
PETITIONER’S § 2255 MOTION
Respondent.
____________________
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
A. The Criminal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
B. The § 2255 Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
II. LEGAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
A. Standards For § 2255 Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
B. Procedural Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.
Need for an evidentiary hearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.
Procedural default . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
C. Ineffective Assistance Of Counsel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.
Applicable standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.
Failure to challenge petitioner’s statements . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.
Failure to seek plea agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.
Failure of appellate counsel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
D. Certificate of Appealability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
III. CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
I. INTRODUCTION
This case is before me on petitioner Alberto Villalpando’s Pro Se Motion Under 28
U.S.C. § 2255 To Vacate, Set Aside, Or Correct Sentence By A Person In Federal
Custody (Civ. docket no. 1), filed on July 7, 2010; on counsel’s Anders Brief (Civ. docket
no. 13), filed by appointed counsel on November 22, 2010; on respondent’s Response And
Memorandum In Support Of Government’s Response To Defendant’s Motion (Civ. docket
no. 14), filed on December 15, 2011; on Villalpando’s Pro Se Supplemental Brief (Civ.
docket no. 17), filed on July 6, 2011; on respondent’s Response To Motion (Civ. docket
no. 19), filed on July 29, 2011; and on Villalpando’s Pro Se Reply (Civ. docket no. 20),
filed on September 1, 2011. Villalpando claims that the attorneys who represented him
at the trial level and on appeal provided him with ineffective assistance of counsel in
several ways. The respondent denies that Villalpando is entitled to any relief on his
claims.
A. The Criminal Proceedings
On May 18, 2006, Villalpando was charged by a two-count Superseding Indictment
(Crim. docket no. 20). Count 1 charged Villalpando with conspiracy to distribute 500
grams or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of
methamphetamine and 50 grams or more of actual methamphetamine and “powder
cocaine.” Count 2 charged Villalpando with distribution of 50 grams or more of actual
(pure) methamphetamine. On May 23, 2006, Villalpando appeared in front of Chief
United States Magistrate Judge Paul A. Zoss to plead not guilty to both counts of the
Superseding Indictment. See Crim. docket no. 25.
2
Villalpando proceeded to trial on March 5, 2007. See Crim. docket no. 135. On
March 6, 2007, the jury found Villalpando guilty of both counts of the Superseding
Indictment. See Crim. docket no. 141.
Villalpando appeared before me on June 5, 2007, for a sentencing hearing. See
Crim. docket no. 160. I found Villalpando’s total offense level to be 34 with a criminal
history category of I. See Sent. Trans. at 2. The advisory guideline range was 151 to 188
months.
See Sent. Trans. at 2.
Villalpando objected to an obstruction of justice
enhancement and presented a motion for a downward variance. See Sent. Trans. at 2. I
found that the government had, with some ease, proved the obstruction of justice
enhancement based on Villalpando’s untruthful testimony at trial. See Sent. Trans. at 8.
Villalpando argued that there should be a downward variance in his case based on his prior
history of depression and family circumstances. See Sent. Trans. at 9-10. After reviewing
and considering all of the 3553(a) factors, I determined that a downward variance would
not be justified in this case and denied Villalpando’s motion. See Sent. Trans. at 12.
After expressing concerns about Villalpando’s decision to proceed to trial when it appeared
that he had been safety-valve eligible, I determined that a sentence of 151 months, at the
bottom of the guideline range, would be appropriate. See Sent. Trans. at 16. Villalpando
was therefore sentenced to 151 months on Counts 1 and 2, to be served concurrently. See
Sent. Trans. at 16.
B. The § 2255 Motion
On June 7, 2010, Villalpando filed this Pro Se Motion Under § 2255 To Vacate,
Set Aside, Or Correct Sentence By A Person In Federal Custody (Civ. docket no. 1)
(“Motion”). On June 10, 2010, an attorney filed an appearance on behalf of Villalpando.
(Civ. docket no. 3). On November 22, 2010, Villalpando’s counsel filed a Motion To
3
Withdraw and an attached Anders brief. (Civ. docket nos. 13 & 14). On July 6, 2011,
Villalpando filed a Pro Se Supplemental Brief in Support Of § 2255 Motion. (Civ. docket
no. 17). On July 29, 2011, the respondent filed a Response And Memorandum In Support
Of Government’s Response To Defendant’s Motion Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. (Civ. docket
no. 19). On August 1, 2011, Villalpando filed a Pro Se Reply (Civ. docket no. 20).
II. LEGAL ANALYSIS
A. Standards For § 2255 Relief
Section 2255 of Title 28 of the United States Code provides as follows:
A prisoner in custody under sentence of a court
established by Act of Congress claiming the right to be
released upon the ground [1] that the sentence was imposed in
violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States, or
[2] that the court was without jurisdiction to impose such
sentence, or [3] that the sentence was in excess of the
maximum authorized by law, or [4] is otherwise subject to
collateral attack, may move the court which imposed the
sentence to vacate, set aside or correct the sentence.
28 U.S.C. § 2255; Watson v. United States, 493 F.3d 960, 963 (8th Cir. 2007) (“Under
28 U.S.C. § 2255 a defendant in federal custody may seek post conviction relief on the
ground that his sentence was imposed in the absence of jurisdiction or in violation of the
Constitution or laws of the United States, was in excess of the maximum authorized by
law, or is otherwise subject to collateral attack.”); Bear Stops v. United States, 339 F.3d
777, 781 (8th Cir. 2003) (“To prevail on a § 2255 motion, the petitioner must demonstrate
a violation of the Constitution or the laws of the United States.”). Thus, a motion pursuant
to § 2255 “is ‘intended to afford federal prisoners a remedy identical in scope to federal
Habeas corpus.’” United States v. Wilson, 997 F.2d 429, 431 (8th Cir. 1993) (quoting
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Davis v. United States, 417 U.S. 333, 343 (1974)); accord Auman v. United States, 67
F.3d 157, 161 (8th Cir. 1995) (quoting Wilson).
One “well established principle” of § 2255 law is that “‘[i]ssues raised and decided
on direct appeal cannot ordinarily be relitigated in a collateral proceeding based on 28
U.S.C. § 2255.’” Theus v. United States, 611 F.3d 441, 449 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting
United States v. Wiley, 245 F.3d 750, 752 (8th Cir. 2001)); Bear Stops, 339 F.3d at 780.
One exception to that principle arises when there is a “miscarriage of justice,” although
the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has “recognized such an exception only when
petitioners have produced convincing new evidence of actual innocence,” and the Supreme
Court has not extended the exception beyond situations involving actual innocence. Wiley,
245 F.3d at 752 (citing cases, and also noting that “the Court has emphasized the
narrowness of the exception and has expressed its desire that it remain ‘rare’ and available
only in the ‘extraordinary case.’” (citations omitted)). Just as § 2255 may not be used to
relitigate issues raised and decided on direct appeal, it also ordinarily “is not available to
correct errors which could have been raised at trial or on direct appeal.” Ramey v. United
States, 8 F.3d 1313, 1314 (8th Cir. 1993) (per curiam). “Where a defendant has
procedurally defaulted a claim by failing to raise it on direct review, the claim may be
raised in Habeas only if the defendant can first demonstrate either cause and actual
prejudice, or that he is actually innocent.” Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 622
(1998) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
“Cause and prejudice” to resuscitate a procedurally defaulted claim may include
ineffective assistance of counsel, as defined by the Strickland test, discussed below.
Theus, 611 F.3d at 449. Indeed, Strickland claims are not procedurally defaulted when
brought for the first time pursuant to § 2255, because of the advantages of that form of
proceeding for hearing such claims. Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500 (2003).
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Otherwise, “[t]he Supreme Court recognized in Bousley that ‘a claim that “is so novel that
its legal basis is not reasonably available to counsel” may constitute cause for a procedural
default.’” United States v. Moss, 252 F.3d 993, 1001 (8th Cir. 2001) (quoting Bousley,
523 U.S. at 622, with emphasis added, in turn quoting Reed v. Ross, 468 U.S. 1, 16
(1984)). The “actual innocence” that may overcome either procedural default or allow
relitigation of a claim that was raised and rejected on direct appeal is a demonstration
“‘that, in light of all the evidence, it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would
Have convicted [the petitioner].’” Johnson v. United States, 278 F.3d 839, 844 (8th Cir.
2002) (quoting Bousley, 523 U.S. at 623); see also House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 536-37
(2006). “‘This is a strict standard; generally, a petitioner cannot show actual innocence
where the evidence is sufficient to support a [conviction on the challenged offense].’” Id.
(quoting McNeal v. United States, 249 F.3d 747, 749-50 (8th Cir. 2001)).
The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals will review the district court’s decision on a
§ 2255 motion de novo, regardless of whether the district court’s decision grants or denies
the requested relief. Compare United States v. Hilliard, 392 F.3d 981, 986 (8th Cir.
2004) (“We review the district court’s decision to grant or deny relief on a petitioner’s
ineffective assistance of counsel claim de novo.”) (citing United States v. White, 341 F.3d
673, 677 (8th Cir. 2003)); with United States v. Hernandez, 436 F.3d 851, 854 (8th Cir.
2006) (“‘We review de novo the district court’s denial of a section 2255 motion.’”)
(quoting Never Misses A Shot v. United States, 413 F.3d 781, 783 (8th Cir. 2005)).
However, “[a]ny underlying fact-findings are reviewed for clear error.’” Hernandez, 436
F.3d at 855 (quoting United States v. Davis, 406 F.3d 505, 508 (8th Cir. 2005)).
With these standards in mind, I turn to analysis of Villalpando’s claims for § 2255
relief.
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B. Procedural Matters
1.
Need for an evidentiary hearing
“A district court does not err in dismissing a movant’s section 2255 motion without
a hearing if (1) the movant’s ‘allegations, accepted as true, would not entitle’ the movant
to relief, or ‘(2) the allegations cannot be accepted as true because they are contradicted
by the record, inherently incredible, or conclusions rather than statements of fact.’”
Buster v. United States, 447 F.3d 1130, 1132 (8th Cir. 2006) (quoting Sanders v. United
States, 341 F.3d 720, 722 (8th Cir. 2003), with citation and quotation marks omitted); see
28 U.S.C. § 2255. On the other hand, an evidentiary hearing is necessary where “‘the
court is presented with some reason to question the evidence’s credibility.’” Kingsberry
v. United States, 202 F.3d 1030, 1033 (8th Cir. 2000) (quoting 1 Liebman and Hertz,
Federal Habeas Corpus Practice and Procedure § 19.5, at 723 (3rd ed. 1998); id. at 1033
n.6 (also quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254, Rule 7 advisory committee’s note (1994), made
applicable to § 2255 by reference, as stating, “When the issue is one of credibility,
resolution on the basis of affidavits can rarely be conclusive, but that is not to say they
may not be helpful.”); see also Koskela v. United States, 235 F.3d 1148, 1149 (8th Cir.
2001) (holding that the district court abused its discretion in not holding an evidentiary
hearing on a § 2255 claim of failure to call alibi witnesses, because the record before the
district court “contained sharply conflicting evidence”). Even though ineffective assistance
of counsel claims may be raised on a § 2255 motion, because of the advantages of that
form of proceeding for hearing such claims, see Massaro, 538 U.S. at 500, that does not
mean that an evidentiary hearing is required for every ineffective assistance claim
presented in a § 2255 motion. In this case, I conclude that no evidentiary hearing is
required on any issue, other than the allegation that Villalpando received ineffective
assistance of counsel because his trial counsel failed to advise him to plead guilty and seek
7
a plea agreement, because the record conclusively shows that Villalpando’s allegations
either cannot be accepted as true, because they are contradicted by the record, or because,
even if Villalpando’s allegations were accepted as true, they would not entitle him to relief.
Buster, 447 F.3d at 1132. “No hearing is required where the claim is inadequate on its
face or if the record affirmatively refutes the factual assertions upon which it is based.”
Sinisterra v. United States, 600 F.3d 900, 906 (8th Cir. 2010) (citing Watson v. United
States, 493 F.3d 960, 963 (8th Cir. 2007) (internal quotations and citation omitted)).
2.
Procedural default
Claims are procedurally defaulted if not raised at trial or on direct appeal. See
Ramey v. United States, 8 F.3d 1313, 1314 (8th Cir. 1993) (“Section 2255 relief is not
available to correct errors which could have been raised at trial or on direct appeal, absent
a showing of cause and prejudice, or a showing that the alleged errors were fundamental
defects resulting in a complete miscarriage of justice.” (internal citations omitted)); accord
Johnson v. United States, 278 F.3d 839, 844 (8th Cir. 2002) (“In order to obtain collateral
review of a procedurally defaulted issue, [a § 2255 movant] must show ‘either cause and
actual prejudice, or that he is actually innocent.’” (quoting Bousley, 523 U.S. at 622, with
citations omitted)). “[C]ause and prejudice” to overcome such default may include
“ineffective assistance of counsel.” See Becht v. United States, 403 F.3d 541, 545 (8th
Cir. 2005). The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has expressly recognized that a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel should be raised in a § 2255 proceeding, rather than on
direct appeal. See United States v. Hughes, 330 F.3d 1068, 1069 (8th Cir. 2003) (“When
claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel are asserted on direct appeal, we ordinarily
defer them to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 proceedings.”). Where possible, I have construed
Villalpando’s claims as claims of ineffective assistance of counsel and, therefore, will
consider them on the merits.
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C. Ineffective Assistance Of Counsel
1.
Applicable standards
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[i]n all
criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of
Counsel for his defence.” U.S. CONST. AMEND. VI. Thus, a criminal defendant is
constitutionally entitled to the effective assistance of counsel both at trial and on direct
appeal. Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 396 (1985); Bear Stops v. United States, 339 F.3d
777, 780 (8th Cir. 2003); see also Steele v United States, 518 F.3d 986, 988 (8th Cir.
2008). The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has recognized that, if a defendant was denied
the effective assistance of counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment, “then his sentence
was imposed ‘in violation of the Constitution,’ . . . and he is entitled to relief” pursuant
to § 2255(a). King v. United States, 595 F.3d 844, 852 (8th Cir. 2010). Both the
Supreme Court and the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals have expressly recognized that a
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel should be raised in a § 2255 proceeding, rather
than on direct appeal, because such a claim often involves facts outside of the original
record. See Massaro, 538 U.S. at 504-05 (2003); United States v. Hughes, 330 F.3d
1068, 1069 (8th Cir. 2003) (“When claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel are
asserted on direct appeal, we ordinarily defer them to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 proceedings.”).
In a pair of cases handed down just recently, the Supreme Court reiterated the
importance of effective assistance of counsel in plea negotiations, the general context in
which Barnes alleges that his counsel was ineffective. In Lafler v. Cooper, the Supreme
Court stated,
Defendants have a Sixth Amendment right to counsel,
a right that extends to the plea-bargaining process. [Missouri
v.] Frye, ante, at 8 [2012 WL 932020 (March 21, 2012)]; see
also Padilla v . Kentucky, 559 U. S. ___, ___ (2010) (slip op.,
9
at 16); Hill [v. Lockhart], 474, U.S. 52,] 57 [(1985)]. During
plea negotiations defendants are “entitled to the effective
assistance of competent counsel.” McMann v. Richardson,
397 U. S. 759, 771 (1970).
566 U.S. ___, ___, 2012 WL 932019, *5 (March 21, 2012). In Missouri v. Frye, 566
U.S. ___, 2012 WL 932020 (March 21, 2012), the Supreme Court plainly recognized that
plea negotiations are a “critical point” in the course of a criminal proceeding in which
1
effective assistance of counsel is required. 566 U.S. at ___, 2012 WL 932020, at *6-*7.
The Supreme Court has reiterated that “‘the purpose of the effective assistance
guarantee of the Sixth Amendment is not to improve the quality of legal representation . . .
[but] simply to ensure that criminal defendants receive a fair trial.’” Cullen v. Pinholster,
___ U.S. ___, ___, 131 S. Ct. 1388, 1403 (2011) (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668, 689 (1984)). That being the case, “‘[t]he benchmark for judging any claim of
ineffectiveness must be whether counsel’s conduct so undermined the proper functioning
1
The circumstances in Frye and Lafler are factually distinguishable from the
circumstances presented here, however. As the Court explained in Lafler,
In Frye, defense counsel did not inform the defendant of the
plea offer; and after the offer lapsed the defendant still pleaded
guilty, but on more severe terms. Here, the favorable plea
offer was reported to the client but, on advice of counsel, was
rejected. In Frye there was a later guilty plea. Here, after the
plea offer had been rejected, there was a full and fair trial
before a jury. After a guilty verdict, the defendant received a
sentence harsher than that offered in the rejected plea bargain.
Lafler, 566 U.S. at ___, 2012 WL 932019 (March 21, 2012); see also Frye, 566 U.S. at
___, 2012 WL 932020 at *8 (“Here the question is whether defense counsel has the duty
to communicate the terms of a formal offer to accept a plea on terms and conditions that
may result in a lesser sentence, a conviction on lesser charges, or both.”). As explained,
below, Barnes argues that counsel’s deficient advice led him to accept a plea agreement
that he otherwise would have rejected.
10
of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just
result.’” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686, with emphasis added). To assess
counsel’s performance against this benchmark, the Supreme Court developed in Strickland
a two-pronged test requiring the petitioner to show “both deficient performance by counsel
and prejudice.” See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88, 697; see also Knowles v. Mirzayance,
556 U.S. 111, 129 S. Ct. 1411, 1419 (2009). “‘Unless a defendant makes both showings,
it cannot be said that the conviction . . . resulted from a breakdown in the adversary
process that renders the result unreliable.’” Gianakos v. United States, 560 F.3d 817, 821
(8th Cir. 2009) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687).
As to the deficient performance prong, “The Court acknowledged [in Strickland]
that ‘[t]here are countless ways to provide effective assistance in any given case,’ and that
‘[e]ven the best criminal defense attorneys would not defend a particular client in the same
way.’” Pinholster, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 1403 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at
689). Moreover,
Recognizing the “tempt[ation] for a defendant to
second-guess counsel’s assistance after conviction or adverse
sentence,” [Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689], the Court established
that counsel should be “strongly presumed to have rendered
adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the
exercise of reasonable professional judgment,” id., at 690, 104
S. Ct. 2052. To overcome that presumption, a defendant must
show that counsel failed to act “reasonabl[y] considering all
the circumstances.” Id., at 688, 104 S. Ct. 2052. The Court
cautioned that “[t]he availability of intrusive post-trial inquiry
into attorney performance or of detailed guidelines for its
evaluation would encourage the proliferation of ineffectiveness
challenges.” Id., at 690, 104 S. Ct. 2052.
Pinholster, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 1403. To put it another way,
11
To establish deficient performance, a person challenging
a conviction must show that “counsel’s representation fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness.” [Strickland,]
466 U.S. at 688, 104 S. Ct. 2052. . . . The challenger’s
burden is to show “that counsel made errors so serious that
counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the
defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Id., at 687, 104 S. Ct.
2052.
Harrington v. Richter, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 131 S. Ct. 770, 787 (2011); Premo v. Moore,
___ U.S. ___, 131 S. Ct. 733, 739 (2011) (quoting Richter). There are two substantial
impediments to making the required showing. First, “‘[s]trategic choices made after
thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually
unchallengeable.’” United States v. Rice, 449 F.3d 887, 897 (8th Cir. 2006) (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690). Second, “[t]here is a ‘strong presumption that counsel’s
conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.’” Id. (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689); Davis v. Norris, 423 F.3d 868, 877 (8th Cir. 2005) (“To
satisfy this prong [the movant] must overcome the strong presumption that his counsel’s
conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.”). Also, the court
“‘must “judge the reasonableness of counsel’s challenged conduct on the facts of the
particular case, viewed as of the time of counsel’s conduct.”’” King, 595 F.3d at 852-53
(quoting Ruff v. Armontrout, 77 F.3d 265, 268 (8th Cir. 1996), in turn quoting Strickland,
466 U.S. at 690).
The second prong of the Strickland analysis requires the challenger to prove
prejudice. Pinholster, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 1403 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 691-92). “‘An error by counsel, even if professionally unreasonable, does not warrant
setting aside the judgment of a criminal proceeding if the error had no effect on the
12
judgment.’” Gianakos, 560 F.3d at 821 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691). As the
Supreme Court has explained,
“The defendant must show that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.”
[Strickland, 466 U.S.] at 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052. “A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence
in the outcome.” Ibid. That requires a “substantial,” not just
“conceivable,” likelihood of a different result. Richter, 562
U.S., at ––––, 131 S. Ct., at 791.
Pinholster, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 1403. “In the context of pleas a defendant must
show the outcome of the plea process would have been different with competent advice.”
Lafler, 566 U.S. at ___, 2012 WL 932019, at *5 (citing Frye, 2012 WL 932020 at *5-*6).
That is, when evaluating a defendant’s claim that ineffective assistance led to the
improvident acceptance of a guilty plea, the defendant must show “that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, [the defendant] would not have
pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.” Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52,
59 (1985). However, even where the petitioner “suffered prejudice from his lawyer’s
error,” he is not entitled to § 2255 relief unless the lawyer’s error was also the result of
conduct that was professionally unreasonable at the time. King, 595 F.3d at 852-53.
The two prongs of the “ineffective assistance” analysis are usually described as
sequential. Thus, if the movant fails to show deficient performance by counsel, the court
need proceed no further in its analysis of an “ineffective assistance” claim. United States
v. Walker, 324 F.3d 1032, 1040 (8th Cir. 2003). On the other hand, courts “do not . . .
need to address the performance prong if petitioner does not affirmatively prove
prejudice.” Boysiewick v. Schriro, 179 F.3d 616, 620 (8th Cir. 1999) (citing Pryor v.
Norris, 103 F.3d 710 (8th Cir. 1997)); accord Gianakos, 560 F.3d at 821 (“‘We need not
13
inquire into the effectiveness of counsel, however, if we determine that no prejudice
resulted from counsel’s alleged deficiencies.’ Hoon v. Iowa, 313 F.3d 1058, 1061 (8th
Cir. 2002) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104 S. Ct. 2052).”).
2.
Failure to challenge petitioner’s statements
Villalpando generally argues, both pro se, and through counsel’s Anders brief, that
his trial counsel failed to challenge incriminating statements that he made to law
enforcement officials. See Motion at 5; Anders Brief at 8-9. Villalpando asserts pro se
and through counsel’s Anders brief that his trial counsel failed to challenge statements
Villalpando made with regard to a crime other than the crime for which he was arrested
as well as statements made in violation of his Miranda rights and his Sixth Amendment
right to counsel. See Motion at 5; Anders Brief at 5. Respondent claims that Villalpando
“waived his right to remain silent by voluntarily answering questions.” Response at 8.
With regard to the suppression of statements, Villalpando argues, pro se, that he
never acknowledged that he understood his rights, and that this fact, coupled with the fact
that he speaks very little or no English, was enough of a reason for his trial counsel to
move to suppress any and all incriminating statements given during the police interview.
Pro Se Supp. Brief at 2-3. Respondent argues that Villalpando waived his right to remain
silent by voluntarily answering questions. Response at 8.
Villalpando also argues, through counsel’s Anders breif, that his waiver was not
voluntary because he told the officers during that interview that “I don’t want to answer.”
Anders Brief at 12. The respondent asserts that “[a]t no point during the post-Miranda
interview did Movant request counsel or express that he no longer wished to participate
in the interview.” Response at 8-9.
Villalpando further claims, pro se, and through counsel, that his statements were
coerced because the officers threatened to have his brother arrested. Motion, Mem in
14
Supp., at 7-8; Anders Brief at 14; and Pro Se Supp. Brief at 2. The respondent states that
any claim of coercion is belied by the record and that the bathroom break, at which it is
alleged threats occurred, happened after Villalpando had already admitted his drug
dealings. Response at 9.
Finally, Villalpando asserts, pro se, and in the Anders brief, that his waiver was not
knowing and voluntary because he was questioned about crimes other than the crime for
which he was arrested. Motion at 4. The respondent claims that there is no case law to
support this claim. Response at 9-10.
Recognizing that the inherently coercive nature of custodial interrogation “blurs the
line between voluntary and involuntary statements,” the United States Supreme Court , in
Miranda, adopted a set of prophylactic measures designed to safeguard the constitutional
guarantee against self-incrimination. See J.D.B. v North Carolina, 131 S. Ct. 2394, 2401
(2011) (citing Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 435 (2000)).
“Prior to
questioning, a suspect ‘must be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any
statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has ar ight to the
presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed.’” Id. (citing Miranda v. Arizona,
384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966).
“[I]f a suspect makes a statement during custodial
interrogation, the burden is on the Government to show, as a ‘prerequisit[e]” to the
statement’s admissibility as evidence in the Government’s case in chief, that the defendant
‘voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently’ waived his rights.” Id. (citing Miranda, 384
U.S. at 444, 475-476).
The question of whether a defendant understood the Miranda warnings is a question
of fact, but the ultimate question of whether a waiver was valid is a question of law. Bell
v. Norris, 586 F.3d 624, 631 (8th Cir. 2009) (citing Thai v. Mapes, 412 F.3d 970, 976
(8th Cir. 2005)). To be valid, a waiver of the rights protected by Miranda must be
15
voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. Williams v. Norris, 576 F.3d 850, 868 (8th Cir.
2009) (quoting Miranda 384 U.S. at 444). “Only if the ‘totality of the circumstances
surrounding the interrogation’ reveal both an uncoerced choice and the requisite level of
comprehension may a court properly conclude that the Miranda rights have been waived.”
Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421 (1986) (quoting Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707,
725 (1979)). “[C]ases in which a defendant can make a colorable argument that a selfincriminating statement was ‘compelled’ despite the fact that the law enforcement
authorities adhered to the dictates of Miranda are rare.” United States v. Vinton, 631,
F.3d 476, 483-84 (8th Cir. 2011) (citing Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 433 n.20
(1984)).
There is more than enough evidence in the record in this case to conclude that
Villalpando did understand his Miranda rights, even though he may not have directly
acknowledged that he did. Shortly after the interview began, a spanish speaking officer
read Villalpando his Miranda rights in spanish. Gov’t. Trial Ex. 5a at 1. Although
Villalpando claims that when a different officer asked if Villalpando understood his rights,
the spanish speaking officer who had read them to Villalpandno responded in the
affirmative, while Villalpando did not, the transcript of the recorded interview indicates
that just prior to the officer answering this question, and right after the reading of the
Miranda rights, Villalpando had responded in the affirmative that he was prepared to
answer some questions. Trial Ex. 5a at 1. Although not transcribed, the videotape of the
interview also shows Villalpando responding in the affirmative near the conclusion of the
reading of his Miranda rights. See, Trial Ex. 5. Further, Villalpando demonstrated that
he understood the questions he was asked by responding appropriately as the interview
proceeded. For instance, when asked how much cocaine he had had on him, Villalpando
provided an amount in ounces. Trial Ex. 5a at 2. When asked where the drugs in his
16
home were, Villalpando provide a specific location within his home. Trial Ex. 5a at 3.
Further, during his trial, Villalpando testified that he had been able to understand the
questions that were asked of him during the post-Miranda interview. Trial Trans. 2 of 2,
at 173. And finally, the Affidavit provided by Villalpando in support of his Motion, states
that “I will state for the records that I was properly Mirandized concerning the crime that
I was arrested for...” Motion, Mem. in Supp. at11. I am satisfied, after review of the
record in this case that the totality of the circumstances reveal that Villalpando
demonstrated the “requisite level of comprehension” required pursuant to Moran v.
Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421 (1986) (“Only if the ‘totality of the circumstances surrounding
the interrogation” reveal both an uncoerced choice and the requisite level of
comprehension may a court properly conclude that the Miranda rights have been waived);
see also Berghuis v. Thompkins, 130 S. Ct. 2250, 2262 (2010) (no basis in record to
conclude that defendant did not understand his rights and it followed that defendant chose
not to invoke or rely on those rights when he did speak).
Villalpando also argues that he invoked his right to remain silent when he said “I
don’t want to answer.” Anders Brief at 9-10. “A suspect invokes his right to remain
silent by making “a clear, consistent expression of a desire to remain silent.” United
States v. Ferrer-Montoya, 483, F.3d 565, 569 (8th Cir. 2007) (citing United States v.
Thompson, 866 F.2d 268, 272 (8th Cir. 1989). “Indirect, ambiguous, and equivocal
statements or assertions of an intent to exercise the right to remain silent are not enough
to invoke that right for the purposes of Miranda.” Id. (citing United States v. Johnson,
56 F.3d 947, 955 (8th Cir. 1995)). “Being evasive and reluctant to talk is different from
invoking one’s right to remain silent.” Id. (citing Mann v. Thalacker, 246 F.3d 1092,
1100 (8th Cir. 2001)). Recently, in Berghuis v. Thompkins, 130 S. Ct. 2250, 2260 (2010),
in accordance with previous Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals precedent, the United States
17
Supreme Court held that just as an individual’s request for counsel must be unambiguous,
so must an individual’s invocation of the right to remain silent.
Counsel states that, initially, Villalpando said, “I don’t want to answer” after the
officer told Villalpando “If you don’t want to answer something, tell me, ‘I don’t want to
answer.’” Anders Brief at 9. When the officer specifically asked Villalpando if he wanted
to answer questions, Villalpando responded, “Well, it depends on the questions you ask.”
This exchange occurred prior to Villalpando being read his Miranda rights. The record
reveals that at one point after Villalpando had been given his Miranda warning, he did say,
“I don’t want to answer,”in response to several questions during the interview. Trial
Ex.5a at 18. However, this was after Vilallpando had already admitted to his involvement
with drugs, had identified other individuals who were involved, and had indicated that he
did not want to talk about one particular individual. Trial Ex. 5a at 18. Villalpando
continued to provide answers to all other questions with no hesitation. Trial Ex.5a at 18.
At most, Villalpando indicated that he was reluctant to talk about one individual, but at no
point did Villalpando make a “ clear, consistent expression of a desire to remain silent.”
United States v. Ferrer-Montoya, 483, F.3d 565, 569 (8th Cir. 2007) (citing United States
v. Thompson, 866 F.2d 268, 272 (8th Cir. 1989)).
Villalpando argues that his statements were coerced because the officers threatened
to have his brother arrested. Motion, Mem. in Supp. at 7-8; Anders Brief at 14, and Pro
Se Supplemental Brief at 2. “A statement is involuntary when it was extracted by threats,
violence, or express or implied promises sufficient to overbear the defendant’s will and
critically impair his capacity for self-determination.” United States v. Vega, ---- F.3d ----,
2012 WL 1289783, 7 (8th Cir. 2012) (citing United States v. Boslau, 632 F.3d 422, 428
(8th Cir. 2011)). Here, there is no evidence that Villalpando’s will was overborne by any
reference to his brother. The record reveals that the officers did mention Villalpando’s
18
brother several times during the interview. First, the officers asked if Villalpando’s
brother and his roommate would have drugs on them. Trial Ex. 5a at 19. When
Villalpando answered, “no,” the officers moved on to a different topic. Trial Ex. 5a at
19. A few moments later, after Villalpando was informed that the officers wanted to
search his residence, Villalpando inquired about his brother and his friend and was told
that they would not be arrested because Villalpando had said that they had nothing to do
with the drugs. Trial Ex. 5a at 20. Still later, Villalpando was asked if his brother was
with him when he had been arrested the prior week for driving without a license. Trial
Ex. 5a at 27. Once Villalpando answered that his brother had not been with him, there
was no further mention of his brother. Trial Ex. 5a at 27. The references to Villalpando’s
brother occurred after Villalpando had previously incriminated himself and do not appear
to have had any affect on his incriminating statements.
At one point, Villalpando indicates that threats were made regarding his brother
during a bathroom break that the officers provided to Villalpando. However, an affidavit
provided by his trial counsel indicates that the incriminating statements were made prior
to any bathroom break and, again, even if such threats occurred, they would not have had
any effect on Villalpando’s prior incriminating statements. See Response, aff. of trial
counsel, at para. 9. Further, I find credible the officer’s testimony that he did not at any
time before the interview or after the interview indicate that Villalpando’s brother would
be arrested, other than as depicted on the taped interview. See Trial Trans., Vol. 2 of 2,
at 162.
The totality of the circumstances does not indicate that the references to
Villalpando’s brother were coercive. The interview was not overly long, Villalpando
demonstrated that he was rational and articulate through out the entire interview and was
19
not overly distracted by concern for his brother. See Williams v. Norris, 576 F.3d 850,
869 (8th Cir. 2009).
Lastly, Villalpando argues, pro se, and in his Anders brief, that his waiver was not
knowing and voluntary because he was questioned about crimes other than the crime for
which he was arrested. Motion at 4. The respondent claims that there is no case law to
support this claim. Response at 9-10. Villalpando states that he was arrested for
“‘possession of four ounces of cocaine’ but that without proper warning or the proper
Miranda admonition was lead [sic] to admit to an alleged prior crime” involving
distribution of methamphetamine. See Motion, Ex. at 7. The Anders brief, however,
acknowledges that a suspect’s awareness of all the crimes about which he may be
questioned is not relevant to determining the validity of his decision to waive the Fifth
Amendment privilege and that an agent’s failure to inform an individual of the subject
matter of the interrogation could not affect an individual’s decision to waive that privilege
in a constitutionally significant manner. Anders Brief at 18. Respondent argues that
Villalponda did not have to be informed of every topic to be covered in a post-Miranda
interview for his decision to waive his Fifth Amendment privilege to be valid. Response,
at 10.
“The Constitution does not require that a criminal suspect know and understand
every possible consequence of a waiver of the Fifth Amendment privilege.” Colorado v.
Spring, 479 U.S. 564, 574 (1987). A waiver can be knowing and intelligent even when
police inform a suspect that he would be questioned about one crime, but then question the
suspect about another separate crime. See Willaims v. Norris, 576 F.3d 850, 868 (8th Cir.
2009). Further, the record here indicates that prior to being read his Miranda rights, an
officer informed Villalpando that in addition to being asked questions about himself, he
would also be asked to talk about other people. Trial Ex. 5a at 1. Because the record
20
supports a finding that Villalpando’s statements were otherwise intelligently and knowingly
made, the fact that he was questioned about crimes in addition to the crime he was arrested
for, does not change this result.
Villalpando argues that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing
to move to suppress the incriminating statements he made to officers, for all of the above
reasons. However, as discussed above, there is no reasonable probability that even if
Villalpando’s trial counsel had filed a motion to suppress on any of the above grounds, it
would have been successful. Because “any prejudice resulting from counsel’s alleged
failure to file a motion to suppress is determined by the likely success of the motion,”
Villalponda cannot establish that he suffered any prejudice based on his trial counsel’s
decision not to file a motion to suppress on any of the above grounds. See Bramlett v.
Lockhart, 876 F.2d 644, 647 (8th Cir. 1989)(citing Kellogg v. Scurr, 741 F.2d 1099, 1104
(8th Cir. 1984)). Further, because I have determined that Villalpando cannot demonstrate
that he suffered prejudice, I “do not . . . need to address the performance prong” of
Villalpando’s claim. See Boysiewick v. Schriro, 179 F.3d 616, 620 (8th Cir. 1999) (citing
Pryor v. Norris, 103 F.3d 710 (8th Cir. 1997)); accord Gianakos, 560 F.3d at 821 (“‘We
need not inquire into the effectiveness of counsel, however, if we determine that no
prejudice resulted from counsel’s alleged deficiencies.’ Hoon v. Iowa, 313 F.3d 1058,
1061 (8th Cir. 2002) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104 S. Ct. 2052).”).
Villalpando’s claim that he received ineffective assistance of counsel on the ground of trial
counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress any incriminating statements is denied withour
further need for hearing because the record conclusively shows that Villalpando’s
allegations either cannot be accepted as true, because they are contradicted by the record,
or because, even if Villalpando’s allegations were accepted as true, they would not entitle
him to relief. Buster, 447 F.3d at 1132. “No hearing is required where the claim is
21
inadequate on its face or if the record affirmatively refutes the factual assertions upon
which it is based.” Sinisterra v. United States, 600 F.3d 900, 906 (8th Cir. 2010) (citing
Watson v. United States, 493 F.3d 960, 963 (8th Cir. 2007) (internal quotations and
citation omitted)).
3.
Failure to seek plea agreement
Villalpando claims, pro se, and in counsel’s Anders brief, that his defense counsel
failed to advise him to plead guilty and failed to secure a plea agreement for him. Motion
at 4, Anders Brief at 16-17. Respondent argues that this claim is refuted by defense
counsel and has attached an affidavit from counsel indicating that trial counsel tried on
several occasions to convince Villalpando to plead guilty. Response at 11.
“Defendants have a Sixth Amendment right to counsel, a right that extends to the
plea-bargaining process.” Lafler v. Cooper, 132 S. Ct. 1376, 1384 (2012) (citing Missouri
v. Frye, 132 S. Ct. 1399 (2012)). “We have long recognized that the negotiation of a plea
bargain is a critical phase of litigation for purposes of the Sixth Amendment right to
effective assistance of counsel. Padilla v. Kentucky, 130 S. Ct. 1473, 1486 (2010) (citing
Hill, 474 U.S. at 57)). Strickland’s two-part test applies to ineffective assistance claims
arising out of the plea process, including an allegation of ineffective assistance for failure
to advise a client of the advantages of pleading guilty. See United States v. Stevens, 149
F.3d 747, 747 (8th Cir. 1998) (citing Engelen v. United States, 68 F.3d 238, 241 (8th Cir.
1995) (“even if counsel’s performance were somehow inadequate, Stevens failed to
establish that there was any reasonable probability that he would have acknowledged his
guilt had he been properly advised about the risks of trial.”. . .“ When he took the stand
at the post trial hearing on his new trial motion, Stevens maintained his innocence.”)).
“Prejudice is possible, notwithstanding a subsequent fair trial, where counsel failed to
22
provide accurate advice regarding a plea agreement offer. Kingsberry v. United States,
202 F.3d 1030, 1032 (8th Cir. 2000).
The parties have taken contradictory positions on whether Villalpando’s trial counsel
ever discussed the merits of his case with him and advised him to plead guilty and sought
a plea agreement for him. Villalpando states that his trial counsel should have concluded
that his case was impossible to win and should have advised him to plead guilty and
obtained a plea agreement, but did not do so. Motion at 4. However, his trial counsel,
by affidavit, states that he discussed the case and the sentencing options with Villalpando
on several occasions and that, each time, Villalpando indicated to him that he wanted to
go to trial and did not want to plead guilty. Response, Aff. of Trial Counsel, ¶¶ 10, 11,
12, 15, 17, and 20.
There is very little other evidence in the record regarding
Villalpando’s decision to go to trial rather than plead guilty. At one point during the
sentencing hearing, the prosecutor made a professional statement to the court, that “I know
Mr. Lancaster went over and over with him fact that he could get half the sentence.” Sent.
Trans. pg. 13. I cannot find that this statement, either standing alone or considered with
counsel’s affidavit, unequivocally establishes that Villalpando’s trial counsel advised
Villalpando to plead guilty but was told by Villalpando that he would not plead guilty and
insisted on going to trial. In these circumstances, I will order an evidentiary hearing to
resolve this issue. Moreover, I find that the evidentiary hearing is likely to be more
effective and efficient, if I appoint counsel to represent Villalpando, who has been
litigating his Motion pro se since his previously appointed counsel was allowed to
withdraw on May 12, 2011. See Order (Civ. docket no. 16).
4.
Failure of appellate counsel
Villalpando asserts, pro se and in counsel’s Anders Brief, that he received
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel because his appellate counsel disregarded
23
Villalpando’s “intent to raise the fifth and sixth amendment violations that took place
during his initial arrest and during his unmirandized statements concerning other crime
[sic] for which he had not been arrested.” Motion at 6.
Villalpando’s appellate counsel, by affidavit, states, “In preparing the arguments
on appeal, I carefully reviewed the transcript and bill of exceptions and forwarded all nonfrivolous issues, including arguing about the sufficiency of the evidence and the two-point
obstruction enhancement.” Response, Aff. of Appellate Counsel, ¶ 11. Respondent
argues that Villalpando’s appellate counsel cannot be found ineffective for not raising a
frivolous issue on appeal. See Response at 11.
The right to effective assistance of counsel also applies in the first appeal of right.
Reagan v. Norris, 279 F.3d 651, 657-58, 660 (8th Cir. 2002) (citing Coleman v.
Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729030, 750 (1991)). “To prove ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel, a defendant must show that counsel’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness and tha tthe deficient performance prejudiced his
appeal.” Williams v. Kemna, 311 F.3d 895, 897 (8th Cir. 2002). “While a defendant
does have a limited due process right to counsel on the first appeal, this right does not
impose a duty on the attorney to ‘advance every argument, regardless of merit, urged by
the defendant.’” Evitts v. Lucey, 496 U.S. 387, 392 (1985) (citing Jones v. Barnes, 463
U.S. 745 (1983)). “The deficient performance standard at this stage is rigorous.” United
States v. Brown, 528 F.3d 1030, 1032 (8th Cir. 2008). “Experienced advocates since time
beyond memory have emphasized the importance of winnowing out weaker arguments on
appeal.” Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 747, 751 (1983). Absent contrary evidence, the court
“assumes that appellate counsel’s failure to raise a claim was an exercise of sound
appellate strategy.” Brown at 1033 (citing Roe v. Delo, 160 F.3d 416, 418 (8th Cir.
1998).
24
For all the reasons stated above, with regard to the suppressions issues, I believe
that it would have been frivolous for appellate counsel to have raised such issues on
appeal. Therefore, Villalpando’s claim that his appellate counsel provided ineffective
assistance, fails.
D. Certificate of Appealability
Denial of Villalpando’s § 2255 Motion on the grounds of ineffective assistance for
failure to file a Motion to Suppress, both at trial and on appeal, raises the question of
whether or not he should be issued a certificate of appealability for these claims. The
requirement of a certificate of appealability is set out in 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1), which
provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
(c)(1) Unless a circuit justice or judge issues a
certificate of appealability, an appeal may not be taken to the
court of appeals from—
***
(B) the final order in a proceeding under section 2255.
28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B); accord FED. R. APP. P. 22(b). In this case, I have not issued
a “final order” disposing of Villalpando’s § 2255 Motion. Therefore, I will withhold the
determination of whether or not a certificate of appealability should issue on either of the
claims raised in Villalpando’s § 2255 Motion until after the evidentiary hearing on his
claim relating to ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to advise Villalpando to plead
guilty and to seek a plea agreement and a “final order” that makes a determination on that
remaining claim.
25
III. CONCLUSION
Upon the foregoing, Villalpando’s Motion Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (Civ. docket
no. 1), is denied in part and ruling is reserved in part, as follows:
1.
The motion is denied as to Villalpando’s claim of ineffective assistance of
trial counsel for failing to move to suppress incriminating statements at trial and on appeal.
2.
Ruling is reserved on Villalpando’s claim of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel for failing to advise him to plead guilty and procure a plea agreement.
a.
An evidentiary hearing on this claim will be set by separate order,
after the court receives the report of counsel appointed pursuant to paragraph b.,
below.
b.
The Clerk of Court shall appoint counsel to represent Villalpando on
this claim. Counsel shall have to and including June 21, 2012, to consult with
Villalpando and to file a report with the court on whether the evidentiary hearing
requires the personal presence of Villalpando or whether his testimony can be taken
“live” by telephone.
3.
Ruling is reserved on whether a certificate of appealability will issue for any
claim or contention in this case.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED this 7th day of May, 2012.
__________________________________
MARK W. BENNETT
U. S. DISTRICT COURT JUDGE
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF IOWA
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