Modern Holdings, LLC et al v. Corning, Inc. et al

Filing 655

MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER: 1. Dft Philips Electronics North America's 594 MOTION to Exclude Opinions of Albert Westerman is DENIED; 2. Dft Philips Electronics North America's 595 MOTION for Summary Judgment is DENIED. Signed by Judge Gregory F. VanTatenhove on 7/22/2022.(SLH)cc: COR

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
CENTRAL DIVISION
LEXINGTON
MODERN HOLDINGS, LLC, et al.,
Plaintiffs
v.
CORNING, INC., et al.,
Defendants.

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Civil No. 5:13-cv-00405-GFVT

MEMORANDUM OPINION
&
ORDER

***** ***** ***** *****
This matter is before the Court on Defendant Philips Electronics North America
Corporation’s Motions to Exclude the Opinions of Albert Westerman and Renewed Motion for
Summary Judgment. [R. 594; R. 595.] For the following reasons, Philips North America’s
motions will be DENIED.
I
On February 10, 2022, the parties informed the Court that Plaintiff Modern Holdings,
LLC’s expert witness Maurice Lloyd had passed away. [R. 566.] Modern Holdings asked the
Court to permit substitution of an expert and “sixty (60) days to amend their Rule 26 expert
disclosures to substitute an expert report of Dr. Albert Westerman for that of Plaintiffs’
previously disclosed expert Maurice Lloyd.” [R. 567 at 1.] Judge Atkins granted Modern
Holdings’ request on February 16. [R. 568.] On April 18, Modern Holdings served the
supplemental expert report of Dr. Westerman on Defendant Philips North America. [R. 580.]

On June 17, approximately one month before the final pretrial conference and two
months before trial, Philips North America filed a Motion to Exclude the Opinions of Dr.
Westerman and a Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment based on Dr. Westerman’s expert
opinions. [R. 594; R. 595.] Modern Holdings responded to the motions on July 8, and Philips
North America replied to the Motion to Exclude on July 11 and the Renewed Motion for
Summary Judgment on July 12. [R. 632; R. 633; R. 634; R. 635.] The Court will first address
Philips North America’s Motion to Exclude and then the Motion for Summary Judgment.
II
A
In a diversity case, federal law generally governs procedural and evidentiary issues,
including the admissibility of expert testimony. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S.
579 (1993). Admissibility of expert testimony is governed specifically by Federal Rule of
Evidence 702, which states:
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training,
or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: (a) the expert’s
scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to
understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testimony is based
on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles
and methods; and (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to
the facts of the case.
Fed. R. Evid. 702. The Sixth Circuit has identified three specific Rule 702 requirements in
deciding the admissibility of proposed expert testimony. In re Scrap Metal Antitrust Litig., 527
F.3d 517, 528–29 (6th Cir. 2008); see also United States v. Rios, 830 F.3d 403, 413 (6th Cir.
2016). First, the proposed expert must have the requisite qualifications, whether it be through
“knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education.” In re Scrap Metal Antitrust Litig., 527
F.3d at 529 (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 702).
2

Second, the testimony must be relevant, meaning that it “will assist the trier of fact to
understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 702). In
determining whether an expert’s testimony will be relevant, courts look to “whether the
untrained layman would be qualified to determine intelligently and to the best possible degree
the particular issue without enlightenment from those having a specialized understanding of the
subject involved in the dispute.” Rios, 830 F.3d at 413 (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 702, Adv. Comm.
Notes).
Third, the testimony must be reliable. In re Scrap Metal Antitrust Litig., 527 F.3d at 529.
Rule 702 provides several criteria by which a district court, in its gatekeeper role, should gauge
the reliability of expert testimony. A court should look to whether the testimony is based upon
“sufficient facts or data;” whether it is the “product of reliable principles and methods;” and
whether the expert “has applied these principles or methods reliably to the facts of the case.” Id.
(quoting Fed. R. Evid. 702). In determining reliability, a district court should also consider
“such factors as testing, peer review, publication, error rates, the existence and maintenance of
standards controlling the technique’s operation, and general acceptance in the relevant scientific
[or technical] community.” United States v. Langan, 263 F.3d 613, 621 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing
Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593–94). The reliability inquiry is a flexible one, and the above factors are
not a “definitive checklist or test.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593.
District courts have wide latitude in determining whether a particular expert’s testimony
is reliable. See, e.g., Tamraz v. Lincoln Elec. Co., 620 F.3d 665, 672 (6th Cir. 2010); see also
Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152 (1999) (“[T]he trial judge must have
considerable leeway in deciding in a particular case how to go about determining whether
particular expert testimony is reliable.”). Notably, in exercising this discretion, a court must be
3

careful not “to impinge on the role of the jury or opposing counsel.” Burgett v. Troy-Bilt LLC,
579 F. App’x 372, 377 (6th Cir. 2014). Instead, “vigorous cross-examination, presentation of
contrary evidence, and careful instruction on the burden of proof are the traditional and
appropriate means of attacking shaky but admissible evidence.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 596.
Philips North America proffers four reasons, all generally related to the element of
causation, why Dr. Westerman’s opinions should be excluded: (1) Dr. Westerman failed to
establish a baseline from the data regarding lead on the Plaintiffs’ properties; (2) Dr. Westerman
failed to engage in any air dispersion analysis, which renders unreliable his opinion that lead was
deposited by air dispersion; (3) Dr. Westerman failed to consider lead data from Kentucky,
which renders unreliable his opinion that the facility was the source of the lead; and (4) Dr.
Westerman’s opinions constitute improper vouching for Maurice Lloyd, Modern Holdings’ prior
expert. [R. 594 at 8–16.] Each argument will be addressed in turn.
1
Philips North America first argues that Dr. Westerman’s analysis is unreliable because he
failed to establish a baseline from data regarding lead on the Plaintiffs’ properties. [R. 594-1 at
8.] Specifically, Philips North America argues that Dr. Westerman does not know how much
lead was on Plaintiffs’ properties before Philips began its operations, “does not know and cannot
testify” about how much lead any source has deposited on the Plaintiffs’ properties, and failed to
undertake any analysis to determine how much lead Corning, Inc. and Philips North America
contributed, respectively. Id. at 9. Philips North America points to Barnette v. Grizzly
Processing, LLC, 2012 WL 293305, at *3 (E.D. Ky. Jan. 31, 2012). In Barnette, the plaintiffs,
who all lived near a coal screening plant, sued two companies that operated the plant during a
two-year period in which the alleged coal dust and noise problems occurred. Id. During the
4

case, the court excluded the testimony of an expert witness with “a glittery resume and an
impressive career” because he failed to rely on “sufficient facts or data” in forming his expert
opinion. Id. at *2–3. Two of the primary shortfalls of the expert’s opinion were that it was
based primarily on the testimony and observations of a former employee at the plant and failed to
“translate any of the [former employee’s] observations into specific violations that relate to
fugitive dust emissions.” Id. at *3.
Modern Holdings responded that Dr. Westerman’s conclusions demonstrated that lead on
the Plaintiffs’ properties was “substantially higher than the published ambient concentrations for
lead in the 2004 Assessment of 30 mg/kg, which the Court previously determined proved “an
appropriate baseline against which to measure sites that are undergoing an environmental
assessment.” [R. 632 at 20.] Furthermore, Modern Holdings argues that they have previously
identified “Philips’ Facility as the source of that contamination,” and that “Dr. Westerman’s
conclusions are based on scientific methodology.” Id. at 21.
The Court finds that Philips North America’s argument that Dr. Westerman failed to
establish a baseline from data regarding lead on the Plaintiffs’ properties is without merit. 1 To
demonstrate causation, “Plaintiffs must have proof that the levels of [lead] on their property now
are greater than background levels in order to conclude that through its negligence Defendant
deposited the [lead] on Plaintiffs’ properties.” Mercer v. Rockwell Intern. Corp., 24 F. Supp. 2d
735, 751 (W.D. Ky. 1998). The Court has previously found that the 2004 Kentucky Background
Assessment provides an appropriate baseline against which to measure sites that are undergoing
1
Throughout both Philips North America’s Motion to Exclude and Motion for Summary Judgment, Philips North
America argues that with the impending settlement of Corning, Inc., Modern Holdings must establish the amount of
lead on Plaintiffs’ properties directly attributable to Philips North America specifically. [See, e.g., 594 at 1; R. 595
at 1.] The Court will address this argument in the summary judgment portion of this Memorandum Opinion and
Order.

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an environmental assessment, including the Plaintiffs’ properties. 2 [R. 576 at 14.] After
measuring the soil samples Dr. Lloyd collected from the Plaintiffs’ properties against the 2004
Kentucky Background Assessment, Dr. Westerman opined that the lead present in the soils of the
Plaintiffs’ properties was substantially higher than the published ambient concentrations for lead
in the 2004 Background Assessment. [594-2 at 16.] Furthermore, in reaching his conclusions,
Dr. Westerman “reviewed documents relating to the history of the Site, the general vicinity
characteristics, operational history, previous on-site and off-site investigations, regulatory
review, Lloyd’s soil sampling results, Lloyd’s on-site dust sampling…that he conducted off-site,
studies involving similar sources of air pollution, and wind rose data for the Danville area.” Id.
at 2. Therefore, it cannot reasonably be argued that Dr. Westerman failed to establish a baseline
from data regarding the lead levels on the Plaintiffs’ properties.
To the extent Philips North America relies on Barnette, the Court finds this case is
distinguishable. In Barnette, as Modern Holdings points out, the expert failed to undertake any
sampling, conduct an investigation as to whether fugitive dust entered the plaintiffs’ properties,
or rule out alternative sources of coal dust. [R. 632 at 21.] By contrast, Dr. Westerman based his
opinions on a radial sampling plan, interior dust sampling, comparison of lead levels on
Plaintiffs’ properties to both state and Danville-specific background lead levels, consideration of
wind rose data, consideration of academic authorities, and analyzed and ruled out alternative
sources. [R. 594-2 at 4.] Therefore, the Court finds Barnette inapposite.

To the extent Philips North America argues that the 2004 Assessment only included one sample from “an unknown
location in Boyle County,” [R. 595-1 at 4] Dr. Westerman accounted for this by noting that the Inner Blue Grass
Region area within the 2004 Assessment included seventy-one samples and that the additional background samples
taken by Dr. Lloyd could be compared to the samples taken at the Plaintiffs’ properties. [R. 594-2 at 6.]
2

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2
Next, Philips North America argues that Dr. Westerman’s failure to utilize any air
dispersion analysis renders unreliable his opinion that lead from the facility was deposited by air
dispersion. [R. 594-1 at 11.] Philips North America argues that Dr. Westerman “did no air
dispersion modeling” and failed to “evaluate the impact of barriers or physical structures on the
properties on the extent to which lead might accumulate there.” Id. Philips North America
further argues that Dr. Westerman’s assumption that “because all other sources of lead only
contributed 30 ppm of lead to the properties, all the remaining lead must have come from the
Facility” is baseless and unsupported. Id. at 12–13. Finally, Philips North America argues that
Dr. Westerman’s failure to opine on when the lead traveled from the facility to the Plaintiffs’
properties, or provide the specific amount of contamination for which Philips was responsible,
renders his testimony unreliable. Id. at 13.
In response, Modern Holdings argues that air dispersion modeling is not required, as
confirmed by Philips North America’s expert Walter Shields, and that Dr. Westerman properly
relied on soil sampling and the 2004 Assessment. [R. 632 at 18.]
Ultimately, this argument boils down to whether Dr. Westerman’s failure to conduct air
dispersion modeling renders his opinion unreliable. The Court finds that it does not. Philips
North America’s own expert confirmed that “[o]ftentimes the information required to reliably
model dispersion and deposition is insufficient. So we often rely on off-site soil and dust samples
to reconstruct the sources of the contaminants of concern in off-site soil and residential
properties.” [R. 491-3 at 7.] Here, Dr. Westerman did just that—he compared soil samples
taken from the Plaintiffs’ properties to those taken in the 2004 Assessment in rendering his
opinions.
7

Philips North America points to Adams v. Cooper Indus., Inc., WL 2219212 (E.D. Ky.
July 30, 2007) for the proposition that air modeling is necessary to prove negligence involving
emissions. [R. 594-1 at 11.] However, as Modern Holdings points out, the claims in Adams
were personal injury claims instead of property claims which affects the causation analysis. In
Adams, the court was addressing specific causation, or “whether exposure to an agent was
responsible for a given individual’s disease.” In contrast, in the property damage context, “[t]he
first step in proving that Defendant’s breach caused them an injury is to show that the
[contaminant] on their property came from Defendant’s facility…Plaintiffs must have proof that
the levels of [contaminant] on their property now are greater than background levels.” Mercer,
24 F. Supp. 2d at 751. Dr. Westerman undertook this analysis by evaluating Dr. Lloyd’s radial
sampling, which is “well accepted within the industry with respect to particulate dispersion,” and
comparing the samples to those taken in the 2004 Assessment. [R. 594-2 at 6.]
Furthermore, as the Court previously determined regarding Dr. Shields’ testimony [R.
571 at 53], while Philips North America may have preferred Dr. Westerman to engage in air
dispersion analysis, “[a]n expert need not base [his] opinion on the ‘best possible evidence,’ or
the ‘most ideal scientific evidence’ in order for it to gain admissibility. Instead, the role of the
Court is to ensure that expert testimony is based upon ‘good ground, based on what is known.’”
Little Hocking Water Ass’n, Inc. v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., 90 F. Supp. 3d 746, 770
(S.D. Ohio 2015). Here, the Court finds that Dr. Westerman’s opinions are based upon “good
ground” and that Philips North America’s second argument is without merit.
3
Next, Philips North America argues that Dr. Westerman’s failure to consider lead data
from an EPA study that conducted “urban background study in Kentucky” renders unreliable his
8

opinion that the facility was the source of the lead. [R. 594-1 at 13.] Philips North America
argues that Dr. Westerman should not have minimized the EPA study, which found the average
background for lead in Lexington is 410 ppm and for Louisville is 638 ppm. Id. Furthermore,
Philips North America argues that Dr. Westerman failed to conduct “any independent analysis of
other potential sources of lead in the Danville area.” Id. at 14.
In response, Modern Holdings argues that Dr. Westerman properly discounted the EPA
study because it was incomplete and unreliable. [R. 632 at 25.] Furthermore, Modern Holdings
argues that Dr. Westerman did address other potential sources of lead in the Danville area and
discounted each one. Id. at 12–13.
After review, the Court agrees with Modern Holdings. As discussed supra, the 2004
Assessment provides an appropriate baseline against which to measure sites that are undergoing
an environmental assessment. Dr. Westerman testified that while he did not have an opinion one
way or the other as to the EPA study’s reliability, he expressed concern that it “hasn’t been
published as a complete study yet,” and the sampling criteria used in the EPA study was
“unusual.” [R. 594-4 at 53, 55.] Philips North America is free to disagree with Dr. Westerman’s
testimony and opinions as to his chosen criteria. However, “any criticism of the expert
appraiser’s chosen approach goes to the weight of [his] testimony and not admissibility, and thus
is a proper matter for cross-examination” rather than exclusion. Powell v. Tosh, 942 F. Supp. 2d
678, 691 (W.D. Ky. 2013) (quoting Smith v. Carbide & Chems. Corp., 2009 WL 5184342, at *2
(W.D. Ky. Dec. 22, 2009)).
Furthermore, it is clear that the parties’ experts disagree about the extent to which other
potential sources of lead may have contributed to the lead levels on the Plaintiffs’ properties. Dr.
Shields determined that lead levels on the Plaintiffs’ properties were “more likely affected by
9

alternative sources, such as lead paint, vehicle emissions, coal combustion, and pesticide use,
than by emissions from the Facility.” [R. 594-8 at 9.] Dr. Shields stated that she developed her
findings “to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty” after visiting the site and the Plaintiffs’
properties, reviewing relevant case documents including the affidavit of Plaintiffs’ expert
Maurice Lloyd, and evaluating site investigation reports, maps, photographs, and certain legal
documents. Id. at 8, 14. Dr. Westerman, on the other hand, “considered several possible
alternative sources of the elevated levels of lead” in the soil of Plaintiffs’ properties including
lead-based paint, vehicle emissions, coal ash, and fertilizers and pesticides, and determined that
“they are not the source of the elevated levels of lead.” [R. 594-2 at 15–17.] Dr. Westerman
explained that “[h]istoric alternate sources of contaminants can be discounted due to their
inclusion in the 2004 Assessment background data or Danville area background data, and he
looked to authoritative sources to support his claims. Id. Again, to the extent Philips North
America wishes to probe into Dr. Westerman’s chosen approach, they can do so on crossexamination. Powell, 942 F. Supp. 2d at 691. Accordingly, Philips North America’s third
argument fails.
4
Finally, Philips North America argues that Dr. Westerman’s opinions “constitute
improper vouching for Lloyd.” [R. 594-1 at 15.] Philips North America argues that when Dr.
Westerman replaced Dr. Lloyd as the Plaintiffs’ expert witness responsible for “determin[ing]
the magnitude of impact by the chemicals of concern generated at the Facility that have migrated
off-Site” [R. 594-2 at 3], Dr. Westerman impermissibly adopted Dr. Lloyd’s expert opinions
wholesale. [R. 594-1 at 15 (citing Siegel v. Fisher & Paykel Appliances Holdings Ltd., 2010 WL
4174629, at *2 (W.D. Ky. Oct. 19, 2010)).] Philips North America argues that Dr. Westerman
10

“repeatedly acknowledged that opinions contained in his report were simply taken from Lloyd’s
reports without any independent verification.” Id.
In response, Modern Holdings argues that an expert’s testimony “may be formulated by
the use of the facts, data and conclusions of other experts.” [R. 632 at 22 (quoting Asad v. Cont’l
Airlines, Inc., 314 F. Supp. 2d 726, 740 (N.D. Ohio 2004)).] Furthermore, Modern Holdings
argues, an expert may “rely on evidence that is otherwise inadmissible in forming his opinion, if
it is the type that is reasonably relied on by experts in that field.” Id. (quoting Bush v. Michelin
Tire Corp., 963 F. Supp. 1436, 1446 (6th Cir. 1996)).
While it is true that one expert may not simply “adopt another expert’s opinions
wholesale,” Siegel, 2010 WL 4174629, at *2, it is firmly established under Rule 703 that an
expert’s testimony may be formed using the conclusions and opinions of other experts. See, e.g.,
In re Davol, Inc., 546 F. Supp. 3d 666, 676 (S.D. Ohio 2021) (“An expert is able to base an
opinion on another expert witness for a point of expert knowledge not personally possessed.”);
Jackson v. E-Z-GO Division of Textron, Inc., 326 F. Sup. 3d 375, 396 (W.D. Ky. 2018) (finding
under Rule 703 “an expert’s testimony may be formulated by the use of the facts, data and
conclusions of other experts”); United States v. Roberts, 830 F. Supp. 2d 372, 383 (M.D. Tenn.
2011) (finding “experts may rely on data from others, at least to the extent that the data is of the
type reasonably relied on by other experts in the field”).
Here, the Court finds that Dr. Westerman did more than merely parrot back the findings
of Dr. Lloyd. Dr. Westerman crafted his opinion based not only on the materials, sampling
results, and reports of Dr. Lloyd but also on his own “independent knowledge of the history of
the site and the records relating to that same, and [his] own knowledge and experience.” [R.
594-2 at 4.] Specifically, Dr. Westerman “reviewed documents relating to the history of the Site,
11

the general vicinity characteristics, operational history, previous on-site and off-site
investigations, regulatory review, Lloyd’s soil sampling results, Lloyd’s on-site dust
sampling…that he conducted off-site, studies involving similar sources of air pollution, and wind
rose data for the Danville area.” Id. As the Court discussed in its March 9, 2022, Memorandum
Opinion and Order, both sides have proffered experts that rely heavily on the opinions of other
experts in crafting their own opinions. [R. 571 at 3–34.] The Court finds that Dr. Westerman ‘s
expert report does not constitute impermissible vouching, and Philips North America’s argument
is without merit. Accordingly, the Court will deny Philips North America’s Motion to Exclude
the Expert Opinions of Dr. Westerman.
B
Philips North America also filed a Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment following
the testimony of Dr. Westerman. [R. 595.] Summary judgment is appropriate when the
pleadings, discovery materials, and other documents in the record show “that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323–25 (1986). “A genuine dispute
exists on a material fact, and thus summary judgment is improper, if the evidence shows ‘that a
reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.’” Olinger v. Corp. of the Pres. of
the Church, 521 F. Supp. 2d 577, 582 (E.D. Ky. 2007) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986)). The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the basis
for its motion and identifying those parts of the record that establish the absence of a genuine
issue of material fact. Chao v. Hall Holding Co., Inc., 285 F.3d 415, 424 (6th Cir. 2002). The
movant may satisfy its burden by showing “that there is an absence of evidence to support the
non-moving party’s case.” Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 325. Once the movant has satisfied this
12

burden, the non-moving party must go beyond the pleadings and come forward with specific
facts demonstrating there is a genuine issue in dispute. Hall Holding, 285 F.3d at 424 (citing
Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 324).
The Court then must determine “whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement
to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a
matter of law.” Booker v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Co., 879 F.2d 1304, 1310 (6th Cir.
1989) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 251–52). In making this determination, the Court must
review the facts and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Logan v.
Denny’s, Inc., 259 F.3d 558, 566 (6th Cir. 2001).
1
Philips North America filed this Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment less than two
months before trial, without leave of the Court, and long after the July 15, 2021, dispositive
motions deadline had expired. While this motion pertains to a replacement expert that only
submitted his report on April 18, 2022, Philips North America failed to request leave to file a late
motion for summary judgment. The initial scheduling order in this matter stated that “[r]equests
to modify any dates or deadlines established by this order shall be submitted upon motion filed
prior to expiration of the deadline in question, and upon showing of good cause beyond the
control of counsel in the exercise of due diligence.” [R. 124 at 8 (citing L.R. 7.1(b)).] Failure to
follow the scheduling order is itself a sufficient reason to deny Philips North America’s motion.
See Perrotte v. Johnson, 2020 WL 8678304, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 18, 2020) (finding “motions
filed after the deadlines set in the scheduling order are untimely and may be denied solely on this
ground”) (citing Johnson v. Mammoth Recreations, Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 609 (9th Cir. 1992));
Glass v. Fields, 2012 WL 3528048, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 14, 2012) (denying motion for
13

summary judgment filed “after the dispositive deadline had passed” because “Plaintiff did not
file a motion to amend the dispositive motion deadline or seek leave to file a late motion for
summary judgment”); see also Century Indemnity Co. v. Begley Co., 323 F.R.D. 237, 240 (E.D.
Ky. 2018) (“A scheduling order maintains orderly proceedings and is ‘not a frivolous piece of
paper, idly entered, which can be cavalierly disregarded … without peril.’”) (quoting Birge v.
Dollar Gen. Corp., 2006 WL 133480, at *1 (W.D. Tenn. Jan. 12, 2006)). However, as discussed
infra, the motion also fails on the merits.
2
Philips North America argues that Dr. Westerman’s expert opinion “merely concludes
that the Facility is the source of lead on Plaintiffs’ properties” and fails to opine on the amount of
lead Philips specifically contributed. [R. 595-1 at 3.] Therefore, Philips North America argues,
Dr. Westerman has failed to prove causation and summary judgment is appropriate. Id. at 5.
In response, Modern Holdings argues that only two things have changed since this Court
previously found that Plaintiffs had “presented sufficient evidence of causation to present their
claims to the jury:” (1) Plaintiffs reached a global settlement with Defendant Corning, Inc.; and
(2) Plaintiffs substituted Dr. Westerman as their environmental expert after the passing of
Maurice Lloyd. [R. 633 at 1.] Specifically, Modern Holdings argues that (1) the evidence
demonstrates that Philips North America’s actions were a substantial factor in causing damage to
the Plaintiffs’ properties; (2) joint and several liability applies here because successive
tortfeasors caused an indivisible harm; and (3) alternatively, at trial, Philips will have to prove
Corning Inc.’s negligence to be entitled to an apportionment instruction. [R. 633 at 7–19.]
After review, the Court finds that Modern Holdings has sufficiently supported the
causation element. First, Modern Holdings is correct that the Court has already determined that
14

the issue of causation should go to the jury. [R. 576 at 14–15.] Furthermore, as discussed supra,
to establish causation, “Plaintiffs must have proof that the levels of [lead] on their property now
are greater than background levels in order to conclude that through its negligence Defendant
deposited the [lead] on Plaintiffs’ properties.” Mercer, 24 F. Supp. 2d at 751. Through expert
testimony examining soil samples and comparing the samples against the 2004 Assessment (it is
undisputed that Philips North America, and not Corning, Inc. was operating the facility in 2004),
the Court finds that Modern Holdings has proffered proof that the lead levels on the Plaintiffs’
properties are greater than background levels, and that this case should go to the jury.
Less than two months before this matter is scheduled to go to trial, and after this litigation
has been pending for eight and a half years, it appears that Philips North America is attempting
to leverage the death of one of Modern Holdings’ experts and the eleventh-hour settlement of its
co-defendant Corning, Inc. to raise this novel argument. 3 However, the Court agrees with
Philips North America that Modern Holdings must “carry its burden” of proving its case before
addressing the issue of apportionment between Corning, Inc. and Philips North America. [R.
635 at 3–4]; see also Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Parrish, 58 S.W.3d 467, 472 n.5 (Ky.
2001) (finding “[f]ault may not be properly allocated to a party, a dismissed party or settling
nonparty unless the court or the jury first finds that the party was at fault”). Therefore, the Court
need not address the issue of apportionment at this time.

Counsel for Corning, Inc. appeared at the Final Pretrial Conference in this matter and still, approximately two weeks
before trial, has not filed notice of settlement in this matter and has not officially be terminated as a party.

3

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III
Accordingly, and the Court being sufficiently advised, it is hereby ORDERED as
follows:
1. Defendant Philips North America’s Motion to Exclude the Opinions of Dr. Albert
Westerman [R. 594] is DENIED; and
2. Defendant Philips North America’s Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment [R. 595] is
DENIED.
This the 22d day of July, 2022.

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