Metropolitan Direct Property and Casualty Insurance Company v. Farmer
Filing
37
OPINION & ORDER: (1) DENYING Metropolitan's 29 FIRST MOTION for Summary Judgment; (2) DENYING AS MOOT Farmer's 34 MOTION for Extension of Time to Complete Discovery. Signed by Judge Karen K. Caldwell on 7/29/19.(KJR)cc: COR
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
CENTRAL DIVISION
AT LEXINGTON
METROPOLITAN DIRECT PROPERTY
AND CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY,
CIVIL NO. 5:17-CV-40-KKC
Plaintiff,
V.
OPINION AND ORDER
LARRY FARMER,
Defendant.
*** *** ***
This matter is before the Court on Metropolitan Direct Property and Casualty Insurance
Company’s (“Metropolitan”) Motion for Summary Judgment. (DE 29.) For the reasons set forth
below, Metropolitan’s Motion for Summary Judgment (DE 29) is DENIED. Larry Farmer has
also filed a Motion Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d) for Additional Time to Take Discovery (DE 34).
Based on the analysis below, that Motion (DE 34) is DENIED AS MOOT.
I. BACKGROUND
Larry Farmer claims that on October 1, 2015, he was hit by a car while walking near a
Kroger in Lexington, Kentucky. (DE 33 at 2.) Farmer asserts he tried to avoid being run over
by bracing himself against the front of the vehicle. (DE 29-2 at 9.) He landed on the hood and
banged on it to get the driver’s attention. (DE 29-1 at 2.) The driver stopped and spoke with
Farmer following the incident. (DE 33 at 2.) However, Farmer did not exchange information
with the driver, and the driver remains unidentified. (DE 33 at 3.) Farmer claims that he did
not realize he was injured at the accident scene, but that he told co-workers about the accident
and subsequent shoulder pain in the following days. (DE 33 at 2-3.)
Several weeks later, on November 16, 2015, Farmer went to his family physician for a threemonth check-up. (DE 29-10 at 1.) During that visit, Farmer informed his doctor about the
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accident and subsequent shoulder pain. (See DE 29-10 at 1.) Farmer was referred to a physical
therapist for treatment. (DE 29-10 at 5.) Farmer failed physical therapy and had an MRI in
March 2016, which revealed a massive tear in his rotator cuff. (DE 33 at 3.) In April 2016,
Farmer was informed that he would need surgery to repair his rotator cuff, and in May 2016,
Farmer underwent surgical repair. (DE 33 at 3.)
At the time of the alleged incident, Farmer was insured by Metropolitan under a policy that
included uninsured motorist benefits and basic reparation benefits (“BRB”). (See DE 1 at 2.)
Farmer never reported the accident to the police, and he did not report the incident to
Metropolitan until almost seven months after the accident. (DE 33 at 4.)
When Farmer reported the incident to Metropolitan, he asserted a claim for uninsured
motorist benefits, which was denied because the incident was neither reported to the police
within twenty-four hours nor reported to Metropolitan within thirty days. (State Court Compl.
DE 12-2 at ¶ 13.) Metropolitan relied on the notice provision pertaining to hit and run accidents
in denying his request. (See 29-6 at 13.)
Metropolitan filed this action under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 57 and 28 U.S.C. § 2201
seeking a declaratory judgement regarding its obligation to Farmer under his insurance policy.
(DE 1 at 1.) Thereafter, Farmer filed an action in Fayette Circuit Court seeking a declaratory
judgment that the subject-insurance contract was in full effect and available to pay any
judgment rendered. (State Court Compl. DE 12-2 at ¶ 2.)
Metropolitan now moves for summary judgment asserting that Farmer is not eligible for
coverage under the insurance policy because he failed to comply with the notice requirements
of his insurance contract, and as a result, Metropolitan suffered substantial prejudice. (DE 291 at 3.) Farmer’s policy provides multiple notice provisions potentially applicable to the present
case. First, Farmer’s policy provides that if an accident or loss occurs, “[y]ou or someone on your
behalf must notify us as soon as possible of any accident or loss.” (DE 29-6 at 23.) This
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overarching-notice provision applies to all accidents and losses. Second, the policy’s coverage
for hit and run accidents under the uninsured motorist benefits section requires that the
accident be reported to a law enforcement within twenty-four (24) hours and Metropolitan
within thirty (30) days of the accident. (DE 29-6 at 13.) Third, coverage under the BRB section
requires that notice of claims must be given “as soon as practicable.” (DE 29-6 at 34.)
Metropolitan asserts that Farmer failed to provide timely notice under all notice provisions
in his insurance policy, and as a result, it has suffered substantial prejudice. (DE 29-1 at 3.)
Farmer asserts that (1) the notice provision applicable to hit and run accidents does not apply
because the subject-accident was not a “hit and run;” (2) Metropolitan did not meet its burden
in showing substantial prejudice; and (3) Metropolitan has failed to show the absence of a
material fact concerning its alleged prejudice. (DE 33.) The Court considers the parties’
arguments below.
II. ANALYSIS
Summary judgment is appropriate where the “movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party bears the initial burden and must identify “those portions of
the pleadings . . . which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.”
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986) (internal citations omitted). Once the movant
meets the initial burden, the opposing party “must set forth specific facts showing that there is
a genuine issue for trial.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e). “The evidence, all facts, and any inferences that
may permissibly be drawn from the facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party.” Combs v. Meijer, Inc., No. 5:12-CV-209-KSF, 2012 WL 3962383, at *2 (E.D.
Ky. Sept. 10, 2012) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574,
587 (1986)).
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It is undisputed that the subject-insurance policy is governed by Kentucky law. (See DE 291 at 4; DE 33 at 5.) Under Kentucky law, “the construction and legal effect of an insurance
contract is a matter of law for the court.” Bituminous Cas. Corp. v. Kenway Contracting, Inc.,
240 S.W. 3d 633, 638 (Ky. 2007).
Farmer has made a claim for two types of benefits under different sections of his insurance
policy: (1) Uninsured Motorist (“UM”) benefits (see DE 29-6 at 12); and (2) Basic Reparation
Benefits (“BRB”) (see DE 29-6 at 30). The Court construes the policy below and determines that
parts of both sections are applicable. The Court finds that Farmer has not complied with the
required notice provisions in his insurance policy. However, there is a genuine issue of material
fact regarding whether Metropolitan was substantially prejudiced by the delay of notice.
A. Uninsured Motorist Benefits.
Farmer is eligible for UM benefits under the subject-insurance policy based on the “hit and
run definition” of “uninsured motor vehicle.” Farmer’s insurance policy provides:
We will pay damages for bodily injury sustained by:
1. you or a relative, caused by an accident arising out of the ownership, maintenance,
or use of an uninsured motor vehicle, which you or a relative are legally entitled to
collect from the owner or driver of an uninsured motor vehicle; or
2. any other person caused by an accident while occupying a covered automobile, who is
legally entitled to collect from the owner or driver of an uninsured motor vehicle.
We will also pay damages to any person for damages that person is entitled to recover
because of bodily injury sustained by anyone described in 1. or 2. above.
(DE 29-6 at 13-14.)
The policy further provides four possible definitions for “uninsured motor vehicle:”
1. a motor vehicle for which, at the time of the accident, there is no insurance policy or
other financial security applicable to the owner, or operator, or any other liable
person or organization.
2. a motor vehicle which has a bodily injury liability bond or insurance policy in effect
at the time of the accident, but the amount of bodily injury coverage under such bond
or insurance policy is less than the minimum financial security requirements of the
state in which the covered automobile is principally garaged.
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3. a motor vehicle which has a bodily injury liability bond or insurance policy in effect
at the time of the accident, but the company writing such bond or policy denies
coverage, or is or becomes insolvent.
4. a hit and run motor vehicle which causes bodily injury to a person covered under this
section as the result of striking that person or a motor vehicle which that person is
occupying at the time of the accident, if:
a. the identity of the driver and the owner of the hit and run vehicle is unknown;
b. the accident is reported within 24 hours to a police officer, a peace or judicial
officer, or the Commissioner or Director of Motor Vehicles;
c. the injured person or someone on their behalf files with us within 30 days of
the accident a statement under oath that the injured person or their legal
representative has a cause of action due to the accident for damages against
someone whose identity is unknown; and
d. the injured person or their legal representative makes available for inspection
by us, when requested, the motor vehicle occupied by that person at the time
of the accident.
(DE 29-6 at 12-13.)
Metropolitan asserts that only definition “4.” (the “hit and run definition”) of “uninsured
motor vehicle” is applicable to the facts of this case. (DE 29-1 at 6.) Farmer asserts that the “hit
and run” definition of uninsured motor vehicle is not applicable, and instead this case fits under
definition “1.” (DE 33 at 7.) The Court construes the policy below and finds that the at-fault
driver who struck Farmer only fits under the “hit and run definition” of “uninsured motor
vehicle.”
1. The “hit and run definition” of “uninsured motor vehicle” applies to the
facts of this case.
Under the “hit and run definition” the policy states that an uninsured motor vehicle includes
“a hit and run vehicle that causes bodily injury…as the result of striking that person.” (DE 296 at 13.) The policy then conditions that definition by stating that it only applies: (a) if the
identity of the driver is unknown; (b) if the accident is reported to law enforcement within
twenty-four (24) hours; (c) if the accident is reported to Metropolitan within thirty (30) days; (d)
if the injured person makes available for inspection, the motor vehicle occupied by that person
at the time of the accident. (DE 29-6 at 13.) Even though the policy provides certain conditions
for coverage to apply, it does not otherwise define “hit and run.”
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i.
The policy’s use of the phrase “hit and run” is ambiguous, and
consequently, the Court construes it in favor of coverage.
When a term is not defined by the insurance policy, it is afforded its ordinary meaning, if
that meaning is not ambiguous. Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Motorists Mut. Ins. Co., 306 S.W.3d 69,
73 (Ky. 2010), as corrected (July 19, 2011). When a term in an insurance policy is fairly
susceptible to two different constructions, such that “reasonably intelligent men would honestly
differ as to the meaning thereof,” the term is ambiguous. Gill v. Fid. Phenix Fire Ins. Co., 5 F.
Supp. 1, 3 (E.D. Ky. 1933). An ambiguous term in an insurance policy shall be liberally
construed in favor of coverage. See Dowell v. Safe Auto Ins. Co., 208 S.W.3d 872, 878 (Ky. 2006);
Gager v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., No. 4:14-CV-00036-JHM, 2015 WL 1438259, at *3 (W.D. Ky. Mar.
27, 2015).
Farmer asserts that since the phrase “hit and run” is not ambiguous and not otherwise
defined by the policy, it should be afforded its ordinary meaning. (DE 33 at 7.) Farmer contends
that the common understanding of the phrase “hit and run” refers to a vehicle that has left the
scene of the accident without stopping. (DE 33 at 7.) Farmer uses Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary (10th Ed.) to support his assertion, which defines “hit and run” as “being or involving
a motor-vehicle driver who does not stop after being involved in an accident.”
Metropolitan argues that the policy provides “clarification” of the meaning of “hit and run.”
Metropolitan asserts:
the policy clearly states that an uninsured motor vehicle includes a ‘hit and run motor
vehicle which causes bodily injury to a person covered…as a result of striking that
person’ if ‘the identity of the driver and the owner of the hit and run vehicle is unknown’
and other conditions are satisfied, including the reporting of the accident to police.
(DE 36 at 3.)
Metropolitan further argues that the policy does not require that a person “leave the scene
without stopping.” (DE 36 at 3.) Although Metropolitan’s argument is that the policy does
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sufficiently define “hit and run,” Metropolitan and Farmer ultimately disagree over the meaning
of the phrase “hit and run.”
Courts across the United States also disagree on the meaning of the phrase “hit and run.”
Some courts have determined that the phrase “hit and run” encompasses an accident where the
at-fault operator does not immediately flee the scene, but nevertheless leaves the accident
without being identified. See, e.g., Grimmett v. Farmers Ins. Exch., No. 321492, 2015 WL
5826821, at *1 (Mich. Ct. App. Oct. 6, 2015) (“[F]or purposes of the policy, a “hit-and-run”
accident does not just encompass an accident where the other motorist immediately flees the
scene—it also includes accidents where the other driver does not immediately flee the scene, but
nonetheless fails to provide his contact and identification information to the policy holder or the
authorities after the accident occurs.”); Wilson v. Progressive N. Ins. Co., 868 A.2d 268, 275 (N.H.
2005); Zarder v. Humana Ins. Co., 782 N.W.2d 682, 692 (Wis. 2010). Some courts agree, but
only where the injured individual does not know of any injury at the time of the accident. See,
e.g., Pilgrim Ins. Co. v. Molard, 897 N.E.2d 1231, 1239 (Mass. App. Ct. 2008); Riemenschneider
v. Motor Vehicle Acc. Indemnification Corp., 232 N.E.2d 630, 632 (N.Y. 1967) (“An injured person
who is not aware of his injury until it is too late to take steps to make the necessary identification
is in precisely the same situation of deprivation of remedy as he would be if he knew he was
hurt but the other driver left the scene without opportunity to identify him.”) Some courts
additionally consider whether the injured person made reasonable attempts to identify and
locate the offender. See Jones v. Unsatisfied Claim & Judgment Fund Bd., 273 A.2d 418, 421
(Md. 1971). Other courts require that the driver flee the scene post-accident for the accident to
be considered a “hit and run.” See, e.g., Sylvestre v. United Servs. Auto. Ass'n Cas. Ins. Co., 678
A.2d 1005, 1008 (Conn. App. Ct. 1996), aff'd, 692 A.2d 1254 (Conn. 1997) (“Because the driver
of the vehicle that struck the plaintiff stopped to render assistance and because the plaintiff
affirmatively acted to dismiss the driver from the scene of the accident, we conclude that the
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plaintiff was not struck by a hit and run vehicle.”); Kasid v. Country Mut. Ins. Co., 776 N.W.2d
181, 187 (Minn. Ct. App. 2009) (“[A]ppellant failed to show that he was involved in a hit-andrun accident because Doe did not flee the scene after the accident. Doe got out of her vehicle
after she rear-ended the vehicle in which appellant was a passenger. She did not attempt to
conceal her identity.”); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Seaman, 980 P.2d 288, 290 (Wash. Ct.
App. 1999) (“[T]he definition of hit-and-run does not include a situation where a driver stops,
inquires, and is reassured that there is neither personal injury nor property damage.”).
The jurisdictional split among courts confirms that the phrase “hit and run” is susceptible
to two different, reasonable constructions. Given the foregoing and considering that the parties
ultimately disagree on the meaning of that phrase “hit and run,” the Court finds that “hit and
run,” as used in the Farmer’s insurance policy, is ambiguous.
Because “hit and run” is
ambiguous, the Court construes it in favor of finding coverage for the insured. See Dowell, 208
S.W.3d at 878.; Gager, 2015 WL 1438259 at *3. Accordingly, the notice provision under the “hit
and run definition” of “uninsured motor vehicle” is applicable to the present case.
ii.
Farmer did not comply with the notice requirements for “hit and
run” accidents.
Farmer failed to comply with the notice provision provided under the “hit and run definition”
of “uninsured motor vehicle.” The policy provides that hit and run accidents must be “reported
to a police officer, a peace or judicial officer, or the Commissioner or Director of Motor Vehicles”
within twenty-four (24) hours of the accident and reported to Metropolitan within thirty (30)
days of the accident. (DE 29-6 at 13.) It is undisputed that Farmer did neither.
Whether an insured party gave timely notice is typically a question of fact. S. Fifth Towers,
LLC v. Aspen Ins. UK, Ltd., 763 F. App'x 401, 408 (6th Cir. 2019). However, where the facts are
undisputed and they unequivocally reveal that the insured did not comply with the notice
requirements, the issue is appropriate for summary judgment. See id.
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Farmer did not report the accident to law enforcement within twenty-four (24) hours. In
fact, Farmer admitted that he never reported the accident to law enforcement. (DE 29-2 at 9.)
Farmer also did not report the accident to Metropolitan within thirty (30) days. (See DE 29-2
at 12; DE 29-3.)
Metropolitan asserts that it was not notified of Farmer’s claim until May 12, 2016, when it
received a letter from Farmer’s attorney, Frank Jenkins. (DE 29-1 at 2-3.) The letter from
Jenkins was dated April 26, 2016. (DE 29-3 at 1.) Farmer testified that he did not notify
Metropolitan of the accident at all in 2015. (DE 29-2 at 12.) He additionally stated that Jenkins
was the first person to contact Metropolitan regarding a claim under his insurance policy around
May 2016. (See DE 29-2 at 12.) Accordingly, Farmer did not notify Metropolitan of any claim
under his insurance policy until approximately seven months after the accident.
The undisputed evidence clearly establishes that Farmer did not report the accident to police
within twenty-four (24) hours or Metropolitan within thirty (30) days. The issue is, therefore,
appropriate for summary judgement.
See S. Fifth Towers, LLC., 763 F. App’x at 408.
Accordingly, the Court finds that Farmer failed to comply with his policy’s notice provisions for
hit and run accidents, as required for UM benefits.
2. The other definitions of “uninsured motor vehicle” listed in the policy do
not apply to this case.
In addition to the “hit and run definition,” the policy provides three other possible definitions
of “uninsured motor vehicle:”
1. a motor vehicle for which, at the time of the accident, there is no insurance policy or
other financial security applicable to the owner, or operator, or any other liable
person or organization.
2. a motor vehicle which has a bodily injury liability bond or insurance policy in effect
at the time of the accident, but the amount of bodily injury coverage under such bond
or insurance policy is less than the minimum financial security requirements of the
state in which the covered automobile is principally garaged.
3. a motor vehicle which has a bodily injury liability bond or insurance policy in effect
at the time of the accident, but the company writing such bond or policy denies
coverage, or is or becomes insolvent.
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(DE 29-6 at 12-13.)
The parties agree that “uninsured motor vehicle” definitions “2.” and “3.” do not apply to the
facts of this case. (See DE 29-1 at 6; DE 33 at 7.) However, Farmer asserts that the vehicle that
hit him falls into definition “1.” of uninsured motor vehicle. (DE 33 at 7.) The Court disagrees.
Definition “1.” provides that an “uninsured motor vehicle” includes a “motor vehicle for
which, at the time of the accident, there is no insurance policy or other financial security
applicable to the owner, or operator, or any other liable person or organization.” (DE 29-6 at
12.) Farmer, in asserting that definition “1.” is applicable, relies on Dowell v. Safe Auto Ins. Co.
(DE 33 at 7.)
In Dowell, the Kentucky Supreme Court considered a claim for coverage under an insurance
policy’s uninsured motorist benefits section. 208 S.W.3d at 873. The central issue was whether
Safe Auto, the insurance provider, was required to provide uninsured motorist benefits to the
insured, whose vehicle was hit by a driver who concealed his identity and fled the scene of the
accident. Id. The plaintiff’s policy provided uninsured motorist benefits but did not explicitly
provide benefits for hit and run accidents. Id. at 875-76. Litigation ensued over whether hit
and run accidents were covered by one of the policy’s definitions for “uninsured motor vehicle.”
Id. at 874-75. Specifically, the parties disputed over whether the accident-causing-vehicle
qualified as an “uninsured motor vehicle” for purposes of the policy. Id. at 876. The policy
provided that “uninsured motor vehicle” included “a land or motor vehicle or trailer of any
type…to which no bodily injury liability bond or policy applies at the time of the accident.” Id.
In construing the insurance policy, the Kentucky Supreme Court first considered Kentucky’s
statutory requirements for uninsured motorist coverage under KRS § 304.20-020. Id. Under
that statute, “uninsured motor vehicle” is not explicitly defined. See Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. §
304.20-020. However, the statute articulates three instances where an insured motor vehicle is
deemed uninsured for purposes of the statute:
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(1) where the liability insurer thereof is unable to make payment with respect to the
legal liability of its insured within the limits specified therein because of insolvency;
(2) an insured motor vehicle with respect to which the amounts provided, under the
bodily injury liability bond or insurance policy applicable at the time of the accident
with respect to any person or organization legally responsible for the use of such
motor vehicle, are less than the limits described in KRS 304.39-110; and (3) an
insured motor vehicle to the extent that the amounts provided in the liability
coverage applicable at the time of the accident is denied by the insurer writing the
same.
Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 304.20-020(2).
The Kentucky Supreme Court noted that KRS § 304.20-020 did not require insurance
companies to provide coverage for hit and run vehicles. Dowell, 208 S.W.3d at 876. The Court
also noted that insurance companies were at liberty to define “uninsured motor vehicle” in their
policies so long as they provided the minimum coverage required by KRS § 304.20-020. Id.
The Kentucky Supreme Court then considered whether the accident-causing-vehicle was an
“uninsured motor vehicle” for purposes of the policy. Safe Auto argued that when it defined
“uninsured motor vehicle” in its policy, “it purposefully and unambiguously left out ‘hit and run’
vehicles.” Id. The Court turned to the language used in the policy and considered it in light of
the requirements under KRS § 304.20-020. The policy provided that an uninsured motor vehicle
included motor vehicles “to which no bodily injury liability or policy applies at the time of the
accident.” Id. Safe Auto asserted that this defines the “most basic instance where UM coverage
is afforded i.e., when the tortfeasor does not have liability insurance.” Id. It further argued that
the policy only extended uninsured motorist coverage to the extent mandated by KRS § 304.20020. Id.
The Court rejected Safe Auto’s argument on the basis that the policy included a definition
for uninsured motor vehicle—a motor vehicle to which no bodily injury liability or policy applies
at the time of the accident—that was not mandated by KRS § 304.20-020. Id. Thereafter, the
Court analyzed the language of that definition to determine whether the accident-causingvehicle was an “uninsured motor vehicle” under the insured’s policy. Id.
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The insured argued that since the word “applies” was not defined by the policy, it should be
afforded its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. at 876-77. “Applies” was defined as “to make use
of as suitable fitting or relevant … to put to use especially for some practical purpose … to bring
into action.” Id. at 877. The insured argued “that under the plain and ordinary meaning of
‘applies,’ no liability policy was ‘put to use’ or was brought ‘into action,’ nor could it have been,
because the tortfeasor concealed himself and his motor vehicle.” Id. The insured further
asserted, “no liability insurance, if any there was, of the tortfeasor was ‘relevant,’ because no
insurance policy ‘related to the matter at hand.’” Id.
The Court concluded that the policy’s use of “applies” was ambiguous because the ordinary
“meaning of that word fail[ed] to satisfy the purpose for which Safe Auto [sought] to use it.” Id.
The Court stated “[p]ractically speaking, when an unidentified negligent motorist causes bodily
injury and thereafter conceals himself, no liability insurance applies.” Id. Because the term
“applies” was ambiguous, the Court found that it should be given the meaning favoring coverage.
Id. at 878. Since the hit and run driver could not be located, no insurance policy “applied” at
the time of the accident. Id.
The facts of the present case differ from those in Dowell. Most significantly, the subjectpolicy here contains a “hit and run definition” of “uninsured motor vehicle.” (DE 29-6 at 13.)
Additionally, Metropolitan’s position is different from the insurance provider in Dowell. In
Dowell the insurance provider was attempting to deny uninsured motorist coverage altogether
since the policy did not explicitly provide coverage for “hit and run” vehicles under the uninsured
motorist section. See Dowell, 208 S.W.3d at 876. Here, Metropolitan is asserting that the policy
actually does provide coverage for the subject-accident, but that coverage is precluded based on
lack of compliance with relevant notice provisions, which prejudiced Metropolitan. (See DE 291.) Because Dowell was decided under an entirely different framework than presented by the
facts of the present case, the Court finds that it is not applicable in this context. Consequently,
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Farmer may only seek UM benefits based on the “hit and run definition” of “uninsured motor
vehicle.”
B. Basic Reparation Benefits.
Farmer’s policy also includes Basic Personal Injury Protection Coverage. Farmer has made
a claim for BRB under this section. The policy provides:
We will pay, in accordance with the Kentucky Motor Vehicle Reparations Act, personal
injury protection benefits for:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
medical expense;
work loss;
replacement services loss;
survivor’s economic loss;
survivor’s replacement services loss; and
funeral expense
incurred with respect to bodily injury sustained by an eligible injured person and
caused by an accident arising out of the operation, maintenance or use of a motor
vehicle as a vehicle.
(DE 29-6 at 31.)
The policy defines “eligible injured person” as “a named insured … who sustains bodily
injury while occupying or while a pedestrian through being struck by any motor vehicle.” (DE
29-6 at 30.) Farmer is an “eligible injured person” because he was a named insured who
sustained bodily injury while a pedestrian through being struck by a motor vehicle. (DE 1 at 2.)
1. Farmer did not comply with the notice requirements for BRB.
Farmer failed to comply with the notice requirements for BRB. Coverage under this section
of the policy is subject to certain “conditions.” (See DE 29-6 at 34.) Under Subsection B of the
conditions, “Notice,” the policy provides:
[i]n the event of an accident, written notice containing particulars sufficient to identify
the eligible injured person, and also reasonably obtain information respecting the time,
place and circumstances of the accident shall be given by or on behalf of each eligible
injured person to the company or any of its authorized agents as soon a [sic] practicable.
(DE 29-6 at 34.)
In addition, Subsection C, “Medical Reports; Proof of Claim,” provides:
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[a]s soon as practicable, the eligible injured person or someone on his behalf shall give
to the company written proof of claim, under oath, if required, including full particulars
of the nature and extent of the bodily injury, treatment and rehabilitation received and
contemplated, and such other information as may assist the company in determining
the amount due and payable.
(DE 29-6 at 34.)
Whether an insured party gave timely notice is typically a question of fact. S. Fifth Towers,
LLC, 763 F. App'x at 408. However, where the facts are undisputed and they unequivocally
reveal that the insured did not comply with the notice requirements, the issue is appropriate for
summary judgment. See id. Under Kentucky law, a provision requiring that notice be given “as
soon as practicable” requires that notice be given within a “reasonable time.” Travelers Ins. Co.
v. Ohio Farmers Indem. Co., 157 F. Supp. 54, 60 (W.D. Ky. 1957), aff'd, 262 F.2d 132 (6th Cir.
1958). Whether the notice was given within a reasonable time depends on the facts and
circumstances of each case. Id.
Here, the facts are undisputed, and they unequivocally reveal that Farmer did not comply
with the notice requirements for BRB. Accordingly, the issue is appropriate for summary
judgment.
Farmer’s attorney, Jenkins, first notified Metropolitan of a claim under his insurance policy
by way of letter dated April 26, 2016—nearly seven months after the subject accident. (DE 292 at 12; DE 29-3 at 1.) Under the facts specific to this case, Farmer’s notice of claim under his
policy was not given within a reasonable amount of time.
Farmer asserts that he complied with the BRB notice provision because “as soon as [he]
consulted with Frank Jenkins, Esq., Jenkins understood the existence of a [sic] UM and PIP
claim and notified Metropolitan within a few weeks.” (DE 33 at 6.) Farmer’s argument is flawed
because it assesses reasonability from the time Jenkins “understood the existence” of claims
under the insurance policy and fails to consider that Farmer knew of his injury, and the cause
thereof, several months earlier.
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Approximately six weeks after the accident, on November 16, 2015, Farmer had an
appointment with his primary care physician. (See DE 29-10.) At this appointment, Farmer
informed his physician about the accident and subsequent injury. (DE 29-10 at 1.) The medical
record from that appointment states:
Patient was hit by a car while walking outside Kroger about 5 weeks ago. He says that
the driver ran into him but did not stop. He beat on the driver’s window to get her
attention, but she continued to drive. He says that he did not seek medical attention
after the accident. He complains of persistent right shoulder and arm pain, which were
not immediately present after the accident but began a few days thereafter. He said he
started noticing significant bruising around the third or fourth day following the
accident. He says that it is difficult to brush his hair due to the pain. He says that his
right side is slightly weaker than his left at baseline, but he does not notice any
significant deficits. He just has persistent pain.
(DE 29-10 at 1.)
In addition, the medical record further shows that Farmer was “referred to physical therapy”
for his shoulder injury. (DE 29-10 at 5.) Farmer’s records indicate that he attended physical
therapy for his shoulder injury sometime in the months following the November 16, 2015
appointment. (DE 33-6 at 1.) Farmer then underwent an MRI on March 1, 2016, which revealed
a massive rotator cuff tear. (DE 33-5.) On April 7, 2016, Farmer scheduled a surgical repair for
the torn rotator cuff. (DE 33-6 at 4.) Even though Farmer received treatment for his shoulder
injury, which he attributed to the October 1, 2015 accident, notice to Metropolitan was not given
until April 26, 2016. (See DE 29-2 at 12; DE 29-3 at 1.) By that time, Farmer had known of his
injury for over five months and received treatment for it. Such delay in notice is not reasonable
under the circumstances.
Farmer testified that he did not report the incident to Metropolitan initially because he was
injured while walking and “didn’t know [his] insurance company had anything to do with it.”
(DE 29-2 at 10.) While that may be true, “the mere lack of knowledge of the contents of a written
contract for insurance cannot serve as a basis for avoiding its provisions.” Moore v. Globe Am.
Cas. Co., 208 S.W.3d 868, 870 (Ky. 2006). Farmer’s policy clearly and unambiguously provides
15
that Farmer is an “eligible injured person” under the policy. Farmer was a named insured who
sustained bodily injury while a pedestrian through being struck by a motor vehicle. A simple,
cursory reading of the policy would have informed Farmer that he had coverage under his
insurance policy for the subject-accident. Accordingly, the Court will not consider Farmer’s lack
of knowledge in assessing whether notice was given to Metropolitan within a reasonable amount
of time.
It is undisputed that Farmer knew of his injury, and the cause thereof, at least as early as
November 16, 2015. It is also undisputed that Farmer was referred to physical therapy for
treatment of that injury over five months before Metropolitan was notified of a claim under the
insurance policy. Where an insured knows of his injury and is treated for that injury for over
five months prior to notifying his insurance company of a possible claim, absent special
circumstances, such delay in notice is not reasonable. Accordingly, under the facts specific to
this case, the Court finds that Farmer failed to comply with the notice requirements for BRB
because notice was not given “as soon as practicable.”
C. Metropolitan has not shown that there is no genuine issue of material fact
regarding whether it was substantially prejudiced by the delay in notice.
Upon initial impression, it appeared to this Court that Metropolitan had established
substantial prejudice based on Farmer’s significant delay in notice. To this Court, and under
general case law, a nearly seven-month delay in notice to an insurance company—when the
claimant knows of his injury and cause thereof—is certainly prejudicial absent special
circumstances. And it is hard to fathom that a jury considering the facts of this case would see
things differently. However, when applying Kentucky law to the facts of this case—as the Court
is required to do—the waters become murkier.
Kentucky law regarding the substantial prejudice issue on summary judgment is unclear
and somewhat contradictory. The seminal case addressing an insurer’s burden of proof in
establishing substantial prejudice is Jones v. Bituminous Cas. Corp. In Jones, Bituminous
16
Casualty Corporation filed a Declaration of Rights action seeking a judgment declaring it had
no obligation under a liability insurance policy issued to a mining company, and its affiliates,
with regard to injuries sustained by Jones in an explosion on the mining company's premises.
Jones v. Bituminous Cas. Corp., 821 S.W.2d 798, 799 (Ky. 1991). The Kentucky Supreme Court
examined (1) whether the insurance carrier or the claimant should have the burden of proving
prejudice from a delay in notice; and (2) whether prejudice should be measured in terms of actual
or probable prejudice. Id. at 803. The court held that “the burden is on the insurance carrier to
prove there was in fact some substantial prejudice caused by the delay.” Id. (emphasis added).
Regarding whether the insurance company must show actual or probable prejudice, the court
states: “proof of actual prejudice is an unreasonable burden” and “the question of prejudice [is
viewed] in terms of whether it is reasonably probable that the insurance carrier suffered
substantial prejudice from the delay in notice.” Id. Then, the court states: “[i]f the evidence on
this issue is in conflict, or if reasonable minds could differ as to what the evidence proves in this
regard, the issue is one for the trier of fact.” Id. The court concludes: “[t]he issue is ripe for
summary judgment only where the proof is conclusive, or there has been a failure of proof, on
this subject.” Id.
So first the Jones court says the insurer must “prove there was in fact some substantial
prejudice caused by the delay,” which indicates to this Court that the insurer must actually
show some prejudice. Then, the court states: “that actual prejudice is an unreasonable burden,”
and all that is required is that the insurer show that it was “reasonably probable that [it]
suffered substantial prejudice from the delay in notice,” which indicates to the Court that actual
prejudice is not required. Along the same lines, the Jones court continued: “[i]f the evidence on
this issue is in conflict, or if reasonable minds could differ as to what the evidence proves in this
regard, the issue is one for the trier of fact.” Finally, the court concludes that “[t]he issue is ripe
for summary judgment only where the proof is conclusive, or there has been a failure of proof,
17
on this subject,” which supports that the insurer must provide proof of actual prejudice. The
Court is left to wonder whether, for summary judgment purposes, Jones requires the insurer to
show proof of actual prejudice or something less.
The Court has been unable to locate a case defining a situation “where the proof is
conclusive.” However, according to Black’s Law Dictionary, conclusive proof is “evidence that
so preponderates as to oblige a fact-finder to come to a certain conclusion.” Black's Law
Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).
The substantial prejudice issue becomes even more convoluted when reviewing cases that
apply the rule in Jones.
Courts in this jurisdiction considering whether an insurer has
established substantial prejudice generally consider it an issue of fact not appropriate for
summary judgment. See, e.g., Davis v. USAA Cas. Ins. Co., No. 2004-CA-002053-MR, 2006 WL
1509157, at *2 (Ky. Ct. App. June 2, 2006) (“We conclude that the question, under Jones, of
whether USAA was prejudiced is an issue of fact which must be considered by the court below.”);
Nautilus Ins. Co. v. Structure Builders & Riggers Mach. Moving Div., LLC, 784 F. Supp. 2d 767,
771 (E.D. Ky. 2011). For summary judgment purposes, courts applying the Jones rule nearly
universally require that the insurer show either (1) that the outcome would have been more
favorable if it had received timely notice of the claim; or (2) that the insurer was actually and
substantially harmed by the delay in notice. See, e.g., Old Republic Ins. Co. v. Underwriters
Safety & Claims, Inc., 306 F. App'x 250, 255 (6th Cir. 2009) (“Prejudice requires ‘injury or
damage.’ At the very least, a showing of prejudice requires the insurer to point to some
reasonable possibility that the outcome would have been different had it received notice.”)
(internal citations omitted); Old Republic Ins. Co. v. Underwriters Safety & Claims, Inc., No.
3:05-CV-343-S, 2010 WL 3069066, at *2 (W.D. Ky. Aug. 2, 2010) (Summary judgment is not
appropriate where the insurer “has failed to present evidence that the substantive outcome of
the [claim] would have changed had it been timely apprised of the claim’s existence, or that it
18
was otherwise prejudiced (that is, actually and substantially harmed) by the delay.”); Nautilus,
784 F. Supp. 2d at 771 (Although the insurer asserted facts that supported its argument that it
was prejudiced, it failed to meet its burden because “reasonable minds could differ on whether
Nautilus' earlier participation would have made any difference in the outcome of the litigation
below or the amount of damages ordered by the state court action.”); Employers Reinsurance
Corp. v. Mut. Ins. Co., No. CIV.A. 3:05-CV-556-S, 2007 WL 2407272, at *4 (W.D. Ky. Aug. 20,
2007) (“[I]n determining whether insurers have been prejudiced by a delay in giving notice, the
court must consider the extent to which the purpose of the provision has been defeated, or to
which the insurance company has been placed in a substantially less favorable position than it
would have been had timely notice been provided....”); Ky. Nat. Ins. Co. v. Empire Fire & Marine
Ins. Co., 919 N.E.2d 565, 585 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (“[O]ur review of the record does not reveal
designated evidence establishing that Kentucky National suffered substantial prejudice as a
result of receiving notice of the accident involving the Vehicle approximately eight months after
the accident. As a result, we cannot say that the trial court erred in denying Kentucky National's
motion for summary judgment on this basis.”). In explaining substantial prejudice, the Sixth
Circuit has relied on a treatise, which states:
In proving prejudice as a result of a delay in providing notice, it has been stated that an
insurer is not required to show precisely what outcome would have been had timely
notice been given to make [a] showing of substantial prejudice. However, an insurer must
show the precise manner in which its interests have suffered, meaning that an insurer
must show not merely the possibility of prejudice, but, rather, that there was a
substantial likelihood of avoiding or minimizing the covered loss, such as that the insurer
could have caused the insured to prevail in the underlying action, or that the insurer
could have settled the underlying case for a small sum or smaller sum than that for which
the insured ultimately settled the claim.
Old Republic Ins. Co. v. Underwriters Safety & Claims, Inc., 306 F. App'x 250, 255 (6th
Cir. 2009) (quoting Russ & Segalla, 13 Couch on Insurance, § 193:29).
The only case located by the Court granting summary judgment, in this jurisdiction, on the
substantial prejudice issue was S. Fifth Towers, LLC v. Aspen Ins. UK, Ltd. In S. Fifth Towers,
19
South Fifth Towers, LLC (“South Fifth”) owned an apartment building that was damaged by
water in a rainstorm. 763 F. App'x at 403. The water damage was extensive and required
demolition of an entire floor of the building. Id. Twelve days after the rainstorm, South Fifth
notified its insurance carrier, Aspen Insurance UK, Ltd. (“Aspen”). Id. at 404. On the same day
Aspen was notified of the loss, the restoration contractor began demolition on the damaged parts
of the building. Id. Two days later, Aspen sent out an adjuster, employed by Tenco Services,
Inc. (“Tenco”) to assess the damage. Id. However, by that time, the demolition had been nearly
completed. Id. South Fifth filed a claim based on the cost of the loss and subsequent demolition.
Id. Aspen declined to cover the demolition and repair costs based on South Fifth’s failure to
provide timely notice of the loss. Id. at 403-04. South Fifth sued Aspen and Tenco for breach of
contract and other claims. Id. at 404. The district court granted Aspen and Tenco’s motion for
summary judgment on the basis that they established substantial prejudice from the delay in
notice, and South Fifth appealed. Id. at 403. The Sixth Circuit considered the facts of the case
and held that “there [was] no genuine dispute that South Fifth’s twelve-day delay in notice
created a reasonable probability of substantial prejudice to Aspen.” Id. at 408. The court
explained:
[t]he late notice deprived Aspen of the chance to see the water damage before demolition
began. This meant that Aspen had no way of assessing how much of the demolition was
necessary or of objecting to needless or too-costly demolition before it happened. Had
Aspen’s adjusters been present when the demolition contractor first arrived at Kentucky
Towers, they could have watched and interjected as the contractor took moisture
readings and mapped out which portions of the second floor to tear out. According to
Richard Michelson, South Fifth’s public adjuster, “[i]t’s certainly helpful if the [insurance
company’s] adjuster is there” for this process. Admittedly, Aspen’s adjusters and
engineers were able to take their own moisture readings once they arrived, and they
could review the demolition contractor’s invoices. They could also inspect waterlogged
rubble in dumpsters. But no matter how much they learned from these steps, the
demolition was already done, and Aspen had no chance to inspect the damage, view predemolition moisture readings (which the contractor did not retain), or ask the contractor
to do anything different in such extensive—and expensive—demolition.
Even if all of the demolition was appropriate, the late notice made it impossible for Aspen
to consult and coordinate with the demolition contractor and South Fifth. Michelson, the
public adjuster, explained that it “would be ... normal protocol” for him to keep in contact
20
with Aspen’s adjusters. “[A]bsolutely you want the insurance adjuster to see the loss,” in
order “to walk and scope damages and discuss action plans and get on the same page.”
With this kind of coordination, “the claim tends to go smoother.” Scott Tarpley, who led
the demolition contractor’s team, explained that “[w]hen adjusters are available early
on,” they can discuss which tests, tools, and techniques to use. For this reason, Tarpley
was “slightly appalled that [Aspen] did not have qualified people there earlier on.”
Id. (internal citations omitted).
The court concluded by stating that South Fifth’s breach of the notice provisions in its policy
“undisputedly caused Aspen substantial prejudice … Aspen and Tenco are entitled to summary
judgment on this basis alone.” Id. at 410.
Thus, the only case in this jurisdiction concluding that an insurer was substantially
prejudiced on summary judgment is a case where the insurer was actually and substantially
harmed by the delay. The delay in notice completely deprived Aspen of the opportunity to
inspect the damage pre-demolition and participate in the demolition process—opportunities it
conclusively would have had upon receiving timely notice.
Based on the foregoing review of Jones and its progeny, the Court finds that proof of
substantial prejudice is “conclusive,” and thus appropriate for summary judgment, when an
insurer shows either (1) that the outcome would have been more favorable if it had received
timely notice of the claim; or (2) that the insurer was actually and substantially harmed by the
delay in notice. However, in this Court’s opinion, it makes more sense to presume prejudice
where there is an unreasonable delay in notifying the insurer of a covered loss. Then, the
insured could rebut that presumption by producing evidence supporting that the insurer was
not prejudiced, and the issue would become one for the trier of fact. And a minority of other
jurisdictions agree that presuming prejudice is a better approach when the insured does not
reasonably provide timely notice. See, e.g., Miller v. Dilts, 463 N.E.2d 257, 265 (Ind. 1984);
Simpson v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co., 562 N.W.2d 627, 632 (Iowa 1997); Champion Spark Plug Co.
v. Fid. & Cas. Co. of New York, 687 N.E.2d 785, 788 (Ohio App. 1996); Alcazar v. Hayes, 982
21
S.W.2d 845, 856 (Tenn. 1998). Nevertheless, this Court is bound to apply Kentucky law to the
facts of this case, despite the bewilderment that is Jones.
Turning to the facts of the present case, Metropolitan alleges that it “has been completely
unable to investigate [Farmer’s] claim” because of his failure to provide timely notice of claims
under the insurance policy. (DE 29-1 at 9.) Metropolitan states “[h]ad Farmer reported the
incident to the police, it is likely they would have attempted to locate witnesses, speak with
Kroger employees and secure any relevant video.” (DE 29-1 at 9-10.) Metropolitan asserts that
it
might have discovered many facts including but not limited to whether Farmer was truly
struck, where he was struck, a video image of the driver or her car that could have been
shown to employees, an image of the driver’s license plates, images of employees in the
parking lot who might have observed the accident or images of witnesses who might have
been identified who similarly could have been questioned.
(DE 29-1 at 10.)
Metropolitan then argues that if Farmer had “reported the incident to Kroger, it is clear that
a thorough investigation would have occurred…[and] Kroger would have gathered information
regarding how the accident happened as well as all information from anyone involved, including
witnesses.”
(DE 29-1 at 10.) Kroger’s Customer Incident Guidelines—which reflect the
procedures that should take place when an incident is reported—require that incidents be
reported to Kroger’s claim management service for investigation. (See DE 29-7 at 3-21.) In such
situations, Kroger would have preserved any relevant video footage and possibly taken
photographs. (DE 29-7 at 3.) Additionally, the store’s management would have completed an
Incident Report containing pertinent information regarding witnesses and injuries, Farmer
would have been asked to complete a Customer Statement, and any identified witnesses would
have been asked to complete a witness statement. (DE 29-7 at 3-7.) Following Farmer’s claims
under the policy, Metropolitan subpoenaed Kroger’s records and confirmed that there was no
video footage or photos preserved from the incident.
22
(DE 29-1 at 10.)
Kroger informed
Metropolitan that video footage is automatically overwritten approximately every thirty days.
(DE 29-7 at 2.)
Finally, Metropolitan appears to argue that if Farmer had complied with the notice
requirements, Metropolitan could have discovered how the accident occurred and to what extent
Farmer’s shoulder was involved in the accident. (DE 29-1 at 11.) Farmer testified that the
vehicle did not come into contact with his shoulder, but that he pulled himself up on the hood to
avoid being run over. (DE 29-2 at 8.) Metropolitan contends that how the accident occurred is
relevant because Farmer’s medical records show that he had shoulder pain several months
before the accident. (DE 29-1 at 11.) Farmer also testified that he was treated for a shoulder
injury a few years before the accident. (DE 29-2 at 8.)
Metropolitan concludes: “[a]ll of these factors raise legitimate questions about whether and
how the incident occurred and whether and how Farmer’s claimed injuries occurred. By failing
to report the incident until all avenues of investigations became impossible, Farmer left
Metropolitan with no ability to investigate his claim.” (DE 29-1 at 11-12.)
Farmer asserts that Metropolitan has failed to meet its burden in showing substantial
prejudice because it did not show that the outcome would have been different if it had received
notice under the policy. (DE 33 at 8.) Farmer states that “there was no reason to contact the
police at the scene because Farmer did not realize he had been injured.” (DE 33 at 8.) Farmer
alleges that even if he did contact the police the following day, within the 24-hour period, police
investigation would have been unlikely and “any investigation would have likely been
unsuccessful in identifying the driver.” (DE 33 at 8.) Regarding Metropolitan’s argument
concerning the possibility of video footage, Farmer responds that Metropolitan has provided
absolutely no evidence that Kroger’s cameras would have caught the accident or that they were
of such quality to clearly show license plate numbers. (DE 33 at 8.) Farmer concludes by stating:
“Metropolitan has failed to show the absence of a material fact concerning its alleged prejudice.
23
There is no reliable evidence that notification to the policy or to Metropolitan within 24 hours
and 30 days would have yielded the identity of the driver.” (DE 33 at 9.)
Metropolitan replied to Farmer’s arguments, asserting that the following facts are
undisputed and show that there is no genuine issue of material fact regarding whether it was
prejudiced:
[Farmer] does not dispute the fact that he never reported the accident to Metropolitan
but had an attorney do so seven (7) months after the accident. [Farmer] does not dispute
that he failed to obtain any identifying information from the woman he claims hit him,
even though he admits he spoke to her for several minutes. [Farmer] does not dispute
that he obtained no identifying information from the two witnesses he has testified
approached him after the accident. [Farmer] does not dispute that he did not report the
incident to the police. [Farmer] does not dispute that he did not report the incident to
anyone at Kroger, even though he admits he continued to walk past the store every day
on his lunch time walk. [Farmer] does not dispute that Kroger had in place a formal
procedure by which the incident could have been investigated had he reported it.
(DE 36 at 6.)
In this Court’s opinion, Farmer deprived Metropolitan of any ability to effectively investigate
the alleged incident by failing to report the incident to anyone for nearly seven months.
However, under Kentucky law, that does not appear to be enough to establish substantial
prejudice for summary judgment purposes. Instead, Metropolitan would need to show, for
example, that it was deprived of any ability to investigate the alleged incident and that it would
have definitively had the opportunity to investigate if timely notice was provided.
Considering the evidence, facts, and inferences thereof in the light most favorable to Farmer,
the Court finds that Metropolitan has not shown that there is no genuine issue of material fact
concerning whether it was substantially prejudiced. As Metropolitan stated, “[t]he issue is
whether [Farmer] complied with his obligation to make a timely reporting to Metropolitan
consistent with the terms of his policy and whether his failure to do so substantially prejudiced
Metropolitan.” (DE 36 at 6 (emphasis added).)
This issue, under Kentucky law, is not
appropriate for summary judgment because there has not been a failure of proof on the subject
altogether, and Metropolitan has not otherwise provided “conclusive” proof of substantial
24
prejudice—Metropolitan has not shown that the outcome would have been more favorable if it
had received timely notice of the claim or that it was actually and substantially harmed by the
delay in notice.
The fact that Farmer did not obtain identifying information from the alleged at-fault driver
and witnesses on the scene is not of consequence considering that Farmer did not know of his
injuries immediately post-accident. Although a prudent individual would do so, nothing in
Farmer’s policy required him to collect evidence at the scene of the accident.
The policy
generally provided that “notification should include as many details as possible, including
names and addresses of drivers, injured persons, and witnesses, and the time, place, and
circumstances of the accident or loss.” (DE 29-6 at 22-23.) But Farmer does not have, and never
did have, the names and addresses of the alleged at-fault driver or any witnesses. In addition,
Kentucky’s law addressing an individual’s duties post-accident does not otherwise require
Farmer to collect such evidence at the scene of an accident. See Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 189.580.
Even if the incident had been reported to the police post-accident, it is questionable whether
their investigation would have produced the identification of the alleged at-fault driver or any
potential witnesses. It is worth noting that the alleged at-fault driver did not commit a crime
under Kentucky law. KRS § 189.580 describes duties required by an individual post-accident.
It states:
The operator of any vehicle, whose vehicle … which is involved in an accident resulting
in injury to … any person … shall immediately stop and ascertain the extent of the injury
or damage and render reasonable assistance. The operator or person having or assuming
authority of the operator, or ownership of the vehicle, shall give the occupant of the
vehicle, or person struck, if requested, the registration number of the vehicle, if any, and
also the names and addresses of the owner, the occupants, and operator.
Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 189.580(1)(a) (emphasis added).
Here, the alleged at-fault driver stopped and spoke with Farmer post-accident. (DE 29-2 at
5.) She did not leave the scene until Farmer had assured her that he was not injured. (DE 292 at 6.) Additionally, Farmer did not request any information from the alleged at-fault driver.
25
(See DE 29-2 at 6.) Accordingly, she did not commit a crime under Kentucky law. See Ky. Rev.
Stat. Ann. § 189.580(1)(a). The Court only mentions this to point out that the breadth of a police
investigation, if any, would have likely been limited because the police would not have been
investigating the occurrence of a crime. The Court recognizes that if police were called to the
scene at the time of the accident, they would have prepared a full report. However, Farmer did
not know he was injured at the time and his policy does not require that police be called to the
scene of an accident.
The Court also considers that Farmer did not possess any specific identification information
regarding the alleged at-fault driver or witnesses. Although Farmer could have provided a
visual description of those individuals to the police, there is nothing to indicate that the police
would have been successful in locating them or that they would have provided Metropolitan
with additional information helpful to its position. It is also possible that police would have
attempted to secure video footage of the incident from Kroger. But again, there is nothing to
indicate that the police would have done so before the video footage was overwritten or that the
video footage would have been of a sufficient quality to obtain any identification of the alleged
at-fault driver or witnesses. In addition, Metropolitan has provided the Court with no evidence
that Kroger’s cameras capture the parking lot. Even assuming they do, there is no evidence to
indicate that the cameras would have captured the sidewalk outside of Kroger’s parking lot—
where Farmer was struck. Accordingly, whether any police investigation would have been
fruitful is speculative.
Additionally, much of Metropolitan’s argument focuses on what Kroger’s investigation would
have yielded. But Farmer had no duty under his insurance policy to report the incident to
Kroger, or any other business which might have been able to investigate. And even if Farmer
had reported the incident to Kroger, there is no evidence that Kroger’s investigation would have
yielded any helpful information. Farmer testified that he did not think he was hurt immediately
26
following the accident. (DE 29-2 at 6.) He further stated that the night of the accident his “arm
started hurting some….and the next morning, [his shoulder] was really sore.” (DE 29-2 at 7.)
Even if Farmer had gone back to Kroger the next day to report the incident, at that time there
were no known witnesses and Farmer did not know the identity or license plate number of the
alleged at-fault driver. Additionally, as stated above, Metropolitan has not provided the Court
with any evidence that Kroger’s cameras would have captured the incident or that they were of
sufficient quality to identify the driver or witnesses.
Finally, there is nothing to indicate that if Farmer had complied with the notice
requirements, Metropolitan would have any other information regarding how Farmer was hit
and to what extent he pulled himself up on to the hood of the car.
There is no evidence to indicate that if Metropolitan had performed its investigation sooner,
it would have any more information regarding Farmer’s accident than it has now. Even though
the evidence supports that compliance with the notice requirements could have provided
Metropolitan with more opportunity to investigate the facts of Farmer’s accident, Metropolitan
has provided the Court with no evidence conclusively showing that timely notice would have
provided it with any additional, relevant information or produced a more favorable outcome.
Metropolitan is correct in asserting that it bears the burden to show that it was reasonably
probable that it suffered substantial prejudice, which does not require actual prejudice.
However, under Kentucky Law, for summary judgment purposes, proof of substantial prejudice
must be conclusive or there must be a failure of proof on the subject altogether. Jones, 821
S.W.2d at 803. Reasonable minds could differ as to the significance of the evidence provided by
Metropolitan. And the Court must consider the evidence, all facts, and any inferences that may
permissibly be drawn from those facts in the light most favorable to Farmer. See Combs, 2012
WL 3962383 at *2 (citing Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587). Accordingly, there are genuine issues
of fact that preclude summary judgment, including—but not limited to—whether police would
27
have assisted in locating the alleged at-fault driver or witnesses; whether police would have
tried to secure video from Kroger before the video was overwritten; whether Kroger’s cameras
capture the sidewalk outside its parking lot; whether Kroger’s cameras were of a sufficient
quality to capture the incident or identify individuals involved; whether any video footage would
have been helpful to Metropolitan minimizing or avoiding its liability; and whether
Metropolitan would have contacted Kroger to secure video footage before it was overwritten.
Metropolitan has not provided the Court with any evidence showing that the outcome would
have been more favorable if it had received timely notice or that it was actually and
substantially harmed by the delay. See Old Republic Ins. Co., 2010 WL 3069066 at *2.
The
Court finds that Metropolitan has not conclusively shown that it was substantially prejudiced
or that there has been a failure of proof on the subject altogether. Accordingly, the substantial
prejudice issue is reserved for the trier of fact. See Jones, 821 S.W.2d at 803.
D. Farmer’s Motion for Additional Time to Take Discovery.
Farmer has also filed a Motion for Additional Time to Take Discovery under Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(d). (DE 34.) Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d) states: “if a nonmovant shows by affidavit or declaration
that, for specified reasons, it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition, the court
may: (1) defer considering the motion or deny it; (2) allow time to obtain affidavits or
declarations or to take discovery; or (3) issue any other appropriate order.”
Farmer’s motion requests an extension of the discovery deadline so that he can depose one
of Metropolitan’s claims investigators, Sunil Nichani, in order to support that Metropolitan was
not substantially prejudiced. (DE 34-1 at 3.)
Because the Court determined above that
Metropolitan has not shown conclusively that it was substantially prejudiced or that there was
a failure of proof on the subject, the Court denies Farmer’s request as moot.
28
However, the Court recognizes deposing Metropolitan’s claims investigator could be relevant
to issues at trial. Accordingly, the Court will consider any forthcoming motion requesting a
modification of the scheduling order for the purpose of deposing Nichani.
III. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Court HEREBY ORDERS as follows:
(1) Metropolitan’s Motion for Summary Judgment (DE 29) is DENIED.
(2) Farmer’s Motion Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d) for Additional Time to Take Discovery (DE
34) is DENIED AS MOOT.
Dated July 29, 2019
29
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