Polston v. Millenium Outdoors, LLC et al

Filing 39

OPINION & ORDER: (1) The Court's prior Opinion and Order (DE 12 ) is SET ASIDE; (2) This matter is REMANDED to the docket of the Pulaski County Circuit Court; (3) All remaining motions are DENIED AS MOOT; and (4) This case is STRICKEN from the Court's active docket. Signed by Judge Karen K. Caldwell on 03/06/2017.(KJA)cc: COR, certified copy to Pulaski Circuit Court, paper copy of Order to Outdoor Distributors, LLC

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
SOUTHERN DIVISION
AT LONDON
DARREN POLSTON,
CIVIL ACTION NO. 6:16-CV-16-KKC
Plaintiff,
V.

OPINION AND ORDER

MILLENNIUM OUTDOORS, LLC,
OUTDOOR DISTRIBUTORS, LLC, and
HUNTING SOLUTIONS, INC., (d/b/a
Hunting Solutions USA),
Defendants.

*** *** ***
Plaintiff Darren Polston was injured while hunting from a tree stand. He filed this
personal injury action against defendants Millennium Outdoors, LLC (“Millennium”),
Hunting Solutions, Inc. (“Hunting”) and Outdoor Distributors, LLC (“Outdoor”) in Kentucky
state court. Defendant Millennium removed the action to federal court. Polston sought to
remand the case, but this Court denied his motion based on the “vouching” rule for
unanimity, which allows counsel for one defendant to represent in the notice of removal that
a co-defendant also consents to removal. See Harper v. AutoAlliance Int’l, Inc., 392 F.3d 195
(6th Cir. 2004). It was this Court’s judgment that Hunting and Outdoor gave valid consent
to Millennium to remove the action.
Polston filed a motion for an Entry of Default (DE 22) against Outdoor on October 17,
2016. He claims that he properly served Outdoor on January 15, 2016 and that Outdoor did
not file an answer or otherwise respond within the time limits of Rule 12(a)(1)(A) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In response, Jimmy Edwards, the sole Member of Outdoor,

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filed two Pro Se Letters on behalf of Outdoor. Mr. Edwards states that he did not receive
notice of the complaint until October 2016 and argues that, in any event, Outdoor is not liable
for Polston’s injuries. The Clerk of Court has construed Mr. Edwards’ letters as Outdoor’s
Objections to the Plaintiff’s Motion for Entry of Default (DE 23), Outdoor’s Motion for
Extension of Time to File an Answer (DE 24), and Outdoor’s Motion to Dismiss (DE 28). On
December 28, 2016, Mr. Edwards filed an Answer on behalf of Outdoor. (DE 31). The Court
has subsequently denied Outdoor’s motion to dismiss. (DE 28).
In reviewing these motions, a larger issue has become apparent. Outdoor is not
represented by counsel. Because a corporate entity “cannot appear in federal court except
through an attorney,” Edward’s actions on Outdoor’s behalf are ineffective. See Doherty v.
Am. Motors Corp., 728 F.2d 334, 340 (6th Cir. 1984); Van Lokeren v. City of Grosse Pointe
Park, Mich., No. 13-14291, 2014 WL 988965, at *7 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 13, 2014) (“[A] limited
liability company also may appear in federal court only through a licensed attorney.”)
(internal citations omitted). Thus, any attempt by Mr. Edwards to represent Outdoor is futile.
The issue then becomes whether the original removal of this action valid. Upon
reconsideration, the answer is no. Because the “consent” given by Outdoor was not given by
its own counsel, the “consent” obtained by Millennium in its Notice of Removal (DE 1) was
ineffective to satisfy the rule of unanimity. It is, therefore, the Court's determination that
remand is appropriate in this case.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Darren Polston filed a complaint in Pulaski Circuit Court on December 11,
2015. Polston alleged various claims of products liability arising out injuries sustained while
using a tree stand. (DE 1). On January 26, 2016, Millennium timely filed a notice of removal
after receiving notice of the lawsuit. (DE 1). The same day Millennium filed its Answer. (DE
3).
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Polston then filed a motion to remand (DE 9) arguing that Millennium failed to meet
the unanimity requirement under 28 U.S.C. § 1446. Millennium argued, through affidavits
submitted by Millennium’s counsel, Barry Sutton, and the President of Outdoor and Hunting,
Billy Alexander, that removal was appropriate and the rule of unanimity satisfied because
both Hunting and Outdoor consented to the removal of the action. (DE 12, at 2; DE 10-2).
Both affidavits also stated that neither Hunting nor Outdoor had been served at the time of
removal. (DE 1-1, at 2; 11-2, at 1). On May 19, 2016, this Court denied Polston’s motion to
remand. (DE 12). After the Court’s order, Hunting Solutions filed its answer on June 9, 2016.
(DE 13).
Fast forward five months. On October 17, 2016, Polston filed a Motion for Entry of
Default against Outdoor Distributors (DE 22). At that point, Outdoor had not answered or
otherwise responded. According to Polston, on December 15, 2015, the Kentucky Secretary of
States mailed a copy of the summons and complaint via certified mail to Outdoor. On January
15, 2016, the Kentucky Secretary of State made a return to the Clerk of Pulaski Circuit Court,
showing that service had been attempted but the complaint was undeliverable. (DE 22-1).
The address used and returned “attempted not know/unable to forward” (DE 22-2) was as
follows:1
Outdoor Distributors, LLC
Registered Agent: Billy Alexander
125 Dogwood Circle
Brandon, MS 39042
On October 21, 2016 Outdoor responded in the form of a letter. (DE 23). The Clerk
construed the letter as both an objection to the Entry of Default and a motion for an extension
of time to file an answer. (DE 23, 24). The letter, written by Jimmy Edwards, states that he

This is the current address listed on the Mississippi Secretary of State website. See Miss. Sec'y of State
Website, https://corp.sos.ms.gov/corp/portal/c/page/corpBusinessIdSearch/portal.aspx#clear=1
1

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did not receive notice of the lawsuit until October 19, 2016 because the original notice was
not sent to the correct address. Instead, he wrote, the proper address for all correspondence
to the matter should have been sent to:
Outdoor Distributor, LLC
Attn: Jimmy Edwards
PO Box 97957
Pearl, MS 39208
Mr. Edwards then asked this Court not to enter default because “[Outdoor] need[s] time to
obtain council (sic) in this matter.” (DE 23). Mr. Edwards also denied “any and all claims or
responsibility” in response to Polston’s Complaint. (DE 23).
On November 4, 2016 Mr. Edwards submitted another Pro Se Letter on behalf of
Outdoor. (DE 27, 28). Responding to Polston’s brief in support of Entry of Default, (DE 25,
26), Mr. Edwards explained that Billy Alexander was no longer a part of Outdoor (and had
not been since October, 8 2014) and that his appearance on the Mississippi Secretary of State
website as a Registered agent was an oversight. (DE 27). He also stated that the zip code
listed on the website was incorrect. In the same letter, Mr. Edwards asked that Polston’s
complaint be dismissed, “as Outdoor has no role in design, manufacture (sic), quality control
or import of any product.” (DE 28). Polston then responded to the Pro Se Letter, which the
Clerk construed as a Motion to Dismiss, arguing that the motion was both inadequately plead
and premature. (DE 29, at 2). Mr. Edwards then filed an Answer on behalf of Outdoor. (DE
31).
DISCUSSION
In his Pro Se Letters and Answer, Mr. Edwards attempts to proceed on behalf of
Outdoor. But this is something he cannot do.

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Title 28 U.S.C. § 1654 provides:
In all courts of the United States the parties may plead and conduct their own
cases personally or by counsel as, by the rules of such courts, respectively, are
permitted to manage and conduct causes therein.
This right to appear pro se in federal court is of esteemed origin. See Osborn v. Bank of the
United States, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 738, 830 (1824) (Marshall, C.J.). However, the right applies
to individuals, not to juridic persons. As the Supreme Court of the United States has
recognized, § 1654 “does not allow corporations, partnerships, or associations to appear in
federal court otherwise than through a licensed attorney.” Rowland v. Cal. Men’s Colony, 506
U.S. 194, 202 (1993). See also Doherty v. Am. Motors Corp., 728 F.2d 334, 340 (6th Cir. 1984)
(“[A] corporation cannot appear in federal court except through an attorney.”). This rule
applies alike to limited liability companies. “Because both a partnership and a corporation
must appear through licensed counsel, and because a limited liability company is a hybrid of
the partnership and corporate forms,” “a limited liability company also may appear in federal
court only through a licensed attorney.” Van Lokeren v. City of Grosse Pointe Park, Mich., No.
13-14291, 2014 WL 988965, at *7 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 13, 2014) (quoting Lattanzio v. COMTA,
481 F.3d 137, 139–40 (2d. Cir. 2007). See also United States v. Hagerman, 545 F.3d 579, 581–
82 (7th Cir. 2008); Dougherty v. Snyder, 469 F. App’x 71, 72, 2012 WL 942121, at *1 (3d. Cir.
2012) (per curiam) (holding that a single-member limited liability company had to be
represented by attorney both in context of litigation and on appeal); Parris v. Herman, 211
F.3d 1270, 2000 WL 571932 at *2 (6th Cir. 2000) (corporations and partnerships must be
represented in court by an attorney and may not be represented by an officer). As an officer
of Outdoor—a limited liability company—Mr. Edwards cannot represent Outdoor’s interests
in federal court.
It follows, then, that the Court cannot consider Outdoor’s Answer (DE 31) or grant
relief for Outdoor on its pending Objections to the Plaintiff’s Motion for Entry of Default (DE
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23), Motion for Extension of Time to File an Answer (DE 24), or Motion to Dismiss (DE 28)
as they stand.
1. Issue of Removal
But this conclusion begs the larger question of how Outdoor, whose name had not
appeared on the active docket before Mr. Edwards’ letters, consented to the removal of this
case if it was not represented by counsel. This issue requires the Court to re-examine its
previous Opinion (DE 12) denying Plaintiff’s motion to remand.
a. May 19, 2016 Opinion and Order
Removal jurisdiction exists where the court would have had original jurisdiction over
the action. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). In diversity cases, district courts have original jurisdiction
over cases in which the parties are completely diverse and the amount in controversy exceeds
$75,000. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). Millennium sought to remove the action under Section 1441(a)
based on diversity jurisdiction. Section 1446(b)(2)(A) provides that a civil action may be
removed to federal court when brought under § 1441(a) only if “all defendants who have been
properly joined and served . . . join in or consent to the removal of the action.” 28 U.S.C. §
1446(b)(2)(A). Whether removal was proper here turns on the “rule of unanimity.”
Unanimity of consent is a judicially crafted rule derived from the federal removal
statute § 1446(b)(2)(A), see Loftis v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 342 F.3d 509, 516 (6th Cir.
2003), that requires all defendants who have been properly joined or properly served in an
action to consent to, or join in, a petition to remove an action to federal court. See Brierly v.
Alusuisse Flexible Packaging, Inc., 184 F.3d 527, 533 n.3 (6th Cir. 1999). Unanimity is
satisfied when counsel for one defendant represents in the notice of removal that a codefendant also consents to removal. See Harper v. AutoAlliance Int’l, Inc., 392 F.3d 195 (6th
Cir. 2004).
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Millennium’s Notice of Removal stated:
Defendants Outdoor Distributors, LLC and Hunting Solutions Inc. (d/b/a)
Hunting Solutions USA) have not been served with the Complaint. However,
an officer of both companies has agreed to this removal petition. See Exhibit
A, Affidavit of Barry B. Sutton.
(DE 1, at 2). To cure what Millennium saw as a defect in its efforts to remove, the Notice of
Removal it included an affidavit from Mr. Sutton, an attorney for Millennium (and later for
Hunting Solutions) manifesting the consent of both its co-defendants. Mr. Sutton stated: “On
behalf of both Hunting Solutions, Inc. and Outdoor Distributors, LLC, Mr. Alexander [owner
and president of Hunting Solutions and Outdoor] consented to the removal of this action to
Federal Court.” (DE 1-1, at 3). Millennium also included an affidavit from Mr. Alexander
himself that confirmed that Hunting and Outdoor had not yet been served with the complaint
and consented on behalf of both Hunting and Outdoor to the removal of the action. (DE 11-2,
at 2). Because “Millennium’s representation in its removal petition that all defendants
consented” Millennium argued that the rule of unanimity had been satisfied under Harper.
(DE 11, at 10).
In Harper, the Sixth Circuit adopted the “vouching” rule as it related to the unanimity
requirement. See Harper, 392 F.3d at 201. “Vouching” allows counsel for one defendant to
represent in the notice of removal that a co-defendant also consents to removal. Id. Applying
Harper, this Court concluded that Millennium complied with the rule of unanimity through
the manifestations of consent through Mr. Sutton and Mr. Alexander’s affidavits. (DE 12)
(“In the present case, it is clear that the Defendants complied with the rule of unanimity as
interpreted by Harper. . . . These statements [affidavits from Mr. Sutton and Alexander]
indicated that all of the Defendants consented to removal and therefore satisfied the rule of
unanimity.”). Accordingly, the Court denied Polston’s motion to remand. (DE 12).

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b. Reconsideration
That conclusion, however, does not take into account that Outdoor, a corporation, is
not represented by legal counsel. As stated above, it is well established that § 1654 “does not
allow corporations, partnerships, or associations to appear in federal court otherwise than
through a licensed attorney.” Rowland, 506 U.S. at 202. The issue then becomes whether a
corporate entity can consent to removal if it does so through a non-attorney. It cannot.
In City of Cleveland v. Deutsche Bank Trust Co., a district court in the Sixth Circuit
confronted this issue. Consistent with this Court’s previous opinion, City of Cleveland noted
that Harper “stands for the proposition that a party seeking to remove a case to federal court
need do no more than obtain the consent of his fellow defendants and make a timely
representation of that consent to the court.” 571 F. Supp. 2d 807, 815 (N.D. Ohio 2008).
Notably, however, the court continued, albeit in dicta: “The individual co-defendants are not
required to do anything (other than to indicate their consent verbally to the removing
defendant’s lawyer and, if the defendant is a corporation, do so through an attorney).”
Id. (emphasis added). From that, City of Cleveland reaffirmed corporate entity “cannot
consent to removal through a non-lawyer representative,” which in the court’s view was
“consonant with the axiom that a corporation cannot appear in federal court except through
an attorney.” Id. at 818. Courts to confront this issue have held the same. See e.g.,
Commonwealth Advisors Inc. v. Wells Fargo Bank, Nat'’l Ass’n, No. 15–CV–7834, 2016 WL
3542462, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. June 23, 2016) (collecting cases).2 Such a conclusion is logical. If a

2

In full, Commonwealth cited the following:
City of Cleveland v. Deutsche Bank Trust Co., 571 F. Supp. 2d 807, 816-18 (N.D. Ohio 2008)
(citing cases); see also, e.g., Cluck-U Corp. v. Docson Consulting, LLC, No. 11-CV-1295 (MCC),
2011 WL 4073129, at *3 (M.D. Pa. Aug. 30, 2011) (“[I]t is also widely recognized that a nonlawyer cannot remove or consent to removal [of a case to federal court] on behalf of a
corporation.” (internal quotation marks omitted) (gathering cases)); Forth’s Food, Inc. v. Allied
Ben. Adm’r, Inc., No. 07-CV-0670 (RCC), 2008 WL 88610, at *2 (S.D. W. Va. Jan. 7, 2008) (“A
non-lawyer cannot bind a corporation for the purposes of consenting to removal.”); Topside, Inc.
v. Topside Roofing & Siding Constr. Inc., No. 01-CV-0038 (ADM) (AJB), 2001 WL 420159, at *23 (D. Minn. Apr. 23, 2001) (“As a non-attorney, Willis cannot represent [the corporate defendant].

8

corporate entity cannot represent itself, then it cannot take actions to represent itself, such
as consenting to removal, by itself.
In light of those holdings, the Court is compelled to conclude that its earlier denial of
remand was erroneous. Outdoor’s “consent” to Millennium’s Notice of Removal does not
satisfy the rule of unanimity, even under Harper.
The Notice of Removal was signed only by Carla De La Barra Helstrom, an attorney
for Millennium. Assuming joinder and process pursuant to § 1446(b)(2)(A) are met, the only
way Millennium could properly remove was to get consent from the other defendants.
Millennium attempted to do so. In its Notice of Removal, Millennium states that “an officer
of both companies [Hunting Solutions and Outdoor] has agreed to this removal petition.” (DE
1, at 2). However, as explained in City of Cleveland, the rule of unanimity requires the
consent of an attorney if the party seeking to consent is a corporate entity. 571 F. Supp. 2d
at 815. In that case, City of Cleveland held that the rule in Harper was satisfied when each
of the consents by certain defendants “was signed by an attorney” and that “the nine
individuals who signed the consents submitted declarations stating that they are attorneys
and that they each had authority to consent to removal on behalf of their respective
principals.” Id. at 818.
Applying this rule, it is clear that both Mr. Alexander and Mr. Sutton’s affidavits,
which are the only sources of consent, are ineffectual.

The removal petition is thus inoperative regarding [that defendant].”); Codapro Corp. v. Wilson,
997 F. Supp. 322 , 326 (E.D.N.Y. 1998) (holding that a non-lawyer individual defendant's consent
on behalf of six corporate defendants was invalid); cf. Foley v. Allied Interstate, Inc., 312 F. Supp.
2d 1279, 1283 (C.D. Cal. 2004) (holding that a consent to removal filed by the general counsel of
a corporation was valid because “[g]eneral counsel has implied power to conduct and approve
actions concerning the legal affairs of the corporation”).

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First, the “consent” given by Mr. Alexander affidavit is ineffectual upon a
straightforward application of the rule. He fails to provide consent simply because he does
not and cannot represent Outdoor in this litigation.
Whether Mr. Sutton’s “consent” was effective is the more difficult issue. It is true that
Mr. Sutton is an attorney and that he gave consent through an affidavit after he spoke to Mr.
Alexander. It would follow, at first blush, that Mr. Sutton did what attorneys do every day:
he acted at the direction of a client. As Millennium argues, “there is no dispute that the
owner/president of Hunting Solutions and member/president of Outdoor Distributors
provided authority to defense counsel to consent to removal.” (DE 11). That is true as far as
it goes, but it is inadequate to satisfy the rule of unanimity. Mr. Sutton, who was not
Outdoor’s attorney, merely relayed the consent given by Mr. Alexander, an officer of Outdoor.
Mr. Sutton did not give his consent on behalf of Outdoor. This distinction makes a difference.
In his first affidavit, Mr. Sutton clearly states that “he is counsel for Millennium
Outdoors, LLC” and that he “contacted and spoke with Billy Alexander, the owner and
president of Hunting Solutions, Inc. and Outdoor Distributors, LLC”. (DE 1-1, at 2). On the
last line, he states: “On behalf of both Hunting Solutions, Inc. and Outdoor Distributors, LLC,
Mr. Alexander consented to the removal of this action to Federal Court.” (DE 1-1, at 3). In
his second affidavit, Mr. Sutton states that he was counsel for Hunting Solutions, Inc. in an
earlier lawsuit and based upon his representation of Hunting Solutions in that case “[he] was
able to contact the owner and president of Hunting Solutions, Inc. and Outdoor Distributors,
LLC related to the Notice of Removal being filed in this case on behalf of Millennium
Outdoors, LLC.” (DE 11-1, at 1). Contrary to what Millennium’s argument that “Outdoor
Distributors and Hunting Solutions consented to the removal and, via its counsel, conveyed
that consent,” (DE 11, at 10), nothing in these affidavits or otherwise in the record, indicates
that Mr. Sutton represented Outdoor when he purportedly gave consent. In fact, he expressly
10

states that he was representing Millennium, (DE 1-1, at 2), the party needing consent from
Outdoor. Moreover, his second affidavit states that he sought out Mr. Alexander because of
a prior relationship. It does not say that he is acting on behalf of Outdoor. Nor could he.
Outdoor was not at that point and has never been represented by counsel in this matter—
that is the reason we are here in the first place.
Moreover, none of the case law cited by Millennium in opposition to remand stands
for the proposition that a corporate entity can consent to removal through a non-lawyer
representative altogether.
Harper did hold that a statement affirming an individual defendant’s consent in the
other defendants’ notice of removal complied with the rule of unanimity even though neither
the individual defendant nor his counsel directly expressed their consent to the removal.
Harper, 392 F.3d at 200–02. Specifically, it held that the following notice of removal was
sufficient to satisfy the unanimity requirement:
Counsel for AutoAlliance, AAI and Childress has obtained concurrence from
counsel for the UAW, who represents defendant Jeffrey Kelly, in removing this
matter.
Id. at 201. But Harper did not address the specific question at issue here. Harper discussed
the “vouching rule” in general and applied it to a person, defendant Kelly. It does not address
nor does it excuse the requirement that a corporate entity must be represented by counsel.
Thus, in coming to the conclusion that Outdoor did not give consent, Harper’s general holding,
although a threshold issue that must be addressed, does not end the analysis.
Along with Harper, Millennium relies on Friedlander v. Figuerado, No. 5:14-cv-4,
2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 59698, at *17 n.1 (E.D. Ky. April 30, 2014) and Lindon v. Kakavand,
No. 5:13-26, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 138812, at *11-12 (E.D. Ky. Sept. 27, 2013) for further
support that this case, too, is just a straightforward application of Harper. But these cases
do not do the work Millennium needs them to do. In Friedlander, the court found that the
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statement and representation in the Notice of Removal “was sufficient to satisfy the
unanimity requirement of 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a),” when the Notice included the following:
Undersigned counsel has contacted counsel for the other Defendants, and they
have indicated their consent to removal.
2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 59698, at *17, n.1. In Lindon, the court again found removal proper
under Harper where the Notice of Removal stated:
Defendant KMSF [a corporation] has not yet been served, but in the event it is
served, the undersigned counsel will represent KMSF in this action. KMSF
hereby consents through counsel to the removal of this action.
2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 138812, at *11–12.
But compare the Notice of Removals in Harper, Friedlander, and Lindon to the one in
the present case:
Defendants Outdoor Distributors, LLC and Hunting Solutions Inc. (d/b/a)
Hunting Solutions USA) have not been served with the Complaint. However,
an officer of both companies has agreed to this removal petition. See Exhibit
A, Affidavit of Barry B. Sutton.
(DE 1, at 2).
Missing is consent from counsel of Outdoor. The contrast is most clearly seen in comparison
with Lindon. In Lindon, counsel stated (1) that counsel would represent KMSF if served and
(2) that KMSF consented through counsel to the removal. See Lindon, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
138812, at *11–12. In this case, there is nothing in the record to indicate Mr. Sutton had the
authority to remove on behalf of Outdoor. He was just told by Mr. Alexander that Mr.
Alexander gave his consent and submitted an affidavit saying so as an attorney for
Millennium. Mr. Sutton’s affidavits do not relay this consent in a representative capacity
because there is nothing in the record to establish that he had authority to do so as an
attorney for Outdoor. For Mr. Sutton’s affidavit to be proper under Harper, it must state that
he represented Outdoor and that he had consent from the company to remove. It does not do
so.
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Millennium and Hunting beg to differ.
First, Millennium and Hunting argue that this Court misreads City of Cleveland
because “in addressing the consent issue, the City of Cleveland Court noted that the cases
cited on this issue had ‘questionable precedential value’ and came ‘from a handful of opinions
(only one of which is published) from various district courts outside the Sixth Circuit.” (DE
37, at 5) (citing City of Cleveland, 571 F. Supp. 2d at 816). But a close reading of the text cited
shows that the “questionable” precedent with which the City of Cleveland has its scruples
referred to the plaintiff’s attempt to argue that “effective counsel could be consented to only
by a defendant’s outside litigation counsel.” City of Cleveland, 571 F. Supp. 2d at 818. Those
cases plaintiff cited in support, City of Cleveland held, stood for nothing but the “wellestablished and applies in this circuit; that is, that a corporation cannot appear in federal
court pro se, but must be represented by counsel.” Id. at 816. This is wholly consistent with
this Court’s reading in this case.
Next, Millennium and Hunting argue that nothing City of Cleveland mandates such
a reading of Harper because “communicating consent to removal to an attorney, outside
of court, does not equate to making an appearance or acting directly in Federal Court,
meaning that case law applying appearances in court does not apply to consent in removal in
this Circuit.” (DE 37, at 4) (emphasis in original). In other words, the parties argue that under
Harper “a company need only communicate consent to an attorney for another party, who
then removes the case and acts in the court under penalty of Rule 11.” (DE 37, at 4).
The rule of unanimity, however, is not so malleable. And this case is a prime example
of why. Polston is seeking a default judgment against Outdoor because Outdoor did not
answer his complaint, and, as the Court has stated, Outdoor cannot do so except through an
attorney. According to Millennium and Hunting, though, Mr. Alexander consented on behalf

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of Outdoor to the removal. But Mr. Alexander is no longer a part of Outdoor. So now the party
who provided consent to the removal has left the company, binding Mr. Edwards to a lawsuit
in federal court that he had no knowledge existed until recently. Requiring corporations to
consent through its counsel prevents this kind of dilemma. Millennium and Hunting argue
that “any rule which requires companies to hire attorneys for the sole purpose of
communication consent to another attorney would be [] arbitrary and unnecessarily rigid
. . . .” (DE 37, at 4) (emphasis in original). But the question must be asked: if a corporation
does not have to have an attorney to consent to removal and can give consent through a
corporate officer to an attorney of another party, how then will the consenting corporation
participate in the rest of the litigation in federal court? Allowing an unrepresented corporate
defendant to short-circuit the rule of unanimity does little to cure the most latent defect of
the removal—that a corporation cannot participate in this case without representation. 3
It is not a rigid reading or arbitrary assessment of Harper to require that that
corporation’s counsel give consent (or take corrective action to consent) to satisfy unanimity,
rather than to allow counsel for another party convey the consent of a corporation given by a
corporate officer, because all roads lead to the same result: in order for the corporation to act
in federal court a corporation must have counsel. So whether a party retains counsel to

There is one other way around requiring consent by an attorney of a corporation at the time of removal. Harper
leaves room for parties to take corrective action to fix a deficiency in removal. The court held that a subsequent
filing that establishes consent to removal can fix a deficiency in a notice of removal. Harper, 392 F.3d at 202.
Specifically, defendant Kelly, who did not file a written concurrence on his own behalf at the time of the notice of
removal, the court found that the rule of unanimity was nevertheless satisfied because “Kelly complied with the
rule when he filed his answer within 30 days of being served with the complaint.” Id. at 202. But, Outdoor has
not taken corrective action to assuage the rule. Black letter law invalidates any actions taken by Mr. Edwards on
behalf of Outdoor because Mr. Edwards cannot represent Outdoor. See Rowland, 506 U.S. at 202; Reich v. Pierce
(table), 45 F.3d 431, n. 1 (6th Cir. 1994) (“It is insufficient that the person attempting the representation is an
officer of the corporation.”)(citing Ginger v. Cohn, 426 F.2d 1385, 1386 (6th Cir.1970)); Grill v. A-1 Amusement &
Party Rental, Inc., No 6-cv-02, 2007 WL 2122169, at 2 (E.D. Ky. July 20, 2007) (“[C]orporations and nonincorporated organizations are artificial entities which exist only as a legal fiction,” and “cannot appear pro se in
any Federal court litigation.”) (internal citations omitted).
3

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consent or retains counsel to take corrective action after it consents, it must, at bottom, act
through an attorney.
What occurred in this case is what is not allowed: a corporate entity consented to
removal through a non-lawyer representative. Thus, the Notice of Removal that relies on the
consent of Mr. Alexander through Mr. Sutton (or for that matter, Mr. Alexander himself) is
invalid and unable to adequately establish consent to the notice of removal. Even the relaxed
demands of Harper require this result.
Until this point, the Court has assumed for the purpose of analysis the threshold issue
of whether a defendant, in this case Outdoor, was even required to consent to removal. “When
a civil action is removed solely under section 1441(a), all defendants who have been properly
joined and served must join in or consent to the removal of the action.” 28 U.S.C. §
1446(b)(2)(A). However, the Sixth Circuit has excused noncompliance with the rule of
unanimity in certain situations, one of which is applicable here. A defendant who has not
been served with process at the time the notice of removal is filed need not join in the notice
of removal. See Klien v. Healthcare Corp., 19 F.3d 1433, 1994 WL 91786, n. 8 (6th Cir. 1994)
(per curiam) (table opinion); Milter v. Wright Medical Group, Inc., No. 11-cv-11353, 2011 WL
4360024, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 19, 2011) (“Under a well-known exception to the unanimity
requirement, a defendant who has not been served with process at the time of removal is filed
need not join in the notice of removal.”).
In its original Order, the Court relied upon Millennium’s statement that Outdoor and
Hunting had not yet been served with the Complaint. (DE 12, at 1). And with good reason—
that is what every affidavit submitted by Millennium stated. (DE 1-1, at 2; DE 11-1, at 2; DE
11-2, at 1]. Polston did not refute these statements. (DE -9-1, at 5) (“Finally, the safeguard
envisioned in Harper—that a non-participating defendant will alert the Court if a movant
seeking misrepresents the non-participating defendant’s consent—is impossible in this case
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considering that, according to Millennium’s assertions, the non-participating defendants
(Outdoor and Hunting) have not ever been served.”) (emphasis added).
This rule would ostensibly apply here because, at the time Millennium filed its notice
of removal, Outdoor had not yet been served. Thus, even if the above analysis is true—that
Outdoor’s consent was invalid—the Court could still decline to remand the case on the
purported failure to comply with the rule of unanimity for a much simpler reason: Outdoor
was not served with the complaint.
But there is a problem here, too. Polston is now seeking an entry of default. That entry
of default is based on Polston’s representation that he properly served Outdoor with process
on January 15, 2016—eleven days before the action was removed on January 26, 2016. (DE
22, ¶¶ 4-7).
Polston’s service of process was properly effected on Outdoors on January 15, 2016
pursuant to K.R.S. § 454. 210. In Kentucky, a “summons is deemed served upon return even
without a signed return receipt.” See Ashford v. Bollman Hat Co., No. 10-cv-192, 2011 WL
127153, at *2 (E.D. Ky. Jan. 14, 2011) (citing Haven Point Enters., Inc. v. United Ky. Bank,
Inc., 690 S.W.2d 393, 395 (Ky.1985) (holding that a signed, returned receipt is not necessary
from the addressee as part of the return by the Secretary of State)). See also Davis v. Wilson,
619 S.W.2d 709, 710–11 (Ky. Ct. App. 1980) (finding proper service pursuant to the long-arm
statute even though the envelope containing the summons was returned to the Secretary of
State marked “unclaimed”) (citing Cox v. Rueff Lighting Co., 589 S.W.3d 606, 607 (Ky. Ct.
App. 1979)).
The Mississippi Secretary of State’s website lists the members for Outdoor as Jimmy
Edwards and Billy Alexander. Billy Alexander is listed as the Registered Agent. (DE 25-1).
Polston sent the complaint to the address listed on the Mississippi Secretary of State’s
website, and the Kentucky Secretary of State returned the undelivered letter to the Pulaski
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Circuit Court on January 15, 2016. Accordingly, pursuant to K.R.S. § 454.210, Outdoor was
properly served on January 15, 2016.
Because Outdoor did not plead or otherwise defend the action, it appears to be in default.4
Therein lies the rub. Polston did what he was required to do to effectuate service, and,
therefore, entry of default seems appropriate. But, if the Court were to enter default against
Outdoor, it would rely upon a fact that Polston presumably knew before he filed his motion
to remand (DE 22, ¶¶ 4–7).
And so the dominos fall. That Polston served process before the notice of removal
means that Outdoor is no longer exempted from the rule of unanimity. See Klien, 19 F.3d
1433, 1994 WL 91786, n. 8. Because Outdoor was a party at the time of removal, Millennium
needed Outdoor’s consent to satisfy unanimity. Millennium did not obtain valid consent from
Outdoor because Outdoor never consented through an attorney acting on its behalf. And,
without unanimity, removal must fail. The Court cannot acknowledge a fact in one instance
to give relief but ignore the consequences it has for the entirety of the case.
***
The burden is on the non-removing party to raise issues with timeliness and
procedural requirements related to removal within thirty days of the filing of notice of
removal. Onder v. Kentucky State University, No. 3:11-cv-45, 2011 WL 6009643, at *2 (E.D.
Ky. Dec. 1, 2011) (citing Grudzinski v. Staren, 87 F. App’x 508, 512 (6th Cir. 2004). However,
the Court believes that Polston did sufficiency raise the unanimity issue in its motion to
remand. Specifically, Polston argued:
The non-participating defendants (Outdoor and Hunting) have failed to
express any independent acknowledgment of consent to this action being in
federal court . . . . Moreover, Barry Sutton’s statements that he was told by a
representative of Hunting and Outdoor that they consent to removal by
Even if the Court were to consider Mr. Edwards’ letters (which it cannot), Outdoor would still need to
demonstrate excusable neglect required by Rule 6(b)(1)(B) to ward off default.
4

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Millennium are too remote to satisfy the threshold of establishing consent to
removal by all named defendants.
(DE 9-1, at 5). Though not directly raising the issue of Outdoor’s inability to consent through
a non-attorney, Polston’s opposition to removal did all but state the rule. Indeed, Polston’s
opposition to removal and his pleadings did empower this Court to consider Outdoor’s role in
the removal procedure and base its reason for denial of remand the rule of unanimity.
Although a district court must remand a case if it lacks subject matter jurisdiction,
the court is not required to raise issues of timeliness or other procedural requirements sua
sponte. See Onder, 2011 WL 6009643, at *2. And, as Millennium and Hunting remind, Ҥ
1447(c) does not authorize sua sponte remands for purely procedural defects.” Page v. City of
Southfield, 45 F.3d 128, 133 (6th Cir. 1995). Here, however, the Court is not swooping in to
correct a procedural error that Polston missed, it is correcting it an error it made in its initial
consideration of the matter. Because Polston did sufficiently raise the issue and moved to
remand based on the procedural defect in the removal, a court must strictly construe the
statutory procedures for removal, with “any doubts concerning jurisdiction [being] resolved
in favor of remand.” Id. at *2 (citing Sygenta Crop Prot., Inc v. Henson, 537 U.S. 28, 32 (2002)).
That Polston did effect service triggers the need for unanimity. And because this Court’s
original opinion did not fully consider the implications that flow from that revelation—i.e.,
that Outdoor has never been represented by counsel—the procedural defects in this case
have, to this point, gone unaddressed. It is now clear that Millennium’s removal was
predicated on ineffectual consent and that the rule of unanimity has not been satisfied. With
these doubts concerning jurisdiction, the Court will remand this action to the Circuit Court
of Pulaski County Kentucky.

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Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED as follows:
(1) The Court’s prior Opinion and Order (DE 12) is SET ASIDE;
(2) This matter is REMANDED to the docket of the Pulaski County Circuit Court;
(3) All remaining motions are DENIED AS MOOT; and
(4) This case is STRICKEN from the Court’s active docket.
Dated March 6, 2017.

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