Shell Offshore Inc. v. Eni Petroleum US LLC et al

Filing 117

ORDER AND REASONS re 14] Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction, 15 Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim, 76 Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim. ORDERED that Eni-Inc.'s motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b) (2) is GRANTED. The claims against Eni-Inc. are hereby DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. FURTHER ORDERED that Eni-LLC's and Eni-Operating's motions to dismiss are hereby GRANTED IN PART, DEFERRED IN PART, and DISMISSED AS MOOT IN PART, as further explained herein. Signed by Judge Susie Morgan on 8/17/2017. (clc)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
SHELL OFFSHORE INC.
Plaintiff

CIVIL ACTION

VERSUS

NO. 16-15537

ENI PETROLEUM US LLC, ET AL.
Defendants

SECTION: “E” (2)

ORDER AND REASONS
Before the Court are three motions to dismiss filed by Defendants: (1) Eni
Petroleum Co. Inc.’s (“Eni-Inc.”) motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 1; (2) Eni Petroleum US LLC’s (“Eni-LLC”) and Eni-Inc.’s
motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 2; and
(3) Eni US Operating Co. Inc.’s (“Eni-Operating”) motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule
12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 3 Shell Offshore Inc. (“Shell”) opposes
these motions. 4
LEGAL STANDARD
I.

Rule 12(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
“Personal jurisdiction ‘is an essential element of the jurisdiction of a district court,

without which it is powerless to proceed to an adjudication.’” 5 When a non-resident
defendant challenges personal jurisdiction in a motion to dismiss, the plaintiff bears the

R. Doc. 14.
R. Doc. 15.
3 R. Doc. 76.
4 R. Docs. 23, 24, 46, 77.
5 Anderson v. GlobalSantaFe Offshore Services, Inc., 924 F. Supp. 2d 738, 742 (E.D. La. 2013) (quoting
Ruhrgas AG v. Marathon Oil Co., 526 U.S. 574, 583 (1999)).
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burden of proving that personal jurisdiction exists. 6 If the district court rules on the
motion without an evidentiary hearing, as in this case, the plaintiff need only make a
prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction. 7 In determining whether the plaintiff has
made a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction, the district court must take the
allegations of the complaint as true, except as controverted by opposing affidavits, and all
conflicts in the facts must be resolved in favor of plaintiffs. 8 Thus, the district court may
consider matters outside the complaint, including affidavits, when determining whether
personal jurisdiction exists. 9
To exercise personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant, two requirements
must be satisfied. “First, the forum state’s long-arm statute must confer personal
jurisdiction. Second, the exercise of jurisdiction must not exceed the boundaries of the
Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” 10 Because Louisiana’s long-arm
statute confers personal jurisdiction to the limits of constitutional due process, these two
inquiries become one and the same. 11
The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment “operates to limit the power
of a State to assert in personam jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant.” 12 For a court’s
exercise of personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant to be constitutional under
the Due Process Clause, (1) “that defendant [must have] purposefully availed himself of

Luv N’ Care, Ltd. v. Insta-Mix, Inc., 438 F.3d 465, 469 (5th Cir. 2006) (citing Wyatt v. Kaplan, 686 F.2d
276, 280 (5th Cir. 1982)).
7 See id. Because the Court previously granted Shell’s request for jurisdictional discovery, the argument
could be made that Shell is required to establish jurisdiction by the preponderance of the evidence.
However, whether this higher standard is appropriate is irrelevant given that, for the reasons discussed
below, Shell is unable to establish even a prima facie showing of the Court’s personal jurisdiction over EniInc.
8 Id. See also Thompson v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 755 F.2d 1162, 1165 (5th Cir. 1985).
9 Jobe v. ATR Mktg., Inc., 87 F.3d 751, 753 (5th Cir. 1996).
10 Seiferth v. Helicopteros Atuneros, Inc., 472 F.3d 266, 270 (5th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted).
11 Luv N’ Care, 438 F.3d at 469; La. R.S. 13:3201(B).
12 Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 413–14 (1984).
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the benefits and protections of the forum state by establishing ‘minimum contacts’ with
the forum state; and (2) the exercise of jurisdiction over that defendant [must] not offend
‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’” 13
The “minimum contacts” test takes two forms, depending on the type of
jurisdiction the court seeks to exercise over the defendant: general jurisdiction or specific
jurisdiction.
II.

Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a district court may dismiss

a complaint, or any part of it, for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted
if the plaintiff has not set forth factual allegations in support of his claim that would entitle
him to relief. 14 “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual
matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” 15 “A claim
has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to
draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” 16
The court, however, does not accept as true legal conclusions or mere conclusory
statements, and “conclusory allegations or legal conclusions masquerading as factual
conclusions will not suffice to prevent a motion to dismiss.” 17 “[T]hreadbare recitals of
elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements” or “naked
assertion[s] devoid of further factual enhancement” are not sufficient. 18

Latshaw v. Johnston, 167 F.3d 208, 211 (5th Cir. 1999) (citation omitted).
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007); Cuvillier v. Taylor, 503 F.3d 397, 401 (5th Cir.
2007).
15 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570).
16 Id.
17 S. Christian Leadership Conference v. Supreme Court of the State of La., 252 F.3d 781, 786 (5th Cir.
2001) (citing Fernandez-Montes v. Allied Pilots Ass’n, 987 F.2d 278, 284 (5th Cir. 1993)).
18 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 663, 678 (citations omitted).
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In summary, “[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above
the speculative level.” 19 “[W]here the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer
more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged—but it has not
show[n]’—that the pleader is entitled to relief.” 20 “Dismissal is appropriate when the
complaint ‘on its face show[s] a bar to relief.’” 21
ANALYSIS
I.

Eni-Inc.’s Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction
On November 29, 2016, Defendant Eni-Inc. filed a Rule 12(b)(2) motion to

dismiss. 22 In responding to the motion, Shell requested the motion be denied or, in the
alternative, that jurisdictional discovery be permitted. 23 On January 5, 2017, the Court
granted the parties leave to conduct jurisdictional discovery through and including
February 21, 2017. 24 The Court also ordered Shell to file a supplemental memorandum in
response to Eni-Inc.’s 12(b)(2) motion to dismiss no later than February 21, 2017. 25 On
February 21, 2017, Shell filed its supplemental memorandum in opposition to Eni-Inc.’s
Rule 12(b)(2) motion to dismiss. 26 On February 28, 2017, Eni-Inc. filed its reply to Shell’s
supplemental memorandum. 27
“Where a defendant challenges personal jurisdiction, the party seeking to invoke
the power of the court bears the burden of proving that jurisdiction exists. The plaintiff
need not, however, establish jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence; a prima

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.
Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)).
21 Cutrer v. McMillan, 308 F. App’x 819, 820 (5th Cir. 2009) (per curiam) (quotations omitted).
22 R. Doc. 14.
23 R. Doc. 23, at 4.
24 R. Doc. 35.
25 Id.
26 R. Doc. 46.
27 R. Doc. 52.
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facie showing suffices.” 28 A federal court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a foreign
defendant if (1) the long-arm statute of the forum state confers personal jurisdiction over
that defendant, and (2) the exercise of such jurisdiction comports with due process under
the United States Constitution. 29 The limits of the Louisiana long-arm statute are
coextensive with constitutional due process limits. 30 As a result, the Court must
determine whether Eni-Inc. has purposefully availed itself of the benefits and protections
of the forum state by establishing minimum contacts with the State of Louisiana and
whether the exercise of jurisdiction over Eni-Inc. would offend traditional notions of fair
play and substantial justice.
Shell argues the Court has personal jurisdiction over Eni-Inc. by virtue of the
contacts of Eni-Inc.’s subsidiaries with the State of Louisiana. 31 As Shell correctly
acknowledges in its supplemental opposition, “Generally, a foreign parent corporation is
not subject to the jurisdiction of a forum state merely because its subsidiary is present or
doing business there; the mere existence of a parent-subsidiary relationship is not
sufficient to warrant the assertion of jurisdiction over the foreign parent.” 32 “There may
be instances,” however, “in which the parent so dominates the subsidiary that ‘they do not

28 Luv N’ care, Ltd. v. Insta-Mix, Inc., 438 F.3d 465, 469 (5th Cir. 2006) (citing Wyatt v. Kaplan, 686 F.2d
276, 280 (5th Cir. 1982)).
29 Electrosource, Inc. v. Horizon Battery Techs., Ltd., 176 F.3d 867, 871 (5th Cir. 1999).
30 Id. See also La. R.S. § 13:3201, et seq.
31 R. Doc. 46 at 5-8. Eni-LLC and Eni-Operating do not contest that they are subject to this Court’s personal
jurisdiction. Most of Shell’s argument relates to Eni-Inc.’s relationship with Eni-LLC; the Court also will
address the possibility of exercising personal jurisdiction over Eni-Inc. by virtue of its relationship with EniOperating. In its original opposition to Eni-Inc.’s 12(b)(2) motion to dismiss, Shell focused on its argument
that “some liabilities and responsibilities” related to the Joint Operating Agreement in question, “may
remain with Eni Inc. depending upon the details of the transaction” in which the Eni entities were assigned
Dominion Exploration & Production, Inc.’s assets in the Popeye Field. See R. Doc. 23 at 4. Shell’s
supplemental memo centers on its argument that the Court has personal jurisdiction over Eni-Inc. based
on an alter-ego relationship with its subsidiaries; the Court considers its previous argument regarding the
allocation of liabilities and responsibilities to be abandoned.
32 R. Doc. 46 at 5-6 (citing Hargrave v. Fibreboard Corp., 710 F.2d 1154, 1159 (5th Cir. 1983)).

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in reality constitute separate and distinct corporate entities . . .” 33 The Fifth Circuit has
explained that the following factors are relevant in determining whether the parent and
subsidiary should be treated collectively for personal jurisdiction purposes: (1) the
amount of stock owned by the parent of the subsidiary; (2) whether the two corporations
have separate headquarters; (3) whether they have common officers and directors; (4)
whether they observe corporate formalities; (5) whether they maintain separate
accounting systems; (6) whether the parent exercises complete authority over general
policy of the subsidiary; and (7) whether the parent exercises complete authority over
daily operations of the subsidiary. 34
In conducting this analysis, “[t]he allegations of the complaint, except as
controverted by opposing affidavits, must be taken as true, and all conflicts in the facts
must be resolved in favor of [the] plaintiff[]” for the purpose of determining whether a
prima facie case for personal jurisdiction has been established.

35

“In making its

determination, the Court may consider ‘affidavits, interrogatories, depositions, oral
testimony, or any combination of the recognized methods of discovery.’” 36 As explained
above, “Courts have long presumed the institutional independence of related
corporations, such as parent and subsidiary, when determining if one corporation’s
contacts with a forum can be the basis of a related corporation’s contacts.” 37 “This
presumption of corporate separateness, however, may be overcome by clear evidence.” 38

Dalton v. R & W Marine, Inc., 897 F.2d 1359, 1363 (5th Cir. 1990).
Dickson Marine Inc. v. Panalpina, Inc., 179 F.3d 331, 339 (5th Cir. 1999) (citing Hargrave, 710 F.2d at
1160).
35 Alvarez v. Valero Refining-New Orleans, LLC, 2012 WL 893466, at *1 (citing Thompson v. Chrysler
Motors Corp., 755 F.2d 1162, 1165 (5th Cir. 1985)).
36 Id. (quoting Thompson, 755 F.2d at 1165).
37 Dickson Marine Inc., 179 F.3d at 338 (citing cannon Mfg. Co. v. Cudahy Packing Co., 267 U.S. 33 (1925)).
38 Id. (citing Donatelli v. National Hockey League, 893 F.2d 459, 465 (1st Cir. 1990)).
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“There must be evidence of one corporation asserting sufficient control to make the other
its agent or alter ego.” 39 “Moreover, the burden of making a prima facie showing of such
symbiotic corporate relatedness is on the proponent of the agency/alter ego theory.” 40
a. Factor 1: The Amount of Stock Owned by Eni-Inc. in Eni-LLC and EniOperating
Shell, in its Supplemental Memorandum alleges that Eni-Inc. owns 100% of EniBB, which owns 100% of Eni-LLC. 41 Shell also alleges that Eni-Inc. owns 100% of EniOperating. 42 Although Shell does not provide additional support for these allegations,
Eni-Inc., in its Reply, states “[t]hese facts are accurate and undisputed,” but argues, “they
are not relevant to – and certainly do not establish – personal jurisdiction.” 43
The fact that Eni-Inc. owns 100% of Eni-Operating weighs in favor of the Court
exercising jurisdiction over Eni-Inc.
With respect to the Court’s jurisdiction over Eni-Inc. by virtue of its alter-ego
relationship with Eni-LLC, Shell acknowledges that 100% of Eni-LLC’s stock is owned not
by Eni-Inc. but by Eni-BB, but points out that 100% of Eni-BB’s stock is owned by EniInc. 44 To establish a prima facie case that Eni-Inc.’s ownership of stock in Eni-BB equates
to Eni-Inc.s ownership of stock in Eni-LLC, Shell would have to present clear evidence
that Eni-BB and Eni-LLC were operating as a single entity or that the corporate veil
between Eni-BB and Eni-LLC should be pierced. Shell has not made any allegations or
produced any evidence to establish that Eni-BB and Eni-LLC operate as a single entity.

Id. (citations omitted).
Id. (citations omitted).
41 R. Doc. 46 at 4, 6.
42 Id. at 6.
43 R. Doc. 52 at 6 (citing Melson v. Vista World Inc. & Assocs., 2012 WL 6002680, at *5 (E.D. La. Nov. 30,
2012).
44 R. Doc. 46 at 6.
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Shell has failed to establish a prima facie case that Eni-Inc.’s ownership of stock in EniBB equates to Eni-Inc.’s ownership of stock in Eni-LLC.
The first factor, with respect to Eni-Operating, weighs in favor of the Court
exercising jurisdiction over Eni-Inc. The first factor, with respect to Eni-LLC, weighs
against the Court exercising jurisdiction over Eni-Inc.
b. Factor 2: Whether the Entities Share Headquarters
Shell, in its Supplemental Memorandum, argues that Eni-Inc.’s Corporate
Representative testified in his Rule 30(b)(6) deposition that Eni-Inc., Eni-Operating, EniBB and Eni-LLC share the same headquarters. 45 Eni-Inc., in its Reply, does not rebut
Shell’s argument. 46 The second factor, with respect to both Eni-Operating and Eni-LLC,
weighs in favor of the Court exercising jurisdiction over Eni-Inc.
c. Factor 3: Whether the Entities Have Common Officers and Directors
Shell, in its Supplemental Memorandum, argues that Eni-Inc. and Eni-LLC share
the same board members. 47 Shell attaches to its Supplemental Memorandum, under seal,
copies of the Secretary Certificates for Eni-Inc. and Eni-LLC which demonstrate
substantial overlap of individuals who serve as board members, directors or officers for
the two entities. In response, Eni-Inc. argues, “Shell incorrectly asserts that in 2007 both
entities had the same board members and that in 2016 the entities still shared the same
board members. Although there was some overlap in Eni-Inc.’s and Eni-LLC’s board
members during this time, the two companies have never had identical boards.” 48 The
third factor does not center on whether the entities have identical officers and directors,

Id. (citing R. Doc. 46-1 at 18 lns. 10-16 (Transcript of Rule 30(b)(6) deposition of Eni-Inc.)).
See R. Doc. 52.
47 R. Doc. 46 at 7-8 (citing R. Doc. 46-2 (Sealed copy of (1) Secretary Certificate, The Managers of Eni
Petroleum US, L.L.C. and (2) Secretary Certificate of Eni Petroleum Co., Inc.)).
48 R. Doc. 52 at 5 n.3.
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but whether they have common officers and directors. 49 As is clear from the Court’s
review of the sealed Secretary Certificates, there is a significant overlap between officers
and directors of Eni-Inc. and Eni-LLC. 50 The third factor with respect to Eni-LLC weighs
in favor of the Court exercising jurisdiction over Eni-Inc.
Shell does not argue that Eni-Inc. and Eni-Operating have common officers or
directors. The third factor with respect to Eni-Operating weighs against the Court
exercising jurisdiction over Eni-Inc.
d. Factor 4: Whether the Entities Maintain Corporate Formalities
In Huard v. Shreveport Pirates, Inc., the Fifth Circuit explained:
In determining whether to apply the alter ego doctrine, the totality of the
circumstances must be considered; however, the following factors are
usually considered relevant in evaluating adherence to corporate
formalities: (1) commingling of corporate and shareholder funds; (2) failure
to follow statutory formalities for incorporating and transacting corporate
affairs; (3) undercapitalization; (4) failure to provide separate bank
accounts and bookkeeping records; and (5) failure to hold regular
shareholder and director meetings. 51
Shell has not made any allegations or provided any evidence that corporate
formalities are not observed. 52 It is Shell’s burden to make a prima facie showing that
corporate formalities have not been observed, and it has failed to do so. As the Fifth
Circuit has consistently explained, “Where a parent and subsidiary observe corporate
formalities, the plaintiff has a heavy burden to establish a degree of control sufficient to
impute the subsidiary’s jurisdictional contacts to a parent,” 53 Shell’s failure to make a

49 See, e.g. Administrators

of Tulane Educ. Fund v. Ipsen, S.A., 450 F. App’x 326, 330 (5th Cir. 2011) (“[T]he
district court found . . . that the two corporations have a number of common officers and directors.”).
50 See R. Doc. 46-2.
51 147 F.3d 406, 409-10 (5th Cir. 1998) (citations omitted) (discussing the standard under Louisiana law).
52 See R. Doc. 46.
53 Administrators of Tulane Educ. Fund v. Ipsen, S.A., 450 F. App’x 326, 331 (5th Cir. 2011) (citations
omitted).
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prima facie showing with respect to factor four weighs heavily against the Court exercising
jurisdiction over Eni-Inc. by virtue of its relationship to Eni-LLC or Eni-Operating.
e. Factor 5: Whether the Entities Maintain Separate Accounting Systems
Shell, in its Supplemental Memorandum, argues Eni-Inc., Eni-LLC, and EniOperating do not have separate accounting systems, but Shell’s argument centers on the
fact that Eni-Inc., for reporting purposes, has combined its financial records with EniOperating, Eni-BB and Eni-LLC. 54 In support of its argument, Shell cites to the deposition
transcript of Eni-Inc.’s Rule 30(b)(6) representative, Gary Clifford. During the
deposition, Mr. Clifford testified that Eni-Inc. “consolidates all of its subsidiaries into a –
its financials.” 55 Mr. Clifford also testified that any profit made as a result of the Popeye
assets by Eni-LLC would be consolidated to Eni-Inc. 56
In its Reply, Eni-Inc. disputes Shell’s assertion and argues, “Eni-Inc. and Eni-LLC
maintain separate accounting systems and have separate state tax ID numbers in
Texas.” 57 Eni-Inc. attaches a copy of Eni-Inc.’s and Eni-LLC’s tax payer ID numbers. 58
Eni-Inc. does not provide any information regarding whether Eni-Operating has its own
tax payer ID number. Eni-Inc. also attaches its response to Shell’s jurisdictional discovery
requests in which Eni-Inc. informed Shell that it had no documents maintained in its
accounting systems responsive to a request for all accounting documents relating to the
Popeye assets. 59 Eni-Inc. argues the absence of documents relating to the Popeye assets

R. Doc. 46 at 1, 8 (citing R. Doc. 46-1 at 41 lns. 1-17). Shell also argues that Eni-Inc. “provides funding to
some of its subsidiaries.” Id. at 8 (citing R. Doc. 46-1 at 57 lns. 6-9). The deposition testimony cited by Shell
does not support this assertion. See R. Doc. 46-1 at 57 lns. 6-9.
55 R. Doc. 46-1 at 41 lns. 11-13.
56 Id. at 57 lns. 12-16.
57 R. Doc. 52 at 7.
58 R. Doc. 52-2.
59 R. Doc. 52-3 at 3.
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in its accounting systems demonstrates that all Popeye documents and information are
maintained in Eni-LLC’s separate accounting system. 60 To prove the entities have
separate accounting systems, Eni-Inc. agreed to make Eni-Inc.’s annual financial reports
from 2007 to present available for inspection at the offices of Susman Godfrey LLP. 61
Cases describing the analysis under the fifth factor generally look to whether the
entities have “separate bank accounts, accounting and payroll systems, insurance
contracts, budgets, and financial records.” 62 Shell referenced only Gary Clifford’s
testimony that all of the Eni entities’ financials are consolidated into Eni-Inc.’s financials
for reporting purposes. 63 It is Shell’s burden to make a prima facie showing that the
entities did not maintain separate accounting systems and, in light of the evidence
provided by Eni-Inc., it has failed to do so. The fifth factor weighs against the Court
exercising jurisdiction over Eni-Inc. by virtue of its relationship with Eni-LLC or EniOperating.
f. Factor 6: Whether Eni-Inc. Exercised Complete Authority Over Eni-LLC’s
or Eni-Operating’s General Policy
Shell does not allege or argue that Eni-Inc. exercises complete authority over EniLLC’s or Eni-Operating’s general policy. 64 The sixth factor weighs against the Court
exercising jurisdiction over Eni-Inc. by virtue of its relationship with Eni-LLC or EniOperating.
g. Factor 7: Whether Eni-Inc. Exercises Complete Authority Over the Daily
Operations of Eni-LLC or Eni-Operating

R. Doc. 52 at 11.
Id..
62 See Alvarez, 2012 WL 893466, at *3 (quoting Hargrave, 710 F.2d at 1160).
63 R. Doc. 46 at 8 (citing R. Doc. 46-1 at 11).
64 See R. Doc. 46. In its Supplemental Memorandum, Shell does allege that Eni-Inc. “exercised significant
control over its subsidiaries” but it does not provide any support for this allegation. Id. at 8.
60
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Shell argues that Eni-Inc. exercises authority over daily operations of both EniOperating and Eni-LLC through its control of Eni-Operating. 65 Shell argues that EniOperating “is the only subsidiary that has employees who manage the daily activities of
Louisiana and Gulf of Mexico oil and gas leases.” 66 Shell’s argument appears to be that, if
Eni-Inc. controls Eni-Operating and Eni-Operating is the only entity that conducts daily
operations, Eni-Inc. must exercise control over the daily operations of all its subsidiaries.
Shell does not provide evidentiary support for its allegation that Eni-Inc. controls EniOperating’s daily operations. In its original motion to dismiss, Eni-Inc. disputes the
allegation and attaches the sworn declaration of Gary Clifford, the Land and Business
Development Director for Eni-Operating and Eni-Inc.’s Rule 30(b)(6) corporate
representative, in which Mr. Clifford testifies that Eni-Inc. does not control the internal
business operations and affairs of Eni-LLC. 67 It is Shell’s burden to make a prima facie
showing that Eni-Inc. exercises authority of the daily operations of Eni-LLC and EniOperating and, in light of the testimony offered by Eni-Inc., it has failed to do so. The
seventh factor weighs against the Court exercising jurisdiction over Eni-Inc. by virtue of
its relationship with Eni-LLC or Eni-Operating.
h. The Court May Not Assert Jurisdiction Over Eni-Inc. as a Result of EniLLC’s or Eni-Operating’s Contacts with the State of Louisiana
After analyzing the seven factors and the caselaw, the Court finds that it does not
have personal jurisdiction over Eni-Inc. Shell has failed to meet its burden of establishing
a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction. Most notably, Shell has failed to rebut the
presumption of corporate separateness of Eni-Inc., Eni-LLC, Eni-Operating, and Eni-BB

R. Doc. 46 at 6.
Id.
67 R. Doc. 14-2 at 3 ¶13 (Sworn Declaration of Gary Clifford).
65

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by alleging or submitting any evidence that corporate formalities are not observed.
“Where a parent and subsidiary observe corporate formalities, the plaintiff has a heavy
burden to establish a degree of control sufficient to impute the subsidiary’s jurisdictional
contacts to a parent.” 68 “[T]ypically, the corporate independence of companies defeats the
assertion of jurisdiction over one by using contacts with another.” 69
Two factors weigh in favor of the Court exercising jurisdiction over Eni-Inc. by
virtue of its relationship with Eni-LLC, and two factors weigh in favor of the Court
exercising jurisdiction over Eni-Inc. by virtue of its relationship with Eni-Operating. But
the majority of the factors weigh against the Court exercising jurisdiction by virtue of EniInc.’s relationship with Eni-LLC and Eni-Operating, including the most important factor
– whether the entities observe corporate formalities.
Eni-Inc.’s motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure is granted. 70
II.

Eni-LLC’s and Eni-Operating’s Rule 12(b)(6) Motions to Dismiss Shell’s
Alternative Claim for Unjust Enrichment
In their Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss, Eni-LLC and Eni-Operating moved for

the dismissal of Shell’s claim for unjust enrichment alleging that the existence of a claim
for breach of contract defeats one of the essential elements of an unjust enrichment action
– lack of another remedy. 71 In response to Eni-LLC’s motion to dismiss, Shell amended

Administrators of Tulane Educ. Fund, 450 F. App’x 326, 331 (5th Cir. 2011) (citations omitted).
Access Telecomm., Inc. v. MCIK Telecomms. Corp., 197 F.3d 694, 717 (5th Cir. 1999).
70 The Court has already provided Shell with the opportunity to conduct jurisdictional discovery. R. Doc.
35. Despite this opportunity, Shell has not provided the Court with sufficient evidence to establish a prima
facie showing of personal jurisdiction.
71 R. Docs. 15-1 at 6, 76-1 at 5. Eni-Inc. also joined Eni-LLC’s motion but as discussed above, Eni-Inc. has
been dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2). With respect to the two motions to dismiss Shell’s unjust
enrichment claim, the Court will refer only to Eni-Inc. and Eni-LLC’s motion to dismiss, Record Document
15, and its related filings because Eni-Operating’s motion to dismiss, Record Document 76, repeats the
arguments raised in Record Document 15.
68
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its complaint “to clarify that its claim for unjust enrichment is being plead[ed] as an
alternative cause of action.” 72 In its reply, Eni-LLC argues Shell’s First Amended
Complaint does not resolve the motion to dismiss with respect to Shell’s unjust
enrichment claim because “In Louisiana, by law, an unjust enrichment claim is a
subsidiary claim, not an alternative claim.” 73
To support a claim for unjust enrichment under Louisiana law, a plaintiff must
show five elements: (1) there must be an enrichment; (2) there must be an
impoverishment; (3) there must be a connection between the enrichment and the
resulting impoverishment; (4) there must be an absence of “justification” or “cause” for
the enrichment and impoverishment; and (5) there must be no other remedy at law
available. 74 “The Louisiana Supreme Court has observed that ‘[t]he mere fact that a
plaintiff does not successfully pursue another available remedy does not give the plaintiff
the right to recover under the theory of unjust enrichment.’” 75 “This is because [t]he
unjust enrichment remedy is only applicable to fill a gap in the law where no express
remedy is provided.” 76
“Louisiana law provides that no unjust enrichment claim shall lie when the claim
is based on a relationship that is controlled by an enforceable contract.” 77 As the Louisiana
Supreme Court explained in Carriere, “The existence of a ‘remedy’ which precludes the

See R. Doc. 24 at 1-2 (discussing R. Doc. 22).
R. Doc. 31 at 3 (quoting JP Mack Indus. LLC v. Mosaic Fertilizer, LLC, 970 F. Supp.2d 516, 521 (E.D La.
2013)).
74 See JP Mack Indus. LLC, 970 F. Supp. 2d at 520-21 (citing Carriere v. Bank of Louisiana, 95-3058 (La.
12/13/96), 702 So. 2d 648).
75 Id. at 521 (alteration in original) (citing Walters v. MedSouth Record Mgmt., LLC, 2010-0351 (La.
6/4/10), 38 So. 3d 241, 242 (La. 2010) (per curiam)).
76 Perez v. Utility Constructors, Inc., 2016 WL 5930877, at *1 (E.D. La. Oct. 12, 2016) (internal citations
and quotations omitted).
77 Drs. Bethea, Moustoukas & Weaver LLC v. St. Paul Guardian Ins. Co., 376 F.3d 399, 407 (5th Cir. 2004)
(citing Edwards v. Conftronto, 636 So. 2d 901, 907 (La. 11/29/93)). See also, Double R & J Trucking Serv.,
Inc. v. Patton Installations of Florida, LLC, 2015 WL 2452343, at *4 (E.D. La. May 21, 2015).
72
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application of unjust enrichment does not connote the ability to recoup your
impoverishment by bringing an action . . . [i]t merely connotes the ability to bring the
action or seek the remedy.” 78 Stated differently, “It is not the success or failure of the other
causes of action, but rather the existence of other cause of action, that determine whether
unjust enrichment can be applied.” 79
Shell argues that its claim for unjust enrichment, pleaded in the alternative,
comports with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as well as Louisiana law. 80 Citing
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8(d)(2) and 8(d)(3), Shell argues the Federal Rules
explicitly allow a party to plead alternative and separate claims, regardless of
consistency. 81 Further, quoting Perez v. Utility Constructors, Inc., 2016 WL 5930877
(E.D. La. Oct. 12, 2016), Shell argues courts in this district have found, “Rule 8 allows
[plaintiff] to plead both breach of contract and unjust enrichment even though those
claims are inconsistent.” 82
As Eni-LLC and Eni-Operating correctly explain, “Perez noted and sought to
reconcile the differing EDLA authorities by explaining that alternatively-pled unjust
enrichment is only ‘sometimes’ permissible, depending on whether ‘it is clear that the
plaintiff has or had at one point another available remedy.’” 83 In Perez, the court explicitly
acknowledged, “Until the validity of the alleged contract can be determined, [plaintiff’s]

Carriere, 702 So. 2d at 673).
Zaveri v. Condor Petroleum Corp., 27 F. Supp. 3d 695, 702 (W.D. La. 2014) (quoting Garber v. Badon &
Rainer, 2007-1497 (La. App. 3 Cir. 4/2/08), 981 So. 2d 92, 100, writ denied, 2008-1154 (La. 9/19/08), 992
So. 2d 943).
80 R. Doc. 24 at 5.
81 See id.
82 Id. (quoting Perez, 2016 WL 5930877, at *1).
83 Id. at 6-7 (quoting Perez, 2016 WL 5930877, at *2 n.5 (internal marks omitted in original)). The Eni
Defendants also argue Perez “is inconsistent with Louisiana law to the extent it permits alternative claims
for unjust enrichment in any respect.” Id. at 6 (citing e.g., JP Mack, 970 F. Supp. 2d at 521 & n.2; Walters
38 So. 3d at 246). As explained further below, this Court’s Order and Reasons need not address Defendants’
argument regarding the validity of Perez.
78
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unjust enrichment claim should not be dismissed on the ground that [plaintiff] has
another available remedy.” 84 In Perez, the court found “genuine disputes of material fact
preclude this Court from determining whether a contract existed for the extra work
performed.” 85 Because “[u]nder Louisiana law, a plaintiff does not have an available
contractual remedy unless a valid contract existed,” the Perez court held it was improper
to dismiss plaintiff’s alternative unjust enrichment claim as a result of plaintiff’s breach
of contract claim at that time. 86
The limited holding in Perez does not apply to the case currently before this Court.
Unlike Perez, in this case there is no genuine dispute of material fact as to whether a
contract exists. Shell filed claims for breach of contract and open account against Eni-LLC
and Eni-Operating 87 and Eni-LLC does not contest that Shell has alleged a viable breach
of contract claim against it. 88 In its opposition, Shell states, “While not directly addressed
in Eni’s Motion, Eni Petroleum US LLC’s statement that [Shell] ‘does not have a valid
claim under the [Unit Operating Agreement “UOA”] makes it clear that a motion on
[Shell’s] breach of contract claim against Eni Petroleum US LLC is forthcoming.’” 89 As a
result, Shell argues:
Given that the instant matter is in its early stages and Eni’s suggestion that
there are additional challenges to [Shell’s] breach of contract claim against
Eni Petroleum US LLC to be addressed, the Court should deny Eni’s motion
to dismiss and allow [Shell’s] claim for unjust enrichment to proceed as an
alternative claim. 90

Perez, 2016 WL 5930877, at *2 (internal quotations omitted).
Id.
86 Id.
87 R. Docs. 1, 70.
88 See R. Doc. 31 at 7 n.1 (“Shell alleged a plausible (albeit meritless) breach of contract claim against EniLLC and, thus, does not have an unjust enrichment claim.”).
89 R. Doc. 24, at 7 (quoting R. Doc. 15-1, at 1).
90 Id.
84
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Although a motion on Shell’s breach of contract claim against Eni-LLC may be
forthcoming, there is no indication that such a motion would be based on the absence of
a contract.
Eni-LLC’s admission that Shell has stated a “plausible” breach of contract claim
against it also precludes an unjust enrichment claim against Eni-Operating. Courts have
explained “the remedy provided by unjust enrichment is precluded where the available
remedy at law is against someone other than the person against whom the claim is
presently asserted.” 91 As a result, the Court need not determine whether Shell has alleged
a viable claim against Eni-Operating before determining that Shell’s unjust enrichment
claim against Eni-Operating must be dismissed because it is clear there is a breach of
contract claim against Eni-LLC.
Eni-LLC and Eni-Operating’s motions to dismiss Shell’s alternative claim for
unjust enrichment is granted.
III.

Eni-Operating’s Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss Shell’s Claims for Breach of
Contract
Shell, in its Compliant, refers to Eni-Inc, Eni-LLC, and Eni-Operating collectively

as “Eni” or the “Eni Defendants.” 92 While Eni-LLC does not contest that Shell has alleged
a viable breach of contract claim against it, 93 Eni-Operating argues that Shell has not
adequately alleged it was a party to the Unit Operating Agreement and as a result Shell
has not alleged a viable breach of contract claim against it. 94
As Eni-Operating notes in its reply in support of its Rule 12(b)(6) motion to
dismiss, “Shell’s opposition lists a number of factual allegations, none of which are alleged
Zaveri, 27 F. Supp. 3d 695, 702 (W.D. La. 2014) (citing Carriere, 702 So. 2d at 672-673).
See R. Docs. 1 at 1 ¶4, 70 at 1 ¶4.
93 See R. Doc. 41 at 7 n.1.
94 R. Doc. 76-1 at 4.
91

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in Shell’s complaint, indicating that employees of Eni-Operating carry out some daily
operations for Eni-LLC.” 95 The Court construes these new factual allegations in Plaintiff's
opposition memorandum as a motion to file an amended complaint. 96 Rule 15(a)
"requires the trial court to grant leave to amend freely, and the language of this rule
evinces a bias in favor of granting leave to amend." 97 A district court must possess a
"substantial reason" to deny a motion under Rule 15(a). 98 Although Shell has already filed
two amended complaints, the second of which was objected to by the Eni-LLC, 99 the Court
finds that further amendment is necessary in order to resolve Eni-LLC’s and EniOperating’s motions to dismiss Shell’s claim for breach of contract.
In its third amended complaint, Shell shall address the arguments raised by EniLLC and Eni-Operating in their motions to dismiss Shell’s claim for breach of contract.
Shell’s allegations must be specific with respect to each Defendant, such that, (1) all
allegations with respect to the parties to the Joint Operating Agreement name specific
entities; (2) all allegations with respect to the assignment of rights under the Joint
Operating Agreement identify the specific entity to which the assignment is made; (3) all
allegations with respect to the daily operations of Eni-LLC conducted by Eni-Operating
list the specific operation; and (4) the third amended complaint must list the causes of
R. Doc. 82 at 3 (citing R. Doc. 77 at 6-7).
See Morin v. Moore, 309 F.3d 316, 323 (5th Cir. 2002) ("This Court has held, that in the interest of justice
a revised theory of the case set forth in the plaintiff's opposition should be construed as a motion to amend
the pleadings filed out of time and granted by the district court pursuant to the permissive command of
Rule 15.") (citing Sherman v. Hallbauer, 455 F.2d 1236, 1241 (5th Cir. 1972)); Stover v. Hattiesburg Pub.
Sch. Dist., 549 F.3d 985, 989 n.2 (5th Cir. 2008) (citing with approval cases in which the district court
construed new allegations in opposition memorandum as motion to amend under Rule 15(a)).
97 Lyn-Lea Travel Corp. v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 283 F.3d 282, 286 (5th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
98 Smith v. EMC Corp., 393 F.3d 590, 595 (5th Cir. 2004). In deciding whether to grant leave under Rule
15(a), courts may consider factors such as "undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the
movant, repeated failures to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the
opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, and futility of the amendment." Jones v. Robinson
Prop. Grp., LP, 427 F.3d 987, 994 (5th Cir. 2005).
99 See R. Doc. 60.
95

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actions asserted against each Defendant. In addition, Shell should attach to its third
amended complaint all documents referenced therein. Shell’s third amended complaint
must be filed as a restated and amended complaint, incorporating all allegations.
IV.

Eni-LLC’s and Eni-Operating’s Rule 12(b)(6) Motions to Dismiss Open Account
Shell’s claim on open account suffers from many of the same flaws described above

with respect to its breach of contract claim. As a result, the Court defers ruling on EniLLC’s and Eni-Operating’s motions to dismiss Shell’s claim based on an open account
until Shell has had the opportunity to file its third amended complaint.
V.

Eni-LLC’s Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss Shell’s Claim for Attorney’s Fees
In its original complaint, Shell alleged a claim for attorneys’ fees. 100 Eni-LLC filed

a motion to dismiss this count as attorneys’ fees are “a remedy, not a cause of action.” 101
On December 6, 2016, Shell filed its First Supplemental and Amended Complaint in
which it amended its original complaint to remove the count for attorneys’ fees under
Section V, “Damages.” 102 In its reply, the Eni-LLC acknowledged that Shell’s First
Supplemental and Amended Complaint “resolves [its] motion on this point.” 103 Eni-LLC’s
motion to dismiss Shell’s claim for attorneys’ fees is dismissed as moot.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons;
IT IS ORDERED that Eni-Inc.’s motion to dismiss 104 pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2)
is GRANTED. The claims against Eni-Inc. are hereby DISMISSED WITHOUT
PREJUDICE.

R. Doc. 1 at 9.
R. Doc. 15-1 at 2.
102 R. Doc. 22 at 1.
103 R. Doc. 31 at 10.
104 R. Doc. 14.
100
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IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Eni-LLC’s and Eni-Operating’s motions to
dismiss 105 are hereby GRANTED IN PART, DEFERRED IN PART, and
DISMISSED AS MOOT IN PART.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Eni-LLC’s and Eni-Operating’s motions to
dismiss 106 are GRANTED to the extent they seek the dismissal of Shell’s claim for unjust
enrichment. Shell’s claim for unjust enrichment is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Court DEFERS ruling on Eni-LLC’s and
Eni-Operating’s motions to dismiss 107 to the extent they seek the dismissal of Shell’s
breach of contract claim against Eni-Operating and Shell’s open account claim against
Eni-LLC and Eni-Operating.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Shell shall have until Thursday, August 24,
2017 at 5:00 p.m. to file its third amended complaint. If Shell timely files timely files its
third amended complaint, Eni-LLC’s and Eni-Operating’s 12(b)(6) motions 108 with
respect to Shell’s claims for breach of contract and open account will be dismissed as moot
without prejudice. Eni-LLC and Eni-Operating will be free to re-urge their motions in a
timely fashion.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Eni-LLC’s motion to dismiss 109 Shell’s claim
for attorney’s fees is DISMISSED AS MOOT.
New Orleans, Louisiana, this 17th day of August, 2017.
___________ __ _______ _________
SUSIE MORGAN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
R. Docs. 15, 76.
Id.
107 Id.
108 Id.
109 R. Doc. 15.
105

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