Henson v. BP Exploration & Production, Inc. et al
Filing
105
ORDER AND REASONS: Before the Court is BP's Daubert Motion to Exclude the Causation Testimony of Plaintiff's Expert, Dr. Jerald Cook 74 filed by Defendants BP Exploration & Production Inc., BP America Production Company, and BP p.l.c. as well as Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment 73 . IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants' Daubert Motion to Exclude the Causation Testimony of Plaintiff's Expert, Dr. Jerald Cook is GRANTED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff's claims against Defendants are DISMISSED with prejudice. Signed by Judge Wendy B Vitter on 1/19/23. (Reference: All cases)(cg)
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
JAMES HENSON, JR.
CIVIL ACTION
VERSUS
NO. 17-3276
BP EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION,
INC., ET AL.
SECTION: D (1)
ORDER & REASONS
Before the Court is BP’s Daubert Motion to Exclude the Causation Testimony
of Plaintiff’s Expert, Dr. Jerald Cook1 filed by Defendants BP Exploration &
Production Inc., BP America Production Company, and BP p.l.c. as well as
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment.2
Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.,
Transocean Holdings, LLC, Transocean Deepwater, Inc., and Transocean Offshore
Deepwater Drilling, Inc. (collectively “Defendants”) have joined in both motions.3
Plaintiff James Henson, Jr. (“Plaintiff”) opposes both Motions.4 Defendants have filed
a Reply in support of their Motion for Summary Judgment and Plaintiff has filed a
Supplemental Memorandum in Opposition to BP’s Daubert Motion to Exclude the
Causation Testimony of Plaintiffs’ [sic] Expert, Dr. Jerald Cook.5
After careful consideration of the parties’ memoranda, the record, and the
applicable law, the Defendants’ Motions are GRANTED.
R. Doc. 74.
R. Doc. 73.
3 See R. Doc. 74 n.1; R. Doc. 73 n.1.
4 R. Doc. 80; R. Doc. 82.
5 Defendants’ Reply, R. Doc. 95. Plaintiff’s Supplemental Memorandum, R. Doc. 104.
1
2
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I.
FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
This case arises from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in
2010 and the subsequent cleanup efforts of the Gulf Coast. On January 11, 2013,
United States District Judge Carl J. Barbier, who presided over the multidistrict
litigation arising out of the Deepwater Horizon incident, approved the Deepwater
Horizon Medical Benefits Class Action Settlement Agreement (the “MSA”).6
However, certain individuals, referred to as “B3” plaintiffs, either opted out of or were
excluded from the MSA.7 Plaintiff James Henson, Jr. opted out of the MSA and,
accordingly, is a B3 plaintiff.8
Plaintiff filed this individual action against Defendants on April 11, 2017 to
recover for injuries allegedly sustained as a result of the oil spill.9 For approximately
six months in 2010, Plaintiff worked as a beach cleanup worker, tasked with cleaning
up oil and oil-covered debris from the beaches and coastal areas in Biloxi, Moss Point,
Ocean Springs, Ship Island, Horn Island, and Petit Bois Island, Mississippi.10
Plaintiff alleges that Defendants’ negligence and recklessness in both causing the
Gulf oil spill and subsequently failing to properly design and implement a clean-up
response caused him to suffer myriad injuries including rash, skin irritation, itching,
foot pains, toothache, chemically induced asthma, acute bronchitis, headaches,
dizziness, vertigo, acute and chronic sinusitis, acute and chronic rhinitis, nausea,
See Brown v. BP Expl. & Prod. Inc., Civ. A. No. 18-9927, 2019 WL 2995869, at *1 (E.D. La. July 9,
2019) (citation omitted) (Africk, J.).
7 See In re Oil Spill by Oil Rig “Deepwater Horizon” in Gulf of Mexico, on Apr. 20, 2010, No. MDL 2179,
2021 WL 6053613, at *2 (E.D. La. Apr. 1, 2021).
8 R. Doc. 1 at ¶ 5.
9 Id.
10 R. Doc. 74-2 at p. 5.
6
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vomiting, gastroenteritis, diverticulosis of colon, colitis, pain, gall stones, acute renal
insufficiency, costochondritis, pneumonitis, burning eyes, and dry eye syndrome.11
Specifically, Plaintiff seeks to recover economic damages, personal injury damages—
including damages for past and future medical expenses and for pain and suffering—
punitive damages, and attorneys’ fees, costs, and expenses.12
To help support his claims that exposure to the chemicals present in the oil
spilled by Defendants caused his particular health symptoms, Plaintiff offers the
report (“Report”) and testimony of Dr. Jerald Cook.13 Dr. Cook is a retired Navy
physician with expertise specifically as an occupational and environmental
physician.14 Dr. Cook’s Report is not tailored directly to Plaintiff’s claims; rather, Dr.
Cook’s generic causation Report has been utilized by numerous B3 plaintiffs,
including many plaintiffs currently before this Court as well as in other cases before
other sections of this court.15 Accordingly, Dr. Cook’s Report pertains only to general
causation and not to specific causation.16
Defendants filed the instant Motion in limine and Motion for Summary
Judgment on September 9, 2022. In their Motion in limine, Defendants contend that
Dr. Cook should be excluded from testifying due to, inter alia, Dr. Cook’s failure to
identify the harmful level of exposure capable of causing Plaintiff’s particular injuries
See R. Doc. 74-3.
R. Doc. 1 at pp. 5–6.
13 R. Doc. 74-4.
14 Id. at p. 8.
15 See Johns v. BP Expl. & Prod. Inc., No. CV 17-3304, 2022 WL 1811088, at *2 (E.D. La. June 2, 2022)
(Ashe, J.) (“Cook issued an omnibus, non-case specific general causation expert report that has been
used by many B3 plaintiffs.”).
16 R. Doc. 82 at p. 4 (“[P]laintiffs had Dr. Cook prepare a report with his general causation opinions[.]”).
11
12
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for each chemical that Plaintiff alleges to have been exposed to. Because Dr. Cook
should be excluded from testifying, Defendants argue, the Court should grant their
Motion for Summary Judgment as Plaintiff is unable to establish general causation
through expert testimony, a necessary requirement under controlling Circuit
precedent. Plaintiff opposes both Motions, arguing that Dr. Cook’s Report satisfies
the Daubert standards for reliability and relevancy and, therefore, that summary
judgment is inappropriate.
II.
LEGAL STANDARD
A. Motion in Limine
The district court has considerable discretion to admit or exclude expert
testimony under Fed. R. Evid. 702,17 and the burden rests with the party seeking to
present the testimony to show that the requirements of Rule 702 are met.18 Rule 702
provides that an expert witness “qualified . . . by knowledge, skill, experience,
training or education may testify in the form of an opinion” when all of the following
requirements are met:
(a) The expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the
evidence or to determine a fact in issue;
(b) The testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
(c) The testimony is the product of reliable principles and
methods; and
(d) The expert has reliably applied the principles and methods
to the facts of the case.19
See Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 138–39 (1997); Seatrax, Inc. v. Sonbeck Int’l, Inc., 200
F.3d 358, 371 (5th Cir. 2000); Tajonera v. Black Elk Energy Offshore Operations, LLC, Civ. A. No. 130366 c/w 13-0550, 13-5137, 13-2496, 13-5508, 13-6413, 14-374, 14-1714, 2016 WL 3180776, at *8 (E.D.
La. June 7, 2016) (Brown, J.) (citing authority).
18 Moore v. Ashland Chem. Inc., 151 F.3d 269, 276 (5th Cir. 1998).
19 Fed. R. Evid. 702; Tajonera, 2016 WL 3180776, at *8.
17
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Rule 702 codifies the Supreme Court’s opinion in Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., which charges district courts to act as “gatekeepers” when
determining the admissibility of expert testimony.20 “To be admissible under Rule
702, the court must find that the evidence is both relevant and reliable.”21 According
to the Fifth Circuit, reliability is determined by assessing whether the reasoning or
methodology underlying the testimony is scientifically valid, while relevance depends
on whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony can be properly
applied to the facts at issue.22 The purpose of the reliability requirement is to exclude
expert testimony based merely on subjective belief or unsupported speculation.23
To satisfy the reliability prong of the Daubert/Rule 702 analysis, a “party
seeking to introduce expert testimony must show (1) the testimony is based upon
sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and
methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the
facts of the case.”24 To prove reliability, the proponent of the expert testimony must
present some objective, independent validation of the expert’s methodology.25 The
objective of this Court’s gatekeeper role is to ensure that an expert “employs in the
United States v. Fullwood, 342 F.3d 409, 412 (5th Cir. 2003) (citing Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms.,
Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993)).
21 United States v. Ebron, 683 F.3d 105, 139 (5th Cir. 2012) (citing United States v. Valencia, 600 F.3d
389, 423 (5th Cir. 2010)).
22 Ebron, 683 F.3d at 139 (citing Pipitone v. Biomatrix, Inc., 288 F.3d 239, 244 (5th Cir. 2002)).
23 Tajonera, 2016 WL 3180776, at *8 (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590).
24 Recif Res., LLC v. Juniper Cap. Advisors, L.P., Civ. A. No. H-19-2953, 2020 WL 5623982, at *2 (S.D.
Tex. Sept. 18, 2020) (quoting Huss v. Gayden, 571 F.3d 442, 452 (5th Cir. 2009)) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
25 Recif Res., LLC, 2020 WL 5623982, at *2 (citing Brown v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 705 F.3d 531, 536
(5th Cir. 2013)).
20
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courtroom the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an
expert in the relevant field.”26
B. Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is appropriate under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56
“if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”27 When assessing whether a
genuine dispute regarding any material fact exists, the Court considers “all of the
evidence in the record but refrain[s] from making credibility determinations or
weighing the evidence.”28 While all reasonable inferences must be drawn in favor of
the nonmoving party, a party cannot defeat summary judgment with conclusory
allegations, unsubstantiated assertions or “only a scintilla of evidence.” 29 Instead,
summary judgment is appropriate if a reasonable jury could not return a verdict for
the nonmoving party.30
If the dispositive issue is one on which the moving party will bear the burden
of proof at trial, the moving party “must come forward with evidence which would
entitle it to a directed verdict if the evidence went uncontroverted at trial.”31 The
non-moving party can then defeat summary judgment by either submitting evidence
Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152 (1999); Hodges v. Mack Trucks Inc., 474 F.3d 188,
194 (5th Cir. 2006).
27 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56; Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986).
28 Delta & Pine Land Co. v. Nationwide Agribusiness Ins. Co., 530 F.3d 395, 398–99 (5th Cir. 2008)
(citations omitted).
29 Id. (quoting Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir. 1994)) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
30 Delta & Pine Land Co., 530 F.3d at 399 (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248).
31 International Shortstop, Inc. v. Rally’s, Inc., 939 F.2d 1257, 1264–65 (5th Cir. 1991).
26
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sufficient to demonstrate the existence of a genuine dispute of material fact, or by
“showing that the moving party’s evidence is so sheer that it may not persuade the
reasonable fact-finder to return a verdict in favor of the moving party.”32 If, however,
the nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial on the dispositive issue,
the moving party may satisfy its burden by merely pointing out that the evidence in
the record is insufficient with respect to an essential element of the nonmoving
party’s claim.33 The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party who must go beyond
the pleadings and, “by her own affidavits, or by the ‘depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file,’ designate ‘specific facts showing that there
is a genuine issue for trial.’”34
III.
ANALYSIS
The burden of proof is on the B3 plaintiffs to prove that “the legal cause of the
claimed injury or illness is exposure to oil or other chemicals used during the
response.”35 To prove causation, the B3 plaintiffs are required to provide reliable
expert testimony.36 “A plaintiff in such a case cannot expect lay fact-finders to
understand medical causation; expert testimony is thus required to establish
causation.”37
Courts use “a two-step process in examining the admissibility of causation
evidence in toxic tort cases.”38
First, a court must determine whether general
Id. at 1265.
See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322–23.
34 Id. at 324 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)).
35 In re Oil Spill, 2021 WL 6053613, at *11.
36 See, e.g., Seaman v. Seacor Marine, LLC, 326 Fed. Appx. 721, 723 (5th Cir. 2009).
37 Id. (citing Allen v. Penn. Eng’g Corp., 102 F.3d 194, 199 (5th Cir. 1996)).
38 Knight v. Kirby Inland Marine, Inc., 482 F.3d 347, 351 (5th Cir. 2007).
32
33
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causation exists.39 “General causation is whether a substance is capable of causing a
particular injury or condition in the general population.”40 Second, if the court finds
that there is admissible general-causation evidence, “the district court must
determine whether there is admissible specific-causation evidence.”41
“[S]pecific
causation is whether a substance caused a particular individual’s injury.” 42 If the
court finds that there is no admissible general causation evidence, it need not
consider the issue of specific causation.43
To establish general causation, a causation expert must identify “the harmful
level of exposure to a chemical” at which physical symptoms manifest.44 As explained
by Dr. Cook, nearly every chemical on Earth may be toxic or even fatal at a certain
level of exposure.45 Thus, causation experts determine not only whether a chemical
is capable of causing certain health effects, but at what level of exposure do those
health affects appear. Experts, such as Dr. Cook, refer to this inquiry with the
maxim, dosis sola facit venenum, or “the dose determines the poison.”46 This analysis
is also referred to in the Bradford Hill factors as the dose-response relationship.47
Id.
Id. (quoting Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 714 (Tex. 1997)).
41 Id.
42 Id.
43 Id. (“Evidence concerning specific causation in toxic tort cases is admissible only as a follow-up to
admissible general-causation evidence.”).
44 Allen, 102 F.3d at 199.
45 R. Doc. 74-4 at p. 32; see also English v. BP Expl. & Prod. Inc., No. CV 13-1033, R. Doc. 48-6
(Deposition of Dr. Jerald Cook) at 150:14–16 (E.D. La. September 26, 2022) (Vitter, J.) (“Like I said,
something not very harmful, such as water, can become harmful at a high enough dose.”).
46 R. Doc. 74-4 at p. 32. Such knowledge dates back to at least the time of Paracelsus, the great
sixteenth-century Swiss philosopher and scientist, who remarked that “[s]olely the dose determines
that a thing is not a poison.” See Joseph Borzelleca, Paracelsus: Herald of Modern Toxicology, 53
Toxicological Scis. 2, 4 (1999).
47 R. Doc. 74-4 at p. 32.
39
40
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In recognition of the importance of this step of the causation analysis, the
American Medical Association’s Guide to the Evaluation of Disease and Injury
Causation states that determining “whether the estimated dose was sufficient to
explain observed clinical effects known to be associated with the agent in question”
is the “most critical phase of the hazard evaluation process.” 48 Relatedly, the Fifth
Circuit states that this detail is one of the “minimal facts necessary to sustain the
plaintiff’s burden in a toxic tort case.”49 Plaintiffs must provide reliable expert
testimony establishing the requisite level of exposure necessary to cause each alleged
physical harm.50 Accordingly, failure to properly identify the level of exposure to a
particular chemical at which harmful effects occur necessarily renders a general
causation opinion unreliable and, thus, inadmissible.51
This Court has previously considered the June 21, 2022 version of Dr. Cook’s
Report offered here by Plaintiff, finding that the Report fails to meet the Daubert
standards for reliability and helpfulness to the trier of fact.52 For the same reasons
set forth in detail in that Order and Reasons, the Court determines that Plaintiff has
R. Doc. 74-6 at pp. 6–7. Dr. Cook testified that he regularly consults the AMA Guide. See English,
R. Doc. 48-6 (Deposition of Dr. Jerald Cook) at 59:22–60:1.
49 Allen, 102 F.3d at 199; accord McGill v. BP Expl. & Prod., Inc., 830 Fed. Appx. 430, 433 (5th Cir.
2020) (affirming exclusion of expert’s opinions where “none [of the studies on which the expert relied]
provide conclusive findings on what exposure level of Corexit is hazardous to humans.”).
50 Allen, 102 F.3d at 195; see also McGill, 830 Fed. Appx. at 433 n.1 (excluding expert testimony where
the studies relied upon by expert “did not address what level of exposure would be unsafe for humans
or what specific illnesses that exposure may cause.”) (emphasis added).
51 See Dawkins v. BP Expl. & Prod., Inc., No. CV 17-3533, 2022 WL 2315846, at *6 (E.D. La. June 28,
2022) (Vance, J.), reconsideration denied, No. CV 17-3533, 2022 WL 4355818 (E.D. La. Sept. 20, 2022)
(“Accordingly, if the Court finds that plaintiff cannot ‘prove, at [a] minimum, that exposure to a certain
level of a certain substance for a certain period of time can cause a particular condition in the general
population,’ then the Court’s inquiry into general causation is complete.” (quoting Williams v. BP Expl.
& Prod., Inc., No. 18-9753, 2019 WL 6615504, at *8 (E.D. La. Dec. 5, 2019) (Morgan, J.)).
52 See Kaoui v. BP Expl. & Prod., Inc., No. CV 17-3313, R. Doc. 68 (E.D. La. Jan. 12, 2023) (Vitter, J.).
48
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failed in his burden of establishing the reliability and relevance of his expert’s report
and finds it appropriate to grant Defendants’ Motion in limine to exclude Dr. Cook’s
Report. Plaintiff accordingly lacks expert testimony on general causation. Without
expert testimony, which is required to prove general causation,53 Plaintiff has failed
to demonstrate a genuine dispute of material fact regarding his claims that his
injuries were caused by exposure to oil. “When a plaintiff has no expert testimony to
prove his medical diagnosis or causation at trial, the plaintiff’s suit may be dismissed
at the summary judgment stage.”54
Thus, Defendants’ Motion for Summary
Judgment must be granted as Defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law
due to Plaintiff’s failure to establish general causation.
IV.
CONCLUSION
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants’ Daubert Motion to Exclude the
Causation Testimony of Plaintiff’s Expert, Dr. Jerald Cook55 is GRANTED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Summary
Judgment56 is GRANTED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants are
DISMISSED with prejudice.
New Orleans, Louisiana, January 19, 2023.
______________________________
WENDY B. VITTER
United States District Judge
See, e.g., Perkins v. BP Expl. & Prod., No. 17-4476, 2022 WL 972276, at *2 (E.D. La. Mar. 31, 2022)
(Milazzo, J.) (“In a toxic tort suit such as this one, the plaintiff must present admissible expert
testimony to establish general causation as well as specific causation.”).
54 Williams, 2019 WL 6615504, at *11.
55 R. Doc. 74.
56 R. Doc. 73.
53
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