Shaw v. Ciox Health LLC
Filing
165
ORDER AND REASONS: For the foregoing reasons, Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment 70 is GRANTED, and Plaintiff's Motions for Summary Judgment 31 , 33 are DENIED. Signed by Judge Jane Triche Milazzo on 09/08/2021. (am)
Case 2:19-cv-14778-JTM-DPC Document 165 Filed 09/09/21 Page 1 of 13
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
JAQUETTA SHAW
CIVIL ACTION
VERSUS
NO. 19-14778
CIOX HEALTH, LLC
SECTION: “H”
ORDER AND REASONS
Before the Court is Defendant Ciox Health, LLC’s Motion for Summary
Judgment (Doc. 70) and Plaintiff Jaquetta Shaw’s Motions for Summary
Judgment (Docs. 31, 33). For the following reasons, Defendant’s Motion is
GRANTED, and Plaintiff’s Motions are DENIED.
BACKGROUND
Defendant Ciox Health, LLC (“Ciox Health”) is a health information
management company that assigns employees to its customers’ sites to
retrieve, image, and transmit health information for providers and patients.1
1
Doc. 70-1 at 6.
1
Case 2:19-cv-14778-JTM-DPC Document 165 Filed 09/09/21 Page 2 of 13
One such site is Tulane University Hospital and Clinic (“Tulane”), whose
partner Parallon Business Performance Group (“Parallon”) contracted with
Ciox Health to handle the processing of health information at Tulane. Plaintiff
Jaquetta Show started working for Ciox Health as a Release of Information
Specialist I at the Tulane site on July 2, 2012. As part of her job, Plaintiff
printed and processed all types of requests for medical records. In April of 2016,
Ciox Health promoted Plaintiff to Client Service Representative II. On
November 4, 2016, Ciox Health terminated Plaintiff’s employment.
Plaintiff filed this pro se action against Ciox Health, alleging
discrimination under Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1981. Specifically, Plaintiff
alleges that Ciox Health denied her a wage increase during the period of
December 2013 to April 2016, despite giving an increase to her co-worker
Jennie Giraud, whose self-identified race is different than Plaintiff’s.2 Plaintiff
further alleges that Ciox Health discriminated against her by terminating her
employment.
After this Court’s Order and Reasons on Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss,3
Plaintiff has three claims remaining: (1) a claim of racial discrimination in
violation of Title VII based on Plaintiff’s termination, (2) a claim of racial
discrimination in violation of § 1981 based on the termination, and (3) a claim
of racial discrimination in violation of § 1981 for denial of a wage increase.4
Plaintiff is an African American, and Ciox Health’s human resources records reflect that
Ms. Giraud self-identifies as “Hispanic or Latino.” Doc 33-2 at 2; Doc. 70-1 at 20; Doc. 70-2
at 125.
3 Doc. 17.
4 Plaintiff’s two Motions for Summary Judgment include an alleged violation of her 14th
Amendment Equal Protection rights, despite her Complaint containing no such claim. Docs.
2
2
Case 2:19-cv-14778-JTM-DPC Document 165 Filed 09/09/21 Page 3 of 13
The Court will first consider the termination claims and then the wage denial
claim.
LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if
any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”5 A genuine issue of
fact exists only “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a
verdict for the nonmoving party.”6
In determining whether the movant is entitled to summary judgment,
the Court views facts in the light most favorable to the non-movant and draws
all reasonable inferences in her favor.7 “If the moving party meets the initial
burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact, the burden
shifts to the non-moving party to produce evidence or designate specific facts
showing the existence of a genuine issue for trial.” 8 Summary judgment is
appropriate if the non-movant “fails to make a showing sufficient to establish
the existence of an element essential to that party's case.”9 “In response to a
31 at 3; 33-2 at 3, 1. The Court will disregard this 14th Amendment claim because a plaintiff
may not raise a new claim in a brief at the summary judgment stage. XL Specialty Ins. Co.
v. Bollinger Shipyards, Inc., No. 12-2071, 2014 WL 994665, at *6 (E.D. La. Mar. 13, 2014)
(Vance, J.).
5 Sherman v. Hallbauer, 455 F.2d 1236, 1241 (5th Cir. 1972).
6 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
7 Coleman v. Houston Indep. Sch. Dist., 113 F.3d 528, 532 (5th Cir. 1997).
8 Engstrom v. First Nat’l Bank of Eagle Lake, 47 F.3d 1459, 1462 (5th Cir. 1995).
9 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986).
3
Case 2:19-cv-14778-JTM-DPC Document 165 Filed 09/09/21 Page 4 of 13
properly supported motion for summary judgment, the non-movant must
identify specific evidence in the record and articulate the manner in which that
evidence supports that party's claim, and such evidence must be sufficient to
sustain a finding in favor of the non-movant on all issues as to which the nonmovant would bear the burden of proof at trial.”10 “We do not . . . in the absence
of any proof, assume that the nonmoving party could or would prove the
necessary facts.”11 Additionally, “[t]he mere argued existence of a factual
dispute will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion.”12
LAW AND ANALYSIS
I. Termination Claims
If Plaintiff has no direct evidence and only circumstantial evidence of
racial discrimination, then the burden-shifting analysis set forth in McDonnell
Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973), governs her termination
claims under Title VII and § 1981. Direct evidence “includes any statement or
written document showing a discriminatory motive on its face.”13 Plaintiff
claims to have direct evidence of racial discrimination in the form of signed
statements from former site supervisor Julie Adams and regional manager
Yolanda Gunner.14 Neither signed statement shows discriminatory motive.
John v. Deep E. Tex. Reg. Narcotics Trafficking Task Force, 379 F.3d 293, 301 (5th Cir.
2004) (internal citations omitted).
11 Badon v. R J R Nabisco, Inc., 224 F.3d 382, 394 (5th Cir. 2000) (quoting Little v. Liquid Air
Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir. 1994)).
12 Boudreaux v. Banctec, Inc., 366 F. Supp. 2d 425, 430 (E.D. La. 2005).
13 Portis v. First Nat. Bank of New Albany, 34 F.3d 325, 329 (5th Cir. 1994).
14 Doc. 33-2 at 1 (“The plaintiff have [sic] direct evidence from her than [sic] Regional Manager
and Site Supervisor.”).
10
4
Case 2:19-cv-14778-JTM-DPC Document 165 Filed 09/09/21 Page 5 of 13
Both statements show that Ms. Adams and Ms. Gunner worked with Plaintiff,
received no complaints or reprimands regarding her, and thought highly of her
work product and demeanor. Neither statement even references Plaintiff’s
termination, much less reflects a discriminatory motive.
Accordingly, the McDonnell Douglas framework applies to Plaintiff’s
termination claims. Under this framework, Plaintiff must prove by a
preponderance of the evidence a prima facie case of discrimination, which
requires showing that she: (1) is a member of a protected class, (2) was
qualified for the position that she held, (3) was subject to an adverse
employment action, and (4) was treated less favorably than others similarly
situated outside of her protected class.15 If Plaintiff makes this initial showing,
then the burden shifts to Ciox Health to present a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for terminating Plaintiff.16 Finally, if Ciox Health can
present as much, then Plaintiff must offer sufficient evidence to create a
genuine issue of material fact that either (1) Ciox Health’s proffered reason is
pretextual or (2) its reason, while true, is only one of the reasons for the
termination, and another motivating factor is Plaintiff’s race.17
For summary judgment purposes, Ciox Health concedes that Plaintiff
can meet all but the fourth element of the prima facie case for her termination
claims.18 Thus, if Plaintiff can demonstrate an absence of genuine issues as to
whether Ciox Health treated more favorably a similarly situated employee
Bryan v. McKinsey & Co., 375 F.3d 358 (5th Cir. 2004).
Burrell v. Dr. Pepper/Seven Up Bottling Group, Inc., 482 F.3d 408, 411 (5th Cir. 2007).
17 Id. at 411–12.
18 Doc. 70-1 at 25 n.10.
15
16
5
Case 2:19-cv-14778-JTM-DPC Document 165 Filed 09/09/21 Page 6 of 13
outside of the Plaintiff’s protected class, then she will have made her prima
facie case for the summary judgment stage. Employees are similarly situated
when they “held the same job or responsibilities, shared the same supervisor
or had their employment status determined by the same person, and have
essentially comparable violation histories.”19 Critically, Plaintiff’s conduct that
triggered her termination must have been “nearly identical” to that of her
comparator who drew a dissimilar employment decision from Ciox Health.20
Relevant to this similarly situated analysis, Plaintiff argues, “Plaintiff
and her comparator Jenni [sic] Giraud both allegedly violated Ciox Health
policy and/or had conduct issues but plaintiff comparator was able to resign
while plaintiff was fired.”21 Ciox Health counters that Ms. Giraud is not
similarly situated because she had different job responsibilities, had her
employment status determined by a different person, and departed Ciox
Health under different circumstances.22
Plaintiff has failed to put forth evidence that she and Ms. Giraud are
similarly situated. In fact, there are relevant dissimilarities between Plaintiff’s
circumstances and those of Ms. Giraud. Plaintiff had her employment status
determined by Aliya Khan, HR Business Partner with Ciox Health, and Kurt
Lewis, Vice President of Operations with Ciox Health.23 By contrast, Ms.
Lee v. Ks. Cty. S. Ry. Co., 574 F.3d 253, 260 (5th Cir. 2009) (citing Wallace v. Methodist
Hosp. Sys., 271 F.3d 212, 221–22 (5th Cir. 2001); Barnes v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 778
F.2d 1096, 1101 (5th Cir. 1985); Okoye v. Univ. of Tex. Houston Health Sci., 245 F.3d 507,
514 (5th Cir. 2001)).
20 Id. (citing Perez v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Just., 395 F.3d 206, 213 (5th Cir. 2004).
21 Doc. 33-2 at 1.
22 Doc. 70-1 at 25–26.
23 Doc. 70-2 at 133–41.
19
6
Case 2:19-cv-14778-JTM-DPC Document 165 Filed 09/09/21 Page 7 of 13
Giraud emailed her resignation to Yolanda Gunner, Regional Manager of
Operations at Ciox Health.24 Thus, it is not the case that Plaintiff and her
comparator “had their employment status determined by the same person”
according to Plaintiff’s evidence.25
More importantly, Plaintiff’s conduct prior to termination and Ms.
Giraud’s conduct preceding her resignation are not “nearly identical.”26
Michelle Moore and Shelly Lee, two representatives from one of Ciox Health’s
customers, Parallon, requested that Ciox Health remove Plaintiff from the
Tulane worksite after learning of a pattern of uncooperative and combative
behavior from Plaintiff.27 After that request, Ms. Khan and Mr. Lewis
terminated Plaintiff. By contrast, Ciox Health allowed Ms. Giraud to resign
after taking home confidential files in violation of HIPAA and company
policy.28 Thus, the two employment decisions from Ciox were not precipitated
by nearly identical misconduct.29
Even assuming that Plaintiff can satisfy this fourth element of her prima
facie case, she cannot show a genuine issue as to whether Ciox Health’s
proffered reasons are either pretextual or additional to other, race-based ones.
Doc. 31-8 at 4–5.
Lee, 574 F.3d at 260.
26 Id.
27 Doc. 70-2 at 133–41.
28 Doc. 31-8 at 4–5.
29 Cf. Bouie v. Equistar Chemicals LP, 188 Fed. Appx. 233, 237 (5th Cir. 2006) (employees
who violated fewer protocols than plaintiff were not proper comparators, and employees
who engaged in misconduct different than plaintiff’s were also irrelevant to establishing
the prima facie case of discrimination); Dodge v. Hertz Corp., 124 Fed. Appx. 242, 244 (5th
Cir. 2005) (that one could consider plaintiff’s and potential comparator’s acts as “dishonest”
was insufficient to make their misconduct nearly identical).
24
25
7
Case 2:19-cv-14778-JTM-DPC Document 165 Filed 09/09/21 Page 8 of 13
Ciox Health maintains that it terminated Plaintiff because one of its customers
requested her removal from the Tulane workplace on account of her history of
combative behavior and complaints concerning her attitude and demeanor.30
Indeed, the document evidencing termination that Plaintiff attached to her
Motions supports this rationale, as it reads, “Customer recommended
associates [sic] removal from their account. We are unable to place Jaquetta at
another facility at this time.”31 The customer was Parallon. One of its
employees, Shelly Lee, the Regional Director of Health Information
Management, visited Plaintiff’s worksite on October 27, 2016. During this
visit, Ms. Lee learned of an incident that caused another Ciox Health employee
to feel threatened by Plaintiff and to switch from full time to part time as a
result.32 Additionally, Ms. Lee learned that “[Plaintiff’s] customer service skills
are lacking and she has been disrespectful and uncooperative in the past.”33
The record contains ample evidence of these past instances of improper
behavior by Plaintiff. First, Sheila Gordon, a Tulane employee, initially alerted
Ms. Lee to the problems with Plaintiff after an incident that occurred at a
meeting between Ms. Gordon and other Ciox Health employees, including
Plaintiff.34 The meeting pertained to a complaint from a patient concerning a
mishandled request for records, and when Ms. Gordon expressed concern as to
the handling of the request, Plaintiff became “defensive and disrespectful.”35
Docs. 70-1 at 9–11; 70-2 at 133–41.
Docs. 33-1 at 4; 33-6 at 2.
32 Doc. 70-2 at 134.
33 Id.
34 Id. at 140–41.
35 Id. at 140.
30
31
8
Case 2:19-cv-14778-JTM-DPC Document 165 Filed 09/09/21 Page 9 of 13
Plaintiff attempts to controvert this fact with an “incident report” of the
complaint that reflects that “Shauna not Jaquetta” was responsible for the
botched request.36 From the nature of this defense, it is clear that Plaintiff
partly misunderstands the grounds for her termination. It was not only that
she was responsible for a patient complaint, but rather that she acted
unprofessionally when confronted with a concern about how she and others
handled a records request.
The next incident in Plaintiff’s history of misconduct occurred on May
10, 2016, when Plaintiff surreptitiously recorded a conversation on her phone
between herself and Ciox Health Operations Manager Jeannine Smith in
violation of company policy.37 Plaintiff was issued a “Final Warning” as a result
of this infraction.38
Before this incident, in February 2016, Plaintiff “became very disruptive
and began calling out other employees” during a team phone call. 39 Another
employee described how “the call became very confrontational and nearly
physical between Jaquetta and Jennie.”40 During Plaintiff’s deposition, she
Docs. 87 at 1; 87-2 at 4. The referenced document does specifically mention “Shawna,” but
it also indicates that the individual who filed the complaint interacted with other unnamed
employees, one of which may have been Plaintiff. Doc. 87-2 at 4 (“He sated [sic] he did try
to fill out a request but they would not take it and was told to fax a request to 504-9881749. . . . If I had been either of the ROI folks, I would have checked to see if the request
had been entered . . . .”) (emphasis added).
37 Doc. 70-2 at 128–30.
38 Id.
39 Id. at 128.
40 Id. at 126.
36
9
Case 2:19-cv-14778-JTM-DPC Document 165 Filed 09/09/21 Page 10 of 13
“recall[e]d some incidents” with Ms. Giraud, including how she “probably”
raised her voice at Ms. Giraud at work.41
Ciox Health presents other examples of Plaintiff’s combativeness in the
workplace that date back to 2015 and 2013.42 Each of these incidents of
uncooperativeness violated Ciox Health’s policy requiring employees to work
in a “professional, productive, positive, supportive and cooperative manner.”43
Plaintiff’s offer of employment and acknowledgment form from Ciox Health
specified that her employment relationship with Defendant was at will.44 Thus,
Ciox Health was entitled to terminate Plaintiff at any time, and its justification
for doing so—a customer’s request for relocation coupled with her behavioral
issues—suffices to shift the burden back to Plaintiff to reveal this justification
as either pretextual or additional to other, race-based reasons.
Plaintiff has no evidence that undermines Ciox Health’s alleged
motivations for her termination. First, using Tulane’s position statement
submitted to the EEOC, Plaintiff misidentifies the referenced “customer” who
requested her relocation as Tulane, when it was really Parallon.45
Furthermore, Tulane’s statement does not speak to Ciox Health’s reasons for
termination and so is irrelevant. Second, Plaintiff includes text messages
between Ms. Giraud and Ms. Adams to prove that the former did not change
her work hours because of Plaintiff, but that fact has no bearing on summary
Doc. 70-3 at 47–48.
Doc. 70-2 at 106–08, 114–27.
43 Doc. 70-3 at 81.
44 Id. at 79–80, 82.
45 Doc. 87-1 at 10.
41
42
10
Case 2:19-cv-14778-JTM-DPC Document 165 Filed 09/09/21 Page 11 of 13
judgment. Third, Plaintiff points to evidence of her productivity during several
months of 2016, including at the time the patient lodged a complaint.46
However, Ciox Health did not justify its termination of Plaintiff for her lack of
productivity. Rather, it identified Parallon’s request and her history of
infractions.47 Evidence of productivity does not controvert the facts regarding
Ciox Health’s reasons for termination. More importantly, evidence of
productivity creates no genuine issue as to whether Ciox Health terminated
Plaintiff because of her race.
The same can be said of the various affidavits from Ms. Adams and Ms.
Gunner.48 That these two women had positive impressions of Plaintiff’s
attitude and productivity does not controvert the documented incidents that
Ciox Health presents. Notably, neither Ms. Adams nor Ms. Gunner was
involved in any of Plaintiff’s instances of misconduct, so their statements do
not raise genuine issues as to Ciox Health’s reasons for termination.
Plaintiff has no evidence to support her claim that Ciox Health’s “reason
are [sic] false they are pretext.”49 A subjective belief as to the discriminatory
motive of an employment decision is insufficient to create an inference of
pretext.50 Thus, Ciox Health is entitled to summary judgment as to Plaintiff’s
termination claims.
Docs. 87 at 1; 87-2 at 6; 31-3 at 5–14.
Docs. 70-1 at 9–11; 70-2 at 133–41.
48 Docs. 31-3 at 2, 3; 87-3 at 2.
49 Doc. 87 at 2.
50 Goring v. Bd. of Supervisors of La. State Univ. & Agric. & Mech. College, 414 Fed. Appx.
630 (5th Cir. 2011).
46
47
11
Case 2:19-cv-14778-JTM-DPC Document 165 Filed 09/09/21 Page 12 of 13
II. Denial of Wage Increase Claim
Plaintiff’s remaining claim is for a violation of § 1981 based on Ciox
Health’s alleged denial of a wage increase. There is no direct evidence of such
a denial, so the same burden-shifting framework analyzed above applies to this
claim as well. In fact, there is little evidence that Ciox Health denied Plaintiff
a wage increase while granting one to Ms. Giraud. Even Plaintiff herself is
inconsistent on the facts: in one place she states, “The comparator Jenni [sic]
Giraud received a raise in February 2016,” and in another place she says,
“Jenni [sic] Giraud received a $2.25 cent raise in January 2016.” 51 Plaintiff
submits no evidence as to when Ms. Giraud received a raise, and pay stubs
from Ciox Health reflect that Plaintiff received four increases to her wage
during her employment, including one in February 2016.52
Furthermore, in Plaintiff’s Complaint she admits, “I asked Jennifer
Lombard for a raise she kept giving excuses as to why she couldn’t. She than
[sic] told me she could give me a little something but I couldn’t tell anyone.
Jennifer Lombard would put 2 extra hours on my check.”53 This arrangement,
corroborated by email evidence,54 casts doubt on the claim that Ms. Lombard
denied Plaintiff a wage increase for reasons related to race. Even abstracting
from Ms. Lombard’s secretive arrangement, Plaintiff has no evidence that the
“excuses” she was given were pretextual or additional to race-based ones.55
Docs. 31-10 at 1; 87 at 1.
Docs. 70-4, 70-5, 70-6, 70-7.
53 Doc. 1 at 7.
54 Doc. 1-2 at 2.
55 Doc. 70-3 at 60–62.
51
52
12
Case 2:19-cv-14778-JTM-DPC Document 165 Filed 09/09/21 Page 13 of 13
Accordingly, Ciox Health is entitled to summary judgment as to the
claim for denial of a wage increase.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment
(Doc. 70) is GRANTED, and Plaintiff’s Motions for Summary Judgment (Docs.
31, 33) are DENIED.
New Orleans, Louisiana this 8th day of September, 2021.
____________________________________
JANE TRICHE MILAZZO
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
13
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?