Bowie v. Hodge et al

Filing 16

ORDER AND REASONS: GRANTING in part and DENYING in part 10 Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim as set forth in document. Signed by Magistrate Judge Janis van Meerveld on 1/6/2021. (ajn)

Case 2:20-cv-02441-JVM Document 16 Filed 01/06/21 Page 1 of 22

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
TRINA BOWIE

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*
VERSUS
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DARNLEY R. HODGE, SR., JERRY
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MARTIN, MICHAEL LAUGHLIN,
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MARLIN N. GUSMAN
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*********************************** *

CIVIL ACTION NO. 20-2441
DIVISION: 1
MAGISTRATE JUDGE
JANIS VAN MEERVELD

ORDER AND REASONS
Before the Court is the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. (Rec. Doc. 10). For the following
reasons, the Motion is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
Background
Trina A. Bowie, a black female, was hired to serve as Director of Human Resources for
the Orleans Parish Sheriff’s Office (“OPSO”) on or about May 7, 2018. Darnley R. Hodge, Sr.—
the court appointed compliance director of OPSO—was her direct supervisor. In this lawsuit,
Bowie alleges that she experienced sexual harassment and a hostile work environment in violation
of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Louisiana Constitution, the Louisiana Employment
Discrimination Law (“LEDL”), Louisiana’s tort law, and respondeat superior.
She alleges that on May 7, 2018, Deputy Lieutenant Jerry Martin made derogatory remarks
and whistled at her while she was walking up the steps to the entrance of OPSO on her first day of
employment. She says Martin glared at her, said “hey sweetie,” and tried to have a conversation
with her, referring to her as “baby” and “good looking.” Bowie alleges that members of the Human
Resources team later told her not to mess with Martin because he was protected by Chief of
Investigations, Michael Laughlin. She alleges that Laughlin “was known” to have falsely accused
an employee of violating OPSO policy resulting in the employee’s termination.
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The focus of Bowie’s sexual harassment allegations concern defendant Hodge. She alleges
that he deliberately bumped into her on May 21 and 22, 2018. She alleges that he walked behind
her and hit her in the rear. She alleges that he bumped her shoulder to shoulder whenever he had
an occasion to stand next to her. Bowie alleges that between June 4, 2018, and December 8, 2018,
Hodge physically touched or rubbed her legs, without her consent, under the table in a conference
room. She alleges that Hodge said sexually explicit things to her such as that he always slept with
his supervisors, that Bowie wanted him, that he was attracted to her, that he wished he met her
before the others, and asking her what she liked to do in bed. She alleges that on several occasions
Hodge came to her office to rub her shoulders, brush against her breasts with his body and hands,
or to say sexually explicit things. Bowie alleges that Hodge would say sorry as if it was an accident.
She alleges that she went to dinner with Hodge on occasion to discuss OPSO matters. She alleges
that while at Landry’s restaurant, he flirted with her and touched her inappropriately. She alleges
that on October 9, 2018, after dinner at Santa Fe Restaurant, he tried to kiss her and tried to insert
his finger into her vagina while they were sitting in her parked car. Bowie alleges that Hodge told
her that he had been with several women who subsequently accused him of sexual harassment, but
that each lost their case and that nothing would happen to him.
Bowie also alleges that she experienced reprisal for whistleblower activities in violation of
La Rev. Stat. 23:967 and La. Rev. Stat. § 42:1169. The alleged whistleblower activities appear to
be reporting incidents of sexual harassment of other female employees to Hodge and reporting
pension abuse and fraud to Hodge. For example, Bowie alleges that during her first week at OPSO,
women came to her office to make formal complaints about sexual harassment at OPSO. She says
the women primarily contended that male supervisors would make sexually explicit remarks, make
unwanted phone calls at their homes, nag or pressure them to have sex with a supervisor, and

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inappropriately touch them. And if the women did not comply, they said they would often receive
unpleasant assignments or threats of termination. Bowie alleges that when she briefed Hodge about
the complaints, he told her to recruit personnel and not to get involved with sexual harassment
complaints. She also alleges that she confronted Hodge with an OPSO policy designating her to
report sexual harassment. She says Hodge told her to send everything to the Internal Affairs
Investigator. Bowie alleges that she “heard” that some women were fired after making formal
complaints of sexual harassment incidents. She alleges that she spoke to Sheriff Gusman’s
attorney, Blake Arcuri, who told her that she would be provided an attorney if she was sued for
failure to entertain sexual harassment complaints made by OPSO employees.
With regard to the alleged pension fraud whistleblower activities, Bowie says that Internal
Auditor Jane Dimitry informed her that the OPSO civil financial records were a mess. Bowie also
alleges that Dimitry told her on February 11, 2019, that retirement checks from the general payroll
account were not being deposited directly into the OPSO retirement plan, which was the OPSO
pension plan before OPSO joined the LASERS retirement plan and which still has active OPSO
employees as members. Bowie alleges that OPSO draws checks to the order of Capital One, NA
Trust Operations-Contributions and that the checks are kept in the benefit manager’s office. She
alleges that interest on money not immediately transferred to the pension account would inure to
the benefit of the OPSO’s General Fund Account. Bowie alleges that she reported this information
to Hodge and his supervisor Margo Frazier. She alleges that Hodge told her not to get involved
with the old pension plan.
Bowie’s complaint also contains allegations regarding an incident in which she was
interviewing applicants for the supervisory position of Chief of Correction and Laughlin told her
not to hire a Byron Lecounte, a black candidate from Atlanta, but to hire Rodney R. Taylor, a white

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candidate from Texas that he preferred because he believed Taylor could coordinate different
groups and teams together. Ultimately Lecounte was hired. Bowie complains that thereafter,
Laughlin stopped speaking to her and that his facial expressions “showed anger with her.” When
she requested formal training to maintain OPSO’s compliance with the Louisiana Peace Officer
Standards and Training law, she was referred to Laughlin who referred her to a low level
subordinate rather than schedule her for the proper training.
She also alleges that when she organized a celebration to honor women employed at the
OPSO and invited all staff members to come, Hodge slammed his fists on the table and stated that
he would like to know when we are going to celebrate white people. Hodge is a black male.
Bowie further alleges a claim for wrongful termination in violation of Title VII, the
Louisiana Constitution, the LEDL, the previously cited whistleblower protection statutes, and
Louisiana tort law. She alleges that she was terminated for exposing a pattern and practice of
ignoring complaints of supervisors sexually harassing females and failing to investigate claims of
abuse and fraud in the former pension system. She alleges that when she did not “go along to get
along,” Hodge, Martin, Laughlin, and Sheriff Marlin Gusman met secretly to carry out a plan to
terminate her or force her to resign. She alleges that on March 13, 2019, she notified Hodge that
investigators were found in the Human Resources file room without notifying her or a Human
Resources employee. She appears to allege that the individuals removing files were doing so at the
direction of Laughlin. She alleges that she learned that Laughlin, with the consent of Hodge, met
with a former OPSO Human Resources Director, discussed files with her, and offered her a
position.
She also alleges that at a meeting on March 18, 2019, attended by Bowie, Laughlin, and
others, Hodge discussed the violations that Bowie had reported to Frazier and stated “there is a

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snake at the table and I know who you are.” Bowie alleges she felt intimidated. She alleges that on
or about March 22, 2019, she made “a formal response” to Hodge’s remark, and defendants
attempted to force her to resign. She alleges that she sent an email to Frazier informing her of
Hodge’s remarks and reported that she felt she had become a target of Hodge, Laughlin, and Martin
as a result of exposing sexual harassment and corruption. Shortly thereafter she was called to
Hodge’s office and terminated. She submits that her personnel file did not contain any previous
disciplinary actions and that defendants’ actions were objectively unreasonable.
Bowie also appears to allege claims for violation of the aforementioned statu tes because
Hodge prohibited her from investigating alleged sexual harassment of other female employees and
investigating the alleged pension fraud. She cites the aforementioned statutes and alleges that
Sheriff Gusman has violated them by failing to put in writing and enforce policies and procedures
consistent with Title VII and guaranteeing minimum standards and whistleblower protections. She
alleges that Laughlin and Hodge failed to enforce such policies. She alleges Sheriff Gusman failed
to reasonably supervise or otherwise take action against Martin, Laughlin, and Hodge and that he
authorized her retaliatory discharge. She complains that Sheriff Gusman failed to remove Hodge’s
investigatory authority.
As to defendants Laughlin and Hodge, Bowie asserts a claim for intentional infliction of
emotional distress. As to Hodge, she also asserts a claim for civil b attery and sexual assault in
violation of Title VII, the Louisiana Constitution, the Whistleblower Statute and Civil Code
articles 2315 and 2315.
Bowie filed a similar lawsuit in state court on March 6, 2020, which was removed to this
court on April 17, 2020. Bowie v. Hodge, No. 2:20-cv-1218, ECF #1 (E.D. La. Apr. 17, 2020). On
August 17, 2020, the District Court dismissed Bowie’s Title VII claims without prejudice for

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failure to exhaust administrative remedies, dismissed her 28 U.S.C. §1983 claims for retaliatory
discharge in violation of the First Amendment with prejudice, and dismissed her state law claims
without prejudice on the grounds that the court would not exercise its supplemental jurisdiction
over such claims. Id. ECF #29 (E.D. La. Aug. 17, 2020).
Following receipt of a right to sue letter from the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission, Bowie filed the present suit on September 8, 2020. The parties have consented to the
jurisdiction of the magistrate judge. Trial has not yet been set.
Defendants have filed a Motion to Dismiss. They argue that Bowie fails to state a claim
under Title VII because some of the claims she now asserts were not in her EEOC charge and
because the remaining allegations are insufficient to state a claim for sexual h arassment. They
further argue that her claims against Hodge, Laughlin, and Martin under Title VII must be
dismissed because these individuals were not her employer. Defendants further argue that to the
extent Bowie claims that she was prohibited from investigating sexual harassment and that
defendants failed to put policies into place guaranteeing her minimum whistleblower protections,
such claims are not cognizable under Title VII. Additionally, defendants argue that Bowie’s Title
VII claim as to Martin’s actions is prescribed.
Defendants argue that Bowie has failed to state a claim under LEDL. First, they argue that
all claims except those relating to her termination have prescribed under LEDL. Next, they argue
that Bowie’s LEDL claims against Hodge, Laughlin, and Martin fail because they were not her
employer. Finally they argue that her remaining claims under LEDL fail because she failed to
provide written notice to Sheriff Gusman as required by the statute and because her allegations fail
to state a claim.

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Defendants argue that Bowie fails to state a claim under Louisiana’s whistleblower statutes.
First, they argue that her claims under §23:967 fail because they have prescribed and because she
does not allege that defendants have violated a statute. They also argue that Bowie’s claims under
that statute fail as to Hodge, Laughlin, and Martin because they were not her employer. They
further argue that Bowie’s claims under §42:1169 fail because that statute does not allow for a
private right of action.
Defendants argue that Bowie fails to state a claim for negligence because such claims have
prescribed and because they are barred by the Louisiana Workers’ Compensation Statute. They
also argue that her claims for intentional torts have prescribed.
Defendants further argue that Sheriff Gusman is not liable under a theory of respondeat
superior because employers can only be held liable for intentional acts of an employee if they were
acting within the ambit of their assigned duties. Defendants argue that any sexual harassment was
not within defendants’ assigned duties or in furtherance of Gusman’s objectives as their employer.
They further argue that during the relevant time period, Hodge was acting as the court appointed
“Compliance Director” in furtherance of a Consent Judgment in a federal lawsuit by prisoners of
Orleans Parish Jail alleging unconstitutional conditions of confinement. Defendants argue that
Gusman cannot be held liable under a theory of respondeat superior for actions of Hodge because
he is not an OPSO employee and is only answerable to the Court.
Bowie opposes the Motion. The Opposition is difficult to follow but mostly presents
statements of federal and state law. Infrequently, these statements of law are placed in the context
of the facts of this case. Bowie argues that she is entitled to allege claims that are in her EEOC
position paper and also those that are reasonably expected to grow out of the charge. She also urges
that the court should consider the contents of that position paper, but does not file it in the docket.

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She insists that her Complaint establishes a prima facie case of discrimination by OPSO
supervisors and argues that Hodge was a direct supervisor. She claims a conspiracy and plan was
created by Hodge, Laughlin, and Martin to force her to resign or fire her. She argues that Hodge,
Laughlin, and Martin are not required to be her employers to be liable under Title VII.
Law and Analysis
1. Standard for Motion to Dismiss
“[W]hen the allegations in a complaint, however true, could not raise a claim of entitlement
to relief, this basic deficiency should be exposed at the point of minimum expenditure of time and
money by the parties and the court.” Cuvillier v. Taylor, 503 F.3d 397, 401 (5th Cir.
2007) (quotation marks and ellipsis omitted). Accordingly, Rule 12(b)(6) allows a defendant to
move for expeditious dismissal when a plaintiff fails to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted. In ruling on a 12(b)(6) motion, “[t]he court accepts all well-pleaded facts as true, viewing
them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” In re Katrina Canal Breaches Litigation, 495 F.3d
191, 205 (5th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). Further, “[t]o survive a Rule
12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the plaintiff must plead enough facts to state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the
speculative level.” Id. (citation, footnote, and quotation marks omitted). On that point, the United
States Supreme Court has explained:
A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows
the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
misconduct alleged. The plausibility standard is not akin to a “probability
requirement,” but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted
unlawfully. Where a complaint pleads facts that are merely consistent with a
defendant's liability, it stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of
entitlement to relief.
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citations and quotation marks omitted).

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2. Causes of Action Raised in Plaintiff’s Complaint
a. Title VII
i. Failure to Exhaust Administrative Remedies
“It is well-settled that courts have no jurisdiction to consider Title VII claims as to which
the aggrieved party has not exhausted administrative remedies.” Nat'l Ass'n of Gov't Employees
v. City Pub. Serv. Bd. of San Antonio, Tex., 40 F.3d 698, 711 (5th Cir. 1994). Thus, “[t]he scope
of a Title VII complaint is limited to the scope of the EEOC investigation which can reasonably
be expected to grow out of the charge of discrimination.” Carey v. State of Louisiana, No. CIV.A.
00-2657, 2001 WL 1548962, at *5 (E.D. La. Dec. 5, 2001) (quoting Thomas v. Texas Dep't of
Criminal Justice, 220 F.3d 389, 395 (5th Cir. 2000)). In light of the remedial purposes underlying
Title VII, courts “construe employment discrimination charges with the ‘utmost liberality,’
bearing in mind that such charges are generally prepared by laymen untutored in the rules of
pleading.” Price v. Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 687 F.2d 74, 78 (5th Cir. 1982).
Here, Bowie’s EEOC charge checks the boxes for discrimination based on race, sex,
retaliation, and age. In the “particulars,” she alleges that she experienced sexual harassment and
that she attempted to investigate others’ claims of sexual harassment. She refers to Hodge’s alleged
statement, “When are we going to celebrate White people?” in response to the Women’s Day
celebration she organized. She refers to her discharge on May 7, 2019. She lists examples of sexual
harassment, including the alleged cat-calling by Martin on her first day, that deputies were talking
about what type of “sexy” underwear she was wearing, and that Hodge brushed his body a gainst
hers weekly.

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Defendants argue that the allegations in her Complaint go far beyond these claims. They
point out that Bowie’s EEOC charge does not mention Laughlin or any of the allegations regarding
him at all. She does not allege that Hodge said sexually explicit things to her, touched her
inappropriately at dinner, or told her not to get involved with employees reporting sexual
harassment. She does not allege that defendants attended secret meetings to carry out a plan to
terminate her or force her to resign.
Bowie argues that it is not appropriate for the court to consider her EEOC charge at this
stage because she did not attach it to her Complaint and because it is incomplete. She argues that
if the EEOC charge is considered, so too should the position statement that she refers to in her
Complaint. She adds that the defendants also filed a position paper with the EEOC investigator.
She further says that the EEOC intake investigator did not complete typing her entire narrative in
the “particulars” section of her EEOC charge. She points out that the narrative ends “I believe an
entire class of Females were discriminated against in violation of Title VII of the 1965 Civil Rights
Act, as amended, and based on my age, 52 years, in violation of the Age Discrimination in
Employment Act, as amended, in that.” She argues that this incomplete sentence ending “in that”
shows that she had more details to allege. Bowie argues that the exhaustion requirement must be
construed liberally.
On the record before it, the court cannot determine whether Bowie exhausted her
administrative remedies on all the claims made in her Complaint. As the defendants point out, the
Complaint contains numerous allegations that are not raised in the EEOC charge. At least some of
these new allegations seem to extend beyond the scope of the particulars alleged in the EEOC
charge. But, the narrative statement in the EEOC charge cuts off, suggesting that additional
information may have been inadvertently excluded by the EEOC staff member drafting the form.

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There might be a contemporaneously created EEOC intake questionnaire that reflects the details
that were left out of the narrative statement. But the court has not been presented with a copy.
Bowie asserts that she filed a position statement that fully described her claims. But she has not
presented that statement to the court. 1 Nor does the court have the defendants’ position statement,
which could also reflect what claims were raised by the EEOC charge and any resulting
investigation.
In light of the requirement that this court construe Bowie’s EEOC charge liberally, the
court is not now prepared to conclude that the new allegations co uld not have grown out of an
EEOC investigation. Defendants will be allowed to reurge this argument at a later time if there is
additional documentation to support their position.
ii. Failure to State a Claim for Sexual Harassment
To establish a claim for sexual harassment under Title VII, the plaintiff must show that the
harassment created a hostile work environment. Harvill v. Westward Commc'ns, L.L.C., 433 F.3d
428, 434 (5th Cir. 2005). Four elements are required to establish a hostile-work-environment
claim: “(1) that the employee belongs to a protected class; (2) that the employee was subject to
unwelcome sexual harassment; (3) that the harassment was based on [a protected characteristic];
and (4) that the harassment affected a ‘term, condition, or privilege’ of employment.” E.E.O.C. v.
Boh Bros. Const. Co., 731 F.3d 444, 453 (5th Cir. 2013) (quoting Lauderdale v. Texas Dep't of
Criminal Justice, Institutional Div., 512 F.3d 157, 162–63 (5th Cir. 2007)). Harassment affects a
“term, condition, or privilege” of employment when it is so severe or pervasive that it alters the
conditions of employment and “create[s] an abusive working environment.” Meritor Sav. Bank,

1

Bowie seems to suggest that the defendants should have filed this into the record. But defendants say they never
received Bowie’s position statement. Presumably Bowie has a copy of her position statement. Alternatively, it may
be possible to obtain this record from the EEOC.

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FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 67 (1986) (quoting Henson v. City of Dundee, 682 F.2d 897, 904
(11th Cir. 1982)). In determining “whether a hostile work environment existed, a court must
consider ‘the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically
threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes
with an employee’s work performance.’” Moore v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 150 F. App'x 315,
319 (5th Cir. 2005) (quoting Ramsey v. Henderson, 286 F.3d 264, 268 (5th Cir. 2002)). An isolated
offensive utterance is not sufficient to demonstrate a hostile work environment due to a protected
characteristic. Weller v. Citation Oil & Gas Corp., 84 F.3d 191, 194 (5th Cir. 1996) (quoting
DeAngelis v. El Paso Mun. Police Officers Ass’n, 51 F.3d 591, 595 (5th Cir. 1995)) (“[T]he ‘mere
utterance of an . . . epithet which engenders offensive feelings in an employee’ is insufficient,
without more, to support Title VII liability.”); see Long v. Eastfield Coll., 88 F.3d 300, 309 (5th
Cir. 1996) (holding that an offensive joke concerning condoms told in the plaintiff’s presence was
insufficient to establish a hostile work environment claim on the basis of sex); Martin v. Winn–
Dixie Louisiana, Inc., 132 F. Supp. 3d 794, 822–23 (M.D. La. 2015) (holding that plaintiff could
not survive summary judgment when her harassment claims were based on two stray remarks:
being offered candy though she was a diabetic and being told that she could not do her job and be
pregnant); Jones v. Cont'l Cuisine, Inc., 353 F. Supp. 2d 716, 720–21 (E.D. La. 2004) (finding the
plaintiff had not established a race based hostile work environment where the only evidence to
support a racially hostile work environment was a manager’s alleged use of the “n word” during
one meeting). A hostile work environment must be found to “be both objectively and subjectively
offensive.” Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 787 (1998). And as defendants here
point out, Title VII is not a “general civility code.” Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788 (quoting Oncale v.
Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 81 (1998)) (explaining that the elements of a hostile

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work environment claim “are sufficiently demanding to ensure that Title VII does not become a
‘general civility code.’”).
Focusing only on the sexual harassment allegations in Bowie’s EEOC charge, defendants
argue that her allegations are insufficient to establish a hostile work environment. As discussed
above, all the allegations in Bowie’s Complaint remain live at this time. These include allegations
that Hodge touched or rubbed her legs, said sexually explicit things, repeatedly brushed against
her breasts with his body and hands, and that on two occasions he touched her inappropriately
during or following dinner, including trying to kiss her and insert his fingers into her vagina. She
also alleges that Hodge instructed her not to get involved in the sexual harassment complaints of
others. At this stage, the court finds these allegations sufficient to state a claim for a hostile work
environment on account of sex. She alleges far more than the occasional boorish comment or
offensive utterance.
iii. Direct Claims against Hodge, Laughlin, and Martin
“[R]elief under Title VII is only available against an employer, not an individual supervisor
or fellow employee.” Umoren v. Plano Indep. Sch. Dist., 457 F. App'x 422, 425 (5th Cir. 2012)
(quoting Foley v. Univ. of Houston Sys., 355 F.3d 333, 340 (5th Cir. 2003)). “The term ‘employer’
means a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has fifteen or more employees for
each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar
year, and any agent of such a person . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b). The Fifth Circuit has explained
that:
While Title VII defines the term employer to include ‘any agent’ of an
employer, this circuit does not interpret the statute as imposing individual liability
for such a claim. Congress's purpose in extending the definition of an employer to
encompass an agent in Section 2000e(b) was simply to incorporate respondeat
superior liability into Title VII. Thus, a Title VII suit against an employee is
actually a suit against the corporation.
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Indest v. Freeman Decorating, Inc., 164 F.3d 258, 262 (5th Cir. 1999) (citations and footnote
omitted).
Defendants argue that Martin and Laughlin are employees of Sheriff Gusman and cannot
be considered employers under Title VII. They argue that Hodge was not Bowie’s employer either.
They insist that Sheriff Gusman was Bowie’s employer and he is the appropriate party for her Title
VII claims.
In opposition, Bowie argues that because the definition of “employer” includes any agent
of the employer, Hodge, Martin, and Laughlin are individually liable under Title VII. Bowie also
argues that her claims against Hodge, Martin, and Laughlin as individuals are cognizable as 42
U.S.C. §1983 claims for violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The court concludes that as to Bowie’s Title VII claims against Hodge, Martin, and
Laughlin, she cannot state a claim. The Fifth Circuit has concluded that only the employer, and
not the employees individually, can be held liable under Title VII. Thus, Bowie’s Title VII claims
against Hodge, Martin, and Laughlin must be dismissed.
The court further finds that Bowie has not alleged a §1983 claim in her present Complaint
and the court will not now consider the viability of an unplead claim. Whether any of Bowie’s
other claims against Hodge, Martin, Laughlin can survive this motion to dismiss will be addressed
below.
iv.

Claims Regarding Enforcement of Title VII or Whistleblower
Policies

Title VII provides that the following actions by an employer are unlawful:
(1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to
discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms,
conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color,
religion, sex, or national origin; or
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(2) to limit, segregate, or classify his employees or applicants for employment in
any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment
opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of
such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a).
Defendants argue that Bowie’s claim that Sheriff Gusman failed to put into writing or failed
to enforce policies and procedures consistent with Title VII 2 is not a cause of action under Title
VII. Similarly, they argue that Title VII does not require the defendants to put into writing or
enforce policies to guarantee minimum standards and whistleblower protection procedures. 3 They
further argue that Bowie’s claim that the Sheriff failed to remove Hodge’s discretionary authority
to investigate Title VII complaints filed by OPSO employees 4 is not actionable under Title VII.
Plaintiff does not address Defendants’ arguments regarding these purported Title VII
claims in her opposition.
The court agrees with defendants that Title VII does not require or prohibit such actions
and these actions do not, on their own, give rise to a cause of action under Title VII. Further, the
court finds defendants’ motion to dismiss unopposed on this point. Accordingly, the claims of
violation of Title VII by failing to issue or enforce policies or remove Hodge’s investigatory
authority must be dismissed.
v.

Timeliness of Claims Regarding Martin’s Behavior

“A plaintiff's Title VII claims based on events that occurred more than 300 days before
[she] filed [her] EEOC charge are time-barred.” O'Neal v. Cargill, Inc., 178 F. Supp. 3d 408, 418
(E.D. La. 2016). But hostile work environment claims are subject to the continuing violation
doctrine. Heath v. Bd. of Supervisors for S. Univ. & Agric. & Mech. Coll., 850 F.3d 731, 737 (5th

2

See Complaint, Rec. Doc. 1, ¶105(1).
See id. at ¶105(6).
4
See id. at ¶105(5).
3

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Cir. 2017), as revised (Mar. 13, 2017). “As long as ‘an act contributing to the claim occurs within
the filing period, the entire time period of the hostile environment may be considered by a court
for the purposes of determining liability.’” Id. (quoting Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan,
536 U.S. 101, 117 (2002).
Defendants argue that Bowie’s Title VII claim arising out of Martin’s behavior on her first
day at work is barred because her first day of work was more than 300 days before she filed a
charge with the EEOC. Bowie counters that the continuing violation doctrine applies. Defendants
respond that the allegation against Martin should be considered a separate action for purposes of
determining whether the continuing violation doctrine applies because it was a singular incident
allegedly perpetrated by a non-supervisor while all other incidents alleged in the complaint allege
a different actor.
The court has already ruled that Bowie’s claims for individual liability of Martin under
Title VII must be dismissed. To the extent Bowie claims that the alleged incident involving Martin
on her first day of work is part of her hostile work environment claim, the court will not strike the
allegation from her Complaint at this time.
b. LEDL
i. Prescription
Claims under the LEDL are subject to a one-year prescriptive period that “commences to
run from the day injury or damage is sustained.” Minnis v. Bd. of Sup'rs of Louisiana State Univ.
& Agric. & Mech. Coll., 55 F. Supp. 3d 864, 874 (M.D. La. 2014), aff'd sub nom. Minnis v. Bd.
of Sup'rs of Louisiana State Univ. & Agr. & Mech. Coll., 620 F. App'x 215 (5th Cir. 2015) (quoting
King v. Phelps Dunbar, L.L.P., 98-1805 (La. 6/4/99), 743 So. 2d 181, 187); see La. Rev. Stat.
§23:303(D). This one year period is “suspended during the pendency of any administrative review

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or investigation of the claim conducted by the federal Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission or the Louisiana Commission on Human Rights,” provided that no such suspension
“shall last longer than six months.” La. Rev. Stat. §23:303(D).
Defendants argue that Bowie’s LEDL claims, except for her claim of wrongful termination,
are prescribed. Bowie filed her complaint on September 8, 2020. One year before this was
September 8, 2019. Another six months before that, to account for the period of suspension
resulting from the filing of an EEOC charge, was March 8, 2019. Bowie was terminated on March
22, 2019. Defendants submit that many of the allegations in the Complaint refer to conduct
occurring well before that: derogatory sexual remarks by Martin on May 7, 2018, Hodge
deliberately bumped into Bowie on May 21 and 22, 2018, Hodge physically touched or rubbed her
legs between June 4 and December 8, 2018, and the encounter between Hodge and Bowie at Santa
Fe Restaurant on October 9, 2018. As to the allegations without a specific date, defendants argue
that most of those allegations (except for her termination) must have occurred prior to March 8,
2019.
Bowie does not explicitly address timeliness of her claims under the LEDL in opposition.
She does point out that investigators were found in the Human Resources file room on March 13,
2019, as part of the plan to terminate her. The meeting when she alleges Hodge referred to her as
a snake at the table occurred on March 18, 2019. She alleges she made a written response to
Hodge’s remarks on March 22, 2019.
The court finds that the post March 8, 2019 events identified by Bowie appear to be related
to her unlawful termination claim. Defendants concede that this claim is timely under the LEDL.
As to Bowie’s claims under the LEDL arising out of earlier conduct, however, the court finds that
they must be dismissed as prescribed.

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ii. Direct Claims against Hodge, Laughlin, and Martin
An individual is not typically considered an “employer” under the LEDL, which defines
employer as one “receiving services from an employee and, in return, giving compensation of any
kind to an employee.” Farmer v. Mouton, No. CV 16-16459, 2017 WL 1837812, at *9 (E.D. La.
May 8, 2017) (quoting La Rev. Stat. §23:302(2)).
Defendants argue that Bowie cannot state a claim against Hodge, Laughlin, or Martin under
the LEDL because she has not alleged that they paid her wages or had any employees. Bowie does
not specifically respond to defendants’ argument in her opposition memorandum.
The court agrees with the defendants and finds that Bowie cannot state a claim against
Hodge, Laughlin, and Martin under the LEDL because they are not employers under the LEDL.
Her LEDL claims against these defendants must be dismissed.
iii. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
“Prior to filing a lawsuit under the Louisiana anti-discrimination statute, a plaintiff must
give the proposed defendant written notice that she believes she has been discriminated against at
least 30 days before initiating court action.” Johnson v. Hosp. Corp. of Am., 767 F. Supp. 2d 678,
700 (W.D. La. 2011); see La. Rev. Stat. §23:303(C). “[T]he filing of an EEOC charge of
discrimination satisfies this notice requirement,” but only as to the discrimination alleged in the
EEOC charge. Johnson v, 767 F. Supp. at 700.
For the same reasons as discussed above, the court finds that on the present record, it is not
possible to determine whether Bowie has exhausted her administrative remedies.

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c. Louisiana’s Whistleblower Statutes
i. Timelines of Claim under La. Rev. Stat. § 23:967
Louisiana’s whistleblower protection statute, La Rev. Stat. § 23:967 does not specifically
set out a prescriptive period so the general one-year prescriptive period for delictual actions
applies. Langley v. Pinkerton's Inc., 220 F. Supp. 2d 575, 581 (M.D. La. 2002).
Defendants argue that Bowie’s whistleblower claims under §23:967 have prescribed. She
filed suit on September 8, 2020. One year before that was September 8, 2019. She was terminated
from employment on March 22, 2019.
Bowie does not address this argument in her opposition.
The court finds that Bowie’s claims under La. Rev. Stat. § 23:967 must be dismissed as
prescribed because all actions complained of occurred more than one year prior to the time she
filed suit.5
ii. Claims under La. Rev. Stat. § 42:1169
Louisiana Revised Statute §42:1169 provides:
Any public employee who reports to a person or entity of competent authority or
jurisdiction information which he reasonably believes indicates a violation of any
law or of any order, rule, or regulation issued in accordance with law or any other
alleged acts of impropriety related to the scope or duties of public employment or
public office within any branch of state government or any political subdivision
shall be free from discipline, reprisal, or threats of discipline or reprisal by the
public employer for reporting such acts of alleged impropriety

Because Bowie’s claims under La Rev. Stat. § 23:967 have prescribed, the court does not address defendants’
alternative argument that she has failed to state a claim under this statute because she has not alleged that defendants
violated a state statute. See Hale v. Touro Infirmary, 2004-0003 (La. App. 4 Cir. 11/3/04), 886 So. 2d 1210, 1215, writ
denied, 2005-0103 (La. 3/24/05), 896 So. 2d 1036 (concluding that “[o]n its face, the Whistleblower Statute supports
actions by plaintiffs who are aware of a workplace practice or act in which a violation of law actually occurred.”).Nor
does the court address their alternative argument that Bowie cannot state a claim against Hodge, Martin, and Laughlin
under that statute because they were not her employers. White v. Slaughter, No. CV 17-1022, 2017 WL 6507699, at
*6 (W.D. La. Nov. 15, 2017), report and recommendation adopted, No. CV 17-1022, 2017 WL 6503995 (W.D. La.
Dec. 19, 2017) (“[C]ourts have recognized that because a supervisor is neither an employer in the traditional sense,
nor an employer under the LEDL, a supervisor is not an employer under the Louisiana Whistleblower Act.”)
5

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La. Rev. Stat. § 42:1169(A). “An employee's remedy under the Code of Governmental Ethics is
through the Board of Ethics.” Collins v. State ex rel. Dep't of Nat. Res., 2012-1031 (La. App. 1
Cir. 5/30/13), 118 So. 3d 43, 47); see La. Rev. Stat. § 42:1169(B)(1)(a). Section 42:1169 “does
not provide an independent right of action, rather, it relies upon other statutes to provide a right of
action.” Collins v, 2012-1031 (La. App. 1 Cir. 5/30/13), 118 So. 3d 43, 48.
Bowie appears to invoke §42:1169 as a basis for a cause of action against the defendants.
Defendants argue that such claims must be dismissed because there is no private right of action
under §42:1169. Plaintiff does not address this argument.
The court finds that Bowie’s claims against the defendants under Louisiana Revised Statute
§42:1169 must be dismissed because there is no independent cause of action under that statute.
d. Negligence
The Louisiana Civil Code provides that “Delictual actions are subject to a liberative
prescription of one year. This prescription commences to run from the day injury or damage is
sustained.” La. Civ. Code. art. 3492.
Bowie alleges causes of action under Louisiana Civil Code articles 2315, 2316, and 2320.
Article 2315(A) provides “Every act whatever of man that causes damage to another obliges him
by whose fault it happened to repair it.” Article 2316 provides “Every person is responsible for the
damage he occasions not merely by his act, but by his negligence, his imprudence, or his want of
skill.” Article 2320 provides for vicarious liability of employers for damage caused by their
employees “in the exercise of the functions in which they are employed. These articles establish
delictual actions governed by the prescriptive period of article 3492.

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Defendants argue that Bowie’s negligence claims under articles 2315, 2316, and 2320 have
prescribed because all of the events alleged in her complaint occurred more than one year before
suit was filed on September 8, 2020. Bowie does not respond to this argument in her opposition.
The court finds that Bowie’s negligence claims under articles 2315, 2316, and 2320 have
prescribed because every injury alleged in her complaint occurred before September 8, 2019.
Accordingly, these claims must be dismissed. 6
e. Intentional Torts
Bowie also asserts claims for intentional torts against Hodge, Laughlin, and Martin.
Defendants argue these claims are also prescribed under Louisiana Civil Code article 3492. Bowie
does not respond to this argument in her opposition memorandum.
The court agrees that Bowie’s claims for intentional torts7 are also prescribed under article
3492 because all the injuries complained of occurred more than one year before she filed suit. 8
3. Qualified Immunity
Because there are no remaining claims against Martin and Laughlin in their individual
capacities, the court does not address defendants’ argument that any such actions are barred by
qualified immunity.

Because the court finds Bowie’s negligence claims have prescribed, the court does not address her alternative and
unopposed argument that her negligence claims are barred by the Louisiana Workers’ Compensation Statute. See La.
Rev. Stat. § 23:1032; Bertaut v. Folger Coffee Co., No. CIVA 06-2437 GTP, 2006 WL 2513175, at *3 (E.D. La. Aug.
29, 2006) (dismissing plaintiff’s claims against her employer for negligent infliction of emotional distress, failure to
train and failure to supervise as barred by the Louisiana Worker Compensation Statute because plaintiff alleged that
the conduct occurred in the course and scope of employment).
7
Bowie alleges intentional infliction of emotional distress, assault, and battery.
8
Defendants also argue that Sheriff Gusman cannot be held liable under a theory of respondeat superior for the
intentional torts of his employees. Because the court has found Bowie’s intentional tort claims have prescribed, the
court does not consider this argument. The court also declines to address defendants’ argument that the Sheriff cannot
be held liable under a theory of respondeat superior for any of the actions of Hodge because the Sheriff was not
Hodge’s employer. Bowie’s tort claims have been dismissed as prescribed so there is no need to consider this
argument.
6

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Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED in part and
DENIED in part. The following claims are hereby dismissed:
•

Title VII and LEDL claims against Martin, Laughlin, and Hodge.

•

All remaining LEDL claims except for unlawful termination.

•

Title VII claims for failing to issue or enforce policies or remove Hodge’s investigatory
authority.

•

All whistleblower claims.

•

All negligence claims under articles 2315, 2316, and 2320.

•

All intentional tort claims.

The remaining claims are Bowie’s Title VII claims for sexual harassment and retaliatory
termination against the Sheriff and her LEDL claim against the Sheriff for retaliatory
termination.
New Orleans, Louisiana, this 6th day of January, 2021.

Janis van Meerveld
United States Magistrate Judge

22