Barker v. Vannoy et al

Filing 32

ORDER ADOPTING 29 REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS: IT IS ORDERED that the petition for federal habeas corpus relief filed by Samuel Barker is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. Signed by Judge Susie Morgan on 9/24/2024.(pp)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
SAMUEL BARKER

CIVIL ACTION

VERSUS

NO. 21-1997

DARREL VANNOY, WARDEN

SECTION: “E” (3)

ORDER AND REASONS
Before the Court is a Report and Recommendation1 issued by then Magistrate
Judge Dana M. Douglas (“Magistrate Judge”), recommending Petitioner Samuel Barker’s
(“Petitioner”) Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus2 be dismissed with prejudice.3 Petitioner
timely objected to the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation.4 For the reasons
below, the Court ADOPTS the Report and Recommendation as its own and DENIES
Petitioner’s application for relief.
BACKGROUND
On August 7, 2015, Petitioner was charged with nine offenses by bill of information,
including: two counts of simple burglary, in violation of La. R.S. 14:62(B) (counts one and
four); one count of possession of burglary tools, in violation of La. R.S. 14:95(A)(3) &
(B)(2) (count two); two counts of simple criminal damage to property, in violation of La.
R.S. 14:56(A)(1) & (B)(2) (counts three and seven); two counts of felony theft, in violation
of La. R.S. 14:67(B)(3) (counts five and six); and two counts of attempted simple burglary
of an inhabited dwelling, in violation of La. R.S. 14:(27)62.2 (counts eight and nine).5

R. Doc. 29. Documents filed in the federal habeas action before this Court, case no. 21-1997, are cited as
“R. Doc. #” whereas documents from the state court record are cited as “State Rec., Vol. # of #.”
2 R. Doc. 1-1.
3 R. Doc. 29.
4 R. Doc. 31. Respondent did not respond to Petitioner’s objections.
5 State Rec., Vol. 2 of 21; State Rec., Vol. 21 of 21.
1

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A jury trial was held in November 2016. The jury was the trier of fact for the felony
counts and the judge was the trier of fact for the misdemeanor counts. On November 9,
2016, the jury found Petitioner guilty on counts one, three, four, five, six, and nine, and
guilty of the lesser included misdemeanor offense of criminal trespass on Count eight.6
On the following day, the trial judge convicted Petitioner on count two but found
Petitioner not guilty on count seven.7 The court initially sentenced Petitioner to twelve
years on counts one and four; six months on counts two and eight; two years on count
three; ten years on counts five and six; and six years on count nine.8 Petitioner was
subsequently charged as a habitual offender with respect to the felony convictions and
resentenced to life imprisonment without the benefit of probation, parole, or suspension
of sentence on counts one and four; and twenty years without parole, probation, or
suspension of sentence on counts three, five, six, and nine.9 The Louisiana Fourth Circuit
Court of Appeal (“Louisiana Fourth Circuit”) affirmed his convictions and sentences, and
the Louisiana Supreme Court denied his writ application.10 Before the direct review of
Petitioner’s state court proceedings concluded, Petitioner filed numerous pleadings in
state court seeking collateral review:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

A “Motion for Correction of Premature, Infirm and Invalid Multiple
Offender Sentence Based on Application of New Louisiana Supreme Court
Ruling”;
Two motions to correct illegal sentence;
An application for post-conviction relief;
An “Omnibus Motion Challenging Constitutionality of Statutory Provision
and Illegal Sentence.”11

Barker v. Vannoy, No. 17-6674, 2018 WL 2376362, at *1 (E.D. La. Apr. 2, 2018), R. & R. adopted, No. 176674, 2018 WL 2364903 (E.D. La. May 24, 2018).
7 Id.
8 State Rec., Vol. 6 of 21; State Rec., Vol. 1 of 21.
9 State Rec., Vol. 2 of 21; State Rec., Vol. 6 of 21; State Rec., Vol. 1 of 21.
10 State v. Barker, 317 So. 3d 422, 455-56 (La. App. 4th Cir. 2018); State v. Barker, 267 So. 3d 85 (La. 2019).
11 The Court only notes motions Petitioner exhausted by presentation to the Louisiana Supreme Court
because only these are properly before this Court for federal habeas review. Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27,
29 (2004).
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All such motions were denied in the trial court and on writ to the Louisiana Fourth Circuit
and the Louisiana Supreme Court.
Petitioner also filed three federal habeas petitions.12 The first two petitions were
dismissed with prejudice. Petitioner filed the instant petition, his third, on October 29,
2021,13 arguing nine claims for relief:
i.

Multiple public defenders provided Petitioner with ineffective counsel
thereby denying him his constitutional right to effective counsel;14
ii. Petitioner’s trial counsel could not provide Petitioner with unbiased
representation as a result of a conflict of interest arising after including trial
counsel as a defendant in a civil lawsuit filed by Petitioner;15
iii. Petitioner’s trial counsel was ineffective for conceding Petitioner’s guilt to
the jury;16
iv. Petitioner’s trial judge was biased against Petitioner;17
v. There existed a conflict of interest between Petitioner and the trial judge;18
vi. Petitioner was prejudiced as a result of his charges being joined rather than
severed for separate trials;19
vii. The evidence was insufficient to support Petitioner’s convictions;20
viii. Various violations were committed during Petitioner’s sentencing as a
habitual offender;21 and
ix. Petitioner’s sentence was “constitutionally excessive.”22
On May 4, 2022, Respondent Darrell Vannoy (“Respondent”) filed a response
asserting that Petitioner’s claims were “either procedurally defaulted or meritless.”23  The
Magistrate Judge issued her Report and Recommendation on September 12, 2022,

R. Doc. 29 at p. 4 (citing Barker, No. 17-6674, 2018 WL 2376362; Barker v. Vannoy, No. 18-11696, 2019
WL 2305263 (E.D. La. Mar. 8, 2019), R. & R. adopted, 2019 WL 2303816 (E.D. La. May 30, 2019).
13 R. Doc. 1-1.
14 Id. at p. 8.
15 Id. at p. 21.
16 Id. at p. 27.
17 Id. at p. 30.
18 Id. at p. 35.
19 Id. at p. 38.
20 Id. at p. 40.
21 Id. at p. 45.
22 Id. at p. 51.
23 R. Doc. 24 at p.1.
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recommending Petitioner’s Petition be dismissed with prejudice.24 Petitioner timely
objected on September 26, 2022.25
LEGAL STANDARD
In reviewing the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation, the Court must
conduct a de novo review of any of the Magistrate Judge’s conclusions to which a party
has specifically objected.26 As to the portions of the report to which Petitioner did not
object, the Court need only review those portions to determine whether they are clearly
erroneous or contrary to law.27
The Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
Under the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), a
state court’s purely factual determinations are presumed to be correct and a federal court
will give deference to the state court’s decision unless it “was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court
proceeding.”28 A federal court must defer to the decision of the state court on the merits
of a pure question of law or a mixed question of law and fact unless that decision “was
contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law,
as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.”29 A state court’s decision is
contrary to clearly established federal law if: “(1) the state court applies a rule that
contradicts the governing law announced in Supreme Court cases, or (2) the state court

R. Doc. 29.
25 R. Doc. 31.
26 See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C) (2018) (“[A] judge of the court shall make a de novo determination of those
portions of the report or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which an objection is made.”).
27 Id. § 636(b)(1)(A).
28 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2).
29 Id. § 2254(d)(1).
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decides a case differently than the Supreme Court did on a set of materially
indistinguishable facts.”30
The AEDPA requires that a federal court “accord the state trial court substantial
deference.”31 However, the AEDPA’s deferential standards of review apply only to claims
adjudicated on the merits by the state courts.32
Ineffective assistance of counsel
In Strickland v. Washington, the Supreme Court established a two-pronged test
for evaluating claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. Specifically, a petitioner seeking
relief must demonstrate both: (1) counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) the
deficient performance prejudiced his defense.33 A petitioner bears the burden of proof on
such a claim and “must demonstrate, by a preponderance of the evidence, that his counsel
was ineffective.”34 “[A] court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct
falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant
must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action
“might be considered sound trial strategy.”35
To prevail on the deficiency prong of the Strickland test, a petitioner must
demonstrate that counsel’s conduct fails to meet the constitutional minimum guaranteed
by the Sixth Amendment.36 “Counsel’s performance is deficient if it falls below an
objective standard of reasonableness.”37 Analysis of counsel’s performance must consider

Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405-06 (2000).
31 Brumfield v. Cain, 576 U.S. 305, 314 (2015).
32 § 2254(d); Henderson v. Cockrell, 333 F.3d 592, 597 (5th Cir. 2003).
33 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 697 (1984).
34 Jernigan v. Collins, 980 F.2d 292, 296 (5th Cir. 1993); see also Clark v. Johnson, 227 F.3d 273, 284 (5th
Cir. 2000).
35 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.
36 See Styron v. Johnson, 262 F.3d 438, 450 (5th Cir. 2001).
37 Little v. Johnson, 162 F.3d 855, 860 (5th Cir. 1998).
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the reasonableness of counsel’s actions in light of all the circumstances.38 “[I]t is
necessary to ‘judge . . . counsel’s challenged conduct on the facts of the particular case,
viewed as of the time of counsel’s conduct.’”39 A petitioner must overcome a strong
presumption that the conduct of his counsel falls within a wide range of reasonable
representation.40
To prevail on the prejudice prong of the Strickland test, a petitioner “must show
that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.”41 In this context, a reasonable
probability is “a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”42 In
making a determination as to whether prejudice occurred, courts must review the record
to determine “the relative role that the alleged trial errors played in the total context of
[the] trial.”43 If a court finds that a petitioner has made an insufficient showing as to either
of the two prongs of inquiry—deficient performance or actual prejudice—it may dispose
of the ineffective assistance claim without addressing the other prong.44
For purposes of federal habeas review, the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel
presents a mixed question of law and fact.45 As such, the question is whether the state
court’s denial of relief was contrary to or an unreasonable application of United States
Supreme Court precedent, namely Strickland.46 “The standards created by Strickland and
§ 2254(d) are both highly deferential, and when the two apply in tandem, review is doubly

See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.
39 Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 371 (1993) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690).
40 See Crockett v. McCotter, 796 F.2d 787, 791 (5th Cir. 1986); Mattheson v. King, 751 F.2d 1432, 1441 (5th
Cir. 1985).
41 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
42 Id.
43 Crockett, 796 F.2d at 793.
44 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.
45 Motley v. Collins, 18 F.3d 1223, 1226 (5th Cir. 1994).
46 Murphy v. Johnson, 205 F.3d 809, 813 (5th Cir. 2000).
38

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[deferential].”47 The Supreme Court has stressed, in no uncertain terms, that “a federal
court may grant relief only if every “‘fairminded juris[t]’” would agree that every
reasonable lawyer would have made a different decision.48
LAW AND ANALYSIS
I.

Petitioner’s first objection
Petitioner’s first objection is that “[t]he Magistrate Judge’s assessing of

‘inadequate consultation and investigation’ could be more properly phrased: ‘no
consultation and no investigation.’”49 This objection encompasses several arguments.
Petitioner argues the Magistrate Judge used “sub-issues” to “overcome an unovercomable
[sic] constitutional violation.”50 As examples of these “sub-issues,” Petitioner cites the
Magistrate Judge’s (1) use of the “Rules of Evidence” to “supersede the right to defense,”
(2) refusal to expand the record, (3) and adoption of erroneous facts.51
Petitioner’s third example involves the allegedly erroneous facts adopted related to
Petitioner’s trial counsel’s lack of visits to him and lack of investigation of Petitioner’s case
and a civil suit Petitioner filed.52 Specifically, Petitioner objects to the Magistrate Judge’s
adoption of the Louisiana Fourth Circuit’s allegedly erroneous statement that Petitioner
“refused assistance of counsel at every juncture in this judicial proceeding.”53 Petitioner
also challenges the Magistrate Judge’s “erroneous claim [that] Petitioner supports none
of his allegations.”54 In conclusion, Petitioner explains that the Magistrate Judge

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 105 (2011) (internal citations omitted).
48 Dunn v. Reeves, 141 S. Ct. 2405 (2021) (citing Richter, 562 U.S. at 101).
49 R. Doc. 31 at p. 1.
50 Id.
51 Id. at pp. 1-3.
52 Id. at pp. 1-2.
53 Id. at 2; R. Doc. 29 at p. 38.
54 R. Doc. 31 at pp. 1-2.
47

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“ignore[d]” that Petitioner’s counsel neither visited Petitioner nor investigated
Petitioner’s case.55
Petitioner’s third example is a challenge to the Magistrate Judge’s findings of fact.56
First, Petitioner challenges the Magistrate Judge’s finding on whether Petitioner’s trial
counsel visited him and whether she investigated Petitioner’s case.57 This relates to
Petitioner’s first ground for relief, which relies on a Strickland claim.58 The Magistrate
Judge rejected Petitioner’s Strickland claim based on his counsel’s lack of visits and lack
of investigation on Strickland’s prejudice prong.59 The Magistrate Judge found that, even
if Petitioner could prove his trial counsel never visited him and never investigated his
case, Petitioner failed to show resulting actual prejudice through record evidence.60
Instead of record evidence, Petitioner cited uncorroborated allegations in an attempt to
establish actual prejudice.61 As the Magistrate Judge correctly found, unsupported
allegations are insufficient to establish actual prejudice.62 Since Petitioner could not show
actual prejudice, whether the Magistrate Judge adopted the Louisiana Fourth Circuit’s
characterization of Petitioner’s trial counsel’s conduct as deficient does not affect the
Magistrate Judge’s holding on Petitioner’s Strickland claim. Put another way, the
Magistrate Judge found that Petitioner could not show prejudice under Srickland. As a
result, the Magistrate Judge’s finding on Petitioner’s ineffective assistance of counsel

Id. at p. 3.
56 Id. at pp. 1-3.
57 Id. at p. 3.
58 R. Doc. 1-1 at pp. 8-20; R. Doc. 29 at pp. 37-47.
59 R. Doc. 29 at pp. 37-47.
60 Id. at pp. 43-47.
61 Id.; R. Doc. 1-1 at pp, 9, 18 (discussing the evidence Petitioner claims his counsel would have found and
admitting it “no longer likely exists”).
62 R. Doc. 29 at pp. 45-47 (collecting cases).
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8

claim did not depend on the Magistrate Judge’s factual findings about Petitioner’s trial
counsel’s conduct. There is no error here.
Concerning the Magistrate Judge’s alleged adoption of findings of facts that are
unsupported, Petitioner does not show any of the facts the Magistrate Judge adopted are
false. The state court record and state court opinion on direct appeal support the
Magistrate Judge’s factual findings and the Magistrate Judge was entitled to rely on the
state court’s factual determinations.63
Next, on Petitioner’s first example, his “Rules of Evidence” argument, Petitioner
does not explain how the Magistrate Judge used the evidentiary rules to “supersede”
Petitioner’s right to effective assistance of counsel.64 This objection fails for lack of
specificity.65
In Petitioner’s second example, he takes issue with the Magistrate Judge’s refusal
to expand the record. While unclear, Petitioner appears to be referencing the Magistrate
Judge’s order denying Petitioner’s request to expand the record.66 This objection does not
reference the Report and Recommendation and is therefore irrelevant.
II.

Petitioner’s second objection
Petitioner’s second objection challenges the Magistrate Judge’s decision not to

analyze Petitioner’s argument that his counsel was constitutionally deficient for failure to
visit him in jail and failure to investigate Petitioner’s case under United States v. Cronic,
466 U.S. 648 (1984).67 In Cronic, the Supreme Court recognized “[t]here are . . .
circumstances that are so likely to prejudice the accused that the cost of litigating their

Brumfield, 576 U.S. at 314.
64 R. Doc. 31 at p. 1.
65 Cuza v. Day, No. 22-1354, 2023 WL 3270064, at *1 (E.D. La. May 5, 2023).
66 R. Doc. 31 at p. 1; R. Doc. 30.
67 R. Doc. 31 at pp. 3-6.
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effect in a particular case is unjustified.”68 One such circumstance the Court identified “is
the complete denial of counsel.”69 When there is a “complete denial of counsel,” an
individual need not meet Strickland’s prejudice prong to prevail on his ineffective
assistance of counsel claim.70 Petitioner is arguing his case fits into this circumstance and
thus the Magistrate Judge should have applied Cronic to find that there was ineffective
assistance of counsel per se.71
The Magistrate Judge declined to apply Cronic and, instead, reviewed Petitioner’s
ineffective assistance of counsel argument under Strickland.72 As the basis for this
decision, the Magistrate Judge first looked to Johnson v. Cockrell, 301 F.3d 234 (5th Cir.
2002) to demonstrate Cronic’s limited applicability.73 In Johnson, the Fifth Circuit noted
the Supreme Court’s statement that Cronic only applies when the attorney’s failure is
“complete.”74 The court further explained, “[a] constructive denial of counsel occurs . . . in
only a very narrow spectrum of cases where the circumstances leading to counsel’s
ineffectiveness are so egregious that the defendant was in effect denied any meaningful
assistance.”75
The Magistrate Judge then referred back to the AEDPA’s standard of review to
explain that the magistrate judge, under AEDPA review, only analyzes whether Petitioner
has shown that the state court decision was clearly contrary to federal law, as determined
by the Supreme Court.76 In this case, the state court applied Strickland, not Cronic, to

466 U.S. at 658.
69 Id. at 659.
70 Id.
71 R. Doc. 31 at pp. 3-6.
72 R. Doc. 29 at pp. 41-43.
73 Id. at p. 42.
74 301 F.3d at 238 (quoting Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 697 (2002)).
75 Id. (quoting Jackson v. Johnson, 150 F.3d 520, 525 (5th Cir. 1998)).
76 R. Doc. 29 at p. 42.
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Petitioner’s claims.77 Because Petitioner did not show that the Supreme Court has held
Cronic to be applicable to claims like Petitioner’s, the Magistrate Judge found that she
must apply Strickland.78 This was a correct application of the law.
Petitioner does not point to any Supreme Court precedent mandating Cronic’s
application in this situation or showing that the state court erred by applying Strickland.79
Rather than citing Supreme Court precedent showing that the state court was wrong to
apply Strickland, Petitioner reiterates his arguments that he believes show Cronic’s
applicability and the complete failure of his trial counsel to provide legal representation.80
This does not entitle Petitioner to habeas relief and does not show the Magistrate Judge’s
application of Strickland, rather than Cronic, to be inappropriate.
III.

Petitioner’s third objection
Petitioner’s third objection attacks the Magistrate Judge’s finding on whether

Petitioner’s trial counsel had a conflict of interest.81 The Magistrate Judge characterized
the conflict of interest issue as whether Petitioner created a conflict of interest by adding
his trial counsel as a defendant in a civil lawsuit.82 The Louisiana Fourth Circuit explained,
“Mr. Barker’s pro se supplemental brief, taken as a whole, appears to corroborate the
notion that he attempted to fabricate a conflict of interest by suing the judge and his
attorney, and then attempted to use that spurious conflict of interest to avoid
prosecution.”83 After reviewing the Louisiana Fourth Circuit’s dicta on the conflict of
interest issue and discussing the applicable federal law, the Magistrate Judge found that

State Rec., Vol. 21 of 21.
78 R. Doc. 29 at pp. 42-43.
79 R. Doc. 31 at pp. 3-6.
80 Id.
81 Id. at pp. 7-8.
82 R. Doc. 29 at pp. 47-50.
83 Barker, 317 So. 3d at 461 n.32.
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Petitioner did not show the state court applied federal law in an unreasonable manner. As
a result, Petitioner could not show he was entitled to AEDPA relief.84
To obtain federal habeas relief, Petitioner is required to show an error of federal
law in the Louisiana Fourth Circuit’s opinion.85 Under federal law, a criminal defendant
cannot manufacture a conflict of interest with his court appointed counsel through filing
a lawsuit against counsel.86 Petitioner did not show any error of federal law in the
Louisiana Fourth Circuit’s opinion on this issue.87 Most of Petitioner’s arguments on the
conflict of interest issue are in reality just a recitation of facts about a potential conflict of
interest between Petitioner and his trial counsel.88 Given Petitioner’s failure to highlight
any issue of federal law in the state court’s disposition of the conflict of interest issue,
Petitioner is not entitled to federal habeas relief. The Magistrate Judge’s finding is correct.
Additionally Petitioner asserts, in conclusory fashion, “every allegation by every
state actor—and now the Magistrate Judge—is wholly unsupported.” Such a conclusory
accusation is not only unsupported, but is not a legally proper objection for reasons
discussed below.89
The remainder of Petitioner’s third objection consists of factual allegations, which
do not constitute objections, and Petitioner’s continued advocacy for the application of
Cronic.90 Cronic is inapplicable for reasons stated above.91

R. Doc. 29 at pp. 47-50.
85 § 2254(d)(1).
86 Everett v. Louisiana, No. 08-4745, 2009 WL 1971370, at *8 (E.D. La. July 7, 2009); see also Cuyler v.
Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 350 (1980); Mickens v. Taylor, 535 U.S. 162, 171 (2002).
87 R. Doc. 1-1; R. Doc. 31.
88 R. Doc. 1-1 at pp. 21-26; R. Doc. 31 at pp. 7-8.
89 See infra at pp. 18-19.
90 R. Doc. 31 at pp. 7-8.
91 See supra at pp. 9-11.
84

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IV.

Petitioner’s fourth objection
Petitioner’s fourth objection attacks the Magistrate Judge’s analysis of Petitioner’s

judicial bias claim.92 Petitioner takes issue with the Magistrate Judge’s quotation of the
trial record because he claims the Magistrate Judge omits necessary context.93 Petitioner
next claims that the Magistrate Judge neglected to cite certain Louisiana Code of Criminal
Procedure articles pertinent to Petitioner’s argument.94
At the beginning of Petitioner’s trial, Petitioner operated as “hybrid counsel” and
the trial court allowed Petitioner to give an opening statement in addition to his trial
counsel’s opening statement.95 An exchange between Petitioner and the trial judge during
Petitioner’s opening statement forms the basis of Petitioner’s judicial bias claim. During
the referenced exchange, Petitioner attempted to raise a motion for mistrial and stated
that it had been “516 days and [he had] never had an attorney.”96 The trial judge
responded that Petitioner’s statement was “false,” and that Petitioner would not be
allowed to “mislead the jury.”97 Later, the trial judge, without being prompted,
“admonished the jury to disregard any impression of guilt or innocence the court may or
may not have indicated at any point during trial.”98 While the Magistrate Judge did quote
the above exchange in her Report and Recommendation, the Magistrate Judge did not
quote the portion of Petitioner’s trial counsel’s opening statement in which Petitioner’s
trial counsel claimed the jurors should return a “mostly not guilty” verdict against

R. Doc. 31 at pp. 9-11.
93 Id.
94 Id.
95 R. Doc. 29 at pp. 12, 65-67.
96 Id. at pp. 65-67.
97 Id.
98 Id. at p. 68 (quoting Barker, 317 So. 3d at 456).
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Petitioner.99 Petitioner claims that this “mostly not guilty” comment is what caused
Petitioner to have to give an opening statement. Petitioner argues the comment
contextualizes his exchange with the trial judge during his opening statement that led to
the trial judge saying Petitioner’s statement was false and telling Petitioner he could not
mislead the jury.100
Petitioner overlooks the fact that the Magistrate Judge quoted the “mostly not
guilty” line three times in her Report and Recommendation.101 The Magistrate Judge did
consider this statement. The Magistrate Judge also noted that she considered the
“transcript as a whole” when analyzing Petitioner’s judicial bias argument.102 It was
appropriate for the Magistrate Judge to conclude, in agreement with the Louisiana Fourth
Circuit, that the sole interchange between the trial judge and Petitioner during
Petitioner’s opening statement was not indicative of judicial bias. Even considering the
context of Petitioner’s trial counsel’s “mostly not guilty” statement, Petitioner still
highlights only one incident of alleged bias.103 More importantly, the Louisiana Fourth
Circuit rejected Petitioner’s bias claims and Petitioner shows no error of federal law
entitling him to federal habeas relief based on this rejection.104
To the extent Petitioner takes issue with the Magistrate Judge’s failure to cite
Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure articles, Petitioner’s argument is not well taken.105
These articles relate to state law. As the Magistrate Judge detailed, issues of state law are

Id. at pp. 50-51, 55; R. Doc. 31 at pp. 9-11.
100 R. Doc. 31 at pp. 9-11.
101 R. Doc. 29 at pp. 50-51, 55.
102 Id. at p. 68.
103 Patterson v. Cain, No. 10-4587, 2011 WL 7962615, at *12 (E.D. La. Oct. 14, 2011) (“[F]lashes of
exasperation are not uncommon during the course of a multi-day trial, and they certainly are not evidence
of judicial bias.”), R. & R. adopted, No. 10-4587, 2012 WL 1933748 (E.D. La. May 29, 2012).
104 R. Doc. 31 at pp. 9-11; R. Doc. 29 at pp. 67-68 (quoting Barker, 317 So. 3d at 455-56).
105 R. Doc. 31 at pp. 9-11.
99

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not properly raised on federal habeas review. Petitioner must show an error of federal,
not state, law to obtain federal habeas relief.106
V.

Petitioner’s fifth objection
Petitioner’s fifth objection is to the Magistrate Judge’s decision not to apply McCoy

v. Louisiana, 584 U.S. 414 (2018).107 This objection relates to Petitioner’s argument that
his trial counsel was ineffective for conceding Petitioner was “mostly not guilty.”108
Petitioner claims that since his trial counsel conceded Petitioner’s guilt against
Petitioner’s will, McCoy applies to his ineffective assistance of counsel claim rather than
Strickland.109
In McCoy, the Supreme Court held, “[w]hen a client expressly asserts that the
objective of ‘his defence [sic]’ is to maintain innocence of the charged criminal acts, his
lawyer must abide by that objective and may not override it by conceding guilt.”110
Petitioner argues that because he pleaded “not guilty” and went to trial for the crimes
charged against him, he expressly asserted his innocence.111 Petitioner argues his trial
counsel went against Petitioner’s express assertion of innocence with two statements.112
The first came in opening statements: “I believe that if you listen to the facts you will come
back with mostly not guilty. I don’t think that you will be able to come back with anything
less than possibly criminal trespass.”113 The second was in closing argument: “I’m going
to ask you to come back with not guilty on all counts. If you feel there is a count he should

R. Doc. 29 at p. 69.
107 R. Doc. 31 at pp. 11-12.
108 R. Doc. 29 at pp. 50-60.
109 Id.; R. Doc. 31 at pp. 11-12.
110 McCoy, 584 U.S. at 423.
111 R. Doc. 31 at pp. 11-12.
112 Id.
113 R. Doc. 29 at pp. 55.
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come back guilty for, the Dublin house and the entry of criminal trespass is the only one
I find that would be appropriate.”114 Using Petitioner’s not guilty plea and the above
quotes, Petitioner urges the Magistrate Judge should have applied McCoy.115
The Magistrate Judge provided four reasons for why Strickland applies rather than
McCoy.116 First, Petitioner’s trial counsel conceded only that Petitioner was guilty of
criminal trespass, a crime with which Petitioner was not charged.117 Several courts outside
of this circuit have held that McCoy does not apply when trial counsel concedes guilt to a
crime with which the defendant was not charged.118 Anticipating Petitioner’s counter
argument, the Magistrate Judge recognized that the trial judge told jurors they could find
Petitioner guilty of criminal trespass as a lesser included offense to the burglary charge.119
This led the Magistrate Judge to supply three more reasons for McCoy’s
inapplicability: (1) “the United States Supreme Court has never addressed the question of
whether McCoy applies where counsel did not concede guilt of a charged offense but
instead conceded guilt only of a lesser included misdemeanor offense;” (2) Petitioner’s
trial counsel “made clear in her closing argument that she was not expressly conceding
that petitioner was guilty of criminal trespass;” and (3) there is no record evidence of
Petitioner expressly instructing his trial counsel not to make such a concession.120 Each of
the Magistrate Judge’s arguments holds weight under de novo review.
Initially, the Magistrate Judge is correct to point out the Supreme Court has never
expressly held McCoy to apply to a case like Petitioner’s in which the trial counsel

Id.
115 R. Doc. 31 at pp. 11-12.
116 R. Doc. 29 at pp. 55-60.
117 Id. at pp. 56-57; State Rec., Vol. 21 of 21.
118 R. Doc. 29 at pp. 56-57 (collecting cases).
119 Id. at p. 57; State Rec., Vol. 17 of 21.
120 R. Doc. 29 at p. 58-59.
114

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conceded guilt only to a lesser included offense.121 Second, Petitioner’s trial counsel did
not explicitly concede Petitioner was guilty of criminal trespass, but just that, if anything,
Petitioner is guilty of nothing more than criminal trespass.122 In other words, Petitioner’s
trial counsel did not expressly concede Petitioner’s guilt of any crime.123 Finally, there is
no record evidence of Petitioner expressly instructing his trial counsel to refrain from
conceding his guilt, even if Petitioner did plead not guilty. McCoy does not apply to
Petitioner’s case.
VI.

Petitioner’s sixth and seventh objections
As part of Petitioner’s arguments in ground eight for relief (Petitioner’s

“sentencing arguments”), Petitioner challenged: (1) the Louisiana habitual offender
statute’s classification of his prior crimes and (2) whether Petitioner’s multiple bill of
information was timely filed under Louisiana law.124 Objections six and seven are directed
at the Magistrate Judge’s denial of these two sentencing arguments for failure to show a
reviewable error of federal law.125 Both of Petitioner’s sentencing arguments above were
rejected on direct appeal and during Petitioner’s post-conviction proceedings.126 Both of
Petitioner’s sentencing arguments above also implicate state law.127 The Magistrate Judge
observed these facts and correctly concluded that Petitioner is alleging issues of state law,
which are not properly raised on federal habeas review. As the Magistrate Judge wrote,
“[b]ecause a federal court does ‘not sit as a ‘super’ state supreme court,’ this Court simply
lacks authority to ‘review a state court’s interpretation of its own law in a federal habeas

Id. at p. 58.
122 Id. at pp. 55, 58.
123 Id.
124 R. Doc. 1-1 at pp. 45-51; R. Doc. 31 at pp. 12-14.
125 R. Doc. 31 at pp. 12-14.
126 R. Doc. 29 at pp. 70-82.
127 Id.
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corpus proceeding.’”128 Once more, Petitioner must show an error of federal law to obtain
federal habeas relief. He has not done so. Accordingly, the Magistrate Judge made no
error in addressing Petitioner’s sentencing arguments.
The Magistrate Judge further found Petitioner’s federal law sentencing arguments
raised in objections six and seven to be procedurally barred from federal habeas review
for failure to exhaust.129 Petitioner did not object to this finding and the Court does not
find it clearly erroneous or contrary to law.130 Petitioner’s failure to exhaust his federal law
sentencing arguments moots objections six and seven because Petitioner does not show
that he exhausted the arguments implicated in his sixth and seventh objections.131
VII.

Petitioner’s eighth and ninth objections
Petitioner’s eighth objection is to the Magistrate Judge’s “attitude” and “position”

taken in the Report and Recommendation.132 Petitioner’s ninth objection concerns
Respondent’s “fail[ure] to answer [Petitioner’s] individual allegations of the claims.”133
Since Respondent did not “properly answer” Petitioner’s Petition,134 Petitioner argues “it
was error for the Magistrate Judge to write the” Report and Recommendation.135
Neither objection is proper. Petitioner does not point out specifically where he
believes the Magistrate Judge erred in either objection, whether it be in her fact-finding,
legal analysis, or otherwise.136 Objection eight appears to be to the Magistrate Judge’s tone
and reliance on record evidence while objection nine is not to the Report and

Id. at pp. 81-82 (quoting Dickerson v. Guste, 932 F.2d 1142, 1145 (5th Cir. 1991)).
129 Id. at pp. 82-85.
130 R. Doc. 31.
131 Id. at pp. 12-14.
132 Id. at p. 15.
133 Id. at p. 16.
134 Respondent did file a response to Petitioner’s Petition. R. Doc. 24.
135 R. Doc. 31 at p. 16.
136 Id. at pp. 15-16.
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Recommendation but is to the Respondent’s response to Petitioner’s Petition.137 Thus, the
objections do not meet the requirements of Rule 72 of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure. Having found objections eight and nine failed to specifically object to the
Report and Recommendation, the Court is not required to review under a de novo
standard for these objections.
In objection eight, Petitioner also renews his objection to the Magistrate Judge’s
denial of his request to expand the record.138 This objection is rejected for the reasons
stated above.139
VIII. The portions of the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation
not objected to are not clearly erroneous or contrary to law
Having carefully reviewed the record, the Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus,140 the
Report and Recommendation,141 and the applicable law, the Court finds the Magistrate
Judge’s unobjected to findings are not clearly erroneous or contrary to law.
CONCLUSION
IT IS ORDERED that the petition for federal habeas corpus relief filed by Samuel
Barker is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
New Orleans, Louisiana, this 24th day of September, 2024.
________________________________
SUSIE MORGAN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Id.
138 Id. at p. 15.
139 See supra at p. 9.
140 R. Doc. 1-1.
141 R. Doc 29.
137

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