Tingle v. Hebert
Filing
179
RULING AND ORDER granting in part and denying in part 116 Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. The following claims of Plaintiff Brette Tingle are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE: (1) the retaliation claim related to the Randall Kling litigation; and (2) the defamation claim related to the vandalism, shooting, and torching of ATC vehicles. In all other respects, Defendants' motion is DENIED. Signed by Judge John W. deGravelles on 04/16/2018. (KDC)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
BRETTE TINGLE
CIVIL ACTION
VERSUS
NO. 15-626-JWD-EWD
TROY HEBERT, IN HIS INDIVIDUAL &
OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS THE
COMMISSIONER OF THE OFFICE OF
ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO CONTROL
OF THE LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT
OF REVENUE
RULING AND ORDER
This matter comes before the Court on the Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment (Doc. 116) filed by Defendants Troy Hebert and the Office of Alcohol and Tobacco
Control of the State of Louisiana (“ATC”) (collectively, “Defendants”). Plaintiff Brette Tingle
opposes the motion. (Doc. 137.) Defendants have filed a reply. (Doc. 145.) Oral argument is not
necessary. For the following reasons, the Defendants’ motion is granted in part and denied in
part.
I.
Introduction
Plaintiff is a former employee of the ATC. Plaintiff was terminated from his job by Troy
Hebert, who at one time served as head of the ATC.
Plaintiff subsequently filed this suit against the ATC and Hebert asserting a number of
causes of action. These include (1) retaliation under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a) and 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983 (Doc. 62 at 3, 13); (2) invasion of privacy
under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, § 5 of the Louisiana
Constitution (Doc. 62 at 14–15); and (3) defamation under Louisiana state law (Doc. 62 at 15–
20).
Defendants have filed a couple of motions to dismiss (Docs. 10, 68), and the Court has
granted these motions in part and denied them in part (Docs. 32, 90). After these rulings, the
following claims have survived: (1) against Troy Hebert, Plaintiff’s claims for (a) retaliation
under §§ 1981, 1983 (Doc. 32 at 2); (b) invasion of privacy under the federal and state
constitutions (Doc. 32 at 2–4); and (c) defamation (Doc. 32 at 4–6); and (2) against the ATC,
Plaintiff’s claim for retaliation under Title VII (Doc. 62 at 13–14; Doc. 90 at 2).
Defendants have filed the instant motion seeking the dismissal of three discrete sets of
claims. First, Defendants ask the Court to dismiss Plaintiff’s claim that he was retaliated against
“because he participated as a witness in the Randall Kling litigation presently pending in the 19th
Judicial District Court.” (Doc. 116-1 at 2; Doc. 62 at 14.)
Second, Defendants argue that the Court should dismiss Plaintiff’s claim that Defendants
retaliated against him by way of certain investigations the ATC conducted. (Doc. 116-1.)
Specifically, Defendants maintain that the Plaintiff cannot show a prima facie case of retaliation
because the following are not adverse employment actions: (1) investigating Plaintiff for the
ATC’s alleged lack of compliance with the DEA and for purportedly missing money; (2)
investigating Plaintiff for allegations that he placed Agent Lorre Claiborne in danger; and (3)
investigating Plaintiff’s wife, Traci Tingle, for “allegedly falsifying state documents” related to
an ATC office in Vidalia, Louisiana. (Doc. 116-1 at 5; Doc. 62 at 8–10.)
And third, Defendants contend that one of Plaintiff’s defamation claims should be
dismissed. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges in his Amended Complaint:
Contemporaneous with the termination of the Plaintiff, Troy Hebert released
statements to the press and to agents with the ATC that his vehicle had been set on
fire. In an interview with a New Orleans news outlet, WVUE, on August 19, 2015,
Troy Hebert maliciously stated that if a person was to "connect the dots" it would
be clear who vandalized the vehicle, as a way of implicating the Plaintiff without
saying the Plaintiff's name. While it is apparently true that Troy's vehicle had been
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set on fire, Troy Hebert had no evidence that the Plaintiff had committed this crime.
Troy Hebert did know, or certainly should have known, that the temporal proximity
of his statements and the termination of the Plaintiff carried false and defamatory
implications. These implied accusations are false and defamatory per se.
(Doc. 62 at 16.) Defendants argue in the instant motion that Hebert never said “connect
the dots” and made no such defamatory suggestion. (Doc. 116-1 at 2.)
Having carefully considered the law, facts in the record, and arguments and submissions
of the parties, the Court will grant summary judgment on the first and third issues but deny on the
second. As to the first (the Randall Kling litigation), Plaintiff concedes that this claim should be
dismissed (Doc. 137 at 1–3), so it need not be discussed further.
As to the second issue (retaliatory investigations), to demonstrate retaliation under Title
VII, "a plaintiff must show that a reasonable employee would have found the challenged action
materially adverse, which in this context means it well might have ‘dissuaded a reasonable worker
from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.’ ” Burlington N. and Sante Fe R.R. Co. v.
White, 548 U.S. 53, 68, 126 S. Ct. 2405, 2415, 165 L. Ed. 2d 345 (2006) (internal citations
omitted). Relying on Fifth Circuit precedent, this Court has twice held that mere job scrutiny does
not rise to the level of an adverse employment action. Plaintiff urges that these facts are unique.
The Court agrees. Cases in other jurisdictions have indicated that investigations can, under certain
circumstances, constitute adverse employment actions. The same finding is appropriate here. As
a result, the Court finds that Plaintiff has demonstrated a question of fact as to whether the
investigations in this case constitute adverse employment actions, and summary judgment on these
claims is thus denied.
As to the third issue (defamation related to the vandalism and destruction of ATC
vehicles), the Louisiana Supreme Court has recognized that “[a] pure statement of opinion,
which is based totally on the speaker's subjective view and which does not expressly state or
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imply the existence of underlying facts, usually will not be actionable in defamation[.]” Bussie v.
Lowenthal, 535 So. 2d 378, 381 (La. 1988) (citation omitted). “That is because falsity is an
indispensable element of any defamation claim, and a purely subjective statement can be neither
true nor false.” Id. “ ‘[T]he crucial difference between statement of fact and opinion depends
upon whether ordinary persons hearing or reading the matter complained of would be likely to
understand it as an expression of the speaker's or writer's opinion, or as a statement of existing
fact.’ ” Id. (citation omitted). “In order for a statement of opinion to be actionable in defamation
on the ground that it gives rise to a defamatory factual inference, the factual inference created by
the statement must be ascertainable by a reasonable person with some degree of certainty.” Id. at
382–83.
Here, all of the statements Hebert actually made that Plaintiff complains of—both in
Hebert’s television interview and in other media—constitute mere opinion. No reasonable jury
would conclude that Hebert’s statements (which do not include the “connect the dots” language)
express or imply the existence of underlying facts, and his words are too unspecific and general
to be actionable defamation under the Bussie standard. Consequently, Plaintiff’s defamation
claim related to the vandalism, shooting, and torching of ATC vehicles is dismissed.
II.
Relevant Factual Background
A. Plaintiff’s Retaliation Claims Related to Defendants’ Investigations
Troy Hebert initiated an investigation to take action to obtain any money that ATC
should have collected from the DEA. (Defendants’ Statement of Material, Undisputed Facts In
Support of the Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“DSMUF”), Doc. 116-12 at 2; Plaintiff’s
Response to Defendants’ [SMUF] (“PRDSMUF”), Doc. 137-1 at 1.) Specifically, Hebert
testified that Tingle came to him and “said that there was $100,000 in money that . . . could be
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gotten to ATC.” (Doc. 116-6 at 2–3.) Hebert purportedly said, “Okay, well, then go get the
money[.] . . . But it never happened. . . . [Hebert didn’t] think [they] ever got the money[.]”
(Doc. 116-6 at 3.) Hebert testified that he did not “recall telling Mr. Louis Thompson to go get
the money. . . . [He] recall[ed] telling Mr. Brette Tingle to go get the money; and if that included
getting Mr. Louis Thompson involved, then that’s the way it should be. But . . . Tingle knew
where the last money was.” (Doc. 116-6 at 4.)
Hebert was asked if he followed up on the collection of the money, and he replied: “I
asked about it along the way, but like so many other things that you give them, these
assignments, and they don’t do them.” (Doc. 116-6 at 5.) Hebert stated that he would ask Tingle
about the project, and Hebert would reply, “ ‘He’s is [sic] working on it,’ or something like that.”
(Doc. 116-6 at 6.) But, ultimately, Hebert said his only actions to collect the money were
“[a]ssigning it [to Tingle] and following up with him[.]” (Doc. 116-6 at 6.)
Additionally, Hebert testified that Plaintiff’s wife, Traci Tingle, did inventory for the
ATC every year. (Doc. 116-6 at 12.) When she left the ATC, someone “did an inventory list and
found out that there was some discrepancies about some . . . office furniture located in Vidalia.”
(Doc. 116-6 at 12.) Hebert said he asked Director Larry Hingle to “look into it.” (Doc. 116-6 at
13.)
Troy Hebert also initiated an investigation into allegations made by Lorre Claiborne that
she felt endangered by being assigned to work in uniform at convenience stores and other
Alcohol Beverage Outlets (ABOs) where she previously worked undercover. (DSMUF, Doc.
116-12 at 2; PRDSMUF, Doc. 137-1 at 1.) Frank Perez, an outside attorney hired by the ATC,
conducted the investigation and reported his findings. (DSMUF, Doc. 116-12 at 2; PRDSMUF,
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Doc. 137-1 at 1.) There was no finding of any wrongdoing by Brette Tingle. (DSMUF, Doc.
116-12 at 2; PRDSMUF, Doc. 137-1 at 2.)
Meanwhile, Plaintiff testified as to the number of ways he believed he was retaliated
against with respect to the investigations. He stated that, first, there were “[n]o proper
investigations. No interviews. [He] was never given the opportunity to answer questions.” (Doc.
137-4 at 63.) Second, Plaintiff stated that “things were withheld so that the report wouldn’t be
an accurate reflection of [his] time.” (Doc. 137-4 at 63.) That is, the report was not, in his
opinion, accurate. (Doc. 137-4 at 63.) Third, Plaintiff maintains that “Hebert asked for an
investigation in October about threats made . . . about Lorre Claiborne.” (Doc. 137-4 at 63.)
Plaintiff says that “nothing came, no disciplinary action was taken against him for” this. (Doc.
137-4 at 63.) Of this Claiborne investigation, Tingle testified: “The result of that, nothing
happened to Brette Tingle.” (Doc. 116-5 at 3.) As to the fourth and fifth items, Plaintiff testified:
That the OIG’s office conducted an investigation and found that I did nothing
wrong. The results were not taken from Troy Hebert positively and he went to the
Louisiana State Police and demanded that they do an investigation. They contacted
the OIG’s office and was satisfied with the report and that still did not satisfy Troy
Hebert and he went through with the second termination after I was – after the – we
were sequestered and then put under sequestration from the hearing officer not to
discuss anything rescinded that and then move with the second termination in the
public release of everything to the public to law –
(sic) (Doc. 137-4 at 63–64.) When asked about the investigation brought to the OIG and
Louisiana State Police, Plaintiff said it was retaliatory “that [Hebert] would not accept the OIG’s
report by a legit investigative agency and went to state police and demanded they do something
when they agreed [with] the OIG’s report and didn’t pursue anything, it was rescinded and more
things were piled on.” (Doc. 137-4 at 64.)
Lastly, Plaintiff testified that he was retaliated against by Hebert “calling him and telling
him we’re going to investigate [Tingle’s] wife for falsifying public documents and get[] the
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legislative auditor involved because she falsified public documents that there was an office in
Vidalia with equipment.” (Doc. 116-5 at 5.) Tingle admitted, however, that his wife was not
terminated and received no pre-termination notice, but he said this was “because she didn’t give
[Hebert] a chance. She retired.” (Doc. 116-5 at 6.)
According to the disciplinary letters submitted by the Defendants, Plaintiff was not
terminated for the violations concerning the DEA money, Lorre Claiborne’s complaints, or the
office furniture at the ATC’s office in Vidalia. (Docs. 116-8.)
B. Plaintiff’s Defamation Claim
Hebert gave an interview to WVUE on August 19, 2015. (Doc. 116-9.) Before providing
a transcript of that interview, two facts referenced in the interview are worth noting.
First, Plaintiff and Jedd Faulk, Plaintiff’s subordinate employee, exchanged text
messages on May 18, 2012, concerning a former ATC Agent named Daniel Abdella. (Doc. 116-5
at 10.) After discussing how Abdella resigned, Plaintiff said, in response to the question of
where Abdella was going, “Not in law enforcement. Said something spiritual. Probably joining
the Jihad.” (Doc. 116-10 at 3.) Faulk then said, “yikes, maybe he will suicide bomb maniac’s
office.” (Doc. 116-5 at 11.) Plaintiff replied, “I’m hoping,” though Plaintiff testified that he did
so “in gest.” (Doc. 116-5 at 10–11.) Faulk responded, “Wasn’t expecting him as our Manchurian
candidate but he’ll do.” (Doc. 116-5 at 10–11, Doc. 116-10 at 3.) Plaintiff then said: “I take him
. . . I’ll even accept any collateral damage. . . . I will just stay away from that side of the office.”
(Doc. 116-5 at 11.) Faulk said, “a few sticks of dynamite ain’t going to reach our office,” and
Plaintiff responded: “nope. We would be good.” (Doc. 116-5 at 11.) Plaintiff again testified that
he did so “in gest.” (Doc. 116-5 at 11.)
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Second, Defendants submit a copy of a Facebook post in which individuals were
discussing seeing Hebert at a restaurant. (Doc. 116-11.) One of the individuals (whom
Defendants represent is a former ATC employee) said: “That’s enough to make me lose my
lunch! Oh oh shoot him!!! That will make the world happier and a better place!!!!” (Doc. 116-11
at 2.)
Returning to the key issue, the following is a transcript of the WVUE interview:
[Anchor, on camera:] “Threatening texts and payroll fraud—some of the reasons
why the ATC says one of its supervisors lost his job. Brett Tingle’s firing comes
as police investigate a number of crimes involving several Alcohol and Tobacco
vehicles.”
[Reporter, off camera, with a photo of Brett Tingle in the center foreground and a
blurred image of the reporter and Hebert in the background :] “Commissioner
Troy Hebert calls the alleged action of the former supervising ATC agent
‘alarming and extremely disturbing.’ ”
[Reporter, off camera, with various images in the background:] “The agency says
Brett Tingle is accused of pay roll fraud and breaking ATC policy by having a
secondary job with the Harbor Police. The ATC also claims Tingle used his state
issued cell phone to text racist and threating messages.”
[Hebert, on camera:] “We live in a day and age today that we cannot accept this
from regular people. We certainly cannot accept it from law enforcement who is
(sic) commissioned officers who are given guns and weapons.
[Reporter, off camera, with soundless video of Hebert looking at two pieces of
paper:] “The ATC released some of the text messages. In one conversation
discussing the resignation of an agent of Middle Eastern descent, a former ATC
agent says:
[Graphic displayed with headline “ATC SUPERVISOR FIRED” and subheadline “THREATENING TEXTS FOUND”, with two frames below this.
In the left frame is a picture of Tingle. In the right frame are the words:
FORMER ATC EMPLOYEE:
“YIKES. MAYBE HE’LL SUICIDE BOMB MANIAC’S OFFICE.”
BRETTE TINGLE:
“I’M HOPING!!!”
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[Reporter, off camera, reads from the text messages]
[Reporter, still off camera, continues, with close up of Hebert talking:]
“Commissioner Hebert says he is the maniac the former agent is referring to.”
[Hebert, on camera:] “This is just an excerpt of the text messages and it is very
obvious to who they are alluding to.” (sic)
[Reporter, off camera, with inaudible video of Hebert talking] “Hebert says he has
thick skin, but it is a bit unnerving and concerning. [photograph of Hebert
displayed, with police lights unfocused in the background, followed by image of
vehicle with gas cap removed and with either dust or burn marks on it.] Tingle’s
firing comes just two days after someone stole Hebert’s state issued truck from in
front of his home and set it on fire. [successive images of vehicles with holes in the
windows, then a shattered windshield] Before that, someone shot up six unmarked
ATC vehicles in a parking garage at the agency’s Baton Rouge headquarters.”
[Hebert, on camera:] “Look I have been in politics for 25 years. I have been called
way worse than a maniac, you know. That does not bother me. What I guess the
concern comes at today is with, you know, some of the recent activity just happened
with my vehicle and in the past vehicles getting shot up. Um, I am not trying to say
any of this is connected, what I am saying is I do not want my family or me to be
the story that something bad happens and then the media is gonna simply see these
things and ask well you saw all the evidence, you saw the clues, why didn’t you all
do something about it and prevent it. I mean we all can be Monday morning
quarterbacks. Ok, I do not want to wait till Monday morning to take care of it.”
[Reporter, off camera, with soundless video of reporter and Hebert displayed:]
“Hebert says he is hoping there is no connection between the recent happenings,
but he isn’t taking any chances.”
[Hebert, on camera:] “That’s gonna be something for the investigators to
determine, but I will tell you this, that there is numerous number of text messages.
There is one alluding to about not only bombing my office, but about shooting me.
There is one where they have a picture of me in a restaurant and some of the
comments and suggestions is just shoot him, you know . . . When you add all those
things together . . . if you are smart you are going to be concerned.”
[Reporter, off camera, with video of city displayed:] “Hebert says all of the
agency’s findings have been turned over to State and Federal authorities.”
[Hebert, on camera:] “ I am concerned, and I am mostly concerned for my family
because we all know too often that things happen that you and I would never dream
of. And I love this job, and it has been very rewarding to me, but it is not worth
anything happening to my family nor me. I did not sign up for that part”
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[Reporter, on camera and in studio, with picture of Tingle displayed with a caption
“ATC SUPERVISOR FIRED”:] “The Commissioner says he is investigating
whether any of the agency’s cases will be effected because of the former
supervisor.”
(Doc. 116-9.)
Plaintiff points to two other allegedly defamatory statements made in connection with the
acts of vandalism. First, an August 25, 2015, article by WWL entitled “ATC agent fired over
vulgar/threatening text messages” discusses the various grounds for Tingle’s firing. (Doc. 137-3)
The article then states:
Hebert’s state vehicle was stolen at his home over the weekend and somebody
apparently tried to set it on fire. He says it will be up to the investigators to
determine if the incident is connected to Tingle.
“We’ve given them all of this information so that will be up to investigators to
determine if there’s a connection,” said Hebert.
(Doc. 137-3.)
Second, a former attorney of the ATC named Brian DeJean testified about certain press
releases that Hebert posted on the ATC website. (Doc. 137-5 at 156.) DeJean stated: “One I know
in particular had to do with the theft of his vehicle and . . . I don’t recall whether he named him by
name, but there was a heavy inference that Brette Tingle was the culprit. I believe he may have
used Brette Tingle’s picture in that.” (Doc. 137-5 at 156.)
III.
Relevant Standard
“The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.
Civ. P. 56(a). If the mover bears his burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of fact, “its
opponent must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the
material facts . . . [T]he nonmoving party must come forward with ‘specific facts showing that
there is a genuine issue for trial.’ ” See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475
10
U.S. 574, 587, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 1356, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1986) (internal citations omitted). The
non-mover's burden is not satisfied by “conclusory allegations, by unsubstantiated assertions, or
by only a ‘scintilla’ of evidence.” Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir. 1994)
(citations and internal quotations omitted). “Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a
rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for trial.’ ”
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., 475 U.S. at 587, 106 S. Ct. at 1356. Further:
In resolving the motion, the court may not undertake to evaluate the credibility of
the witnesses, weigh the evidence, or resolve factual disputes; so long as the
evidence in the record is such that a reasonable jury drawing all inferences in favor
of the nonmoving party could arrive at a verdict in that party's favor, the court must
deny the motion.
International Shortstop, Inc. v. Rally's, Inc., 939 F.2d 1257, 1263 (5th Cir. 1991) (internal
citations omitted).
IV.
Discussion
A. Retaliation Related to Randall Kling
As stated above, Plaintiff has conceded that he has no retaliation claim under Title VII or
§§ 1981 and 1983 regarding the Randall Kling litigation. (Doc. 137 at 1–3.) Accordingly, this
claim is dismissed.
B. Retaliation Related to Defendants’ Investigations
1. Parties’ Arguments
i.
Defendants’ Original Memorandum (Doc. 116-1)
Again, Defendants seek dismissal of three retaliation claims: (1) the investigation into the
uncollected DEA funds; (2) the investigation into Lorre Claiborne’s allegations; and (3) the
investigation into the alleged office furniture in Vidalia. Defendants contend that there is no
question of fact that (1) Hebert never followed through on the DEA investigation; (2) there was
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no finding of wrongdoing by Plaintiff in the Lorre Claiborne-related investigation; and (3) “there
was no disciplinary action, termination or other adverse employment action taken against [Tingle
and his wife] as a result of the investigations.” (Doc. 116-1 at 5–6.)
Defendants correctly note that the key question under Title VII and § 1981 retaliation
claims is whether the action was “materially adverse” such that it might “have dissuaded a
reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination (Doc. 116-1 at 6
(citing, inter alia, Burlington N., 548 U.S. at 68, 126 S. Ct. at 2415).) Defendants argue that the
Fifth Circuit has “repeatedly held run-of-the-mill employment actions do not constitute a
materially adverse action under the Burlington Northern standard” (Doc. 116-1 at 7 (citations
omitted).)
Following a lengthy string cite (Doc. 116-1 at 7–9), Defendants assert that “[t]here do not
appear to be any cases holding an employer’s requesting or conducting a workplace
investigation—especially without any resulting employment consequences such a[s] [a]
demotion, termination or transfer – constitutes a materially adverse employment action.” (Doc.
116-1 at 9.) Defendants state that “the jurisprudence indicates that, standing alone, a workplace
investigation would not constitute a materially adverse employment action.” (Doc. 116-1 at 9.)
Defendants then discuss case law from this Court saying that job scrutiny is not actionable.
Defendants conclude: “Thus, because no detrimental job action, such as demotion, transfer,
suspension or termination, was taken against Tingle as a result of any of the three detailed
investigations above . . . , the investigations into these matters were not in and of themselves
materially adverse employment actions.” (Doc. 116-1 at 10.)
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ii.
Plaintiff’s Opposition (Doc. 137)
After discussing the Burlington Northern standard and certain cases that have found
adverse employment actions in other situations, Plaintiff asserts:
Here, the Plaintiff does not allege that mere investigation of an employee, in and of
itself, constitutes an “adverse employment action.” Instead, he has testified: (i) that
the investigations into his behavior were improper and one-sided, (ii) that the
Defendant withheld information in his reports relating to the investigations in order
to increase the chances of finding wrongdoing, (iii) that the investigations arose
from baseless accusations, (iv) that after the Plaintiff was cleared of wrongdoing,
the Defendant was not satisfied with this finding and demanded the state police
investigate the matter further, and (v) that the Defendant launched a further baseless
investigation of the Plaintiff’s wife.
These are not “[p]etty slights or minor annoyances that often take place at work and
that all employees experience.” See Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White,
supra. at 68. If “all” ATC employees were subjected to this form of treatment, then
no reasonable person would choose to work there. These allegations, if accepted as
true, make the investigations, and the Defendant’s related conduct, far more
“adverse” than a standard, routine investigation.
(Doc. 137 at 4.)
Plaintiff then explains that the key question is whether a reasonable ATC employer
would have been dissuaded from opposing Defendants’ actions; “even if an employer’s action
does not affect the employee’s wages or job status, is within the employees’ job description, and
is wholly unrelated to employment,” it can still be impressible retaliation if “the action would be
perceived as negative by a reasonable person in the individual’s circumstances and has more than
a trivial effect on that individual.” (Doc. 137 at 5.)
Plaintiff maintains that a reasonable person in his shoes would be so dissuaded. As a
result, according to Plaintiff, the above investigations constitute adverse employment actions.
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iii.
Defendants’ Reply (Doc. 145)
Defendants respond that Plaintiff has cited to no court “holding an internal investigation
alone constitutes a materially adverse employment action.” (Doc. 145 at 2.) Defendants also
argue that Plaintiff misstates the Burlington Northern standard. According to Defendants, the
question is not whether the employment action would be “perceived as negative by a reasonable
person in the individual’s circumstances and has more than a trivial effect on that individual”.
(Doc. 145 at 2 (quoting Doc. 137 at 5).). Rather, the question is whether the action is “materially
adverse, which in this context means it well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker form (sic)
making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” (Doc. 145 at 2 (quoting Burlington, 438 U.S.
at 67).) The Supreme Court said that it spoke “of material adversity because [the Court]
believe[d] it [was] important to separate significant from trivial harms.” (Doc. 145 at 2 (citing
Burlington, 438 U.S. at 68).) The standard is objective.
Defendants do not dispute that the results of an investigation can be an adverse
employment action; here, Defendants concede that there’s a jury question as to whether the result
of the investigation—Plaintiff’s termination—was retaliation. But Defendants argue that “the
ATC’s investigations into other alleged wrongdoing by Plaintiff (and his wife who was also
employed by the ATC) which did not result in termination, demotion, suspension, etc., do not
constitute a ‘materially adverse employment action’ because there was no resulting action taken
against Plaintiff (or his wife) on these matters.” (Doc 145 at 3.) Defendants state: “Therefore,
the underlying investigation—whether Plaintiff felt it was fair, unfair, one-sided, incomplete,
baseless and/or inept—is not the adverse employment action sufficient to state and maintain its
own independent claim of retaliation.” (Doc. 145 at 3.) Defendants conclude by urging a policy
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reason—the danger of tying employer hands from conducting investigations “for fear that the
investigation alone could result in a retaliation claim.” (Doc. 145 at 3.)
2. Analysis
i.
Retaliation Standard and Adverse Employment Actions
Generally
Title VII makes it unlawful “for an employer to discriminate against any of his
employees . . . because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by
[Title VII], or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in
an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under [Title VII].” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). “To establish
a prima facie case of retaliation under. . . Title VII, a plaintiff must show that (1) []he
participated in an activity protected under the statute; (2) [his] employer took an adverse
employment action against [him]; and (3) a causal connection exists between the protected
activity and the adverse action.” Feist v. La., Dep’t of Justice, Office of the Att’y Gen., 730 F.3d
450, 454 (5th Cir. 2013) (citing McCoy v. City of Shreveport, 492 F.3d 551, 556–57 (5th Cir.
2007)). This motion focuses on the second requirement and the standard set forth by the
Supreme Court in Burlington Northern.
According to this case, the antiretailation provision of Title VII “extends beyond
workplace-related or employment related retaliatory acts and harm.” Burlington N., 548 U.S. at
67, 126 S. Ct. at 2414. Phrased another way, “the challenged actions” need not be “related to the
terms or conditions of employment.” Id., 548 U.S. at 70, 126 S. Ct. at 2316. Unlike the
antidiscrimination provision, retaliation actions are not limited to “ultimate employment
decisions” such as “hiring, granting leave, discharging, promoting, and compensating.” Id., 548
U.S. at 60, 67, 126 S. Ct. at 2410, 2414.
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Nevertheless, “the antiretaliation provision protects an individual not from all retaliation,
but from retaliation that produces an injury or harm.” Id., 548 U.S. at 67, 126 S. Ct. at 2414. To
demonstrate retaliation, "a plaintiff must show that a reasonable employee would have found the
challenged action materially adverse, which in this context means it well might have ‘dissuaded
a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.’ ” Id., 548 U.S. at 68,
126 S. Ct. at 2415 (quoting Rochon v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d 1211, 1219 (D.C. Cir. 2006)).
The standard is “material adversity” because it is “important to separate significant from
trivial harms. Title VII . . . does not set forth ‘a general civility code for the American
workplace.’ ” Id. (emphasis in original) (internal citations omitted). As Burlington Northern
explains:
An employee's decision to report discriminatory behavior cannot immunize that
employee from those petty slights or minor annoyances that often take place at work
and that all employees experience. See 1 B. Lindemann & P. Grossman,
Employment Discrimination Law 669 (3d ed. 1996) (noting that “courts have held
that personality conflicts at work that generate antipathy” and “ ‘snubbing’ by
supervisors and co-workers” are not actionable under § 704(a)). The antiretaliation
provision seeks to prevent employer interference with “unfettered access” to Title
VII's remedial mechanisms. [Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 346, 117 S.
Ct. 843, 136 L. Ed. 2d 808 (1997)] It does so by prohibiting employer actions that
are likely “to deter victims of discrimination from complaining to the EEOC,” the
courts, and their employers. Ibid. And normally petty slights, minor annoyances,
and simple lack of good manners will not create such deterrence. See 2 EEOC 1998
Manual § 8, p. 8–13.
Id.
The material adversity standard is also that of a “reasonable employee” because “the
provision’s standard for judging harm must be objective. An objective standard is judicially
administrable. It avoids the uncertainties and unfair discrepancies that can plague a judicial
effort to determine a plaintiff’s unusual subjective feelings.” Id., 548 U.S. at 68–69, 126 S. Ct. at
2415 (emphasis in original).
16
The Burlington Northern standard is set forth in “general terms because the significance
of any given act of retaliation will often depend upon the particular circumstances. Context
matters.” Id., 548 U.S. at 69, 126 S. Ct. at 2415. For example, “[a] supervisor's refusal to invite
an employee to lunch is normally trivial, a nonactionable petty slight. But to retaliate by
excluding an employee from a weekly training lunch that contributes significantly to the
employee's professional advancement might well deter a reasonable employee from complaining
about discrimination.” Id., 548 U.S. at 69, 126 S. Ct. at 2415–16.
ii.
Investigations As Adverse Employment Actions
Accordingly, “chastisement by superiors and ostracism by co-workers ‘do not rise to the
level of material adversity but instead fall into the category of “petty slights, minor annoyances,
and simple lack of good manners” that the Supreme Court has recognized are not actionable
retaliatory conduct.’ ” Butler v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 838 F. Supp. 2d 473, 496 (M.D. La. 2012)
(quoting Stewart v. Miss. Transp. Comm’n, 586 F.3d 321, 332 (5th Cir. 2009)). Consequently,
this Court has held that, “as a matter of law, Plaintiff’s allegations of workplace criticism and job
scrutiny are not adverse employment actions for purposes of his retaliation claims.” Id.;
McKinney v. Louisiana, No. 12-789, 2014 WL 2600216, at *4 (M.D. La. June 10, 2014) (relying
on Butler, granting an employer’s motion for summary judgment in part, and finding that “the
plaintiff's present allegations centered on job scrutiny and chastisement from her superior . . . do
not rise to the level of an adverse employment action for purposes of a Title VII retaliation
claim.”). Defendants rely on these and other cases to argue that, as a matter of law,
investigations can never rise to the level of adverse employment actions.
The Undersigned disagrees. While it is true that mere job scrutiny does not rise to the level
of an adverse employment action, this case does not involve mere “job scrutiny.” Plaintiff’s
17
testimony demonstrates that the investigation were “improper,” that Plaintiff was “never given the
opportunity to answer questions,” that things were “withheld” so that the report would not be
“accurate,” that “nothing came” from the investigations, and that Defendants even referred
Plaintiff to the police for investigation despite a finding of no-wrongdoing by Defendants. (Doc.
137-4 at 63–64.) Construing the evidence in a light most favorable to the Plaintiff and drawing
inferences in his favor, the Court finds these particular investigations involve instances where the
Defendants specifically and unfairly targeted the Plaintiff in what amounted to sham
investigations. (Doc. 137-4 at 63–64.) A reasonable juror could find from the evidence that these
investigations “well might have ‘dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a
charge of discrimination.’ ” and that they went well beyond “petty slights, minor annoyances, and
simple lack of good manners.” Burlington N., 548 U.S. at 68, 126 S. Ct. at 2415 (citations omitted).
Accordingly, under these particular circumstances, the Court finds that there is a question of fact
as to whether these investigations constituted adverse employment actions.
Defendants complain that Plaintiff and his wife were never disciplined or terminated
because of these investigations. But Defendants appear to be urging exactly what Burlington
Northern rejected; that is, the Supreme Court has specifically found that adverse employment
actions are not limited to “ultimate employment decisions” such as “hiring, granting leave,
discharging, promoting, and compensating.” Id., 548 U.S. at 60, 67, 126 S. Ct. at 2410, 2414.
Further, contrary to Defendants’ arguments, numerous cases have recognized that
investigations can constitute adverse employment actions. Lee v. City of Syracuse, 603 F. Supp.
2d 417, 436 (N.D.N.Y. 2009), abrogated on other grounds by Widomski v. State U. of New York
(SUNY) at Orange, 748 F.3d 471 (2d Cir. 2014) (holding that an investigation was an adverse
employment action); Richardson v. New York State Office of Mental Health, No. 11-1007, 2014
18
WL 3818928, at *7 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 4, 2014) (relying on Lee and rejecting defendants’
contention that plaintiff did not suffer an adverse employment action because he “ ‘was never
disciplined following the interrogation’ ”); Hough v. Texas Dep't of State Health Servs.--Meat
Safety Assur. Unit, No. 10-2206, 2012 WL 3756536, at *2 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 28, 2012) (relying on
Lee, indicating that investigations can constitute adverse actions, and finding questions of fact on
retaliation claims by two plaintiffs). These cases recognize that “[b]eing investigated by one's
employer could deter a reasonable person from complaining about discrimination because
investigations can be intrusive and intimidating.” Lee, 603 F. Supp. 2d at 436; Richardson, 2014
WL 3818928, at *7 (quoting Lee).
Other cases indicate that an investigation can constitute an adverse employment action,
depending on the circumstances. The Court finds these cases particularly persuasive.
For example, in Williams v. Guilford Technical Community College Board of Trustees,
117 F. Supp. 3d 708 (M.D.N.C. 2015), the court concluded that a pro se plaintiff had plausibly
stated a claim for retaliation when he alleged that he was “being secretly recorded after he gave
notice . . . that he was going to file an EEOC charge” and the Court inferred that his employer at
some point informed him that he was being watched.” Id. at 721. The Court stated: “Secretive
surveillance and heightened scrutiny of an employee can constitute adverse employment actions
for retaliation purposes.” Id. (collecting cases). While Plaintiff does not link his invasion of
privacy claim with his retaliation claims, Williams at the very least demonstrates that, contrary to
Defendants’ assertions, particularly harsh investigations that involve “heightened scrutiny” can
constitute an adverse employment action.
Similarly, in Szeinbach v. Ohio State University, 493 F. App’x. 690, 695–96 (6th Cir.
2012), the Court found that a professor suffered an adverse employment action from an
19
investigation when, before the investigation into her alleged misconduct even began, a
“whistleblower” “ ‘emailed faculty all over the country stating that [plaintiff] committed research
misconduct” and the heads of her department “ ‘condoned, tolerated, or encouraged [the
whistleblower’s] acts of retaliation.’ ” Id. (citations omitted). Further, the investigation
“spanned almost two years, [and] had a significant negative impact on her professional
advancement.” Id. Just as the Szeinbach plaintiff was unjustifiably punished before an
investigation even began, here a reasonable juror could conclude that a decision was made to
urge an investigation with the police and thus punish the Plaintiff despite no findings of wrong
doing.
Moreover, in Ross-Caleb v. City of Rochester, 836 F. Supp. 2d 114, 128 (W.D.N.Y.
2011), aff’d as mod. 512 F. App’x 17, 2013 WL 599554, aff’d in part, rev’d in part 708 F.3d
102, the district court held as to one plaintiff:
With respect to plaintiff's contention that she was investigated for improper use of
overtime, there is no allegation or evidence that plaintiff was disciplined for alleged
improper use of overtime, or that she was singled out for this scrutiny. Accordingly,
plaintiff has failed to establish that the investigation constituted an adverse
employment action.
Id. The Second Circuit affirmed with respect to this plaintiff “for the reasons [the district judge]
set forth.” Id., 512 F. App’x 17. Ross-Caleb’s reasoning applies here, as a reasonable juror could
conclude that Plaintiff was “singled out for . . . scrutiny.”
In sum, to demonstrate retaliation under Title VII, "a plaintiff must show that a reasonable
employee would have found the challenged action materially adverse, which in this context means
it well might have ‘dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of
discrimination.’ ” Burlington N., 548 U.S. at 68, 126 S. Ct. at 2415 (internal citations omitted).
While this Court has held that mere job scrutiny does not constitute an adverse employment action,
20
other cases have recognized that an investigation can, under certain circumstances, constitute an
adverse employment action. This is such a case. Under these circumstances, the Court finds that
Plaintiff has demonstrated a genuine issue of material fact as to whether he suffered an adverse
employment action for the investigations in this case. Thus, partial summary judgment is denied.
C. Defamation Related to Vandalism, Shooting, and Torching ATC Vehicles
1.Parties’ Arguments
i.
Defendants’ Original Memorandum (Doc. 116-1)
Defendants seek dismissal of specific defamation claims related to statements Hebert
allegedly made with respect to “vandalism, shooting and torching of ATC’s vehicles.” (Doc.
116-1 at 10). Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that, in an interview with WVUE in New Orleans,
Hebert “maliciously stated that if a person was to ‘connect the dots’ it would be clear who
vandalized the vehicle, as a way of implicating [Tingle] without saying [Tingle’s] name.” (Doc.
116-1 at 10 (quoting Doc. 62 ¶ 52).) Defendants argue that “Hebert did not make any such
statement on WVUE (or any other news outlet . . . )” and that “Hebert did not use the term
‘connect the dots’ in his interview with WVUE.” (Doc. 116-1 at 10.) Defendants maintain his
statements did not implicate Tingle in the crimes or “insinuate that Tingle had anything to do
with the crimes[.]” (Doc. 116-1 at 11.)
Defendants rely on Bussie v. Lowenthal, 535 So. 2d 378 (La. 1988), which provided an
extensive analysis on the difference between actionable defamatory statements and permissible
opinion. Defendants argue that, during the interview, “Hebert referred to certain underlying,
undisputed facts” but that “Hebert did not in any way suggest Brett Tingle committed the acts of
vandalism on the ATC vehicles.” (Doc. 116-1 at 13.) Defendants conclude:
Instead, Hebert merely expressed his concern for himself and his family over all of
the recent events and comments made by Tingle and other ATC employees. No
21
reasonable juror would find this news interview defamatory toward Tingle, and,
thus, this portion of Tingle’s defamation claim should be dismissed as a matter of
law.
(Doc. 116-1 at 13.)
ii.
Plaintiff’s Opposition (Doc. 137)
Plaintiff urges that his defamation claim for the vandalism, shooting, and torching of
ATC vehicles is viable. Plaintiff argues that, even if Hebert did not use the exact words “connect
the dots”, he should still be liable for defamation.
Plaintiff specifically points to the following language from Hebert’s interview: “That’s
gonna be something for the investigators to determine. But I’ll tell you this: that there’s a
numerous number of text messages . . . When you add all those things up together, if you’re
smart, you’re gonna be concerned.” (Doc. 137 at 7 (quoting Doc. 116-1 at 13).) Plaintiff asserts:
The straightforward, common-sense interpretation of these statements is that Mr.
Hebert was expressing his opinion that Mr. Tingle was involved in the crimes. The
statements give rise to the inference that Mr. Hebert was aware of facts that would
tend to implicate Mr. Tingle. The fact that Mr. Hebert said “that he’s hoping there’s
no connection between the recent happenings,” and stopped short of saying “Brette
Tingle set my car on fire,” does not negate this implication.
(Doc. 137 at 7.) Plaintiff rejects Defendants’ contention that Hebert merely made his comments
in response to reporters and says that this is essentially irrelevant.
Plaintiff also points to other comments made by Hebert with respect to these incidents.
Specifically, Plaintiff states that Hebert’s comments in the WWL article and postings on the
ATC’s website (according to DeJean’s testimony) constitute defamation.
Based on all of this, Plaintiff contends that there are questions of fact concerning this
defamation claim, regardless of whether Hebert actually used the phrase “connect the dots.”
Plaintiff makes an alternative argument based on the release of his text messages using the
theory of “false light invasion of privacy.”
22
iii.
Defendants’ Reply Memorandum (Doc. 137)
Defendants begin by emphasizing that this motion deals only with a part of Plaintiff’s
defamation claim—“that is, the portion of the claim alleging Hebert defamed him through the
press concerning Hebert’s vehicle theft and burning.” (Doc. 145 at 3.) Defendants note that the
Court previously found that Plaintiff had stated a cause of action based on his allegation that
Hebert made the “connect the dots” statement. Defendants urge that the undisputed facts show
that Hebert did not make this statement to any member of the press. Defendants conclude:
“Plaintiff’s allegations have no factual support whatsoever. Therefore, this portion of Plaintiff’s
defamation claim should be dismissed.” (Doc. 145 at 4.)
2.Analysis
“ ‘[T]he First Amendment freedoms . . . afford, at the very least, a defense against
defamation actions for expressions of opinion.’ ” Bussie v. Lowenthal, 535 So. 2d 378, 381 (La.
1988) (quoting Mashburn v. Collin, 355 So. 2d 879, 885 (La. 1977)). But, “the distinction
between a statement of fact and an assertion of opinion is ‘somewhat difficult to state in abstract
terms.’ ” Id. (citing Mashburn, 355 So. 2d at 885). “The reason for the conceptual difficulty is
that many, if not most expressions of opinion are accompanied by express or implied statements
of fact.” Id. (citing Mashburn, 355 So. 2d at 855–86).
In Bussie, the Louisiana Supreme Court laid out the rule governing opinions and
defamation actions:
A pure statement of opinion, which is based totally on the speaker's subjective view
and which does not expressly state or imply the existence of underlying facts,
usually will not be actionable in defamation[.] That is because falsity is an
indispensable element of any defamation claim, see Cangelosi v. Schwegmann
Bros., 390 So. 2d 196, 198 (La. 1980), and a purely subjective statement can be
neither true nor false. Of course, statements of opinion are usually not made in a
vacuum, without an express or implied reference to underlying facts. Even if no
facts are expressly stated, the opinion may give rise to an unspoken inference that
23
certain facts are true. Mashburn, 355 So. 2d at 885-86. For example, if a person
states that “In my opinion, Mr. Smith is a thief,” the inference is that the speaker is
aware of facts which support his opinion. Such a statement, though couched in
terms of an opinion, could certainly give rise to a defamation action.
Id.
“The determination of whether a statement is an assertion of fact or a mere expression of
opinion should be made according to the facts of each particular case.” Bussie, 535 So. 2d at 381;
see also Fitzgerald v. Tucker, 98-2313 (La. 6/29/99), 737 So. 2d 706, 718 (“The question of
whether a statement is one of fact or opinion depends upon the circumstances in which the
statement was made, and the reasonable inferences which may be drawn from a statement of
opinion will vary depending upon the circumstances of the case.”). “ ‘[T]he crucial difference
between statement of fact and opinion depends upon whether ordinary persons hearing or
reading the matter complained of would be likely to understand it as an expression of the
speaker's or writer's opinion, or as a statement of existing fact.’ ” Bussie, 535 So. 2d at 381
(quoting Mashburn, 355 So. 2d at 885).1
1
The Mashburn court explained in greater detail:
The distinction drawn between opinion and statement of fact has long been important at common
law because most states restricted the privilege of fair comment to expressions of opinion. Although
difficult to state in abstract terms, as a practical matter, the crucial difference between statement of
fact and opinion depends upon whether ordinary persons hearing or reading the matter complained
of would be likely to understand it as an expression of the speaker’s or writer’s opinion, or as a
statement of existing fact. The opinion may be ostensibly in the form of a factual statement if it is
clear from the context that the maker did not intend to assert another objective fact but only his
personal comment on the facts which he had stated. An expression of opinion occurs when the maker
of the comment states the facts on which his opinion of the plaintiff is based and then expresses a
comment as to the plaintiff’s conduct, qualifications or character; or when both parties to the
communication know the facts or assume their existence and the comment is clearly based on the
known or assumed facts in order to justify the comment. Criticism is privileged as fair comment
only when the facts on which it is based are truly stated or privileged or otherwise known either
because the facts are common knowledge or readily accessible.
In determining whether an expression is a statement of fact or opinion under the common law, words
must be read in their context. Words which, taken by themselves, would appear to be a positive
allegation of fact, may be shown by the context to be a mere expression of opinion or argumentative
influence. On the other hand, if a statement, ostensibly in the form of an opinion, is apparently based
on facts regarding the plaintiff or his conduct that have not been stated by the defendant or assumed
24
“In order for a statement of opinion to be actionable in defamation on the ground that it
gives rise to a defamatory factual inference, the factual inference created by the statement must
be ascertainable by a reasonable person with some degree of certainty.” Id. at 382–83.
“Otherwise, juries would be asked to engage in guessing-games about possible uncomplimentary
inferences that can be drawn from statements of opinion, and the First Amendment protections
afforded in this area would become worthless.” Id.
Bussie is the only case cited on this issue by the parties, so an extensive analysis of its
facts and holding is warranted. In Bussie, an employee of Boeing allegedly made a defamatory
remark about the president of a Louisiana labor organization. Id. at 379. Specifically, the
employee said: “As long as you have a man named Victor Bussie sitting in Baton Rouge, calling
the shots for labor, we don’t need to be in your state.” Id. The remarks were repeated by a
political candidate in a televised speech. Id. The labor president filed a defamation action
against the candidate and Boeing. Id. The district court later denied Boeing’s motion for
summary judgment, and the appellate court affirmed. Id. at 380.
The Louisiana Supreme Court reversed, finding that the “statement at issue was not an
assertion of fact. Instead, it was a statement of opinion which did not give rise to a defamatory
inference.” Id. After laying out the appropriate standard, articulated above, the Supreme Court
stated: “The Boeing employee’s assertion about what Boeing needed, or desired to do, was
clearly an expression of opinion. Ordinary persons hearing such a statement would be likely to
to exist by the parties to the communication, the expression gives rise to the inference there are
undisclosed facts that justify the opinion. In such a case the expression, although in the form of an
opinion, in reality implies a statement of fact, which is not usually protected by the common law
privilege. In order for a statement to be defended as fair comment it must be recognizable by the
ordinary reasonable person as opinion and not as a statement of fact.
Id., 355 So. 2d at 885–86.
25
understand that it was merely an expression of the speaker’s opinion.” Id. at 381–82. The
Supreme Court also found it relevant that the statement was made at a “cocktail party . . . , an
environment where it is quite the norm for speakers to express their subjective views on the
matters being discussed.” Id. at 382. In finding no “actionable implied assertion of fact,” the
Supreme Court stated:
The only inference which we can draw from the statement is that the speaker, or
the speaker’s superiors within the company (according to the speaker’s
understanding), for reasons unspecified and not otherwise obvious, did not believe
that it was in Boeing’s best interest to locate its business in Louisiana while plaintiff
is a labor leader in this state. We cannot infer why the speaker held this opinion,
and do not find that the statement implies, one way or another, the reasons the
employee believed that Boeing’s interest was disserviced by Mr. Bussie’s
leadership presence in Louisiana.
Id. at 382 (emphasis by Bussie). The Supreme Court concluded:
The statement simply does not give rise to any defamatory inference. It does not
imply that the plaintiff is dishonest or disreputable. In fact, the statement does not
necessarily give rise to any inference about Mr. Bussie that is unfavorable. While
the speaker did not state that Bussie is a strong and effective labor leader, that
explanation of his opinion is as plausible as any other. Defamatory words are those
which tend to expose a person to contempt or ridicule, or which otherwise deprive
that person of public confidence or cause injury to his reputation. Freeman v.
Cooper, 414 So. 2d 355 (La. 1982). Here there was no express or implied factual
assertion which was defamatory.
Id. at 382. The Supreme Court also noted “the number and character of the speculative inferences”
that plaintiff was “able to generate.” Id. at 383 n. 7. The Supreme Court then stated: “An example
of a statement which would not require such guesswork is: ‘In my opinion, Mr. Smith’s dishonesty
is caused by his upbringing.’ In that example, the factual inference (that the plaintiff is dishonest)
is readily ascertainable, and, if untrue, defamatory.” Id. The Supreme Court thus reversed the
denial of summary judgment. Id. at 383.
Bussie clearly supports the Defendants. The key part of the interview that Plaintiff focuses
on, in full, is the following:
26
[Reporter, off camera, with soundless video of reporter and Hebert displayed:]
“Hebert says he is hoping there is no connection between the recent happenings,
but he isn’t taking any chances.”
[Hebert, on camera:] “That’s gonna be something for the investigators to
determine, but I will tell you this, that there is numerous number of text messages.
There is one alluding to about not only bombing my office, but about shooting me.
There is one where they have a picture of me in a restaurant and some of the
comments and suggestions is just shot him, you know…When you add all those
things together… if you are smart you are going to be concerned.”
(Doc. 116-9.) Looking at the television interview through the lens of Bussie, the Court agrees with
Defendants that ordinary persons hearing this would conclude that it is mere opinion. Hebert never
implies defamatory facts; he asserts certain true facts (involving the text messages and Facebook
posts) and says that these facts are cause for “concern”. But “concern” is not a definitive statement
or implication that Tingle is responsible for the vandalism; such a statement lacks the “express or
implied factual assertion which was defamatory” and the “read[y] ascertainab[ility]” required by
Bussie. Bussie, 535 So. 2d at 382. In sum, analyzing this exchange (and the interview as a whole)
as the Louisiana Supreme Court would, the Court finds that summary judgment is appropriate.
For similar reasons, the Plaintiff’s other bases for defamation—the WWL news article and
DeJean’s testimony—also fail to establish a question of fact precluding summary judgment.
Again, the key part of the WWL article is as follows:
Hebert’s state vehicle was stolen at his home over the weekend and somebody
apparently tried to set it on fire. He says it will be up to the investigators to
determine if the incident is connected to Tingle.
“We’ve given them all of this information so that will be up to investigators to
determine if there’s a connection,” said Hebert.
(Doc. 137-3.) Hebert says or implies nothing defamatory in these statements; indeed, he expressly
says that it is the investigators’ job to determine if there is a connection. DeJean’s testimony (“One
I know in particular had to do with the theft of his vehicle and . . . I don’t recall whether he named
27
him by name, but there was a heavy inference that Brette Tingle was the culprit. I believe he may
have used Brette Tingle’s picture in that.” (Doc. 137-5 at 156)) is too vague, unspecific, and
conclusory to satisfy the Bussie standard.
Like Bussie, numerous Louisiana appellate court cases have rejected a plaintiff’s
defamation claims on the grounds that the statements were opinions, in seemly worse situations.
For example, in Breen v. Holmes, 2016 CA 1591 (La. App. 1 Cir. 12/7/2017); 236 So. 3d 632,
defendants had made certain allegedly defamatory statements on Facebook about the plaintiff after
she shot her husband, claimed she acted in self-defense, and was subsequently not prosecuted. Id.
at 635. The statements at issue were:
I guarantee that she had this plot in the makings for sometime. There is no doubt
that she staged all the abuse charges against him knowing she could use it later. She
is a wicked person.
...
The more I learn about this tragedy, the more I am convinced that Dr. Breen's death
was premeditated murder and not manslaughter in a moment of passion. How, in
God's name, has this woman avoided arrest? ? ? My most sincere sympathy to the
Breen children that they must suffer further as they grieve the loss of their father.
Id. at 639.
The First Circuit affirmed the dismissal of Plaintiff’s claim, explaining that the
statements “were posted in internet forums dedicated to discussing [the husband’s] death and
whether she should be criminally prosecuted”; that the defendants did not “represent[] that they
[were] a legal authority on” the crimes at issue; and that the statements did not “imply that the
speaker [was] privy to undisclosed facts. Rather, the evidence establishes that the statements were
made against a backdrop of continuous media reports fixing the public’s attention on these issues,
specifically whether [plaintiff] should be criminally prosecuted for killing her husband, based on
the facts being reported.” Id. at 639–40.
Similarly, in Ray v. City of Bossier City, 37, 708 (La. App. 2 Cir. 10/24/03); 859 So. 2d
28
264, the Second Circuit affirmed the granting of summary judgment on a defamation claim by two
police officers against a city councilman. The statements were made after the officers filed suit
alleging that the city councilman, a police department official, and others conspired to terminate
the officers’ employment because the officers made statements about the councilman and official
driving under the influence of alcohol. Id. at 268–69, 276–77. According to the defendants, the
plaintiff-officers allegedly “solicited other officers to make a stop or arrest of” the councilman and
official for driving under the influence, and this led to an internal affairs investigation. Id. at 269.
The appellate court summarized the city councilman’s allegedly defamatory statements as follows:
One of the alleged defamatory statements made by [the councilman] was made on
March 23, 2001; he was quoted in The Times as referring to plaintiffs as “two rogue
cops caught breaking the law.” [Plaintiff] was also quoted in Bossier Press Tribune
on March 26, 2001, as stating, “[W]hat you have here are vigilante rogue cops
hunting people down. It doesn't get any dirtier than that.” Finally, during an
interview with a local television news reporter, [Plaintiff] stated:
“Leadership is a contact sport. It's garbage like this that keeps people from
participating in public service. These officers have a hard time following
departmental procedure and also have trouble telling the truth.”
Id. at 274–75. The Second Circuit explained:
While such comments are likely upsetting to the subjects to which they refer, the
United States Supreme Court has stated that “debate on public issues should be
uninhibited, robust, and wide-open, and that it may well include vehement, caustic,
and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and public officials.”
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 270, 84 S. Ct. 710, 721, 11 L. Ed.
2d 686 (1964). We find that [the councilman] was not attempting to assert objective
facts about [the policemen]; instead, he was stating his own personal comments
[(i.e., opinion)] about the two men. Therefore, [the councilman’s] speech was
constitutionally protected.
Id. at 275.
While both of these decisions obviously depend on the unique facts of the case, they
reinforce the Court’s conclusion that summary judgment is warranted. Both Ray and Breen
arguably involve even more defamatory statements with arguably even stronger inferences, yet
29
both appellate courts concluded that the plaintiffs’ claims failed. For the same reasons, the Court
finds that partial summary judgment on this issue is appropriate, and Plaintiff’s defamation claim
related to the vandalism, shooting, and torching of the ATC vehicles is dismissed.
V.
Conclusion
Accordingly,
IT IS ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Doc. 116)
filed by Defendants Troy Hebert and the ATC is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN
PART. The following claims of Plaintiff Brette Tingle are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE:
(1) the retaliation claim related to the Randall Kling litigation; and (2) the defamation claim
related to the vandalism, shooting, and torching of ATC vehicles. In all other respects,
Defendants’ motion is DENIED.
Signed in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on April 16, 2018.
S
JUDGE JOHN W. deGRAVELLES
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
30
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