Santos v. Baton Rouge Water Works Company

Filing 30

RULING AND ORDER granting in part and denying in part 12 Motion for Summary Judgment. It is GRANTED in that Plaintiff's Title VII and LEDL discrimination claims against Defendant are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE as to P laintiff's Title VII and LEDL hostile work environment claims. DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE as to Plaintiff's Title VII and LEDL retaliation claims, but it is GRANTED WITH PREJUDICE to the extent that these claims are premised upon time-barred events occurring before Plaintiff's 2018 suspension and termination. Defendant may, within 30 days, file another motion for summary judgment addressing these remaining claims. Signed by Judge John W. deGravelles on 3/31/2021. (EDC)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
JORGE SANTOS
CIVIL ACTION
VERSUS
NO. 18-1098-JWD-RLB
THE BATON ROUGE
WATER WORKS
COMPANY
RULING AND ORDER
This matter comes before the Court on the Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 12) filed
by Defendant The Baton Rouge Water Works Company (“Defendant” or “BRWC”). Plaintiff
Jorge Santos (“Plaintiff”) opposes the motion. (Doc. 14.) Defendant has filed a reply. (Doc. 19.)
Oral argument is not necessary. The Court has carefully considered the law, the facts in the record,
and the arguments and submissions of the parties and is prepared to rule. For the following
reasons, Defendant’s motion is granted in part and denied in part.
I.

Introduction and Summary
A. Overview
Plaintiff filed suit for violations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §

2000e et seq. (“Title VII”) and Louisiana Employment Discrimination Law, La. R.S. 23:301 et
seq. (“LEDL”) claiming Defendant discriminated against him based on his national origin and
accent and retaliated by harassing him, creating a hostile work environment, and then firing
Plaintiff.
In the instant motion, Defendant moves to dismiss all of Plaintiff’s claims. Having carefully
considered the arguments, law, and evidence, the Court will grant the motion as it relates to
Plaintiff’s discrimination and retaliation claims because: (1) Plaintiff’s Title VII claims for acts

occurring before November 2, 2017 are time barred; (2) Plaintiff’s LEDL claims for acts occurring
before August 29, 2017 are time barred; (3) with respect to Plaintiff’s non-time barred claims of
discrimination, (a) he has failed to produce competent summary judgment evidence to identify
comparators, and even assuming he made out a prima facie case, (b) he failed to rebut all of
Defendant’s legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for his termination.
The Court will deny the motion as to Plaintiff’s Title VII and LEDL hostile work
environment claims. Defendant raised arguments related to these claims for the first time in its
reply memorandum.
The Court will also deny the motion on Plaintiff’s non-prescribed retaliation claims related
to his 2018 suspension and termination because BRWC failed to substantively address them in its
original memorandum.
B. Violations of Local Rule 56
1. Defendant’s Statement of Material Facts
As an initial matter, the Court must determine the admissibility of Defendant’s Statement
of Material Facts Not at Issue (“SMF”) (Doc. 12-6), submitted in support of its motion. Plaintiff
argues that Defendant’s SMF should be disregarded for failure to comply with Local Rules 56(b)
and (f). (Doc. 14 at 8.) Specifically, Plaintiff contends that because not one fact in BRWC’s factual
statement is supported by a record citation, every one of its facts should be disregarded by the
Court and BRWC’s motion should be denied. (Id.)
Although the Court “may disregard any statement of fact not supported by a specific
citation to record material properly considered on summary judgment [,]” the Court declines to do
so here. Local Civil Rule 56(f). The Court acknowledges that it has “no independent duty to search
or consider any part of the record not specifically referenced in the parties’ separate statement of

2

facts.” Local Civil Rule 56(f). However, case law recognizes that the Court may still consider
record evidence to determine if there is a factual dispute. See Smith v. Brenoettsy, 158 F.3d 908,
910 (5th Cir. 1998) (holding, where plaintiff failed to oppose the motion for summary judgment,
that facts in “Statement of Undisputed Facts” were admitted, “except to the extent that the ‘facts'
in the ‘Statement of Undisputed Facts' are contradicted by ‘facts' in other materials attached to his
motion for summary judgment.” (citation omitted)); Tilson v. DISA, Inc., No. 17-240, 2019 WL
6878867, at *3 (M.D. La. Dec. 17, 2019), aff'd, 828 F. App'x 193 (5th Cir. 2020) (“Because
Plaintiff has cited to record evidence that contradicts some of DISA's statements, the Court will
consider those statements opposed.”); see also, Trahan v. Transamerica Life Ins. Co., No. 181085, 2020 WL 3196725, at *12 (M.D. La. June 15, 2020) (deGravelles, J.); Braud v. Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc., No. 17-320, 2019 WL 3364320, at *4 (M.D. La. July 25, 2019) (deGravelles, J.);
Porter v. Dauthier, No. 14-41, 2015 WL 5611647, at *8, *13 (M.D. La. Sept. 23, 2015)
(deGravelles, J.). The reason for doing so is even more justified here, given that in the factual
section of its memorandum, BRWC uses the same facts from its SMF, but it provides record
citations for each fact. BRWC also supplied record citations for each of its factual assertions
contained in its SMF in its reply brief.
2. Plaintiff’s Additional Statement of Facts in Dispute
Defendant also violated Local Rule 56(d), by not responding to Plaintiff’s set of Additional
Undisputed Material Facts (“AUMF”). (Doc. 14-1.) Local Rule 56(d) requires:
A party replying to the opposition to a motion for summary judgment shall submit
with its reply a separate, short, and concise statement of material facts which shall be
limited to any additional facts submitted by the opposing party. The reply statement
shall admit, deny or qualify such additional facts by reference to the numbered
paragraphs of the opposing party’s statement of material facts and unless a fact is
admitted, shall support each denial or qualification by a record citation as required by
subsection (f) of this rule. Each such reply statement shall begin with the designation

3

“Admitted,” “Denied,” or “Qualified” and, in the case of an admission, shall end with
such designation.
Accordingly, for the same reasons discussed above, and to the extent that Plaintiff’s
Additional Undisputed Material Facts are unconverted by BRWC and the evidence, and are
material, they are deemed admitted. The Court notes that while it has considered all of Plaintiff’s
AUMF, only those facts that are material are incorporated into this Ruling.
II.

Background
A. Hiring
In October of 2009, Plaintiff, a native of El Salvador, was hired by BRWC as a “Utility

Worker 1.” (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 1.) Plaintiff was referred to BRWC to apply for
employment by Hays Owen, who was then the Senior Vice President and Chief Administrative
Officer. (Statement of Material Facts Not at Issue (“SMF”) ¶ 1, Doc. 12-6; Opposing Statement of
Material Facts (“OSMF”) ¶ 1, Doc. 14-1.)1
The Utility Worker 1 position falls within the collective bargaining unit and is covered by
the collective bargaining agreement between The Office and Professional Employees International
Union, Local 428, AFL-CIO and BRWC. (SMF ¶ 5; OSMF ¶ 5.) Upon hiring, all new employees
within the bargaining unit undergo a one hundred twenty (120) day probationary period, during
which the new employee is not entitled to the protection of the provisions of the collective
bargaining agreement. (SMF ¶ 6; OSMF ¶ 6.) This probationary period may be extended by mutual
consent of the Union and BRWC. (Id.)
Generally, employees who are hired as a Utility Worker 1 are required to obtain a
commercial driver’s license (“CDL”) prior to the expiration of their probationary period. (SMF ¶

1

Generally, when both the SMF and OSMF are cited, the fact is undisputed, and the statement is taken almost verbatim
from the SMF.

4

7; OSMF ¶ 7.) BRWC asserts that if an employee “fail[s] to obtain this license before the end of
the probationary period, they are terminated.” (Mire Dec., Doc. 12-5 at ¶ 8.) However, Plaintiff
denies this assertion and points out that despite not obtaining the required CDL, he remained
classified internally as a Utility Worker 1 and he was not fired. (Mire Dep., Doc. 17-2 at 41, 168;
Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 27.) Instead, his probationary period was extended with the consent of
the Union. (SMF ¶ 9; OSMF ¶ 9.)
B. Probation
Plaintiff claims the extension of his probationary period was “really related to
discrimination against [him]” because of his national origin and accent. (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2
at ¶ 25.) In contrast, BRWC argues that his probationary period was extended due to “his
unsatisfactory performance in the Operations Department.” (Mire Dec., Doc. 12-5 at ¶¶ 10, 11.)
BRWC points to the following January 19, 2010 email written by Trey Argrave (Plaintiff’s
supervisor at the time) to Owen, to support this assertion:
FYI
As you know, I had Gary and Travis have [sic] a talk with Jorge' a couple of weeks
ago. They had a couple of days of improvement, but it looks like he is regressing.
Last week he was reminded that he was scheduled to take his driving test on Sat.
He told Travis (foreman) that he was scheduled to work on Sat. and could not take
the test. We told him that he was working for us and we would get someone to fill
in on the Sat. crew. He then told Travis that he was not prepared for the test. Travis
volunteered to help him work on his driving after work throughout the week. After
lunch on Wed. Greg M. received a phone call from Natlalie [sic] asking us to cancel
Jorge's Sat. Test date. Jorge had called Betty and told her he could not take the test
after Travis' conversation with him. He was trying to pull one. We have put him on
several maintenance trucks the last couple of weeks and we are getting the same
complaints from the #III men. As long as a foreman is on the job he works, but as
soon as the crew is alone they get very little out of him. As late as yesterday he
would not even put his boots on to help Von Keith Estelle. He still has a very limited
knowledge of the fittings and supplies even though several maint[enance] people
have taken the extra time to help him along. I do not see the situation improving
and would like to cut our losses. Let me know what you think.

5

Thanks
Trey
(Doc. 15-8 at 9, BRWC_00844.)
Plaintiff objects to the admissibility of this email. Plaintiff argues that this email should be
given no weight because Argrave is one of the individuals who discriminating against him. (Santos
Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶¶ 4–9, 21–24.) Additionally, the “self-serving email” was produced after
Argrave’s deposition and after the close of discovery. (OSMF ¶ 10.) Plaintiff states: “the fact that
an adequate search was not performed in the first instance with respect to [Plaintiff]’s document
requests should result in the email being given an adverse inference.” (Id.) Since the Court’s Ruling
does not rest on this email, the Court declines to resolve the issues of its admissibility.
Adrienne Mire, Director of Human Resources, also reported that Plaintiff was going to be
dismissed as an “unsatisfactory probationary” employee. (Mire Dec., Doc. 12-5 at ¶ 12; SMF ¶
11.)2 Mire reported this to Owen (her supervisor) because he was the one who had initially put
Plaintiff up to be hired. (Id.)
C. Job Change
On January 20, 2010, Plaintiff was moved to the Meter Reader Department under the
supervision of Brent Pourciau and given the job title of “Meter Changer.” (SMF ¶ 13; AUMF ¶ 1.)
According to Plaintiff, the Meter Changer position: (1) did not exist before he was given
the title (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 8; AUMF ¶ 2); (2) was created specifically for him (Santos
Dec., ¶ 8; AUMF ¶ 3); (3) was not listed in BRWC’s Union handbook (AUMF ¶ 4); (4) had no

Plaintiff’s response is qualified as he “has no knowledge of this fact.” (OSMF ¶ 11.) However, Plaintiff’s knowledge
of this fact is irrelevant. Therefore, this fact is deemed admitted. Further, to the extent it is relevant, Adrienne Mire
was the Director of Human Resources throughout Plaintiff’s employment. (SMF ¶ 3; OSMF ¶ 3.) She is now the Vice
President of Administration for BRWC. (Id.)
2

6

promotional potential (Santos Dec., ¶¶ 8, 11, 16, 19, 20; AUMF ¶ 6); and (5) was not held by any
other BRWC employee (Santos Dec., ¶ 14; AUMF ¶ 8).
BRWC asserts that, “despite the fact that the Meter Changer position held by Santos did
not require [him] to have a CDL, Baton Rouge Water continued to attempt to assist Santos in his
efforts to obtain the CDL, as had been previously scheduled/planned.” (Mire Dec., Doc. 12-5 at ¶
15.)
Plaintiff denies this assertion. He points to the email below, showing that he was scheduled
to take the CDL test, but argues that he was never informed of the test for discriminatory reasons.
(Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶¶ 30–31.) The email provides:

(Doc. 14-2 at 9, BRWC_00843.)
Plaintiff further states that he obtained his CDL-C at his own expense and without BRWC’s
assistance because Mire would not allow him to use a company vehicle to upgrade his CDL-C to
a CDL-A (the required license to be a Utility Worker 1). (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶¶ 34–35;
AUMF ¶ 10.)

7

Both parties agree that in 2010, BRWC stopped being involved in obtaining a CDL license
for Plaintiff. (SMF ¶ 15; OSMF ¶ 15.) However, the reason behind this decision is disputed. BRWC
contends that it stopped assisting Plaintiff because such license was not required for his job and/or
the Meter Reader Department, where he was employed. (Mire Dec., Doc. 12-5 at ¶ 16.) Plaintiff,
on the other hand, contends that BRWC stop assisting him for discriminatory reasons because of
his national origin and accent. (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 26.) According to Plaintiff, BRWC
knew that if Plaintiff did not have the required CDL, it could claim he was not qualified to be a
Utility Worker 1. (Id. at ¶¶ 28–32.) Specifically, Plaintiff declares: “By not assisting me in
obtaining my CDL, I believe BRWC knew that I could be terminated as Utility Worker 1 and I
also could not be promoted and attain the title of Utility Worker 2.” (Id. at ¶ 33.)
Due to the collective bargaining agreement, and for payroll purposes, Plaintiff remained
classified as a “Utility Worker 1” even though he did not possess the required CDL license to be
a Utility Worker at BRWC. (Mire Dec., Doc. 12-5 at ¶ 13; Mire Dep., Doc. 17-1 at 56–57, 62–63,
170–171; SMF ¶ 13.)3 To the best of Mire’s knowledge, Plaintiff never obtained the required CDL
license during his employment with BRWC. (SMF ¶ 8; OSMF ¶ 8.)
By all accounts, Plaintiff remained in the same position of Meter Changer from 2010 to
his termination in 2018. (Mire Dep., Doc. 17-1 at 74; Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 17; AUMF ¶
7.)
D. Reprimand
On May 14, 2015, Plaintiff received a reprimand. (SMF ¶ 18; OSMF ¶ 18.) The reason for
the reprimand is disputed.

Plaintiff denies this fact as he “was unaware that he was still classified as Utility Worker 1.” (OSMF ¶ 13; Santos
Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 10.) However, Plaintiff’s knowledge of this fact is irrelevant. Therefore, this fact is deemed
admitted.
3

8

Defendant argues that Plaintiff was disciplined due to “his insubordinate behavior toward
a supervisor.” (Mire Dec., Doc. 12-5 at ¶ 19.) In support of this, Defendant points to the written
documentation of his reprimand in his personnel folder. This document provides:
You have been counseled on several occasions regarding your behavior toward a
supervisor, specifically not listening to direction of a supervisor and arguing.
On May 6, 2015, a supervisor directed you to change a process on a particular meter
installation. You stated to the supervisor that you did not believe that he had the
authority to direct your work and walked away.
The company must be able to rely on its employees to maintain an appropriate level
of responsibility in following directions and communicating with management.
Be advised that any reoccurrence of this or similar actions, will result in further
disciplinary action, up to and including suspension without pay or termination of
employment.
(Doc. 12-3 at 99–101.)
On the other hand, Plaintiff denies that he was reprimanded for insubordinate behavior
toward a supervisor. Instead, he contends that the behavior involved a non-supervisor (Tim
Andrews) and that the reprimand was due to discriminatory reasons. (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶
37 (declaring that he “informed [] Mire that my behavior was not insubordinate but instead I was
being discriminated against because of my national origin.”).)
Both parties agree that this reprimand, which occurred on May 14, 2015, was the most
recent disciplinary action prior to Plaintiff’s July 2018 suspension and termination. (SMF ¶ 18;
OSMF ¶ 18.)
E. Accident and Suspension
On Friday, July 13, 2018, Plaintiff was allegedly involved in a work-related accident. On
Tuesday, July 17, 2018, Plaintiff was suspended due to the accident.
1. Defendant’s Version of Events

9

Mire testified that she first learned of Plaintiff’s accident on Tuesday, July 17, 2018, when
Pourciau, the manager of the Meter Reading Department, called her and informed her that Plaintiff
failed to report an accident that he was involved in to his supervisor. (Mire Dep., Doc. 12-2 at 77–
78.)
Mire’s understanding of what actually transpired from July 13 to July 17 with respect to
Plaintiff’s accident was that he backed into a gate on the afternoon of Friday, July 13, 2018 at
around 4 p.m. and then brought his company vehicle to “to one of the fleet mechanics and asked
him to fix the taillight.” (Mire Dep., Doc. 12-2 at 81.) According to Mire, Plaintiff also asked the
fleet mechanic if he had to tell Steve Eccles [the fleet manager], to which the fleet mechanic replied
“yes.” (Id.) At some point before Tuesday, July 17, Eccles [the fleet manager] went to Pourciau
and asked him when would be a good time to fix the damaged company vehicle because “that
means they’re down a vehicle when he has to fix them.” (Mire Dep., Doc. 12-2 at 82.) Pourciau
then asked Ecceles what he vehicle he was talking about, to which Eccles explained what
happened. Mire testified that Pourciau then got with Chad Wilkinson [a supervisor], to see if he
knew about the accident or the damage to the company vehicle. Wilkinson said he “didn’t know
anything about it.” At that point, they contacted Plaintiff to talk to him about it. (Id.) Mire said she
learned the above information through Pourciau when he called her to explain what happened and
began talking about the next steps. (Mire Dep., Doc. 12-2 at 82–83.)
On Tuesday, July 17, 2018, Plaintiff was suspended. The documents in his personnel folder
explain:
On Tuesday, July 17, 2018, it was discovered that you were involved in a vehicle
accident in a company vehicle on Friday, July 13, 2018.
Be advised that you are being suspended without pay until further notice and until
an investigation of the events that occurred is completed and a determination of
your employment status can be made.
10

(Doc. 12-3 at 61.)
As to Plaintiff’s suspension, Mire testified that they “felt like he was not going to change
what he was doing and it was a liability on the company for somebody to be out there and not
understand or agree really more than anything that he should contact his supervisor as soon as any
accident happens, especially one that is involving property of somebody else, whether it be a
vehicle or whether it be a gate, so that we can go out and rectify the situation and make sure we
know what’s all going on.” (Mire Dep., Doc. 12-2 at 79.)
Mire further testified that Plaintiff was suspended while they debated on whether to
terminate him or not. (Mire Dep., Doc. 12-2 at 79–80.) She stated that they were trying to figure
out how they could keep him. (Id.) According to Mire, the hope was that Plaintiff would admit his
wrongdoing, apologize, and take responsibility for his actions, but instead they got, “I don’t
understand why you think I did anything wrong. I didn’t do anything wrong. The gate wasn’t
damaged. All I did was break a taillight.” (Mire Dep., Doc. 12-2 at 80.) Plaintiff’s response created
a “huge concern” that this behavior would continue in the future. (Id.)
2. Plaintiff’s Version of Events
According to Plaintiff, on July 13, 2018, he inadvertently broke the taillight on his company
vehicle while backing out of a customer’s driveway. (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 40.) The
company vehicle that Plaintiff he was driving at the time of the accident was not his usual or
assigned company vehicle. (Santos Dec., ¶ 55; AUMF ¶ 17.)
Plaintiff explains the timeline of events as follows:
After I backed into the customer’s gate, I inspected the customer’s property and did
not observe any damage.

11

When I returned to the shop at the end of the day, I immediately took my vehicle
to the maintenance department and reported the incident and the damage to my
company vehicle to the fleet mechanic (William O’Neill).
Mr. O’Neill informed the fleet supervisor (Steve Eccles). Mr. Eccles took pictures
of the truck and informed me that the taillight would be fixed.
(Santos Dec., ¶¶ 44–47; AUMF ¶ 16.)
Prior to his suspension, Plaintiff “was not given an opportunity to tell his version of events
to HR.” (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 58.) Further, “[d]uring the course of the investigation, a
statement was never taken from me nor was I provided the opportunity to speak to HR about the
incident and my explanation.” (Id. at ¶ 59.) He also was not afforded the opportunity to speak with
Mire regarding his suspension or possible termination. (Id. at ¶ 64; AUMF ¶ 30.)
F. Termination
On July 20, 2018, Plaintiff’s employment with BRWC was terminated. The facts
surrounding Plaintiff’s termination are heavily disputed.
1. Defendant’s Version of Events
According to BRWC, Plaintiff was terminated due to: (1) his failure to report the damage
to a company vehicle to his supervisor, (2) his denial of damage to the customer’s gate, (3) his
refusal to admit that he had done anything wrong, and (4) his indication that he would not do
anything differently if it happened again. (Mire Dec., Doc. 12-5 at ¶ 20; Mire Dep., Doc. 12-2 at
77–86; Doc. 12-3 at 62–63, 95–96.)
To support this assertion, Defendant points to Mire’s deposition, in which she testified:
Q.

What led- - what incident led to Mr. Santos ultimately being terminated
from employment?

A.

It stemmed from an accident that he had but ultimately the termination was
that he disagreed that he had done anything wrong and that he would change
his behavior in the future.

12

(Mire Dep., Doc. 12-2 at 77.)
Defendant also relies on Mire’s declaration in which she declares, “[w]hen interviewed,
[Plaintiff] denied that there was any damage to the Customer’s gate, he denied that he had failed
to report the incident to his supervisor (as required by Company policy), he denied that he had
done anything wrong and indicated that he wouldn’t do anything differently (as required by
Company policy) in the future.” (Mire Dec., Doc. 12-5 at ¶ 20.)
Plaintiff’s termination documents provide:
On Tuesday, July 17, 2018, the Fleet Manager gave an update to your department head
concerning one of the meter department vehicle’s damage, about which your
supervisor had no knowledge. It was determined that on Friday, July 13, 2018, you
had hit a customer’s gate, damaging it and the company vehicle. However, you did not
contact your supervisor, the customer, or the police to report the incident. After you
finished your work day, you brought the vehicle to a company mechanic to ask that he
repair the tail light, even though the damage was significantly more than the tail light.
Despite having your supervisor’s contact information that you had used many times
before, and against company policy, you never notified your supervisor at the time of
the accident and through the following Tuesday. This caused the company not to be
able to contact the customer to repair the damage, obtain information needed to
determine the extent of the company’s liability, or to take a timely post-accident drug
test.
When you were asked about the incident by your supervisor on Tuesday, you stated
that there was no damage to the customer’s property. You remained steadfast in your
disagreement that there should be concerns with your actions during discussions with
your supervisor and manager regarding the incident.
It is imperative that the company by able to trust its employees to appreciate the
seriousness of an accident and the importance of reporting accidents to their supervisor
timely, especially those involving damage to property. Further, it was determined that
you provided false or misleading information during the investigation. Your actions
are considered unacceptable and cannot be tolerated.
Be advised that your employment is terminated.
(Doc. 12-3 at 62–63, 95–96.)

13

Based upon this, Plaintiff’s direct supervisor (Chad Wilkerson), the department head (Brent
Pourciau), and Mire decided to terminate Plaintiff’s employment, after obtaining Owen’s approval.
(Mire Dec., Doc. 12-5 at ¶ 21.)
2. Plaintiff’s Version of Events
In contrast, Plaintiff argues he was fired based on his national origin and accent, not for
any violation of company policy. Plaintiff points to out that BRWC’s company policy did not
require him to report the incident to his supervisor. At the time Plaintiff was hired, BRWC’s
Vehicle Policy stated that, “[in] the event of an accident with another vehicle, employees are
expected to follow these steps: […]
•

Notify your supervisor and the Human Resources Department about the accident as soon
as possible.

(Doc. 12-3 at 51–52.)
In Mire’s deposition, she agreed that Plaintiff did not get into an accident with another
vehicle. (Mire Dep., Doc. 17-1 at 132; AUMF ¶ 27.) Plaintiff reasons that since he did not get into
an accident with another vehicle, he was not required by company policy to report the accident to
his supervisor. (AUMF ¶ 26.) Further Plaintiff was never provided with the company policy that
he allegedly violated nor did BRWC provide any evidence that he received the policy. (Santos
Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 56; Mire Dep., Doc. 17-1 at 129–131; AUMF ¶ 25.)
Plaintiff also relies on his declaration as evidence to show that he did report the damage he
caused to the company vehicle and that he was unaware of any damage caused to the customer’s
property. (Santos Dec., ¶¶ 44, 46–47; AUMF ¶¶ 28–29.)
He declares that he has never been provided pictures that Eccles took of the damage to his
truck when Eccles first inspected the truck. (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 50; AUMF ¶ 24.) Further,

14

the pictures Pourciau took show additional damage to the vehicle that “was not present when [he]
brought [his] vehicle to the maintenance area on July 13, 2018.” (Santos Dec., ¶ 52.)
Plaintiff declares:
I believe the additional damage may have been created by BRWC to make the July
13, 2018 incident appear more serious than it actually was and as a justification for
my termination.
I do not believe that the damage reflected in the pictures taken by Mr. Pourciau
corresponds to the damage that you would expect to be caused by a truck backing
into the customer’s metal gate, based on, among other things, height and orientation
of the truck and gate.
(Id. at ¶¶ 53–54.)
Plaintiff believes that the actions taken by BRWC were “incommensurate to the incident”
as he never once received a traffic citation or speeding ticket during his employment. (Santos Dec.,
¶ 60.) He notes that no other BRWC employee has been terminated for a similar incident. (Santos
Dec., ¶ 43.) He cites to Mire’s deposition in support of this. However, while Mire testified that
Plaintiff was “most likely” the first employee to be terminated after hitting property, she clarified
that Plaintiff was not terminated for hitting the gate. (Mire Dep., Doc. 17-1 at 116.)
As additional evidence, Plaintiff refers to the fact that the Administrative Law Judge
granted his appeal of his disqualification from unemployment insurance benefits on the grounds
that BRWC failed to provide evidence that he did not follow company policy and that there was
doubt concerning the incident that led to his termination. (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 66.)
Finally, Plaintiff contends that Pourciau made the decision to terminate him. (Mire Dep.,
Doc. 17-1 at 91; AUMF ¶ 31.) Plaintiff argues that because Owen was out of town, he was not
involved in the decision to terminate Plaintiff, but instead Patrick Kerr approved his termination.
(Santos Dec., ¶ 62; Mire Dep., Doc. 17-1 at 95; AUMF ¶¶ 32–33.)

15

G. The Union
Under the collective bargaining agreement, the Union had the right to grieve discipline (as
defined in the Agreement) received by Plaintiff during his employment and to seek arbitration if
the Union believed that BRWC’s discipline, including Plaintiff’s termination on July 20, 2018,
was not based upon ‘just cause.’ ” (Mire Dec., Doc. 12-5 at ¶ 17; SMF ¶ 16.)4 It is undisputed that
the Union never requested arbitration with respect to, nor arbitrated, any discipline received by
Plaintiff, including the termination of his employment in 2018. (SMF ¶ 17; OSMF ¶ 17.)
H. Plaintiff’s Other Evidence of Discrimination
In his Declaration, Plaintiff cites to several occurrences and comments to support his
discrimination, retaliation, and hostile work environment claims.
1. Argrave
In late 2009 or early 2010, Plaintiff alleges that one of his supervisors, Argrave, ridiculed,
insulted, and humiliated him in front of his co-workers telling Plaintiff that “no wanted to work
with [him], that [he] did not want to work, and that [he] was lazy.” (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶
4.) Plaintiff declares: “In response, I asked Mr. Argrave to allow me to work alone or to be
transferred to another supervisor. Mr. Argrave refused. Immediately after this, a number of BRWC
employees said they wanted to test my English and tested me on various parts and ridiculed and
insulted me.” (Santos Dec., ¶ 5.) On that same day, Plaintiff reported this conduct to Owen. (Id. at
¶ 6.) As a result, Plaintiff believes he was retaliated against by being put in the position of Meter
Changer, a position that had not previously existed, was specifically created for him, and had no
promotional potential. (Id. at ¶¶ 7–8.)

Plaintiff’s response is qualified as Plaintiff says he “was unaware of this fact.” (OSMF ¶ 16; Santos Dec., Doc. 14-1
at ¶ 63.) Plaintiff’s awareness of this fact is irrelevant. Therefore, this fact is admitted.
4

16

Argrave would restrict Plaintiff’s access to certain work areas, maintenance areas, and
amenities in or around 2014 because of his national origin and accent. (Santos Dec., ¶ 23.) Argrave
also instructed or approved the refusal of the main dispatcher, Jude Quebedeaux, to take his calls.
(Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 21.) According to Plaintiff, Quebedeux would tell Plaintiff that he
could not speak English and he could not understand Plaintiff because of his accent. (Id.) When
Argrave was asked at his deposition about Santos’s ability to speak English, he stated:
A.

I would not say from my memory that he has a complete-- I don' t know the
word to use. … I mean, I think he can communicate and make himself
known but-- you know, I really don't understand the exact question you’re
asking.

Q.

That answer is fine. But the question is do you think he can speak English?

A.

Yes, yes. Simply if that’s the simplest form of the question, …

(Argrave Dep., Doc. 12-4 at 33; id. (testifying that he didn’t remember if Plaintiff had an accent
or not).)
2. Pourciau
Pourciau was Plaintiff’s supervisor once he became a Meter Changer in 2010 until his
termination in 2018. As to Pourciau, Plaintiff declares that when he asked about applying for a
Meter Reader position, Pourciau told him he could not apply. (Santos Dec., ¶ 20; Santos Dep.,
Doc. 16-2 at 38–39; AUMF ¶ 9.) Plaintiff also claims that when he complained about the
discrimination and harassment he was facing, “Pourciau not only failed to address his complaints
but instructed Mr. Santos not to complain any more about the conduct he had reported.” (Santos
Dec., ¶ 38.)
3. Mire
Mire was the director of Human Resources throughout Plaintiff’s employment with
BRWC. (SMF ¶ 3; OSMF ¶ 3.) As to her, Plaintiff claims she never investigated any complaints
17

made by him, whether made directly to her or which she learned of through other BRWC
employees. (Mire Dep., Doc. 17-1 at 162–165; Santos Dec., Doc. 14-1 at ¶¶ 36–37, 39; AUMF ¶
12.) Additionally, Plaintiff points out that BRWC has no written policies with respect to
discrimination, harassment, retaliation, and investigation of employee complaints. (BRWC Dep.,
Doc. 16-1 at 13; AUMF ¶ 34.)
I. Defendant’s Other Evidence of No Discrimination
At all times during Plaintiff’s employment, Mire was personally aware that he was from
El Salvador. (Mire Dec., Doc. 12-5 at ¶ 22.) Mire declares: “This fact had no bearing whatsoever
on [BRWC]’s decision to hire [Plaintiff], to extend his probationary period (in order to give him a
chance to successfully complete it), to transfer him to a different department as an alternative to
termination (so that he could continue as an employee for eight more years) or its ultimate decision
to terminate [Plaintiff’s] employment.” (Id.)
Additionally, BRWC presently has two other employees from El Salvador working in the
Operations Department, Elmer Alvarez and Santos Flores. (Mire Dec., ¶ 23; Argrave Dep., Doc.
12-4 at 57–59.)5 Both were hired in 2013 as Utility Worker 1(s), both successfully completed the
probationary period and obtained their CDL license, as required (with BRWC’s assistance), and
both have been subsequently promoted by BRWC. (Id.) Elmer Alvarez has been promoted twice,
and he is now a Utility Worker 3. (Id.) Santos Flores has been promoted once to Utility Worker 2.
(Id.)
III.

Summary Judgment Standard
“The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.

Plaintiff’s response is qualified as Plaintiff says he “was unaware of this fact.” (OSMF ¶ 22.) Plaintiff’s awareness
of this fact is irrelevant. Therefore, this fact is admitted.
5

18

Civ. P. 56(a). If the mover bears his burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of fact, “its
opponent must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material
facts. . . . [T]he nonmoving party must come forward with ‘specific facts showing that there is a
genuine issue for trial.’ ” See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574,
586–87, 106 S. Ct. 1348 (1986) (internal citations omitted). The non-mover's burden is not
satisfied by “conclusory allegations, by unsubstantiated assertions, or by only a ‘scintilla’ of
evidence.” Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir. 1994) (citations and internal
quotations omitted). “Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to
find for the non-moving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for trial.’ ” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co.,
475 U.S. at 587. Further:
In resolving the motion, the court may not undertake to evaluate the credibility of
the witnesses, weigh the evidence, or resolve factual disputes; so long as the
evidence in the record is such that a reasonable jury drawing all inferences in favor
of the nonmoving party could arrive at a verdict in that party’s favor, the court must
deny the motion.
International Shortstop, Inc. v. Rally's, Inc., 939 F.2d 1257, 1263 (5th Cir. 1991).
IV.

Discussion
A. Defendant’s Failure to Properly Brief Certain Claims
Initially, the Court will address Plaintiff’s argument that Defendant’s failure to

substantively address his retaliation and hostile work environment claims makes summary
judgment inappropriate.
Plaintiff argues that BRWC only “causally references” his retaliation and hostile work
environment claims and fails to adequately brief them. (Doc. 14 at 11.) In support of this, Plaintiff
points to the introduction section of BRWC’s memorandum, which alleges:
The plaintiff, Jorge Santos, has made claims, and filed this suit, against BRWC for
national origin discrimination, harassment (based upon national origin) and
retaliation (for complaining about discrimination and harassment, based upon
19

national origin) under Title VII and La. R.S. 23:301 et seq. BRWC submits that the
bulk of Mr. Santos’ complaint and claims based upon events alleged therein (except
for the claim based upon his termination by BRWC on July 20, 2018), are
prescribed. Additionally, BRWC submits that Mr. Santos is unable to make a prima
facie showing (of discrimination, harassment and/or retaliation based upon his
national origin) or bear his ultimate burden of proving discrimination, harassment
or retaliation (based upon national origin). Accordingly, BRWC is entitled to
Summary Judgment, as a matter of law.
(Doc. 12-7 at 1.)
According to Plaintiff, besides this general statement, BRWC fails to substantively address
his claims. (Doc. 14 at 11.) As to his retaliation claims, Plaintiff argues “BRWC entirely ignores
that establishing a prima facie case of retaliation involves an entirely different showing than
discrimination.” (Id.) As to his hostile work environment claims, Plaintiff avers “Just as BRWC
did with Mr. Santos’s retaliation claims, BRWC again fails to recognize or address that harassment
involves a wholly different showing than discrimination.” (Id. at 12.) Thus, BRWC is not entitled
to summary judgment on these claims.
As to Plaintiff’s hostile work environment claims, the Court agrees with Plaintiff. As to
Plaintiff’s retaliation claims, Defendant did address them as to prescription in its original
memorandum, although it did not substantively address the merits. (See Doc. 12-7 at 12.)
Accordingly, the Court will address whether Plaintiff’s retaliation claims have prescribed but will
not address the merits of them.
In sum, due to BRWC’s failure to substantively address these claims in its original
memorandum outside of its general statements that Plaintiff has failed to meet his burden of
proving a prima facie case, summary judgment is not appropriate.6 Therefore, Defendant’s motion

6

Courts in the Fifth Circuit have determined that new arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief need not be
considered. See, e.g., Eitzen Bulk A/S v. Capex Indus., Ltd., No. 10-395, 2010 WL 5141257, at *3 (E.D. La. Dec. 13,
2010) (determining that the Court would not consider new arguments regarding the res judicata effect of a prior action
because they were raised for the first time in a reply brief); Cooper v. Faith Shipping, No. 06-892, 2008 WL 5082890,
at *4 (E.D. La. Nov. 25, 2008) (declining to consider new arguments presented for the first time in a reply brief “long

20

for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s Title VII and LEDL hostile work environment claims is
denied. Additionally, to the extent that Plaintiff’s retaliation claims survive prescription, summary
judgment on them is also denied. However, the Court will permit Defendant to file another motion
for summary judgment addressing these claims.
B. Prescription
1. Law
a. Under Title VII
Under Title VII, a plaintiff must file an EEOC charge within 300 days from the date the
unlawful employment practice complained about occurred. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1); see also,
Taylor v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 554 F.3d 510, 521 (5th Cir. 2008). “Filing a timely charge is
a prerequisite to having an actionable claim.” Stewart v. Mississippi Transp. Com'n, 586 F.3d 321,
328 (5th Cir. 2009). Thus, any claims arising more than 300 days prior to the filing of an EEOC
charge are time-barred. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–5(e)(1).
b. Under LEDL
Similarly, the LEDL has a one-year prescriptive period. La. R.S. 23:303(D); Bellow v. Bd.
of Sup'rs of Louisiana State Univ. & Agr. & Mech. Coll., 913 F. Supp. 2d 279, 289 (E.D. La. 2012),
aff'd in part sub nom. Bellow v. LeBlanc, 550 F. App'x 181 (5th Cir. 2013); Nabors, 2012 WL
2457694, at *3 (citing La. R.S. 23:303(D)). This period “begins to run on the date that the
discrimination occurs.” Nabors, 2012 WL 2457694, at *3; see also Bellow, 913 F. Supp. at 289
(“Prescription under the statute commences on the day that the termination occurred.”). “[T]his

after” the initial motion was filed). See also Benefit Recovery, Inc. v. Donelon, 521 F.3d 326, 329 (5th Cir. 2008)
(“[A]rguments cannot be raised for the first time in a reply brief.”); Elwakin v. Target Media Partners Operating Co.
LLC, 901 F. Supp. 2d 730, 745–46 (E.D. La. 2012) (“Courts in the Fifth Circuit have found that a court need not
consider new arguments raised for the first time in a summary judgment reply brief.”); Murillo v. Coryell Cty.
Tradesmen, LLC, No. 15-3641, 2017 WL 1155166, at *3 (E.D. La. Mar. 28, 2017).

21

one-year period shall be suspended during the pendency of any administrative review or
investigation of the claim conducted by the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
or the Louisiana Commission on Human Rights.” La. R.S. 23:303(D). “No suspension authorized
pursuant to this Subsection of this one-year prescriptive period shall last longer than six months.”
Id. “Therefore, the total amount of time that a plaintiff has to bring a claim under Louisiana
Revised Statute 23:322 is eighteen months.” Bellow, 913 F. Supp. 2d at 289; see also Nabors, 2012
WL 2457694, at *3 (“Consequently, the LEDL requires a plaintiff to file suit on his discrimination
claim no later than eighteen months after the occurrence forming the basis for the claim.” (citations
omitted)).
c. Continuing Violation Doctrine
Under the continuing violation doctrine, a plaintiff is relieved of establishing that all of the
complained of conduct occurred within the actionable period if the plaintiff can show a series of
related acts, one or more of which falls within the limitations period. Henson v. Bell Helicopter
Textron, Inc., 128 F. App'x 387, 391 (5th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (citing Felton v. Polles, 315 F.3d
470, 487 (5th Cir. 2002)). “The Supreme Court has clarified, however, that discrete discriminatory
acts are not actionable if time barred, even when they are related to acts complained of in timely
filed charges.” Id. (citing Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 113, 122 S. Ct.
2061, 153 L. Ed. 2d 106 (2002)).
“Discrete acts such as termination, failure to promote, denial of transfer, or refusal to hire
are easy to identify,” and each of these discriminatory or retaliatory incidents is “a separate
actionable ‘unlawful employment practice.’ ” Id. at 114. “A discrete retaliatory or discriminatory
act ‘occur[s]’ on the day that it ‘happen[s].’ ” Id. at 110. “[T]he limitations period begins on the

22

date of the alleged unlawful employment action.” Phillips v. Leggett & Platt, Inc., 658 F.3d 452,
455 (5th Cir. 2011).
Further, as the Eastern District has explained:
There are several limits on the applicability of the continuing violations doctrine,
including
(1) the plaintiff must demonstrate that the separate acts are related; (2) the violation
must be continuing; intervening action by the employer, among other things, will
sever the acts that preceded it from those subsequent to it; and (3) the doctrine may
be tempered by the court's equitable powers, which must be exercised to “honor
Title VII's remedial purpose without negating the particular purpose of the filing
requirement.”
Notariano v. Tangipahoa Par. Sch. Bd., 266 F. Supp. 3d 919, 924 (E.D. La. 2017), reconsideration
denied, No. 16-17832, 2018 WL 1172959 (E.D. La. Mar. 6, 2018) (quoting Heath v. Bd. of Sup'rs
for the Southern Univ., 850 F.3d 731, 738 (5th Cir. 2017), as revised (Mar. 13, 2017)).
Moreover, as this Court has explained:
This ‘doctrine does not automatically attach in hostile work environment cases, and
the burden remains on the employee to demonstrate an organized scheme led to and
included the present violation.’ Celestine v. Petroleos de Venezuella SA, 266 F.3d
343, 351 (5th Cir. 2001) (citing Messer v. Meno, 130 F.3d 130, 135 (5th Cir. 1997))
(emphasis added). Further, the doctrine ‘requires the same type of discriminatory
acts to occur both inside and outside the limitations period,’ such that a valid
connection exists between them. Id. (quoting Martineau v. ARCO Chem. Co., 203
F.3d 904, 913 (5th Cir. 2000)).
Price v. PCS Nitrogen Fertilizer, L.P., No. 03-153, 2010 WL 1005181, at *4 (M.D. La. Mar. 15,
2010).
“Discrete adverse actions, although racially motivated, cannot be lumped together with the
day-to-day pattern of racial harassment and therefore, if otherwise untimely, cannot be saved by
the continuing violation doctrine.” Boyd v. Trinity Industries, Inc., No. 14-469, 2015 WL 3969464,
at *2 (M.D. La. June 30, 2015) (citing Mayes v. Office Depot, Inc., 292 F. Supp. 2d 878, 888 (W.D.
La. 2003)); see also Pegram, 361 F.3d at 280.
23

2. Parties Arguments
a. Defendant’s Memorandum
Defendant argues that all of Plaintiff’s Title VII claims that are based on events that
occurred more than 300 days before August 29, 2018 (when Plaintiff filed his EEOC charge) are
prescribed. (Doc. 12-7 at 11.) It also contends that based on La. R.S. 23:303(D), any of Plaintiff’s
LEDL claims that occurred prior to November 2017 are prescribed. (Id. at 12.)
Defendant avers:
Plaintiff’s complaint is “light” on specificity with respect to the dates of alleged
discrimination and retaliation against him. The most recent specific date alleged,
prior to his termination on July 20, 2018, was “October 17, 2016” (Complaint, par.
24), nearly two years prior to filing his EEOC Charge, and some two years and two
months prior to filing his Complaint herein. The only event occurring within the
300 days prior to August 29, 2018 (Title VII claims) or November 2017 (claims
under La. R.S. 23:301) was Plaintiff’s termination on July 20, 2018.
(Id.)
b. Plaintiff’s Opposition
In opposition, Plaintiff argues that none of his claims have prescribed. (Doc. 14 at 17.)
First, he points out that BRWC fails to address the continuing nature of the violations alleged in
his Complaint. (Id.) Plaintiff notes: “the very nature of the discrimination, harassment, and
retaliation—relegation to a position with no promotion potential—was a manifestation of a
continued violation culminating with termination for a reason that was pretext for discrimination.”
(Id.)
Next, Plaintiff argues that his retaliation claims have not prescribed because BRWC’s
decision to change his job to Meter Changer was not a discrete act but was a continuing violation
comparable to repeated failures to promote. (Id. at 18.) Alternatively, Plaintiff’s termination was
the culmination of a series of continuing violations with respect his placement into as position with

24

no promotion potential. (Id. at 19.) Either way, the continuing violation doctrine applies, and his
retaliation claims are timely. (Id.)
c. Defendant’s Reply
In response, Defendant maintains that all Plaintiff’s claims based upon alleged events
occurring prior to November 2017 are time-barred under both Title VII and the LEDL. (Doc. 19
at 4.) Defendant reiterates that the only adverse employment action that occurred within 300 days
prior to August 29, 2018 (Title VII claims) or November 2017 (LEDL claims) was Plaintiff’s
termination on July 20, 2018. (Id.)
Further, the continuing violation doctrine does not apply because: (1) the last date specific
complaint of discrimination was in 2015 and (2) his other allegations are not date specific or are
unsupported by the record, except for events purportedly occurring in “late 2009 or early 2010.”
(Id. at 4–5 (citing Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶¶ 3–8, 36–37).)
3. Analysis
a. Prescription
Preliminary, the Court agrees with Defendant—many of Plaintiff’s Title VII and LEDL
claims are time-barred. Again, under Title VII, a plaintiff must file an EEOC charge within 300
days from the date the unlawful employment practice complained about occurred. 42 U.S.C. §
2000e-5(e)(1). Here, Plaintiff filed his EEOC charge on August 29, 2018. (See Compl., Doc. 1 at
2.) Thus, any act of discrimination occurring before November 2, 2017, (300 days before his
EEOC charge was filed) is time-barred under Title VII. This is all of Defendant’s alleged
misconduct, other than the July 17, 2018 suspension and the July 20, 2018 termination.
As to Plaintiff’s LEDL claims, all acts occurring before August 29, 2017 are time-barred.
Again, Plaintiff allegedly filed his EEOC complaint on August 29, 2018 (Compl., Doc. 1 at 2), and

25

he filed suit on December 24, 2018 (id. at 12). The time between these two dates (which does not
exceed six months) is excluded. See La. R.S. 23:303(D). Thus, all acts occurring before August
29, 2017 (one year before the EEOC charge was filed), which is, again, essentially all acts other
than his suspension and termination are time-barred under the LEDL.
b. Continuing Violation Doctrine
Plaintiff argues that his claims are saved by the continuing violation doctrine. He maintains
that his suspension and termination keep his other claims from having prescribed. But this
argument fails.
The Fifth Circuit has held that the continuing violations doctrine does not apply to claims
of retaliation because “retaliation is, by definition, a discrete act, not a pattern of behavior.” See
Hamic v. Harris Cnty., W.C. & I.D. No. 36, 184 F. App'x 442, 447 (5th Cir. 2006); Heath v. Bd.
of Sup’rs for S. Univ. & Agric. & Mech. Coll., 850 F.3d 731, 741 (5th Cir. 2017), as revised (Mar.
13, 2017). Plaintiff argues that these cases do not apply because: (1) his job change to Meter
Changer was not a discrete act, but instead was a continuing violation “comparable to repeated
failures to promote,” and (2) his “termination was the culmination of a series of continuing
violations with respect Plaintiff’s placement into a position with no promotion potential.” (Doc.
14 at 18–19.) However, the Court rejects these arguments.
Notably, Plaintiff fails to cite any legal authority in support of his position. He also fails to
consider that “retaliation is, by definition, a discrete act, not a pattern of behavior.” Hamic, 184 F.
App'x at 447. Additionally, courts have held that repeated failures to promote are discrete acts to
which the continuing tort doctrine does not apply. Aggarwal v. New York City Health and Hosp.
Corp., No. 98-5063, 2000 WL 172787, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb 10, 2000) (“Courts have consistently
held that discrete or completed acts, including repeated failures to promote an employee, do not

26

constitute a continuing violation.”). Further, it is well established that termination is a single act,
discrete in nature, not a continuation of any other act. See Nat'l R.R., 536 U.S. at 114.
Plaintiff likewise fails to show the continuing violation doctrine applies to his untimely
discrimination claims. Again, “discrete adverse actions, although racially motivated, cannot be
lumped together with the day-to-day pattern of racial harassment and therefore, if otherwise
untimely, cannot be saved by the continuing violation doctrine.” Boyd, 2015 WL 3969464, at *2;
see also Pegram, 361 F.3d at 280. As explained above, Plaintiff’s 2018 termination and 2010 job
change are discrete discriminatory acts, which are not continuing in nature. Plaintiff’s 2014
reprimand is also a discrete act to which the continuing violation doctrine does not apply. See
Tillman v. S. Wood Preserving of Hattiesburg, Inc., 377 F. App’x 346, 349 (5th Cir. 2010) (“The
Supreme Court has defined ‘discrete acts' as easily identifiable incidents, including termination,
failure to promote, denial of transfer, and refusal to hire. Under this standard, the April 12, 2005
reprimand, the alleged June 2005 pay-raise exclusion, and the denials of weekend overtime qualify
as such discrete acts.”). Thus, there was no continuing violation.
Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to satisfy his burden of
showing that the continuing violation doctrine is applicable to his retaliation and discrimination
claims. Accordingly, the Court turns to Plaintiff’s 2018 termination and suspension for his Title
VII and LEDL claims.
C. Discrimination
1. General Law
Title VII prohibits discrimination by employers “against any individual with respect to his
compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race,
color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–2(a). Intentional discrimination under

27

Title VII can be proven by either direct or circumstantial evidence. Laxton v. Gap, Inc., 333 F.3d
572, 578 (5th Cir. 2003); Russell v. McKinney Hosp. Venture, 235 F.3d 219, 222 (5th Cir. 2000).
For evidence to be “direct,” it must, if credible, prove the fact in question without inference or
presumption. Fabela v. Socorro Indep. Sch. Dist., 329 F.3d 409, 415 (5th Cir. 2003) (citations
omitted). Here, Plaintiff has not presented any direct evidence of discrimination. Accordingly, the
Court shall employ the familiar burden-shifting framework established by the United States
Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S. Ct. 1817, 36 L.
Ed. 2d 668 (1973).
To overcome a motion for summary judgment on his remaining discrimination claims,
Plaintiff must first establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, a prima facie case of
discrimination. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 801–803. A prima facie case is established once
the plaintiff has proven that he: (1) is a member of a protected class; (2) was qualified for his
position; (3) was subjected to an adverse employment action; and (4) was replaced by someone
outside the protected class; or in the case of disparate treatment, show that others similarly situated
were treated more favorably. Id.; see also Septimus v. Univ. of Houston, 399 F.3d 601, 609 (5th
Cir. 2005). The prima facie case, once established, raises a presumption of discrimination, which
the defendant must rebut by articulating a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its actions.
McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802; Meinecke v. H & R Block, 66 F.3d 77, 83 (5th Cir. 1995)
(citing Tex. Dep't of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 254, 101 S. Ct. 1089, 67 L. Ed.
2d 207 (1981)).
If the defendant satisfies this burden by proffering a non-discriminatory reason for the
adverse employment action, the plaintiff must then create a genuine issue of material fact that
either: (1) the defendant's reason is not true, but instead is a pretext for discrimination (pretext

28

alternative); or (2) regardless of the nondiscriminatory reason, the plaintiff's race was also a
motivating factor (mixed-motives alternative). Alvarado v. Tex. Rangers, 492 F.3d 605, 611 (5th
Cir. 2007) (citation omitted); Rachid v. Jack In The Box, Inc., 376 F.3d 305, 312 (5th Cir. 2004).
Plaintiff proceeds under a pretext theory in this case.
Once a Title VII case reaches the pretext stage of the analysis, the only question remaining
is whether there is a conflict in substantial evidence to create a question for the factfinder.
Shackelford v. Deloitte & Touche, LLP, 190 F.3d 398, 404 (5th Cir. 1999) (citing Rhodes v.
Guiberson Oil Tools, 75 F.3d 989, 993 (5th Cir. 1996) (noting that once a Title VII case reaches
the pretext stage, the sufficiency of the evidence test is applied)). Throughout, the ultimate burden
of persuasion remains with the plaintiff. See Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S.
133, 142, 120 S. Ct. 2097, 147 L. Ed. 2d 105 (2000).
The same requirements apply to Plaintiff’s claims under La. R.S. 23:301 et seq. “Louisiana
state courts routinely look to federal jurisprudence, including Title VII, to interpret Louisiana’s
anti-discrimination laws.” Minnis v. Bd. of Sup’rs of Louisiana State Univ. & Agric. & Mech. Coll.,
55 F. Supp. 3d 864, 884–85 (M.D. La. 2014) (citing Wyerick v. Bayou Steel Corp., 887 F.2d 1271,
1274 (5th Cir. 1989); Smith v. Amedisys, Inc., 298 F.3d 434, 448 (5th Cir. 2002)). Therefore, the
analysis applicable to Plaintiff’s Title VII claims also governs his state law claims.
2. Comparators
a. Parties Arguments
i.

Defendant’s Memorandum

Defendant argues that Plaintiff cannot establish a prima facie case for discrimination
because he has failed to identify any “comparator.” (Doc. 12-7 at 10.) It then proffers two
comparators who both are from El Salvador, were hired in 2012 (after Plaintiff), were assisted by

29

BRWC in obtaining their CDLs, were promoted to Utility Worker 2 and Utility Worker 3, and
were both still employed by BRWC after Plaintiff was terminated in 2018. (Id.) From this,
Defendant reasons that the existence and work experiences of the two proffered comparators
“totally negate(s) any inference of national origin discrimination on the part of BRWC.” (Id.)
ii.

Plaintiff’s Opposition

In opposition, Plaintiff first avers that he has satisfied the comparator requirement because
he alleges in his Complaint that “[he] was treated less favorably than his fellow non-Salvadoran
workers.” (Doc. 14 at 12 (citing Compl. ¶¶ 22–36).) He then argues that no identical comparator
exists because BRWC created a position solely for him that had no promotional potential. (Id.)
Despite this, Defendant should not be allowed to benefit from their own discriminatory practices.
(Id.)
Next, Plaintiff points to his own declaration in which he identifies five additional
comparators. (Id.) Plaintiff argues that these individuals were treated more favorably than him with
respect to (1) BRWC assisting them in obtaining their CDLs and (2) discipline imposed by BRWC
after being involved in similar and/or more egregious incidents. (Id. at 12–13 (citing Santos Dec.,
¶¶ 12–13, 29, 43).)
Lastly, Plaintiff contends that BRWC’s proffered comparators do not “totally negate[] any
inference of national origin discrimination” because there is no mention of the comparators’
accents, only their national origin. (Id. at 13 (citing Doc. 12-7 at 10).) According to Plaintiff, there
is no evidence that BRWC’s comparators made complaints about discrimination like he did. (Id.)
“Therefore, BRWC’s comparators do not and cannot account for the accent discrimination that
Mr. Santos was subjected to and, therefore, lend no support to BRWC’s motion.” (Id.)

30

iii.

Defendant’s Reply

In response, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s proffered comparators are not similarly
situated:
BR Water’s stated reason for terminating Santos was due to his failure to report the
damage to his supervisor, his denial of damage to the Customer’s gate, his refusal
to admit that he had done anything wrong, and his indication that he would not do
anything differently if it happened again (Affidavit of Mire, no. 20; Deposition of
Mire, pp. 77-98 and Exhibits 15 and 5). There is no evidence that Plaintiff’s
proffered “comparators” were similarly unrepentant and insubordinate, and, thus,
they are not similarly situated.
With respect to the El Salvadoran comparators identified by BR Water, Plaintiff
implies that they are not similarly situated due to their (lack of) accents, as
compared to Plaintiff. There is no evidence of this in the Record, and it would be
Plaintiff’s burden to produce such evidence. Further, BR Water assisted both these
El Salvadorans in obtaining their CDL’s, which argues strongly against Plaintiff’s
complaint that he was denied assistance (in this regard) due to his national origin.
(Doc. 19 at 6 n.1.)
BRWC also claims that national origin played no role in its decision to assist (or not assist)
its employees in obtaining their CDLs because it assisted both El Salvadoran and non-El
Salvadoran employees. (Id. at 6–7.) Further, Plaintiff conceded that he made no effort to obtain
his CDL and did not request BRWC’s assistance in obtaining it after his transfer in 2010, which
renders the issue of non-assistance time barred. (Id. at 7.)
b. Analysis
Defendant concedes that Plaintiff is: (1) is a member of a protected class; (2) was qualified
for his position; and (3) was subjected to an adverse employment action when he was terminated.
However, Plaintiff has failed to satisfy prong four in that he has failed to identify a proper
comparator—someone “similarly situated” who was “treated more favorably.” Septimus, 399 F.3d
at 609. The law is clear that, “[i]n the context of a race [or national origin] discrimination claim
where the plaintiff alleges that employees who were not members of the protected class received
31

more [favorable treatment], the plaintiff must come forward with specific evidence of comparators
who were similarly situated.” Corley v. Louisiana ex rel. Div. of Admin., Office of Risk Mgmt, 816
F. Supp. 2d 297, 316 (M.D. La. 2011) (citing Lee v. Kansas City Southern Ry. Co., 574 F.3d 253,
259–60 (5th Cir. 2009)) (emphasis added). Courts within the Fifth Circuit define “similarly
situated” narrowly. See Horton v. G4S Secure Solutions (USA), Inc., No. 16-544, 2018 WL
1997535 at *5 (M.D. La Apr. 27, 2018) (citing Brown v. Bd. of Trustees Sealy Indep. Sch. Dist.,
871 F. Supp. 2d 581, 593 (S.D. Tex. 2012); see also Lopez v. Kempthorne, 684 F. Supp. 2d 827,
856–57 (S.D. Tex. 2010)).
In Lee, the Fifth Circuit explained the appropriate standard to apply in evaluating this
element:
“The employment actions being compared will be deemed to have been taken under
nearly identical circumstances when the employees being compared held the same
job or responsibilities, shared the same supervisor or had their employment status
determined by the same person, and have essentially comparable violation histories.
And, critically, the plaintiff's conduct that drew the adverse employment decision
must have been “nearly identical” to that of the proffered comparator who allegedly
drew dissimilar employment decisions. If the “difference between the plaintiff's
conduct and that of those alleged to be similarly situated accounts for the difference
in treatment received from the employer,” the employees are not similarly situated
for the purposes of an employment discrimination analysis.
Lee, 574 F.3d at 260–61 (emphasis in original)
Several cases have applied this standard to find that comparators were not sufficiently
similar to satisfy the prima facie burden. See, e.g., Glaskox v. Harris Cty., Tex., 537 F. App'x 525
(5th Cir. 2013); Reyna v. Donley, 479 F. App'x 609 (5th Cir. 2012).
Having considered these cases, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to establish his prima
facie case. Plaintiff’s summary judgment evidence refers generally to five non-El Salvadorian
employees: (1) Kenneth Seale, (2) Chad Phelps, (3) Jeffery McCauley, (4) MacArthur Allen, and
(5) Zachary Sholty. However, Plaintiff gives virtually no other details about these employees, so
32

the Court cannot determine whether they qualify as comparators under the Fifth Circuit’s “nearly
identical” test.
Of the five non-El Salvadorian employees Plaintiff proffers as comparators, only Allen and
Sholty were involved incidents where they backed their company vehicle into property. Plaintiff
states in his declaration that these incidents are “very similar to [his]” and that neither employee
was terminated after the incident. (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 43.) As to Sholty, this conclusory
allegation is the only information Plaintiff provides. Thus, Plaintiff failed to present competent
summary judgment evidence that Sholty is a similarly situated comparator.
As to Allen, photos of the damage to Allen’s work truck were produced as well as his
incident report and testimony by Mire. (Doc. 12-3 at 65–67, BRWC_00654.) As to the
circumstances of Allen’s accident, Mire testified:
I can't remember if it was a school or some sort of business, could have been
a school, that one of our trucks had backed into their card reader and they
had it on film. And they wanted their card reader repaired. So, we asked for
the film. Looked at the film, could determine what truck it was and that it
was his, and he was, in fact, driving that vehicle at the time.
So, we called him in, and he stated he was completely unaware that it had
happened, and he was horrified that it had happened and he was very sorry.
So, he was suspended for that. And we actually went to go fix the card
reader, but it ended up not being broken. So that' s my recollection
(Mire Dep., Doc. 12-2 at 117–118.)
She further stated that although Allen “did not report the accident,” he was “very
remorseful and understood… what a difficult position he put the company in.” (Mire Dep., Doc.
12-2 at 119.)
Based on the above, there is no evidence that Allen was similarly as unaccepting of
responsibility as Plaintiff was. In fact, Mire’s testimony demonstrates the contrary. (Mire Dep.,
Doc. 12-2 at 117–118.) Additionally, Allen’s suspension document supports this. It provides:
33

On June 25, 2019, the company received a complaint regarding one of our vehicles
backing into a card reader machine at the caller’s place of business. After an
investigation was completed, it was determined that you had backed into the
machine on June 10, 2019. When your manager discussed this with you, you
apologized and advised that you were unaware that you had hit the machine. You
stated your understanding of the need to be more aware of your surroundings and
vehicle condition during your walk-around.
(Doc. 15-9 at 6, BRWC_00656.)
Further, there is insufficient evidence to determine if Allen had the same job title,
supervisor, or violation history. Accordingly, there is no showing that Allen is similarly situated
to Plaintiff.
Of the remaining three individuals, Seale is the only one who had the same job title as
Plaintiff. In his declaration, Plaintiff states that at the time he was moved to Meter Changer, Seale
was a Utility Worker who “had the same or nearly identical job responsibilities, experience, and
qualifications” as he did. (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 12.) Plaintiff notes that “Seale was involved
in an incident more serious than [Plaintiff’s] and was not terminated.” (Santos Dec., ¶ 13.) Again,
Plaintiff fails to provide any information about the incident Seale was involved in, much less
enough information to determine if the incident was “nearly identical” to the one Plaintiff was
involved in. There is also no evidence regarding Seale’s violation history or whether he and
Plaintiff shared a supervisor. As such, there is no evidence that Seale is a similarly situated
comparator.
Likewise, Plaintiff has not shown that Phelps and McCauley were similarly situated to him.
As to these individuals, Plaintiff claims that they were scheduled to take the CDL test the same
day as he was. (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 29; Doc. 14-2 at 9, BRWC_00843.) However, he
contends that unlike these individuals, he was never informed he was scheduled to take the test
due to discrimination. (Santos Dec., ¶ 30.) He declares: “Because I believe BRWC assisted these

34

individuals in obtaining their CDLs, I think they were treated more favorably than me.” (Id. at ¶
29.)
Importantly, as discussed above, the issue of whether BRWC discriminated against
Plaintiff in allegedly not offering him assistance in obtaining his CDL is time barred. Even putting
prescription issues aside, Plaintiff gives no other information about these individuals. Thus,
Plaintiff has failed to show that Phelps and McCauley are similarly situated to him.
Additionally, to the extent Plaintiff alleges accent discrimination, the burden is on Plaintiff
to produce evidence that others without an accent were treated more favorably than him. Lee, 574
F.3d at 260–61. He failed to do so here.
In sum, Plaintiff failed to create a genuine issue of material fact that other similarly situated
employees were treated more favorably than he was because he fails to provide any information
about:
1. whether they “shared the same job or responsibilities” (that is, did they serve in the
same department?) [except for Seale who was a Utility Worker]
2. whether they “reported to the same supervisor” (indeed, Plaintiff provides no
evidence related to who any of the employees reported to);
3. whether their violation histories were the same as the Plaintiff’s; and
4. the “critical” factor of whether the “conduct that drew the adverse employment
decision was nearly identical.”
Consequently, Plaintiff has failed to establish a prima facie case of national origin or accent
discrimination. Although the Court need not go further, the Court also finds that, even if Plaintiff
could establish a prima facie case of discrimination, he has failed to overcome Defendant’s
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for his termination with pretext evidence suggestive of
national origin or accent discrimination.

35

3. Legitimate, Non-discriminatory Reasons for Termination
a. Parties’ Arguments
BRWC’s articulated reasons for Plaintiff’s termination are: (1) his failure to report the
damage to a company vehicle to his supervisor, (2) his denial of damage to the customer’s gate,
(3) his refusal to admit that he had done anything wrong, and (4) his indication that he would not
do anything differently if it happened again in the future. (Doc. 19 at 6.) BRWC stresses that
Plaintiff was not terminated for his involvement in an accident and damage to a company vehicle
nor due to his national origin or accent, but only for the reasons listed above. (Id. at 4.)
b. Analysis
BRWC has presented legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for terminating Plaintiff.
Defendant argues it fired Plaintiff because he refused to admit that he did anything wrong and for
his refusal to accept responsibility for his actions, which constitutes insubordination and is a
legitimate rationale for termination. Fullen v. City of Columbus, 514 F. App’x 601, 606 (6th Cir.
2013) (citing Russell v. Univ. of Toledo, 537 F.3d 596, 604 (6th Cir. 2008); Hibbler v. Reg'l Med.
Ctr. at Memphis, 12 F. App’x at 340 (6th Cir. 2001) (holding that “documented insubordination
constitutes a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for ...firing.”)).
Defendants have introduced evidence to demonstrate Plaintiff was fired for his
insubordination. Specifically, Mire testified that although the incident leading up to his termination
“stemmed from an accident,” Plaintiff “ultimately” was terminated for refusing to accept
responsibility and his indication “that he would [not] change his behavior in the future.” (Mire
Dep., Doc. 12-2 at 77.)
Mire further testified that Plaintiff was suspended while they tried to figure out how they
could keep him. (Id.) Mire stated that she hoped Plaintiff would “admit his wrongdoing, apologize,

36

and take responsibility for his actions, but instead [she] got, ‘I don’t understand why you think I
did anything wrong. I didn’t do anything wrong. The gate wasn’t damaged. All I did was break a
taillight.’ ” (Mire Dep., Doc. 12-2 at 80.)
Plaintiff’s termination documents also demonstrate his insubordination:
On Tuesday, July 17, 2018, the Fleet Manager gave an update to your department
head concerning one of the meter department vehicle’s damage, about which your
supervisor had no knowledge. It was determined that on Friday, July 13, 2018, you
had hit a customer’s gate, damaging it and the company vehicle. However, you did
not contact your supervisor, the customer, or the police to report the incident. After
you finished your work day, you brought the vehicle to a company mechanic to ask
that he repair the tail light, even though the damage was significantly more than the
tail light.
Despite having your supervisor’s contact information that you had used many times
before, and against company policy, you never notified your supervisor at the
time of the accident and through the following Tuesday. This caused the company
not to be able to contact the customer to repair the damage, obtain information
needed to determine the extent of the company’s liability, or to take a timely postaccident drug test.
When you were asked about the incident by your supervisor on Tuesday, you
stated that there was no damage to the customer’s property. You remained
steadfast in your disagreement that there should be concerns with your actions
during discussions with your supervisor and manager regarding the incident.
It is imperative that the company by able to trust its employees to appreciate
the seriousness of an accident and the importance of reporting accidents to
their supervisor timely, especially those involving damage to property.
Further, it was determined that you provided false or misleading information
during the investigation. Your actions are considered unacceptable and cannot
be tolerated.
Be advised that your employment is terminated.
(Doc. 12-3 at 62–63, 95–96 (emphasis added).)
A violation of a company policy is also a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for
termination. See Clark v. RailCrew Xpress, LLC, No. 16-585, 2018 WL 5269365, at *9 (M.D. La.
Oct. 23, 2018) (finding that the record reflected that the employer’s decision to terminate the

37

plaintiff based on violations of company policy comported with the company’s employee manual
and thus was a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for termination.); Thomas v. Aventis Pharm.,
Inc., 177 F. App’x 54, 56 (11th Cir. 2006) (suggesting that work rule violations were legitimate,
non-discriminatory reasons for terminating an employee); Foster v. Mid State Land & Timber Co.,
Inc., 2007 WL 3287345, at *12 (M.D. Ala. Nov. 5, 2007) (“[V]iolations of work rules constitute
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for terminating an employee.”); Thomas v. Ala. Council on
Human Relations, Inc., 248 F. Supp. 2d 1105, 1121 (M.D. Ala. 2003) (noting that violations of
work rules provided a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for a discharge); see also Arismendiz
v. Univ. of Tex. at El Paso, 536 F. Supp. 2d 710, 717 (W.D. Tex. 2008) (noting that “the violation
of work rules is a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for an adverse employment action”).
Defendant has produced admissible evidence that Plaintiff’s violation of BRWC’s
company policy was also a reason for his termination. The company policy provision Plaintiff
allegedly violated states in relevant part: “in the event of an accident with another vehicle” or “in
case of an accident involving property damage,” employees are expected to follow these steps:
[…]
•

Notify your supervisor and the Human Resources Department about the accident as soon
as possible.

(Doc. 12-3 at 51–52.)
When Plaintiff was asked if he reported the damage to his company vehicle to his
supervisors (Wilkinson or Pourciau), Plaintiff stated “no.” (Santos Dep., Doc. 16-2 at 92.)
Again, BRWC’s burden is only one of production, not persuasion, and involves no credibility
assessment. Russell, 235 F.3d at 222. Accordingly, the Court finds that Defendant has submitted
summary judgment evidence of legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for terminating Plaintiff.

38

The Court now turns to Plaintiff’s contention that these reasons were a pretext for national origin
and accent discrimination.
4. Pretext
a. Parties’ Arguments
Plaintiff argues that the following constitute evidence of pretext: (1) BRWC’s claim that
he did not report the damage he caused to a company vehicle is wrong because he did report it; (2)
BRWC’s claim that he failed to report damage he caused to a customer’s gate is wrong because he
was unaware of any alleged damage; (3) BRWC’s claim that he was required to report the incident
to his supervisor in accordance with company is wrong because (a) he did report it to his
supervisor, (b) the company policy did not require that the incident be reported, and (c) BRWC
failed to present evidence that he was presented the company policy he allegedly violated. (Doc.
14 at 14–15.)
Further, Plaintiff contends that summary judgment is especially inappropriate here given
the parties’ significantly different version of events. (Id. at 16 (citing Heinsohn v. Carabin & Shaw,
P.C., No. 15-50300, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 13613, at *44 (5th Cir. 2016) (“[b]y choosing which
testimony to credit and which to discard, '[a] court improperly 'weigh[s] the evidence' and
resolve[s] disputed issues in favor of the moving party.'")).)
In response, Defendant avers that the differences in the version of events largely relate to
events that occurred prior to 2017, which are time barred and not “material” for purposes of the
instant motion. (Doc. 19 at 4.) Additionally, “Differences with respect to the extent of damage to
the Company vehicle or customer property, in connection to Plaintiff’s termination in July 2018
are also immaterial.” (Id.)

39

b. Analysis
Plaintiff presents several arguments challenging the veracity or the legitimacy of BRWC’s
proffered reasons for his termination and claims that these reasons are a pretext for discrimination.
The Court finds that even if Plaintiff had presented a prima facie case of discrimination, Plaintiff
has failed to create a genuine issue of material fact that Defendant's reasons are not true, but instead
are a pretext for discrimination.
The Court finds that Plaintiff failed to carry his burden because he has failed to present
evidence rebutting each of the nondiscriminatory reasons offered by Defendant for his termination.
Although Plaintiff has submitted evidence to create a question of material fact as to whether he
received the company policy provision he allegedly violated,7 he has failed to provide any evidence
to rebut BRWC’s other reason for his termination—his insubordination in refusing to admit he did
anything wrong and that he would not do anything differently in the future.
The Fifth Circuit requires that a plaintiff present evidence rebutting each of the
nondiscriminatory reasons offered by the employer. Williams v. Clegg’s Nursery, 2016 WL
3702978, at *9 (citing Wallace v. Methodist Hosp. Sys., 271 F.3d 212, 220 (5th Cir. 2001)). “Where
a plaintiff ‘falls short of [his] burden of presenting evidence rebutting each of the legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reasons produced by [the employer],’ summary judgment is appropriate.” Id.
(quoting Jackson v. Watkins, 619 F.3d 463, 467 (5th Cir. 2010) (emphasis in original)).
Accordingly, Plaintiff’s failure to present controverting evidence to rebut BRWC’s reason for
firing him based on his insubordinate behavior, renders summary judgment appropriate in favor of
Defendant.

7

Again, Plaintiff contends that he was never provided with the company policy that he allegedly violated nor did
BRWC provide any evidence that he received the policy. (Santos Dec., Doc. 14-2 at ¶ 56; Mire Dep., Doc. 17-1 at
129–131; AUMF ¶ 25.)

40

Furthermore, whether the Court views BRWC’s findings and decisions as to Plaintiff
incorrect is not the question. The only question before the Court is whether the findings and
decisions were motivated by Plaintiff’s national origin or accent. The Fifth Circuit cautions that
courts are not in the business of second-guessing business judgments, and the Court declines to do
so here. Clark, 2018 WL 5269365, at *13; Walton v. Bisco Indus. Inc., 119 F.3d 368, 372 (5th Cir.
1997).
The analysis applicable to Plaintiff’s Title VII claims also governs his state law claims.
Williams, 2016 WL 3702978, at *15; Minnis, 55 F. Supp. 3d at 884-85. Therefore, summary
judgment is granted as to Plaintiff’s LEDL claims on the same grounds as described above.
Additionally, the Court declines to apply the same actor presumption because, even without
it, BRWC has established non-discriminatory, legitimate reasons for Plaintiff’s termination. The
“same actor” inference creates a rebuttable presumption that an adverse action imposed on a
plaintiff was not the result of unlawful discrimination when the same person both hires and fires,
or imposes some other adverse action on, the plaintiff. Brown v. CSC Logic, Inc., 82 F.3d 651, 658
(5th Cir. 1996) (abrogated in part on other grounds Russell v. McKinney Hosp. Venture, 235 F.3d
219 (5th Cir. 2000)); Trevino v. City of Fort Worth, 2013 WL 4516643, at *7 (N.D. Tex. Aug. 23,
2013). “[T]he inference is not automatic” when it is not uncontested that the same person hired
and took adverse action against the employee. Russell, 235 F.3d at 229 n.16 (stating that it was up
to the jury to consider the evidence before it regarding application of the same actor inference,
where defendant asserted that the same person hired and fired the plaintiff, while plaintiff
presented evidence that she did a courtesy interview with, but was not hired by, the individual who
fired her). The Court acknowledges that there is a material dispute as to who fired Plaintiff but
declines to resolve it.

41

V.

Conclusion
Accordingly,
IT IS ORDERED that the Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 12) filed by Defendant

The Baton Rouge Water Works Company is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.
It is GRANTED in that Plaintiff’s Title VII and LEDL discrimination claims against
Defendant are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
It is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE as to Plaintiff’s Title VII and LEDL hostile work
environment claims.
It is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE as to Plaintiff’s Title VII and LEDL retaliation
claims, but it is GRANTED WITH PREJUDICE to the extent that these claims are premised
upon time-barred events occurring before Plaintiff’s 2018 suspension and termination.
Defendant may, within 30 days, file another motion for summary judgment addressing
these remaining claims.
Signed in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on March 31, 2021.

S
JUDGE JOHN W. deGRAVELLES
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA

42