Natural Product Solutions, LLC v. Vitaquest International, LLC et al

Filing 36

MEMORANDUM. Signed by Chief Judge Catherine C. Blake on 11/13/2014. (nd2s, Deputy Clerk)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MARYLAND
NATURAL PRODUCT SOLUTIONS, LLC

:
:
:
v.
:
:
:
VITAQUEST INTERNATIONAL, LLC, et al. :

Civil No. CCB-13-436

MEMORANDUM
Plaintiff Natural Product Solutions, LLC (“NPS”) filed this action against defendant
Vitaquest International, LLC (“Vitaquest”)1 alleging breach of contract and negligence2 arising
out of an error Vitaquest made while fulfilling one of NPS’s purchase orders. Vitaquest has
moved for summary judgment, and NPS has cross-moved for summary judgment. The court
held a hearing on November 3, 2014. For the reasons stated below, both motions will be granted
in part and denied in part.
BACKGROUND
The present dispute arises out of a purchase order gone wrong. NPS develops, markets,
and distributes natural vitamins and dietary supplements. One of its core products is VirMax, a
natural supplement that enhances people’s sexual experiences. Although NPS develops its
supplements, it does not itself manufacture them; instead, NPS contracts with other companies to
make its supplements. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex. 2, Gallant Dep. 16, ECF No. 30-3.) Vitaquest
is one such manufacturer. In 2009, Vitaquest began accepting purchase orders from NPS to

1

The complaint also names “Garden State Nutritionals, Inc.” Because the parties do not dispute that Garden State
Nutritionals is an unincorporated division of Vitaquest, the court treats Vitaquest as the sole defendant.
2
The complaint also included claims for fraud in the inducement and negligent misrepresentation. The parties
stipulated to the dismissal, with prejudice, of both claims. (Marginal Order Approving Stipulation of Partial
Voluntary Dismissal with Prejudice, ECF No. 27.)

1

produce and deliver various versions of VirMax.3 (Gallant Dep. 53-54.) NPS placed its first
such purchase order on October 21, 2009. (Pl.’s Opp’n Ex. 1, Purchase Orders, at 2, ECF No.
31-2.) NPS continued to place purchase orders for VirMax with Vitaquest approximately every
two months. (Id. at 2-8.)
Important to this dispute is the appearance of Pharma Guri, Ltd. (“Pharma Guri”), an
Israel-based importer and distributor of vitamins and dietary supplements. On May 24, 2010,
NPS and Pharma Guri entered into a distribution agreement, under which Pharma Guri became
the exclusive distributor within Israel of VirMax.4 (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex. 3, Distribution and
Sales Agreement, ECF No. 30-4.) NPS began placing purchase orders with Vitaquest on Pharma
Guri’s behalf in October 2010. (Purchase Orders, at 9.) At this point, the three entities’ business
success was partially intertwined: Pharma Guri looked to NPS to provide VirMax, NPS looked
to Vitaquest to make VirMax, and Vitaquest looked to NPS for orders.
The procedure by which these three businesses worked was straightforward. Pharma
Guri would send to NPS a purchase order specifying the amount of VirMax it needed. NPS
would then send to Vitaquest its own purchase order form with relevant price, quantity, and
delivery terms. (Gallant Dep. 50.) After receiving NPS’s purchase order, Vitaquest would
return a purchase order acknowledgment form, which included Vitaquest’s standard contract
terms and occasionally modified the price term. (Id. at 51, 60.) Barring any objection by NPS,
the terms set out in Vitaquest’s acknowledgment form constituted the contractual arrangement
between NPS and Vitaquest. (Id. at 55.) There was no production contract. (Id. at 33.)
Vitaquest would proceed to fulfill the purchase order—by manufacturing the supplement in the
3

NPS argues the parties entered into an ongoing “verbal manufacturing contract.” (Pl.’s Opp’n 2.)
Also important are Israeli regulations applying to the sale of VirMax in Israel. Under those regulations, the
formula, manufacturer, and distributor for any dietary supplements being imported into Israel needed to be
registered with Israel’s Ministry of Health. (Gallant Dep. 113.) This process took anywhere from 6 to 18 months.
(Id. at 71, 89.)

4

2

amount specified and then delivering the product, often directly to Pharma Guri—and, upon
fulfillment, NPS would pay Vitaquest. (Id. at 55-56.)
At some point in 2011, Pharma Guri developed the idea of selling a kosher version of
VirMax. (Id. at 106.) Because such a version did not exist at the time, NPS asked Vitaquest for
help. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex 1, Mooney Aff. ¶ 9, ECF No. 30-2.) Vitaquest then located
suppliers that could provide kosher-certified ingredients for VirMax. (Gallant Dep. 121.) Once
Vitaquest was ready to produce kosher VirMax, NPS placed, in October 2011, its first purchase
order of this new version for shipment to Pharma Guri. (Id. at 133-34.)
For a while, the relationship worked. Though NPS and Vitaquest did have some
disagreements regarding Vitaquest’s earlier performance,5 NPS does not bring this lawsuit to
dispute Vitaquest’s conduct under each and every purchase order NPS placed with Vitaquest.
Instead, NPS is concerned solely with Vitaquest’s performance under purchase order 688, which
was NPS’s third purchase order for kosher VirMax.6
The terms of purchase order 688, which NPS placed on May 10, 2012, were like any
other: NPS sought 14,000 units of kosher VirMax for production and delivery to Pharma Guri in
Israel. But Vitaquest made a significant mistake during its course of performance: on September
9, 2012, instead of shipping 137 cartons of kosher VirMax to Pharma Guri, Vitaquest
accidentally shipped 101 cartons of kosher VirMax and 36 cartons of an unrelated product called
Pernol. (Id. at 178-80; Pl.’s Opp’n Ex. 2, Brosh Decl. ¶ 3.l, ECF No. 31-3.)
Vitaquest’s shipping error, which NPS President and CEO Martin Gallant described as a
“mistake of epic proportions,” (Gallant Dep. 181), caused problems upon arrival in Israel.

5

Gallant testified to “[d]elivery problems on their end, switching ingredients, lack of response from Mr. Mooney
who frequently would not return calls or answer questions.” (Gallant Dep. 66-67.)
6
Though NPS only placed three orders with Vitaquest for kosher VirMax, the record reflects that NPS placed
roughly two dozen orders for VirMax variants during their entire relationship. (See Purchase Orders.)

3

Because the shipment’s contents differed from what was provided in the shipping documents,
Israeli customs detained the shipment. (Gallant Dep. 178.) Although Vitaquest, at NPS’s
request, instructed its general counsel, Scott Yagoda, to send a letter to Israeli customs officials
explaining the mistake, that gesture did not resolve the customs detention. (Def.’s Mot. Summ.
J. Ex. 8, Yagoda Email, at 2, ECF No. 30-9; Gallant Dep. 181.) As a result, Pharma Guri, as the
intended recipient, was forced to deal with the customs dispute. Though the shipment was
eventually released, the parties sharply disagree about the impact of Vitaquest’s mistake.
NPS argues Vitaquest’s mistake caused serious problems. Pharma Guri was accused of
smuggling products into Israel, had to defend a lawsuit alleging the same, and had to begin a new
registration process. (Gallant Dep. 104.) NPS, in turn, was obligated to reimburse Pharma Guri
for the incidental customs, legal, and freight costs associated with the hold-up. (Id. at 182.)
More significantly, NPS claims it lost several future orders—and accompanying profits—that
Pharma Guri would have placed but for Vitaquest’s error. According to NPS, Pharma Guri
viewed Vitaquest’s mistake as the last straw; Pharma Guri informed NPS that it would no longer
accept delivery of kosher VirMax from Vitaquest and that NPS should find a new manufacturer.
(Brosh Decl. ¶ 3s.) So NPS began the process of replacing Vitaquest. But, because Israel’s
regulatory regime required NPS to register any new manufacturer, NPS was temporarily unable
to deliver kosher VirMax to Pharma Guri. Thus, NPS lost profits of $182,520 from two orders
Pharma Guri allegedly would have placed with NPS in October 2012 and January 2013.7 (Def.’s
Mot. Summ. J. Ex. 7, Pl.’s Second Answers to Interrogs. #2, ECF No. 30-8.)

7

As Vitaquest notes, NPS appears to have vacillated on the number of future orders it claims it lost. Gallant
testified in his deposition that NPS lost profits from four future orders in October 2012, January 2013, April 2013,
and July 2013. (Gallant Dep. 186.) Later, NPS removed its claim to lost profits from the July 2013 order. (Pl.’s
Second Answers to Interrogs. #2.) Presently, NPS asserts a claim for only the first two orders.

4

Vitaquest, on the other hand, recognizes its “honest mistake,” (Yagoda Email, at 2), but
asserts NPS has done its own manufacturing—of inflated damages. Vitaquest presents evidence
suggesting NPS persuaded Pharma Guri to write a letter indicating that it would not accept any
more shipments from Vitaquest.8 (Def.’s Mot. Summ J. Ex. 4, Gallant-Ofer Emails, at 2, ECF
No. 30-5.) Later, NPS apparently convinced Pharma Guri to repeat a statement that, had
Vitaquest not erred, Pharma Guri would have placed future orders in 2011 and 2012.9 (Def.’s
Mot. Summ. J. Ex. 12, Gallant-Brosh Emails, at 2, ECF No. 30-13.) In short, Vitaquest believes
NPS took affirmative steps to justify, after the fact, a claim to vastly more damages.10 As further
proof of NPS’s artfulness, Vitaquest presents evidence suggesting NPS had already begun
registering Arnet Pharmaceuticals (“Arnet”) as its manufacturer before Vitaquest’s error
occurred. (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex. 5, Arnet Letter to Ministry of Health, at 2, ECF No. 30-6.)
Vitaquest also paints NPS as an uncooperative nonbreaching party. After Vitaquest
bungled purchase order 688, it offered to ship the 36 misplaced cases of kosher VirMax to
Pharma Guri at no cost, but NPS refused to accept this offer. (Mooney Aff. ¶ 14.) Vitaquest
also wrote a credit memo clearing NPS’s account of $19,950.31, (Vitaquest Credit
Memo/Emails, at 2, 4, ECF No. 30-11), which NPS does not appear to have completely
acknowledged receiving, (see Pl.’s Second Answers to Interrogs. #2 (noting $4,426.56 as
“Amount Credited by Vitaquest”)).
8

In an email dated November 13, 2012, Gallant stated, “As soon as I receive your letter explaining why you will no
longer accept product from [Vitaquest] I will file suit.” (Gallant-Ofer Emails, at 2.) In an email dated November
19, 2012, Pharma Guri’s International Business Development Manager, Ofer Amit, replied, “Please see attached
letter you requested. Hope it is ok and serves your purpose. If you would like us to make any changes/additions etc.
– just let me know.” (Id.)
9
In an email dated July 11, 2013, Gallant asked Brosh, “Can you please send me an e-mail that states if [Vitaquest]
had not been late on shipments that you would have placed additional orders in 2011 and 2012. We are still in the
legal process[.]” (Gallant-Brosh Emails, at 2.) In an email dated July 17, 2013, Brosh replied, “No doubt if
[Vitaquest] production & supply would have been steady, reliable and on-time – we would have sold more product
and generated more future sales and market growth for the product – which would have in turn directly resulted in
us placing additional Purchase Orders from you in 2011 – 2012.” (Id.)
10
Vitaquest also questions the certainty of such orders, especially because Gallant testified he had no knowledge
that Pharma Guri expected to purchase kosher VirMax on an ongoing, annual basis. (Gallant Dep. 125-26.)

5

NPS filed this action on February 8, 2013. Vitaquest moved to dismiss and for a more
definite statement. The court denied those motions on July 24, 2013. After completion of
discovery, Vitaquest moved for summary judgment on March 14, 2014. NPS cross-moved for
summary judgment on March 31, 2014. The court held a hearing on November 3, 2014.
ANALYSIS
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a) provides that summary judgment should be granted
“if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a) (emphasis added). Whether a fact
is material depends upon the substantive law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,
247-48 (1986). Accordingly, “the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the
parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment.” Id. “A
party opposing a properly supported motion for summary judgment ‘may not rest upon the mere
allegations or denials of [his] pleadings,’ but rather must ‘set forth specific facts showing that
there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Bouchat v. Baltimore Ravens Football Club, Inc., 346 F.3d
514, 522 (4th Cir. 2003) (alteration in original) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)). The court must
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant and draw all justifiable
inferences in his favor. Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007) (citation omitted); see also
Greater Baltimore Ctr. for Pregnancy Concerns, Inc. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore,
721 F.3d 264, 283 (4th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). At the same time, the court must not yield
its obligation “to prevent factually unsupported claims and defenses from proceeding to trial.”
Bouchat, 346 F.3d at 526 (citation and quotation marks omitted).
I. Breach of Contract Claim

6

To prevail on a breach of contract claim under Maryland law, “a plaintiff must prove that
the defendant owed the plaintiff a contractual obligation and that the defendant breached that
obligation.” Int’l Waste Indus. Corp. v. Cape Envtl. Mgmt., Inc., 988 F. Supp. 2d 542, 550 (D.
Md. 2013) (quoting Taylor v. NationsBank, N.A., 776 A.2d 645, 651 (Md. 2001)). Two
contractual obligations are at issue here: purchase order 688 and the ongoing supply agreement
NPS alleges existed between the parties. Vitaquest does not appear to dispute either that
purchase order 688 constituted a contractual obligation or that it subsequently failed, due to its
packing mistake, to fully perform that obligation.11 This “mistake” is unequivocally a breach of
purchase order 688. See, e.g., Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 235 cmt. b (1981) (“When
performance is due, however, anything short of full performance is a breach, even if the party
who does not fully perform was not at fault and even if the defect in his performance was not
substantial.”). Vitaquest claims, however, that NPS suffered no damages from this error, given
that Vitaquest did everything in its power to make NPS whole with respect to that specific
transaction.12 NPS disagrees, arguing Vitaquest breached not only purchase order 688, but also
an ongoing supply agreement, of which Vitaquest’s breach allegedly caused NPS to lose
substantial collateral profits. Thus, the parties’ remaining dispute centers on two issues: (1)
whether a contract other than purchase order 688 existed and (2) whether and to what extent NPS
suffered legally cognizable damages from Vitaquest’s breach. Each issue is addressed in turn.
11

Vitaquest concedes it made an “inadvertent packing error” when it “errantly included 36 cases of a different
product in a shipment of kosher VirMaxTM intended for Israel.” (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. 3, 4; Mooney Aff. ¶ 13-14.)
12
Vitaquest appears to press the argument that, because it can show NPS suffered no actual damages, Vitaquest
cannot be in breach of contract. (See, e.g., Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. 11 (“[T]his case is ripe for summary judgment as
NPS did not suffer any damages due to the alleged breach of purchase order 688.”).) This argument incorrectly
conflates the distinct issues of breach and actual damages. Under Maryland law, a plaintiff can prevail in a breach
of contract action even if she cannot prove actual damages. See Taylor, 776 A.2d at 651 (“[I]t is well settled that
where a breach of contract occurs, one may recover nominal damages even though he has failed to prove actual
damages.” (citations omitted)); see also Yacoubou v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 901 F. Supp. 2d 623, 627 (D. Md.
2012) (entering judgment in favor of plaintiff for nominal damages as to breach of contract claim, but entering
judgment in favor of defendant as to liability for actual damages on same claim). As explained further below, NPS
is entitled to nominal damages here.

7

A. Scope of Contractual Obligation(s)
The parties dispute the existence of a contractual obligation beyond purchase order 688.
NPS argues it entered into a “verbal manufacturing contract” under which Vitaquest was “the
contract manufacturer” for NPS and the “exclusive manufacturer” of the kosher version of
VirMax. (Mooney Aff. ¶ 9; Pl.’s Second Answers to Interrogs. #10; Pl.’s Opp’n 2.) In NPS’s
view, Vitaquest’s admitted mishandling of purchase order 688 therefore breached not only
purchase order 688 itself, but also a putative supply contract that the parties entered into orally.13
Vitaquest claims no such exclusive contract manufacturing relationship existed and, even if one
did, it would not comply with Maryland’s statute of frauds. Vitaquest is right.
As an initial matter, practically nothing in the record supports the existence of the
putative “verbal manufacturing contract” NPS repeatedly asserts. In fact, even NPS’s President
and CEO testified he was not aware of any production contract between the parties and that any
agreement between the parties “would refer back to the purchase order.” (Gallant Dep. 33-34.)
Vitaquest’s officer confirmed that no such “master contract” existed and that, instead, “the
parties worked on a purchase order by purchase order basis.” (Mooney Aff. ¶ 10.) NPS’s
contrary assertions in its briefs and at hearing are not sufficient to establish an overarching
manufacturing contract. Each purchase order constituted a separate contract.
Even if the record supported the fact that NPS tried to enter into an ongoing
manufacturing contract with Vitaquest, a valid contract was not formed. Under Maryland law,
contract formation requires “mutual assent (offer and acceptance), an agreement definite in its
terms, and sufficient consideration.” Spaulding v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 714 F.3d 769, 777

13

The existence of a separate contractual obligation is relevant in resolving the issue of damages. If purchase order
688 is the sole contract, then the scope of the damages inquiry is limited to damages flowing from breach of that
contract and only that contract. But if, as NPS claims, a more substantial, ongoing supply agreement existed
between the parties, that fact could expand the scope of damages to which NPS would be entitled.

8

(4th Cir. 2013) (quoting CTI/DC, Inc. v. Selective Ins. Co. of Am., 392 F.3d 114, 123 (4th Cir.
2004)) (quotation mark omitted). There is no evidence in the record that the alleged agreement
NPS proposed met any of these elements.14
Finally, even if an ongoing manufacturing contract had validly been formed, it, being
oral, would not comply with Maryland’s statute of frauds. Under section 2-201(1) of the
Maryland Code’s Commercial Article:
[A] contract for the sale of goods for the price of $500 or more is not enforceable
by way of action or defense unless there is some writing sufficient to indicate that
a contract for sale has been made between the parties and signed by the party
against whom enforcement is sought or by his authorized agent or broker.
Md. Code, Com. Law § 2-201. The putative contract that NPS alleges existed—as one for the
manufacture and sale of VirMax—clearly falls within the scope of section 2-201. Cf. Blank v.
Dubin, 267 A.2d 165, 167-68 (Md. 1970) (holding agreement to sell furniture on consignment
was outside statute of frauds). Even under NPS’s characterization of the agreement as one to
“formulate, manufacture, and prepare the product for shipment to a third party,” (Pl.’s Reply 3),
the agreement falls within section 2-201’s scope. See Orteck Int’l Inc., v. Transpacific Tire &
Wheel, Inc., 704 F. Supp. 2d 499, 513 (D. Md. 2010) (“Maryland [law] . . . defines ‘contract for
sale’ to include both a ‘present sale of goods and a contract to sell goods at a future time.’ It
follows therefrom that dealership or distributor contracts fall within the sales provisions of the
U.C.C.” (quoting Cavalier Mobile Homes, Inc. v. Liberty Homes, Inc., 454 A.2d 367, 376 (Md.
Ct. Spec. App. 1983))), aff’d per curiam, 457 F. App’x 256 (4th Cir. 2011). The parties agree
that this putative agreement was not reduced to a signed writing. So it cannot be enforced.
Accordingly, the scope of Vitaquest’s contractual obligation to NPS at issue in this
litigation is limited to purchase order 688. Because the record reflects that Vitaquest breached
14

Moreover, although NPS has not made this argument, the record does not support an implied-in-fact contract.

9

purchase order 688 by delivering less VirMax than specified in that contract,15 summary
judgment will be granted in favor of NPS on its breach of contract claim.
B. Damages Amount
The remaining issue is what amount of damages NPS is entitled to from Vitaquest’s
breach. Under Maryland law, a plaintiff injured by a breach of contract can recover actual
damages based on his expectation interest as measured by:
(a) the loss in the value to him of the other party’s performance caused by its
failure or deficiency, plus
(b) any other loss, including incidental or consequential loss, caused by the
breach, less
(c) any cost or other loss that he has avoided by not having to perform.
CR-RSC Tower I, LLC v. RSC Tower I, LLC, 56 A.3d 170, 182 (Md. 2012) (citing David Sloane,
Inc. v. Stanley G. House & Assocs., Inc., 532 A.2d 694, 697 (Md. 1987)). Maryland courts have
adopted the rule in Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Exch. 341 (1854), which distinguishes between
damages “which may fairly and reasonably be considered as arising naturally from the breach”
(what Maryland courts call “general damages”) and damages “which may reasonably be
supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties at the time of making of the contract”
(what Maryland courts call “special damages”). Burson v. Simard, 35 A.3d 1154, 1159 (Md.
2012) (quoting Addressograph-Multigraph Corp. v. Zink, 329 A.2d 28, 33-34 (Md. 1974)). To
recover actual damages, “they must be proved with reasonable certainty, and may not be based
on speculation or conjecture . . . .” Asibem Assocs., Ltd. v. Rill, 286 A.2d 160, 162 (Md. 1972)
(citation omitted).
If, however, a plaintiff cannot sufficiently prove actual damages, she is still entitled to
nominal damages. See Taylor, 776 A.2d at 651; Hooton v. Kenneth B. Mumaw Plumbing &

15

Vitaquest also appears to argue that its attempts to make NPS whole by crediting NPS’s account preclude a
finding of breach. Again, this argument conflates the issues of damages and breach.

10

Heating Co., 318 A.2d 514, 518 (Md. 1974) (reversing trial court’s grant of motion to dismiss
because “the court proceeded on the incorrect premise that a failure to prove damages compelled
a dismissal of the case” and noting that “[i]t is firmly established . . . that where a breach of
contract occurs, one may recover nominal damages even though he has failed to prove actual
damages”); see also PFB, LLC v. Trabich, 304 F. App’x 227, 228 (4th Cir. 2008)16 (holding,
under Maryland law, that “even though [plaintiff] failed to provide evidence sufficient to support
its claim for lost profits or out-of-pocket expenses, its cause of action for breach of contract
cannot fail as a matter of law because [plaintiff] is entitled to, at the very least, nominal damages,
if the fact-finder determines there was a breach”). The amount of a nominal damages award is “a
mere token” because it is “not compensation for loss or injury, but rather recognition of a
violation of rights.” Brown v. Smith, 920 A.2d 18, 30 (Md. 2007) (quoting Cummings v.
Connell, 402 F.3d 936, 943 (9th Cir. 2005)) (quotation mark omitted).
The parties hotly contest the actual damages issue. Vitaquest claims NPS has suffered no
actual damages whatsoever and that, even if it had, its failure to mitigate precludes recovery
from Vitaquest. NPS, on the other hand, claims to have lost profits not only from the product
missing from purchase order 688, but also from multiple future orders that Pharma Guri would
have placed had Vitaquest not botched purchase order 688. NPS also claims various damages
associated with the customs clearing process. A hearing on the issue of damages has, however,
clarified the material facts. For the reasons set forth below, NPS is not entitled to any actual
damages. Accordingly, NPS will be awarded only nominal damages.
1. General Damages
NPS is not entitled to general damages arising out of purchase order 688. General
damages are “those which may fairly and reasonably be considered as arising naturally from the
16

Unpublished opinions are cited for the soundness of their reasoning, not for their precedential value.

11

breach” itself. Addressograph-Multigraph Corp., 329 A.2d at 34. Such damages are calculated
as “the difference between the contract price and the fair market value at the time of breach.”
CR-RSC Tower I, LLC, 56 A.3d at 182 (quoting Burson, 35 A.3d at 1159) (quotation marks
omitted).
It is true that general damages arose out of Vitaquest’s breach. Although purchase order
688 required Vitaquest to deliver 137 cartons of VirMax, Vitaquest’s shipment contained only
101 cartons of VirMax. The loss in value NPS suffered from Vitaquest’s deficient performance
equals the difference between the price it would have received per unit from Pharma Guri
($4.60) and the price it cost to produce each unit ($1.22),17 multiplied by the number of missing
units (3,816). Thus, $12,898.08 is the general damages to which NPS would be entitled.
NPS, however, is not entitled to such general damages here because the record reflects
that Vitaquest already made NPS whole with respect to them. Specifically, Vitaquest presented
evidence that, shortly after discovering its error, Vitaquest credited NPS’s account by $19,950.31
(Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex. 10, Credit Memo, ECF No. 30-11)—almost $2,500 more than the
market value of the 3,816 missing units (that is, $17,553.60). And, although NPS previously
claimed in its briefing that Vitaquest had not made NPS whole for general damages arising out of
purchase order 688, NPS conceded at hearing that the credit sufficiently covered the general
damages at issue. Under these facts, NPS is not entitled to general damages.
Further supporting Vitaquest’s argument that NPS is not entitled to any general damages
is the principle of mitigation. Under Maryland law, a nonbreaching party must “make all
reasonable efforts to minimize the loss sustained from the breach” and can recover only those
damages it reasonably could not prevent. Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Rockville Pike Joint

17

Though NPS paid Vitaquest $1.16 per unit, the total unit cost includes the $0.059 it cost NPS to package each
unit. (Pl.’s Second Answers to Interrogs. #2.)

12

Venture, Ltd., 829 A.2d, 976, 990 (Md. 2003) (citing Sergeant Co. v. Pickett, 401 A.2d 651, 660
(Md. 1979)). Vitaquest has shown that NPS failed to mitigate here by refusing to accept the
missing 36 cartons of kosher VirMax Vitaquest offered to ship, at its own expense, to Pharma
Guri. (Mooney Aff. ¶ 14.) The law does not reward NPS for this refusal.
Because Vitaquest has already provided NPS the full amount of general damages to
which NPS would be entitled, the court will not award NPS any general damages for Vitaquest’s
breach of purchase order 688.
2. Special Damages
NPS maintains that Vitaquest’s breach of purchase order 688 also entitles it to special
damages in the form of collateral lost profits from two purchase orders it alleges Pharma Guri
would have placed with NPS but for Vitaquest’s breach.18 Vitaquest argues NPS is not entitled
to such lost profits on the grounds that NPS has not proven they were foreseeable or reasonably
certain. The court agrees with Vitaquest.
To recover lost profits under Maryland law, a plaintiff must prove three things: (1) “a
breach by the defendant was the cause of the loss”; (2) “when the contract was executed, the
defendant could have reasonably foreseen that a loss of profits would be a probable result of a
breach”; and (3) lost profits “can be proved with ‘reasonable certainty,’ as distinguished from
‘certainty.’” Impala Platinum Ltd. v. Impala Sales, Inc., 389 A.2d 887, 907 (Md. 1978) (quoting
M & R Contractors & Builders v. Michael, 138 A.2d 350, 353 (Md. 1958)). As the Maryland
Court of Appeals has recently noted, “the core question for consequential [lost profits] damages
is whether they were in the contemplation of the parties when they contracted.” CR-RSC Tower

18

Additionally, to the extent that NPS still seeks compensation for the customs and legal fees incurred in association
with Vitaquest’s breach of purchase order 688, Vitaquest’s credit adequately covers those expenses.

13

I, LLC, 56 A.3d at 188. Thus, “consequential lost profits are calculated with reference to what
the parties can reasonably be said to have anticipated when they entered into the contract.” Id.
Here, Vitaquest has presented evidence showing that the lost profits NPS seeks to recover
were neither foreseeable nor reasonably certain. Perhaps most significantly, Vitaquest has
demonstrated the absence of a supply contract between NPS and Vitaquest. As was made clear
at hearing, absent a purchase order—that NPS sent and Vitaquest subsequently accepted—
Vitaquest was in no way bound to make any kosher VirMax for NPS. Likewise, absent a
binding purchase order, NPS was in no way bound to place future purchase orders with
Vitaquest. Each party was free to walk away from the other once it had completed its obligations
under each individual purchase order. Under these facts, NPS may not recover collateral lost
profits. Cf. Impala Platinum Ltd., 389 A.2d at 891-93, 908 (affirming trial court ruling that
allowed purchaser to recover damages for lost profits from seller who breached a supply contract
that existed between the parties).
Although the absence of a supply contract is not necessarily dispositive to the inquiry,
additional facts support the conclusion that these alleged lost profits were neither foreseeable nor
reasonably certain. First, purchase order 688—and, for that matter, all of the purchase orders
NPS placed with Vitaquest—never included expectations of any additional future orders. Thus,
NPS’s claimed future purchase orders simply were not “in the contemplation of the parties when
they contracted.” CR-RSC Tower I, LLC, 56 A.3d at 188. Second, NPS had no preexisting
purchase orders with Pharma Guri at the time of breach.19 The absence of any preexisting

19

It is true that NPS solicited a post hoc email from Pharma Guri in which Pharma Guri stated it would have placed
additional orders with NPS. But that mere expression of intent did not evidence a contract. Furthermore, though a
binding distribution agreement existed between the parties, section 3.2 of that agreement makes clear that the parties
worked on a purchase order-by-purchase order basis. (See Distribution and Sales Agreement 2 (“Orders for
Products shall be submitted on [Pharma Guri]’s written purchase order . . . . All orders are subject to acceptance by
[NPS] in its sole discretion, and [NPS] may reject any order in whole or in part at any time.”).)

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collateral contract makes it difficult to conclude that NPS’s lost profits were reasonably certain.
See Hoang v. Hewitt Ave. Assocs., LLC, 936 A.2d 915, 939 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2007) (noting
that Maryland courts have “approved the recovery of collateral lost profits upon proof by the
plaintiff that the collateral contracts with third parties already were in hand at the time of the
breach.” (emphasis added)).20 Third, NPS had, at the time of breach, already become so
dissatisfied with Vitaquest’s shipping errors that it had brought Arnet into the picture as “the
manufacturer” of VirMax. (Arnet Letter to Ministry of Health, at 2 (emphasis added).)

That

NPS was already expecting to place its future orders with Arnet further belies NPS’s claim to
lost profits from Vitaquest. Fourth, the record reflects a clear absence of reasonable certainty
over the amount of profits NPS allegedly lost. NPS originally sought damages for four alleged
lost purchase orders, then reduced that number to three. NPS now seeks lost profits for two such
orders. This vacillation evidences a lack of reasonable certainty. Moreover, NPS’s CEO himself
affirmed that he had never discussed with Pharma Guri any expectations regarding the number of
purchase orders that would be placed each year. (Gallant Dep. 125-26.) Instead, NPS’s sole
“proof” that Pharma Guri would have placed additional orders came from a single post hoc
declaration solicited from Pharma Guri. NPS’s alleged losses are too “speculative, hypothetical,
remote, [and] contingent” to be recoverable. Hoang, 936 A.2d at 935.
Accordingly, NPS is not entitled to special damages in the form of collateral lost profits
from the future orders it claims Pharma Guri would have placed.

20

To the extent that NPS relies on Hoang for the proposition that “proof of already-existing collateral resale
contracts” is not “necessary to the recovery of collateral lost profits,” 936 A.2d at 943, that reliance is misplaced.
The Hoang court expressly noted that “[r]eal estate is unique, and certainly is not fungible as are products sold under
standing supply contracts. In the case of sales of non-unique products such as minerals and medicines, distributors
can secure resale contracts before entering into supply contracts.” Id. In fact, the court appeared to be
distinguishing the facts in Hoang from a series of “breach of contract cases not involving the sale of real estate,” in
which proof of a preexisting collateral contract was a primary, if not necessary, element. Id. at 939 (emphasis
added). Accordingly, if NPS seeks to recover collateral lost profits here, where it distributes a fungible product, it
has a higher bar to meet than that deemed met in Hoang. NPS has not met that bar.

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***
Because NPS has not met its burden of proving actual damages—either general or
special—the court will award NPS nominal damages in the amount of one dollar ($1.00).
II. Negligence Claim
NPS maintains that, even if it cannot prove its breach of contract claim, it has proven a
claim of negligence. Vitaquest objects on the ground that Maryland law does not let a party
pursue a negligence claim arising solely out of a breach of contract and, alternatively, that NPS
has not demonstrated that Vitaquest owed NPS any tort duty. Vitaquest’s argument prevails.
Under Maryland law, “[a] contractual obligation, by itself, does not create a tort duty.”
Mesmer v. Maryland Auto. Ins. Fund, 725 A.2d 1053, 1058 (Md. 1999); see also Heckrotte v.
Riddle, 168 A.2d 879, 882 (Md. 1961) (“The mere negligent breach of a contract . . . is not
enough to sustain an action sounding in tort.”). This principle applies “even when the failure to
perform the contract results from the defendant’s negligence.” Jones v. Hyatt Ins. Agency, Inc.,
741 A.2d 1099, 1107 (Md. 1999) (citations omitted).
But this principle does have an exception: “[W]hen an independent duty accompanies a
contractual obligation, that independent duty may give rise to a tort action.” Lawyers Title Ins.
Corp. v. Rex Title Corp., 282 F.3d 292, 294 (4th Cir. 2002). In deciding whether such a duty
exists, courts consider (1) “the nature of the harm likely to result from a failure to exercise due
care” and (2) “the relationship that exists between the parties.” Jacques v. First Nat’l Bank of
Md., 515 A.2d 756, 759 (Md. 1986). Maryland courts have recognized such an independent duty
in various contexts, including those involving vulnerable parties, professional occupations, and
principal-agent relationships. See Jacques, 515 A.2d at 762 (imposing tort duty on bank that
processed loan application for customer “particularly vulnerable and dependent upon the Bank’s

16

exercise of due care”); id. at 763 (“The law generally recognizes a tort duty of due care arising
from contractual dealings with professionals such as physicians, attorneys, architects, and public
accountants.”); Popham v. State Farm Mut. Ins. Co., 634 A.2d 28, 36 (Md. 1993) (“It is well
settled in Maryland that, like conventional agents, an insurance agent must exercise reasonable
care and skill in performing his duties.” (quoting Bogley v. Middleton Tavern, 421 A.2d 571, 573
(Md. 1980)) (quotation marks omitted)).
No such independent duty accompanies Vitaquest’s contractual obligation to NPS. NPS
attempts to paints its relationship with Vitaquest as one of a “specialty nature,” involving the
“specialty formulation and manufacture of dietary supplements and vitamins sold for human
consumption.” (Pl.’s Opp’n 13.) But this framing is too charitable for what is otherwise a plain
vanilla manufacturing relationship between “sophisticated parties in positions of equal
bargaining strength.” Martin Marietta Corp. v. Int’l Telecomms. Satellite Org., 763 F. Supp.
1327, 1332 (D. Md. 1991), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 991 F.2d 98 (4th Cir. 1992). The parties’
relationship in no way resembles the unique contexts noted above. Recognizing a tort duty here
would be erasing “the fundamental distinction between claims in tort and claims in contract.” Id.
at 1331; see also 21st Century Properties Co. v. Carpenter Insulation & Coatings Co., 694 F.
Supp. 148, 150 (D. Md. 1988) (“The starting point for analysis is the principle that, as a general
matter, the relationship of parties in privity . . . should be defined by contract rather than tort
law.”). Accordingly, NPS may not continue to press its negligence claim.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, Vitaquest’s motion for summary judgment will be granted
in part and denied in part and NPS’s cross-motion for summary judgment will be granted in part
and denied in part. Specifically, judgment will be entered in favor of NPS as to its breach of

17

contract claim, but NPS will be awarded only nominal damages in the amount of one dollar
($1.00). And judgment will be entered in favor of Vitaquest as to (1) liability for actual damages
for the breach of contract claim and (2) NPS’s negligence claim.
A separate Order follows.

November 13, 2014
Date

/S/
Catherine C. Blake
United States District Judge

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