Al-Sabah v. Agbodjogbe et al

Filing 191

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Stephanie A. Gallagher on 12/3/2019. (bas, Deputy Clerk)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MARYLAND
ALIA SALEM AL-SABAH,

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Plaintiff,
v.
JEAN AGBODJOGBE, et al.,
Defendants.
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Civil Case No. SAG-17-730

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MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Alia Salem Al-Sabah (“Al-Sabah”) filed a nine-count Amended Complaint against
Defendants Jean Agbodjogbe (“Agbodjogbe”), Nandi Scott (“Scott”), N&A Kitchen, LLC (“N&A
Kitchen”), N&A Kitchen II, LLC (“N&A Kitchen II”), 5722 York Road, LLC (“5722 York
Road”), 9 Jewels, LLC (“9 Jewels”), and ASA Foundation, Inc. (“ASA Foundation”). ECF 76.
On January 3, 2018, after receiving permission from both Al-Sabah and the Court, Defendant
Agbodjogbe filed a Counterclaim against Al-Sabah.1 ECF 85; see ECF 77 (consent motion); ECF
80 (Order granting the consent motion). The case was transferred to my docket on September 20,
2019. Before the Court are Al-Sabah’s Motion in Limine, ECF 163, and Defendants’ four Motions
in Limine, ECF 165 to 168. I have reviewed each Motion and the related Oppositions and Replies
thereto. See ECF 173 to 176, ECF 178 to 184. No hearing is necessary. See Loc. R. 105.6 (D.
Md. 2018). For the reasons that follow, Al-Sabah’s Motion will be granted in part and denied in

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The Counterclaim is only publicly available in redacted form. See ECF 85. The full, unredacted
Counterclaim remains filed under seal. ECF 78; see ECF 87 (allowing the unredacted
Counterclaim to remain sealed). Some of Defendants’ Motions, however, implicate facts alleged
in the unredacted Counterclaim. See ECF 77. Accordingly, the Court has redacted portions of this
Opinion, with the parties’ consent, pursuant to the Protective Order entered in this case. See ECF
65. An unredacted copy of this Opinion remains filed under seal. See ECF 189.

part. Three of Defendants’ Motions will be denied, but their motion to exclude the existence of a
judgment in favor of Plaintiff against Defendant Agbodjogbe will be granted.
I.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Al-Sabah, a citizen and resident of Kuwait with a history of engaging in charitable

ventures, visited her daughter in Baltimore, Maryland, on or about June 30, 2014. ECF 76, ¶¶ 2,
13. During her stay, Al-Sabah visited Agbodjogbe’s restaurant, Nailah’s Kitchen, and purchased
$8,000 in Halal food for a local mosque whose kitchen had burned down. Id. ¶¶ 13-14. That
chance encounter allegedly blossomed into a friendship, and eventually into a legal partnership.
Id. ¶¶ 15-20. Specifically, Al-Sabah alleges that she entered into an agreement with Agbodjogbe
to purchase a fifty percent ownership stake in Nailah’s Kitchen in exchange for $150,000. Id. ¶¶
16-19. Under this arrangement, Al-Sabah’s profit share would be donated to charity. Id. ¶ 16. AlSabah allegedly agreed, and the two formed the new partnership, N&A Kitchen, by September,
2014. Id. ¶¶ 18-20. Al-Sabah alleges that she and Agbodjogbe executed two agreements, one
being the “Articles of Organization and Operating Agreement,” and the other being an agreement
“regarding [Al-Sabah’s] capital contribution to N&A Kitchen.” Id. ¶¶ 18-19.
Just one month later, however, Agbodjogbe allegedly began “engaging in a fraudulent
scheme to misappropriate millions of dollars from [Al-Sabah] while purporting to facilitate her
personal investments and charitable endeavors.” Id. ¶ 22. From October, 2014 until approximately
the spring of 2016, Agbodjogbe proposed various real estate “investment” opportunities to AlSabah as a means of raising more money for charitable causes. Id. ¶¶ 23-41.
For instance, from October, 2014 to January, 2015, Al-Sabah allegedly wired Agbodjogbe
over $3 million to purchase a number of properties in West Baltimore. Id. ¶ 26. However, AlSabah alleges that Agbodjogbe purchased these properties with entities that Agbodjogbe

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organized, and that Al-Sabah had no ownership stake in, meaning Al-Sabah owned none of the
West Baltimore properties. Id. ¶¶ 29, 32. Al-Sabah claims that Agbodjogbe, through a number of
the corporate defendants, took out mortgages on the West Baltimore properties, but used none of
the funds to rehabilitate or otherwise improve those properties. Id. ¶¶ 31-32. Agbodjogbe also
allegedly used money Al-Sabah wired to him to renovate those properties to, instead, purchase a
personal residence for himself at 103 Mount Wilson Lane, Pikesville, Maryland 21208 (“the 103
Mount Wilson Lane property”). Id. ¶¶ 30, 92-93. By the spring of 2016, Al-Sabah grew suspicious
of Agbodjogbe and requested, with little success, documentation from Agbodjogbe for
uncompleted property improvements and transactions completed on Al-Sabah’s behalf. Id. ¶ 41.
Then, in July, 2016, Al-Sabah received a voicemail from Nandi Scott, Agbodjogbe’s wife,
stating that the two were “experiencing financial difficulties and that they were at risk of losing
their home.” Id. ¶ 42; ECF 138 at 16. Scott requested $350,000 from Al-Sabah to prevent
Agbodjogbe and Scott from losing their home. ECF 76, ¶ 42. Despite her suspicions, Al-Sabah,
through one of her charities, loaned Agbodjogbe $150,000 interest free. ECF 76, ¶ 43; ECF 138
at 11-12. No payments were ever made on that loan. ECF 76, ¶ 43; ECF 138 at 14. Al-Sabah
alleges that Scott was also a party to that oral contract. ECF 76, ¶ 43.
Al-Sabah seeks to recover “nearly” $6,000,000 from Defendant Agbodjogbe and his “coconspirators” under eight claims for monetary relief: Fraudulent Misrepresentation (Count I);
Fraudulent Concealment (Count II); Conversion (Count III); Civil Conspiracy (Count IV);
Detrimental Reliance (Count V); Unjust Enrichment (Count VI); Breach of Contract (Count VII);
and Breach of Agency Duties (Count VIII). Id. ¶¶ 1, 46-89. Count IX of the Amended Complaint
seeks a Declaratory Judgment against Defendants Agbodjogbe, N&A Kitchen, LLC, 9 Jewels,
LLC, and 5722 York Road, LLC to determine ownership of N&A Kitchen II, LLC, 9 Jewels, LLC,

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5722 York Road, LLC, and the ASA Foundation, Inc., as well as ownership of the assets of N&A
Kitchen, LLC and the 103 Mt. Wilson Lane property. Id. ¶ 93. On January 14, 2019, Judge
Hollander granted Al-Sabah’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Count VII against
Defendant Agbodjogbe, finding that he breached his contractual obligation to pay back the
$150,000 loan Al-Sabah made to him in July, 2016. ECF 138 at 11-14.
Defendant Agbodjogbe filed a counterclaim against Al-Sabah on January 3, 2018. ECF
85; see ECF 78 (unredacted sealed Counterclaim).

ECF 78, ¶ 23.

Id. ¶¶ 25-26. According to Agbodjogbe, Al-Sabah told him on May 21,
2015, “that she desired for her contributions to their various ventures [to] continue to be received
by him as gifts.” Id. ¶ 27. He also alleges that Al-Sabah “renounced any interest” she had in N&A
Kitchen, 9 Jewels, and “all of the business and property ventures” that she was involved in with
Agbodjogbe. Id. ¶ 28. Agbodjogbe claims that no dispute between he and Al-Sabah arose until
September, 2016, and that only since then has Al-Sabah claimed that
Agbodjogbe’s business dealings on her behalf were improper. Id. ¶¶ 46-49. Agbodjogbe seeks an
unspecified amount of damages under three claims for relief: Negligent Misrepresentation (Count
I); Unjust Enrichment (Count II); and Quantum Meruit (Count III). Id. ¶¶ 50-68.
II.

LEGAL STANDARDS
Typically, pretrial motions in limine seek to exclude prejudicial evidence before it is

offered at trial. Changzhou Kaidi Elec. Co., Ltd. v. Okin Am., Inc., 102 F. Supp. 3d 740, 745 (D.
Md. 2015) (quoting Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38, 40 n.2 (1984)). These motions allow the

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Court to avoid “lengthy argument at, or interruption of, the trial.” Banque Hypothecaire Du
Canton De Geneve v. Union Mines, Inc., 652 F. Supp. 1400, 1401 (D. Md. 1987); see also
Changzhou Kaidi, 102 F. Supp. 3d at 745 (“[Motions in limine] are ‘designed to narrow the
evidentiary issues for trial and to eliminate unnecessary trial interruptions.’” (quoting Louzon v.
Ford Motor Co., 718 F.3d 556, 561 (6th Cir. 2013))). Motions in limine further promote judicial
efficiency by preserving the issues raised for appeal and eliminating the need for parties to renew
their objections at trial, “just so long as the movant has clearly identified the ruling sought and the
trial court has ruled upon it.” United States v. Williams, 81 F.3d 1321, 1325 (4th Cir. 1996); see
Fed. R. Evid. 103(a); cf. R. 103(a) advisory committee’s note to 2000 amendment (acknowledging
that Rule 103(a) “applies to all rulings on evidence . . . including so-called “in limine” rulings”).
Generally, courts should grant a motion in limine “only when the evidence is clearly
inadmissible on all potential grounds.” Dorman v. Anne Arundel Med. Ctr., No. MJG-15-1102,
2018 WL 2431859, at *1 (D. Md. May 30, 2018) (quoting Emami v. Bolden, 241 F. Supp. 3d 673,
681 (E.D. Va. 2017)). Ultimately, rulings on these motions fall within the Court’s “broad
discretion.” Kauffman v. Park Place Hospitality Grp., 468 F. App’x 220, 222 (4th Cir. 2012); see
also United States v. Johnson, 617 F.3d 286, 292 (4th Cir. 2010) (noting that evidentiary rulings
fall within a trial court’s discretion).
III.

ANALYSIS
A.

Plaintiff’s Motion in Limine to Preclude Evidence or Argument Regarding
Any Alleged DNA Testing, and Seeking Sanctions Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
1927, ECF 163
1.

The Motion to Exclude

Plaintiff first seeks to exclude the results of a DNA test purportedly conducted by
Defendants

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ECF 163 at 1-2,
, ECF 78, ¶¶ 23-30. According to Plaintiff, the results of the test “were muddled
and unilluminating, at best.” ECF 163 at 2. Former defense counsel considered serving a motion
to compel Plaintiff to provide a DNA sample for comparison purposes, but the motion was not
pursued. Id. Plaintiff argues that without an expert designated to testify about the results, the
results are inadmissible, since there is no one to lay a proper foundation for their admission. Id. at
4. Plaintiff also argues that the results are irrelevant, inadmissible hearsay, and prejudicial. Id. at
4-5. Defendants acknowledge that they have not designated a DNA expert to testify at trial. ECF
178 at 2, ¶ 3. Nonetheless, Defendants assert the DNA results are admissible because “[i]t is
impossible for the Defendants’ [sic] to tell prior to trial that there may be no circumstance where
the DNA testing that was undertaken in this cause may be mentioned or referenced by any
witness.” Id.
Federal Rules of Evidence 701 and 702 draw a “critical distinction” between lay witness
and expert witness testimony: under Rule 702, an expert witness “must possess some specialized
knowledge or skill or education that is not in the possession of the jurors.” Certain Underwriters
at Lloyd’s, London v. Sinkovich, 232 F.3d 200, 203 (4th Cir. 2000) (quoting KENNETH R. REDDEN
& STEPHEN A. SALTZBURG, FEDERAL RULES OF EVIDENCE MANUAL 225 (1975)); see Fed. R. Evid.
702. Rule 701, on the other hand, only allows lay witnesses to express opinions “on the basis of
relevant historical or narrative facts that the witness has perceived.” MCI Telecomm. Corp. v.
Wanzer, 897 F.2d 703, 706 (4th Cir. 1990) (quoting Teen-Ed, Inc. v. Kimball In’l, Inc., 620 F.2d
399, 403 (3d Cir. 1980)); see Fed. R. Evid. 701.
DNA evidence, with all of its scientific complexities and nuances, simply is not the type
of evidence that lay witnesses can competently testimony about. See, e.g., United States v. Davis,

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602 F. Supp. 2d 658, 661-63 (D. Md. 2009) (applying Rule 702 to a motion in limine to suppress
DNA evidence). The knowledge needed to competently testify about

were

tested, and the test results’ significance, is “beyond the realm of common experience” and
“require[s] the special skill and knowledge of an expert witness.” Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s,
232 F.3d at 203 (quoting Randolph v. Collectramatic, Inc., 590 F.2d 844, 846 (10th Cir. 1979)).
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require parties to disclose which, if any, experts will
testify in their case-in-chief “at least 90 days before the date set for trial,” or otherwise in
accordance with the Court-issued schedule. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(D)(i). According to the most
recent Scheduling Order in this matter, Defendants’ Rule 26(a)(2) disclosures were due on May 7,
2018. ECF 89 at 2. To date, Defendants have not designated an expert in DNA testing. ECF 178
at 2, ¶ 3. Further, Defendants have not provided any “substantial justification” for this failure, or
even asked the Court for an extension of the expert designation deadline to do so. See Fed. R. Civ.
P. 37(c)(1).

Accordingly, Plaintiff’s Motion to exclude the DNA test will be granted. The

Defendants and their witnesses are precluded from making any mention of the DNA testing, or
any results of such testing, at trial. See id.; Steele v. Kenner, 129 F. App’x 777, 780 (4th Cir.
2005).
2.

The Motion for Sanctions

Plaintiff also seeks sanctions under 29 U.S.C. § 1927. Section 1927 permits, but does not
require, the Court to award costs, expenses, and reasonable attorneys’ fees incurred where an
attorney acts to “multipl[y] the proceedings . . . unreasonably and vexatiously.” Plaintiff points to
the fact that she, through her counsel, reached out to defense counsel numerous times to work out
a stipulation to prevent Plaintiff from having to file this Motion in Limine. ECF 163 at 2-4; see
ECF 163-1 to -4. She asserts that defense counsel’s failure to substantively engage in these

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discussions served “no purpose . . . other than the vexatious infliction of unnecessary expense on
Plaintiff and unwarranted waste of the Court’s time and attention.” ECF 163 at 6.
Plaintiff’s argument is unpersuasive. Sanctions under § 1927 are designed to “limit[] the
abuse of court processes.” Roadway Express, Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 762 (1980). Before
imposing § 1927 sanctions, the Court must find that Defendants’ counsel acted in bad faith, either
subjectively or objectively. United States ex rel. Union Light & Power Co. v. CamCo Constr. Co.,
221 F. Supp. 2d 630, 634 (D. Md. 2002); Thomas v. Treasury Mgmt. Ass’n, Inc., 158 F.R.D. 364,
371 (D. Md. 1994). To be sure, the Court does not condone Defendants’ actions in taking the
meritless position they did in contesting Plaintiff’s Motion, and, in their own words, acting with
“sloppiness and a lack of communication.” ECF 178 at 4. However, the Court cannot find that
Defendants’ conduct rises to the level of vexatiously multiplying the proceedings, such as to justify
imposing an attorneys’ fees award. See, e.g., ECF 161 at 11 (Judge Hollander’s Opinion in this
case denying Plaintiff’s § 1927 sanctions request for filing the frivolous Objection to Judge
Copperthite’s Order on Defendants’ spoliation claims); Shank v. Eagle Techs., Inc., No. RWT-102231, 2013 WL 4442033, at *9-14 (D. Md. Aug. 15, 2013) (awarding § 1927 sanctions for
plaintiffs’ counsel’s seven-month refusal to settle or voluntarily dismiss those plaintiffs’ claims
because, at the end of discovery and after the entry of partial summary judgment against the
plaintiffs, counsel “knew or should have known [that] their remaining clients’ claims lacked merit”
and that those claims were of “nominal value[]” at best), report and recommendation adopted,
2013 WL 5487865 (D. Md. Sept. 30, 2013); Davis v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., No. PJM-09-162,

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2010 WL 1245775, at *3-4 (D. Md. Mar. 26, 2010) (imposing § 1927 sanctions because a lawyer
relied on forged documents and perjured testimony in a summary judgment opposition brief).2
B.

Defendants’ Motion in Limine #1 to Exclude Any Evidence or Reference
About Defendant Jean Agbodjogbe’s Relationship with Ndeye Bolo Fall, ECF
165

Defendants’ first motion seeks to exclude all evidence referring to a purported relationship
between Defendant Agbodjogbe and Ndeye Bolo Fall. ECF 165. Agbodjogbe claims that Ms.
Fall was an employee of Nailah’s Kitchen. ECF 176-1 at 12 (Agbodjogbe Dep.). Defendants
argue that Ms. Fall offers no potentially relevant evidence to the case, and that the only purpose
her testimony could serve is to improperly prejudice the Defendants. ECF 165 at 4.
Federal Rule of Evidence 401 defines relevant evidence as that which “has any tendency
to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence” and “is of consequence
in determining the action.” Rule 403, however, requires the exclusion of relevant evidence “if its
probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice, confusing the
issues, misleading the jury, [or] undue delay.”

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As a final note, the Court discovered patently obvious plagiarism by defense counsel, James
Sweeting III, Esq. Almost two and a half pages of Defendants’ Response, ECF 178 at 4-6, is
copied and pasted from the case Amlong & Amlong, P.A. v. Denny’s Inc., 500 F.3d 1230 (11th Cir.
2007). The first clues Mr. Sweeting left were several suspicious sentences starting with phrases
like, “As a panel of this Court observed,” and “We have consistently held.” ECF 178 at 4-5.
Further, the paragraph on page 6 ends with the following (unfinished) sentence: “For example, in
Cruz v. Savage, 896 F.2d 626 (1st Cir. 1990),[.]” Id. at 6. Perhaps the most obvious clue, however,
was counsel’s choice to leave Westlaw’s star pagination indicator from Amlong & Amlong in
Defendants’ Response. See id. at 6 (containing the phrase “the district court *1240 must
compare”). While Mr. Sweeting ultimately cited to Amlong & Amlong, the citation dubiously
appeared in the middle of a sentence two pages into the plagiarized material, and did not reflect
the extent to which the case’s language had been copied. See id. In the end, the Court does not
feel that this conduct warrants sanctions or referral to the disciplinary committee. However, the
Court reminds Mr. Sweeting that, while it does not expect an attorney’s work product to conform
to every nuanced Bluebook case citation convention, it expects that counsel, at bare minimum, will
properly attribute the sources of his arguments, especially when using verbatim quotations.
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As alleged in the Amended Complaint, Defendants Agbodjogbe and Nandi Scott are
married. ECF 76, ¶ 66. Agbodjogbe’s Counterclaim alleges that,
, on September 12, 2016, Agbodjogbe flew from Senegal to Dubai
to meet Al-Sabah in Dubai at her request. ECF 78, ¶ 45. While there, Agbodjogbe alleges that he
and Al-Sabah had a “disagreement,” and that their relationship “deteriorated.” Id. ¶ 46.
On October 23, 2016, when Al-Sabah was “beginning to consider whether Agbodjogbe
might be a fraud,” Al-Sabah claims that her daughter received a call from Agbodjogbe indicating
that he needed “everybody to leave [him] alone right now” because he was dealing with a “personal
issue.” ECF 176 at 5; ECF 176-1 at 117-18. That personal issue, according to Agbodjogbe, was
a $20,000 debt he owed to one Renwick Bass – Mr. Bass was allegedly threatening and harassing
Agbodjogbe at his restaurant. ECF 176-1 at 21-22.
Plaintiff, however, proffers that this personal issue related to Ms. Fall. Plaintiff, relying on
Agbodjogbe’s deposition testimony,

at that time. Id. at 35. Agbodjogbe further testified that he was with Ms. Fall in August, 2016
when
however,

. Id. at 34-35. Ms. Fall,
, which happened either in September or November, 2016. Id. at 35,

41. Agbodjogbe testified that the

was “a major trauma” for them both. Id. at 35, 39.

Plaintiff finally proffers that Agbodjogbe is financially supporting Ms. Fall – Agbodjogbe testified

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that, beginning in May, 2016, he had an apartment at the Towson Promenade, Unit 5138, id. at 5,
and Ms. Fall testified at her September 13, 2018 deposition that she then lived in Unit 5138 at the
Towson Promenade, ECF 176-2 at 3, 6.
The parties previously litigated a discovery dispute concerning Ms. Fall before Judge
Copperthite. See ECF 100 (Plaintiff’s Motion); ECF 107 (Defendants’ Opposition); ECF 110
(Plaintiff’s Reply). Plaintiff sought reconsideration of Judge Copperthite’s previous ruling, ECF
64, denying Plaintiff from inquiring whether Agbodjogbe
. ECF 100-1 at 3; see ECF 64 at 5. In his later ruling
that discovery into Agbodjogbe’s interactions with Ms. Fall (then identified as “Jane Doe”) could
proceed in light of evidence discovered since that first ruling, Judge Copperthite aptly reasoned:
The evidence sought is relevant because it relates to the purpose and use of funds
obtained from Plaintiff and is also relevant to the credibility issues Plaintiff
presents. What is abundantly clear in this litigation is that someone is not being
truthful. . . . Credibility is crucial here, even more so than most cases because the
parties admit the lack of a “grey” area where the truth is somewhere in the middle.
What is also apparent to the Court is that the alleged other relationship between
Defendant and [Ms. Fall] was occurring during the critical times of the events
giving rise to this litigation.

ECF 114 at 1.
Of course, evidence need not be admissible to be discoverable under the Federal Rules.
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). Yet for similar reasons that Judge Copperthite previously elucidated,
the evidence regarding Ms. Fall remains relevant for trial purposes. See ECF 114 at 1. First,
Defendants are correct that Agbodjogbe’s alleged relationship with Ms. Fall
, ECF 184 at 2, 5.

But whether Ms. Fall’s alleged

was the “personal issue” Agbodjogbe was dealing with in October, 2016, or whether
it was the debt he allegedly owes, bears on Agbodjogbe’s credibility.
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Second, Al-Sabah denies

, having

requested him to come to

Dubai in September,

2016. See ECF 90, ¶¶ 26-27, 44-47 (Al-Sabah’s Answer to Agbodjogbe’s Counterclaim); ECF
176 at 1
. Agbodjogbe testified at his deposition that he was with Ms. Fall in August,
2016 when

, and Agbodjogbe’s credit card was used for her
. ECF 176-1 at 33-35. Thus, these facts could allow a factfinder

to doubt Agbodjogbe’s alleged story about meeting Al-Sabah in Dubai in that same month.
Defendants’ prejudice arguments also fail. While the parties will need to ensure that this
three-week jury trial does not turn into a trial on Agbodjogbe’s
Counterclaim

, Agbodjogbe’s

. Given the weighty probative value

of the evidence, as described above, the Court cannot find that Ms. Fall’s possible testimony, or
any testimony regarding Agbodjogbe’s relationship with Ms. Fall, presents a danger of confusing
or misleading the jury, or prejudicing any Defendant, that substantially outweighs the evidence’s
probative value. Therefore, Defendants’ first motion will be denied.3
C.

Defendants’ Motion in Limine #2 to Exclude Any Evidence or Reference
About the Purported Agreement Between All Members of N&A Kitchen, LLC
Dated September 2, 2014, and for Imposition of Sanctions, ECF 166

Next, Defendants seek to exclude “any evidence or reference about” a partnership
agreement executed between the purported members of N&A Kitchen, LLC. ECF 166 at 1-6. The
Motion concerns four photographs that Al-Sabah took of an N&A Kitchen operating agreement,

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Defendants also argue, in their Reply, that evidence regarding Ms. Fall is improper character
evidence as to Agbodjogbe and must be excluded under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). ECF
184 at 5-6. Because this argument comes for the first time in the Reply, I decline to address it.
See Clawson v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc., 451 F. Supp. 2d 731, 734 (D. Md. 2006).
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but later deleted during the course of litigation. Id. at 2-5. Because of this, Defendants now seek
to exclude the document attached to their Motion as ECF 166-1: the N&A Kitchen partnership
agreement. ECF 166 at 6-8. There are no facts, let alone law, to support this position.
Just months ago, Defendants raised this very same issue in the context of a motion for
sanctions against Al-Sabah, arguing that her deleting the four photos of the N&A Kitchen
Operating Agreement constituted spoliation. ECF 147. Not one, but two federal judges, denied
that motion. ECF 151 (Judge Copperthite’s Order); ECF 161-62 (Judge Hollander’s Opinion and
Order denying Defendants’ Objection to Judge Copperthite’s Order).

As Judge Hollander

reiterated, Defendants failed to explain how they were prejudiced by the loss of the photographs
depicting the Operating Agreement “given that [Defendants] possess PDF versions and, more
important, the executed agreement itself.” ECF 161 at 8. Indeed, because Judge Hollander agreed
with Judge Copperthite’s finding that the spoliation motion was “frivolous” on the merits, Judge
Hollander awarded Plaintiff her attorneys’ fees incurred in litigating the Objection. Id. at 11.
Al-Sabah states that she has produced an executed copy of both the Partnership and
Operating Agreements to Defendants. ECF 174 at 6; see ECF 174-10 (executed Operating
Agreement with the word “DRAFT” appearing on each page); ECF 174-11 (executed Partnership
Agreement). Defendants have not shown how Al-Sabah’s failure to produce the pictures of the
Operating Agreement – which this Court has ruled did not prejudice Defendants – requires the
Court to now exclude any mention of the Partnership Agreement, a separate document. This
argument is contrary to the facts that this Court has already (twice) found, and is wholly
unsupported by law. The Motion, and the accompanying request for sanctions, must be denied.

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D.

Defendants’ Motion in Limine #3 to Exclude Any Evidence or Reference to the
Purported Email Attributed to Defendant Nandi A. Scott, ECF 167

Next, Defendants seek to exclude “any evidence or reference” to an email written by
Defendant Scott to Al-Sabah on July 13, 2016 (“the Scott email”), including (1) the email’s
existence, (2) the email’s contents, and (3) “the circumstances under which the email was drafted.”
ECF 167 at 1-2. Defendants argue that the email is irrelevant and only offered to “prejudice,
harass, embarrass, and intimidate Defendants.” Id. at 4. Conversely, Al-Sabah argues that the
Scott email “is patently relevant and material evidence of the Defendants’ coordinated scheme to
further the fraud perpetrated on Plaintiff even after she had told Defendant Agbodjogbe that she
would send him no more money.” ECF 173 at 6. Defendants reply that the Scott email, at most,
is relevant only to issues that the Court already decided in its ruling on Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial
Summary Judgment. ECF 173 at 2-3; see ECF 138 at 11-14 (granting Plaintiff’s Motion as to
Count VII of the Amended Complaint for Breach of Contract).
In the Scott email, Scott explains to Al-Sabah that her husband, Agbodjogbe, “took out a
loan against our home last year when he partnered with [Al-Sabah] to do Nailah[’s] at York [R]oad.
. . . And now he has defaulted on the loan and if not paid by Friday our home will go into
foreclosure and we will be evicted.” ECF 173-1 at 2. Scott continued, “I don’t know where else
to turn. I just don’t know how I will tell my children we are losing our home. Please sister Alia,
we worked so hard for this home and I believe my husband make a big mistake to take a loan out
on it.” Id. Scott closes by asking Al-Sabah to call her. Id.
It is true that Judge Hollander’s Summary Judgment Opinion adjudicated the issue of
Defendant Agbodjogbe’s liability as to Plaintiff’s Breach of Contract claim. See ECF 138 at 14;
infra Part III.E. However, even if the Opinion had established Scott’s liability on that claim,
Scott’s email would remain admissible for other purposes. Indeed, Scott is alleged to have engaged
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in a civil conspiracy with Agbodjogbe and the Defendant entities to make fraudulent
misrepresentations to Al-Sabah to “convert[] her funds and assets.” ECF 77, ¶¶ 65-68. Judge
Hollander’s Opinion also found, as fact, that Agbodjogbe made a false statement to Al-Sabah on
July 13, 2016, when he represented that he was “only short $165,000” on his loan.4 Id. at 17.
Scott’s email and the circumstances under which it was drafted, then, are necessarily relevant to
whether she conspired with Agbodjogbe to make fraudulent statements to Al-Sabah to “convert[]
her funds and assets.” ECF 77, ¶ 67. Accordingly, the email is probative, and that probative value
is not substantially outweighed by any risk of prejudice. The Motion must therefore be denied.
E.

Defendants’ Motion in Limine #4 to Exclude Any Evidence or Reference
Regarding the Existence of a Judgment in Favor of the Plaintiff Against
Defendant Jean Agbodjogbe, ECF 168

Finally, Defendants seek a ruling preventing Plaintiff from mentioning the existence of the
partial summary judgment entered “against Defendant Jean Agbodjogbe.”

ECF 168 at 1.

Defendants argue that the judgment is irrelevant and prejudicial as to Plaintiff’s remaining claims
for relief. Id. at 4; ECF 183 at 4 (Defendants’ Reply). Plaintiff construes Judge Hollander’s ruling
as ambiguous, but argues that the Order granting Plaintiff’s Motion as to Count VII of the
Amended Complaint grants the motion “without restriction or limitation.” ECF 175 at 2. Plaintiff
believes it is necessary to offer some evidence regarding the breach of contract claim because the
Opinion does not sufficiently indicate “the amount of damages owed by which of the individual
defendants.” Plaintiff argues that Defendants will suffer no prejudice through the introduction of
this evidence. Id.

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This factual finding will need to be presented to the jury. Presumably, Defendants would prefer
to agree to a factual stipulation, rather than permit a disclosure of the factual finding made by the
Court.
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Plaintiff’s arguments are unpersuasive. By the terms of Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial
Summary Judgment, Plaintiff sought “an order of partial summary judgment . . . against Defendant
Jean Agbodjogbe on Count VII of Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint for breach of contract in
connection with the $150,000 lent to Agbodjogbe in July 2016,” as well as “a money judgment for
compensatory damages . . . against Mr. Agbodjogbe in the amount of $150,000.” ECF 115 at 12, ¶¶ (c)-(d); see also ECF 115-1 at 8 (Plaintiff’s Memorandum in Support) (“Plaintiff is entitled
to the entry of partial summary judgment in her favor, finding Defendant Jean Agbodjogbe liable
and awarding compensatory damages of $150,000 against him on the breach of contract (Count
VII) . . . claim[] . . . .” (emphasis added)). Judge Hollander’s Opinion states in no uncertain terms:
“Agbodjogbe agreed to accept a one-year interest free loan of $150,000 from Al-Sabah. Over a
year later, Agbodjogbe has not repaid the loan. Therefore, I conclude that defendant is in breach
of contract.” ECF 138 at 14. There is no question that Judge Hollander’s Opinion adjudicated
only Agbodjogbe’s liability, and found $150,000 in damages, as Plaintiff requested.
Here, there is a significant danger that allowing Plaintiff to use, as evidence, the Court’s
previous liability finding may prejudice both Agbodjogbe and his co-defendants in defending
Plaintiff’s other claims for relief. The Court further finds that this danger substantially outweighs
the finding’s minimal probative value to Plaintiff’s remaining claims for relief, thus requiring
exclusion of the Court’s liability finding, and judgment, as evidence during trial. See, e.g., Atlanta
Attachment Co. v. Leggett & Platt, Inc., No. 1:05-cv-1071-CDE, 2007 WL 9700923, at *2 (N.D.
Ga. Mar. 16, 2007) (precluding references to previous partial summary judgment rulings to prevent
improper prejudice to the party found liable). It should be noted, however, that Plaintiff may still
elicit the evidence utilized to prove Agbodjogbe’s liability on the breach of contract claim at trial.
This evidence may be relevant to Plaintiff’s remaining claims for relief, particularly her breach of

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contract claim against Defendant Scott, and her Fraudulent Misrepresentation and Civil
Conspiracy claims.
IV.

CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, Plaintiff’s Motion in Limine, ECF 163, is GRANTED IN

PART and DENIED IN PART. Defendants’ Motions in Limine, ECF 165 to 167, are DENIED,
and ECF 168 is GRANTED. The Court will reconsider the rulings herein, however, should the
facts or circumstances at trial differ from that which has been presented to the Court in the papers.
The implementing Order that accompanied the Court’s sealed Memorandum Opinion, ECF 190,
remains in effect.

Dated: December 3, 2019

/s/
Stephanie A. Gallagher
United States District Judge

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