Hare v. Opryland Hospitality, LLC

Filing 43

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Chief Judge Deborah K. Chasanow on 9/17/10. (sat, Chambers)

Hare v. Opryland Hospitality, LLC

Doc. 43

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MARYLAND : JOSHUA HARE v. OPRYLAND HOSPITALITY, LLC : : : : MEMORANDUM OPINION Presently pending and ready for review in this personal injury case are (1) Defendant Opryland Hospitality, LLC's Civil Action No. DKC 09-0599

motion for summary judgment and to exclude Plaintiff's expert witnesses (Paper 22), (2) Plaintiff Joshua Hare's motion to bar expert testimony (Paper 23), (3) Plaintiff's motion requesting missing witness and spoliation of evidence instructions

(Paper 25), (4) Plaintiff's motion for leave to file a second amended complaint (Paper 38), (5) Plaintiff's motion for leave to file a surreply in response to Defendant's motion for summary judgment (Paper 36), and (6) Plaintiff's motion to compel

discovery depositions (Paper 39).

The issues are fully briefed

and the court now rules, no hearing being deemed necessary. Local Rule 105.6. For the following reasons, Plaintiff's motion

for leave to file a second amended complaint will be granted in part and denied in part, Defendant's motion for summary judgment and to exclude Plaintiff's expert witnesses will be granted in

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part and denied in part, Plaintiff's motion for leave to file a surreply in response to Defendant's motion for summary judgment will be granted in part and denied in part, Plaintiff's motion to bar expert testimony will be granted in part and denied in part, Plaintiff's of motion requesting missing will be witness denied, will and and be

spoliation Plaintiff's denied. I.

evidence to

instructions compel

motion

discovery

depositions

Background The following facts are either undisputed or viewed in the

light most favorable to Plaintiff Joshua Hare, who is the nonmoving party for the purpose of summary judgment. On the

evening of July 28 and the morning of July 29, 2008, Plaintiff attended an event called the "White Party" at the Pose Ultra Lounge located in the Gaylord National Resort and Convention Center at National Harbor ("Gaylord National"). (Paper 22,

Attach. 5, Hare Dep., at 14).

Plaintiff was accompanied by (Id. at 20).

Rodney Thomas, James Turner, and Anthony Lewis.

The group had a reserved table at the party and was billed $1399.62 for two bottles of "Grey Goose" vodka, one bottle of "Patron Silver" tequila, and two bottles of "Veuve Clic Yello" champagne. (Id. at 24; Paper 22, Attach. 7, Duplicate Check).

2

At

the

end

of

the

party,

around

3:00

or

3:30

a.m.,

Plaintiff's group was approached by security guards who asked them to leave. (Paper 22, Attach. 5, Hare Dep., at 42).

Plaintiff and his friends explained that they were waiting for their credit cards. (Id.). After the request to leave, Around

Plaintiff was talking with a few women.

(Id. at 45).

this time, Mr. Thomas got into an argument with a busboy and security officers tried to get Mr. Thomas, Mr. Turner, and Mr. Lewis, to leave. (Paper 22, Attach. 6, Thomas Dep., at 6, 19).

Mr. Thomas was picked up by Gaylord National Security and Safety Services Officer Karl Eric Hedgeman and carried toward the

elevators. Mr. Thomas.

(Id. at 19).

Plaintiff saw this and rushed over to Mr.

(Paper 22, Attach. 5, Hare Dep., at 45, 82).

Thomas tried to get Mr. Hedgeman to drop him and may have pushed Mr. Hedgeman. (Paper 22, Attach. 6, Thomas Dep., at 21, 27).

An altercation ensued between Plaintiff and Mr. Hedgeman, and, Plaintiff testified, he was hit in the face by Mr. Hedgeman with a bottle. (Paper 22, Attach. 5, Hare Dep., at 57-58).

Plaintiff's face was bleeding after the altercation. Attach. 6, Thomas Dep., at 22).

(Paper 22,

After the incident, the police arrived and Plaintiff was taken to Fort Washington Hospital. Dep., at 22; Paper 22, Attach. 3 (Paper 22, Attach. 6, Thomas 5, Hare Dep., at 69-70).

Plaintiff was treated at the hospital and again a week later in Connecticut, his home state, by Dr. Joseph O'Connell.

(Paper 22, Attach. 5, Hare Dep., at 70).

Plaintiff testified (Id.).

that he did not work during the week after the incident.

On November 24, 2008, Plaintiff filed a complaint against Gaylord Entertainment Company and Gaylord National, LLC in the Circuit Court for Prince George's County, Maryland. complaint alleged that the Defendants were Plaintiff's liable for

Plaintiff's injuries because they were Mr. Hedgeman's employer and Mr. Hedgeman was acting in the scope of his employment at the time of the incident and because they were negligent in hiring, retaining, and training Mr. Hedgeman. On February 25, 2009, Plaintiff filed an (Paper 2, at 2). amended complaint,

naming Opryland Hospitality, LLC and alleging the same causes of action. (Paper 6). On March 10, 2009, the case was removed to (Paper 1).

this court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. II.

Motion for Leave to File a Second Amended Complaint Plaintiff moves for leave to file a second amended

complaint.

Plaintiff notes that his amended complaint "alleged

only that the defendant was liable for its respondeat superior obligation for its employee's excessive force when the employee attacked the plaintiff with a liquor bottle, and for defendant's own negligence `in hiring, retaining and training this employee, 4

who failed to use reasonable means of dealing with patrons.'" (Paper 38, at 1)(quoting that add Paper 6 ¶ 5). After during amended and reviewing a

surveillance Plaintiff regarding

video to

Defendant allegations

produced to his

discovery, complaint of

seeks

Defendant's

negligent

supervision

training

employees other than Mr. Hedgeman. If given is leave liable to for amend,

(Paper 38, at 2-3, 6). Plaintiff would allege because that (1)

Defendant

Plaintiff's negligently

injuries

"defendant's

employees

mishandled

closing

procedures," (2) "defendant's manager failed to supervise his staff adequately, and allowed the staff to become

confrontational . . . ," and (3) "defendant failed to adequately train its employees . . . in how to avoid and/or de-escalate confrontations with patrons, and how to avoid use of excessive and deadly force." would also add a (Paper 38, Attach. 1 ¶ 8(A)-(C)). claim for punitive damages, Plaintiff "the

because

discussion of Maryland case law in connection with defendant's motion for summary judgment makes clear that a corporate

defendant can be liable under Maryland law for its employee's intentional tort." (Paper 38, at 6; Id., Attach. 1 ¶¶ 10-11).

Defendant responds that Plaintiff's motion to amend should be denied. Defendant notes that Plaintiff did not request an

extension of the deadline to amend pleadings when the scheduling 5

order

was

issued

on

March

13,

2009,

setting

the

pleading

deadline as April 27, 2009, or when the scheduling order was revised two times, on May 29, 2009, and on August 25, 2009. (Paper 40, at does 3)(citing not Paper 13). Defendant cause" to argues amend that under

Plaintiff

have

"good

Fed.R.Civ.P. 16 because Plaintiff lacked diligence in amending his complaint. Defendant contends that Plaintiff had access to

the surveillance video upon which he bases his new allegations before Defendant produced it in discovery. (Id. at 7).

Defendant also notes that Plaintiff intentionally delayed his request to amend his complaint. 3)("In this case, to the the (Id. at 8)(citing Paper 38, at had the planned time of on filing the

plaintiff at

amendments

complaint

the

pretrial

conference (not yet scheduled).

The plaintiff moves now for

leave to file the second amended complaint because of statements made by the defendant in its dispositive motion."). Finally,

Defendant argues that it would be prejudiced if Plaintiff is permitted to amend because summary judgment has been briefed already and reopening discovery would be costly. at 14-16). Plaintiff's motion for leave to amend his complaint (Paper 40,

triggers both Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a), governing amendments to pleadings, and Rule 16(b). 6 The standards for

satisfying these two rules are at odds.

Rule 15(a)(2) states in

pertinent part that "leave shall be freely given when justice so requires," while Rule 16(b)(4) states that "[a] schedule may be modified only for good cause and with the judge's consent." The

Fourth Circuit resolved this tension in Nourison Rug Corp. v. Parvisian, 535 F.3d 295, 298 (4th Cir. 2008): Given their heavy case loads, district courts require the effective case management tools provided by Rule 16. Therefore, after the deadlines provided by a scheduling order have passed, the good cause standard must be satisfied to justify leave to amend the pleadings. This result is consistent with rulings of other circuits. See O'Connell v. Hyatt Hotels of Puerto Rico, 357 F.3d 152, 154-55 (1st Cir.2004); Parker v. Columbia Pictures Indus., 204 F.3d 326, 340 (2d Cir.2000); S & W Enters. v. SouthTrust Bank of Ala., 315 F.3d 533, 536 (5th Cir.2003); Leary v. Daeschner, 349 F.3d 888, 906 (6th Cir.2003); In re Milk Prods. Antitrust Litig., 195 F.3d 430, 437-38 (8th Cir.1999); Sosa v. Airprint Sys., Inc., 133 F.3d 1417, 1419 (11th Cir.1998). Fed.R.Civ.P. Rule 16(b)'s "good cause" standard focuses on the timeliness submission. of the amendment a and the reasons for its "`is tardy not a

Because

court's

scheduling

order

frivolous piece of paper, idly entered, which can be cavalierly disregarded by counsel without peril,'" Potomac Elec. Power Co. v. Elec. Motor Supply, Inc., 190 F.R.D. 372, 375 (D.Md. 1999) (quoting Gestetner v. Case Equip. Co., 108 F.R.D. 138, 141

(D.Me. 1985)), a movant must demonstrate that the reasons for 7

the tardiness of its motion justify a departure from the rules set by the court in its Scheduling Order. The standard primary is the consideration movant's for Rule 16(b)'s of "good cause" and

diligence.

Lack

diligence

carelessness are the "hallmarks of failure to meet the good cause standard." W. Va. Hous. Dev. Fund v. Ocwen Tech. Xchange, "[T]he focus of the for the seeking inquiry

Inc., 200 F.R.D. 564, 567 (S.D.W.Va. 2001). inquiry is upon If the that moving party party's was not

reasons diligent,

modification. should end." 1995).

Marcum v. Zimmer, 163 F.R.D. 250, 254 (S.D.W.Va.

It is far too late in this case for Plaintiff to add new claims against Defendant related to Defendant's supervision and training of employees other than Mr. Hedgeman. The theory of

Plaintiff's first amended complaint only relates to the actions of Mr. Hedgeman, who allegedly injured Plaintiff. After

discovery has closed and summary judgment has been briefed it would be prejudicial to Defendant to expand the scope of this case to seek to impose liability on Defendant for the actions of other employees. Likewise, Plaintiff was not diligent in

seeking to add a claim for punitive damages.

Thus, Plaintiff

will not be granted leave to add the allegations it proposes regarding employees other than Mr. Hedgeman in Paper 38, Attach. 8

1, ¶¶ 8(A)-(C) and the claim for punitive damages in ¶¶ 10-11. On the other hand, the allegations pertaining to Defendant's hiring, training, and retention of Mr. Hedgeman in Paper 38, Attach. 1 ¶¶ 8(D)-(E) do not significantly alter the scope of Plaintiff's claims, and may be added. III. Motion to Exclude Plaintiff's Expert Witnesses and for Summary Judgment Defendant Plaintiff's moves to exclude the testimony for summary of two of

expert

witnesses

and

judgment.

Defendant argues that Plaintiff has not established the elements of duty and causation for his negligence count or the scope of employment for his respondeat superior count. asserts that Plaintiff cannot establish Because Defendant duty without the

testimony of Mr. Chris McGoey or causation without the testimony of Dr. Joseph O'Connell, Defendant's request to exclude the

testimony of those experts will be addressed first. A. Testimony of Dr. Joseph O'Connell

Plaintiff has designated Dr. Joseph O'Connell to testify about, among other things, the cause of Plaintiff's facial

laceration and the cost of Plaintiff's future medical treatment for the scar caused by the laceration. Dr. O'Connell's testimony regarding the Defendant argues that cause of Plaintiff's

injury and costs of future medical treatment for that injury should be excluded because it is unreliable under Daubert v. 9

Merrell

Dow

Pharms.,

Inc,

509

U.S.

579,

592

(1993)

and

is

prejudicial to Defendant. 1. Causation

(Paper 22, Attach. 1, at 13).

During his deposition, Dr. O'Connell expressed the opinion that Plaintiff's facial laceration was caused by being hit with a bottle and explained his position, stating, "I tend to believe what my patients tell me. And I ­ based on what I saw with my

eyes, it was certainly consistent with what I was told by Mr. Hare." (Paper 32, Attach. 2, O'Connell Dep., at 22).1 contends that Dr. O'Connell should not be

Defendant

permitted to testify as to the cause of the laceration because he failed to conduct a "differential diagnosis" that considered alternative causes for the injury. (Id. at 14). Plaintiff

counters that Dr. O'Connell's testimony is admissible because a treating physician is allowed to testify to his conclusions

during treatment concerning the cause of his patient's injuries. (Paper 32, at 18). Defendant has demonstrated that Dr.

O'Connell's testimony regarding the cause of Plaintiff's injury must be excluded.

1

Plaintiff has testified that he was hit with a bottle and has provided other evidence that a bottle was the cause of his injury, such as surveillance videotape and eyewitness testimony. (Paper 22, Attach. 5, Hare Dep., at 57-58; Paper 32, at 20). 10

The

disclosure 26(a)(2)

of

expert and

testimony Rule

is

governed

by

Fed.R.Civ.P.

Local

104.10.

Under

Rule 26(a)(2)(A), parties must disclose the identities of expert witnesses before trial. Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(2)(A). If the

witness is either (1) "retained or specially employed to provide expert testimony in the case" or (2) a party's employee whose duties regularly must be involve giving by a expert written ordered testimony, report by the of the the

disclosures expected

accompanied unless

testimony

otherwise

Court.

Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(2)(B).

Local Rule 104.10 explains that a

written report "need not be provided as to hybrid fact/expert witnesses such as treating physicians." on Rule 104.10's requirements for the Judge Grimm elaborated testimony of treating

physicians in 1997):

Sullivan v. Glock, 175 F.R.D. 497, 500 (D.Md.

a witness can be a hybrid witness as to certain opinions, but a retained expert as to others . . . . to the extent that the source of the facts which form the basis for a treating physician's opinions derive from information learned during the actual treatment of the patient - as opposed to being subsequently supplied by an attorney involved in litigating a case involving the condition or injury then no Rule 26(a)(2)(B) statement should be required. If a treating physician intends to testify regarding things which are not based on their observations during the course of 11

treating

the

patient's

illness

or

injury,

they

must See

appropriately disclose those opinions in an expert report.

e.g., Bucher v. Gainey Transp. Serv. Of Ind., Inc., 167 F.R.D. 387, 390 (M.D.Pa. 1996). Additionally, "a treating physician's

testimony regarding causation of an injury or illness is subject to the same standards of scientific reliability that govern the testimony of experts hired solely for purposes of litigation." Perkins v. United States, 626 F.Supp.2d 587, n. 7 (E.D.Va.

2009)(quoting Turner v. Iowa Fire Equip. Co., 229 F.3d 1202, 1207 (8th Cir. 2000); see also Gass v. Marriot Hotel Servs., Inc., 558 F.3d 419, 426 (6th Cir. 2009)(treating physician's

testimony remains subject to requirement that it have a reliable basis in the knowledge and experience of his discipline). Here, reliable Dr. O'Connell to has not his demonstrated theory of a sufficiently Dr.

method

support

causation.

O'Connell testified that his basis for stating that Plaintiff's face laceration was caused by being hit with a glass bottle was the fact that Plaintiff had told him it was. (Paper 22,

Exhibit 8, O'Connell Dep., at 22-23).

Dr. O'Connell further

testified that he did not consider any other causes for the injury nor could he identify any common characteristics that distinguish lacerations made by glass bottles from those made by other objects. (Id.) Where the sole basis for a physician's 12

testimony regarding causation is the patient's self-reporting that testimony 626 is unreliable at and should be excluded. expert the See

Perkins, regarding

F.Supp.2d

592 doctor

(excluding simply

testimony patient's

causation

where

took

explanation and adopted it as his opinion). Plaintiff cannot use the physician's "opinion" on causation to back into a finding that a bottle caused the injury. This

treating physician may be able to testify that an injury was fresh enough to have occurred during the altercation, and to assist the jury in understanding the nature and extent of the injury, but it will be up to the jury to determine based on other evidence whether a bottle wielded by Mr. Hedgeman was the cause. 2. Cost of Future Medical Care Defendant asserts that Dr. O'Connell's

Additionally,

opinion on the cost of Plaintiff's future medical care should be excluded because it was not disclosed in a written report, Rule 26(a)(2) designation, or answers to interrogatories. (Id.

at 16-17).

Plaintiff asserts that Dr. O'Connell's opinion as to

the cost of Plaintiff's future medical care for treatment of the scar on his face is admissible because his medical report (Id.

mentioned that Plaintiff would likely need more surgery. at 21). 13

Dr.

O'Connell's

testimony

regarding

the

future

costs

of

treatment will not be excluded at this time. statements regarding the costs of potential

Dr. O'Connell's surgical options

were based on his observations of Plaintiff's injuries and his diagnosis physician. of the proper course of treatment as a treating

As such, Dr. O'Connell was not required to disclose Defendant had the opportunity to the basis and did for not his opinion any the

them in an expert report. question regarding Dr. O'Connell of

regarding

costs

future into

treatment question

elicit of

information

calling

the

reasonableness

testimony that would warrant its exclusion at this time. B. Testimony of Mr. Chris McGoey also argues that the testimony of Plaintiff's

Defendant

expert on security issues, Mr. Chris McGoey, must be excluded. Defendant asserts that Mr. McGoey does not have a sufficient background in bar or nightclub security, including experience in Maryland, Virginia, or the District of Columbia, needed to

testify regarding the "standard of care in Maryland for Security and Safety Services" owed to Plaintiff by Defendant. Attach. 1, at 21). Furthermore, Defendant argues (Paper 22, that Mr.

McGoey failed to offer opinions based on reliable, objective methodologies. Defendant contends that Mr. McGoey's opinions

were based only on his "education, training, and experience and 14

the facts of this case . . . ." and not an objective source, as required by Daubert and Cooper v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., 259 F.3d 194, 200 (4th Cir. 2001). Finally, Defendant asserts that Mr.

McGoey's expert opinions should be excluded because his expert report failed adequately to disclose report his was opinions served under on

Fed.R.Civ.P.

26(a)(2)(B)

and

the

late,

September 12, 2009, and too close in time to his deposition, on October 22, 2009. (Paper 22, Attach. 1, at 26-30).

Plaintiff responds first, that Mr. McGoey is qualified to testify as a security expert. Plaintiff emphasizes that Mr.

McGoey has testified in four hundred depositions and in about eighty federal and state court trials and has never failed to qualify as an expert. maintains that in (Paper 32, at 28-29). his expert Plaintiff also Mr. McGoey

preparing

report

"reviewed defendant's surveillance video showing the incident in question, read depositions, including those of plaintiff,

eyewitnesses, and Opryland's corporate designee, read Opryland's responses to interrogatories and document requests, and reviewed relevant Plaintiff Maryland argues statutes that Mr. and case law." lack of (Id. at 30). in

McGoey's

experience

Maryland is irrelevant because "Defendant fails to identify any relevant standard of care that would be unique to Maryland" and "Opryland's own manuals concern its operations nationally, and 15

are

not

limited

to

any

specific (Id.).

locale,

including

Prince

George's County, Maryland."

Second, Plaintiff argues

that Mr. McGoey's testimony is admissible under Daubert and its progeny because he employed the same intellectual rigor as an expert in the relevant field. (Id. at 34-35). Third, Plaintiff

argues that Mr. McGoey's expert report was sent to Defendant in a timely manner, given that Defendant delayed other discovery, including the production of the surveillance videotape, the

deposition of Opryland's corporate designee, Mr. Jenkins, and the deposition of Plaintiff. (Id. at 22-23). Plaintiff asserts

that Mr. McGoey's expert report was complete and sufficiently covered his opinions, 26 does and, not even if it was lacking, until that the

Fed.R.Civ.P.

require

supplementation

pretrial conference. Our analysis

(Id. at 25-26). with Defendant's assertion that Mr.

begins

McGoey lacked the requisite qualifications to be considered an expert in the relevant field. Under Fed.R.Evid. 702, to be

"qualified" as an expert, a witness must have "knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education" in the subject area in which he intends to testify. An expert's qualification depends on See Gladhill v. Gen. "The fact

"the nature of the opinion he offers."

Motors Corp., 743 F.2d 1049, 1052 (4th Cir. 1984).

that an individual is qualified as an expert in one area, does 16

not

ipso

facto

qualify

him

to

testify

as

an

expert

in

all

related areas."

Shreve v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 166 F.Supp.2d

387, 391 (D.Md. 2001); see also 29 Charles A. Wright and Victor J. Gold, Federal Practice & Procedure § 6265

(1997)("qualification to testify as an expert also requires that the area of the witness's competence matches the subject matter of the witness's testimony."). "In all cases . . . the district

court must ensure that it is dealing with an expert, not just a hired gun." (7th Cir. proponent Tyus v. Urban Search Mgmt., 102 F.3d 256, 263 cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1251 (1997). burden of 136, The of the 144

1996), of

the its

expert

testimony by Motor a

bears

the

establishing evidence.

admissibility Oddi v. Ford

preponderance 234 F.3d

See

Co.,

(3d Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 921 (2001). Defendant contends that Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that Mr. McGoey is an expert on the hiring, retention, and

training of security and safety guards in Maryland. Attach. 1, at 17-22). Defendant argues that

(Paper 22, of Mr.

none

McGoey's qualifications are sufficiently related to the areas in which Plaintiff seek to qualify him as an expert. out of the hundreds of publications listed in For example, Mr. McGoey's

report, he testified that only five or six specifically deal with nightclub and bar security, and these articles were self17

published by Mr. McGoey on his website. McGoey Dep., at 114). Likewise, the

(Paper 32, Exhibit S, books authored by Mr. (Id.

McGoey on security were published by a company he owned.

at 20)(citing list of books on Mr. McGoey's website, http:// www.crimedoctor.com/nightclub_bar_security.htm). Also,

Defendant points to Mr. McGoey's lack of on the job experience and the fact that his current involvement in nightclubs and bars is limited to the West Coast. (Id. at 21).

Mr. McGoey is undoubtedly experienced at being an expert witness. While his expertise in the specific field of nightclub

security and the hiring, retaining, and training of security and safety guards in Maryland is more limited, Mr. McGoey has to

identified

sufficient

prior

experience

and

training

demonstrate that he possesses knowledge greater than the average layperson in these fields. Elcock v. Kmart Corp., 233 F.3d 734,

741 (3d Cir. 2000); see also Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's, London v. Sinkovich, 232 F.3d 200, 203 (4th Cir. 2000). McGoey is certified in relevant areas (see Paper Mr. 32,

Exhibit 23)(listing Mr. McGoey's certifications as a Certified Protection Certified Professional, Professional Certified Security has Professional, consulted and with

Investigator),

nightclubs and bars regarding their security practices, given presentations on nightclub security, 18 and testified in prior

cases

as

a 32,

security McGoey

expert. Expert

(Paper and

32,

at

28-29)(citing 33, the McGoey initial

Exhibits

Report, McGoey

Exhibit passed

Declaration).

Therefore,

Mr.

has

threshold to qualify as an expert witness. The mere fact that he qualifies as an expert does not lead automatically to the conclusion that Mr. McGoey's testimony is admissible; the content of his testimony must also meet certain standards. obligation Under Rule 702, the district court has "a special . . . to `ensure that any and all scientific Kumho

testimony . . . is not only relevant, but reliable.'"

Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 147 (1999)(quoting Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 589 (1993)). Rule 702 provides: [i]f scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

explained the court's test under Rule 702 as follows: [t]he first prong of this inquiry necessitates an examination of whether the 19

reasoning or methodology underlying the expert's proffered opinion is reliable that is, whether it is supported by adequate validation to render it trustworthy. See [Daubert, 509 U.S.] at 590 n.9. The second prong of the inquiry requires an analysis of whether the opinion is relevant to the facts at issue. See id. at 591-92. Westberry v. Gislaved Gummi AB, 178 F.3d 257, 261 (4th Cir.

1999); see also Buchanan v. Consol. Stores Corp., 217 F.R.D. 178, 196 (D.Md. 2003). To be considered reliable, an expert opinion "must be based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge and not on belief or speculation, and inferences must be derived using scientific or other valid methods." Oglesby v. Gen. Motors

Corp., 190 F.3d 244, 250 (4th Cir. 1999)(citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592-93). The the and district court and enjoys "broad latitude" of in

determining testimony, deference.

reliability its

admissibility receives

expert

determination

considerable

Kumho Tire Co., 526 U.S. at 142 (citing Gen. Elec.

Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 143 (1997)); see also Oglesby, 190 F.3d at 250. Defendant argues that his opinions are conclusions based on Mr. McGoey's subjective beliefs rather than any valid scientific method and they should be excluded as (Paper 22, Attach. 1, at 25-26). ipse dixit testimony. that

Plaintiff

counters

Defendant did not inquire into Mr. McGoey's methodology during 20

his

deposition

and

thus

was

not

fully

informed

about

his

approach. brief that

Plaintiff attached a declaration to his opposition provides further details regarding Mr. McGoey's In

methodology for the court.

(Paper 32, at 34, Exhibit 33).

this declaration, Mr. McGoey states that he applies a standard methodology proper which to "assess training, "a review performance and of and compliance of involving staff"

hiring, requires

supervision the law,

security

regulations,

applicant

screening, training records, and observation or testimony of how security, management, and patrons interact, under the

circumstances." further declared

(Paper 32, Exhibit 33 at ¶ 11-12). that he and had reviewed of

Mr. McGoey security corporate

Opryland's Opryland's

management

guidelines

testimony

representatives to understand how the written procedures were implemented. He also studied the surveillance video frame-by-

frame to observe the interaction between security, management, and patrons at the Pose Ultra Lounge and compared these actions to the industry standards of case. (Id. at ¶¶ 19-25).

Mr. McGoey's methodology is substantially the same as the methodology Qualls. employed by Defendant's security expert, David

Mr. Qualls is a former employee of the Baltimore City

Police, who now works as a special investigator for the FBI and has his own security company. 21 (Paper 35, Exhibit S). Mr.

Qualls's expert report indicates that he based his opinions on the same types of materials reviewed by Mr. McGoey and his own education, reviewed training in and experience. of report, the (Id.)(listing including Hotel's materials deposition security

preparation police

transcripts,

reports,

Gaylord

manuals, and the surveillance video).

The key difference in

their methodologies is that Mr. Qualls has prior experience in Maryland and compared the conduct of Defendant's employees with what he deemed to be the Maryland standard of care, whereas Mr. McGoey referenced a national industry standard of care. Yet,

neither expert identified any source materials containing the relevant standard of care or expressed to any degree of detail the manner in which they became knowledgeable about the standard of care. The gist of their analysis was to compare their

understanding of the events that took place on June 28 and 29, 2008, with their prior experience and training and to form an opinion about whether Defendant's employees' behavior departed from the norm. If Defendant maintains that Mr. Qualls is an

expert in the field, the court cannot agree with Defendant's contention that Mr. McGoey did not apply the same intellectual rigor as an expert in the relevant field. Finally, the court must decide whether Mr. McGoey's expert report satisfied the requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(2) and 22

whether

its

delayed

submission

warrants

exclusion.

Rule

26(a)(2) imposes disclosure requirements for expert witnesses "retained or specially employed to provide expert testimony in the case." witnesses, written includes: a complete statement of all opinions to be expressed and the basis and reasons therefor; the data or other information considered by the witness in forming the opinions; any exhibits to be used as a summary of or support for the opinions; the qualifications of the witness, including a list of all publications authored by the witness within the preceding ten years; the compensation to be paid for the study and testimony; and a listing of any other cases in which the witness has testified as an expert at trial or by deposition within the preceding four years. Fed. R. Civ P. 26(a)(2)(B). Rule 37(c)(1) provides that "[a] Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(2)(B). the expert disclosure and must Specifically for such "be by accompanied witness" by a

report

prepared

signed

the

which

party that without substantial justification fails to disclose information required by Rule 26(a) . . . is not, unless such failure is harmless, permitted to use as evidence at trial, at a hearing, or on a motion any witness or information not so

disclosed."

Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(c)(1).

It is the burden of the

party facing sanctions to show that the failure to comply was either substantially justified or harmless. F.3d 593, 602 (4th Cir. 2006). 23 Carr v. Deeds, 453

The

cases

cited

by

Defendant

where

expert

reports

were

excluded for failing to comply with the substantive requirements of Rule 26(a)(2)(B) involved more egregious departures from the Rule. expert filed. expert In Carr, for example, the plaintiff's Rule 26(a)(2)(B) disclosure report was not merely late, it was never

453 F.3d at 604. reports attached

The plaintiff sought to rely solely on to its complaint which contained no

information about the expert's qualifications, his publications, the compensation he would be paid for his work and testimony, or other cases in which he had testified as an expert. R.C. Olmstead, Inc. v. CU Interface, (N.D.Ohio 2008), aff'd, 606 F.3d 262 Id. In

LLC, 657 F.Supp.2d 905 (6th Cir. 2010), the

deficient expert report in a patent case consisted of just one nine-sentence paragraph. The report lacked sufficient detail to

identify the software versions that were examined, and it failed to mention the expert's technical and educational experience or his publications from the prior ten years. Id. at 909-912.

While Mr. McGoey's expert report is not the paragon of completeness, it contains all the requisite elements and

sufficient detail to avoid exclusion. typical operating procedure for

His report states the it explains what

nightclubs,

actions Defendant took that violated the standard of care, and it includes the information Mr. McGoey examined in forming his 24

opinions.

The report also contained McGoey's qualifications, a

list of the other cases in which he has testified, and the compensation he will be paid. sufficient statement of In sum the disclosure set forth a opinions and the basis and

McGoey's

reasons for his opinions to eliminate any surprise at trial. Although its content was sufficient to satisfy Rule

26(a)(2)(B), Mr. McGoey's expert report was not submitted until months after the deadline. Under the initial scheduling order, (Paper 13). At

Mr. McGoey's report was due on May 12, 2009.

the parties' request, the court granted an extension of some discovery deadlines on May 29, 2009, and thereby extended the deadline for Mr. McGoey's report to June 12, 2009. and 17). Although, Plaintiff identified Mr. (Papers 16 as a

McGoey

liability expert in "Plaintiff's Preliminary Rule 26 Statement" filed on July 12, 2009, Mr. McGoey's report was not submitted to Defendant until September 15, 2009. (Paper 22, Exhibit 3).

Plaintiff also failed to file a timely supplementation of Mr. McGoey's expert report.2

2

Per the revised scheduling order, Rule 26(e)(2) supplemental expert reports were due on October 12, 2009. (Papers 18 and 19). Plaintiff did not supplement his reports by that date and in his briefing indicates that he believes supplemental expert reports are not due yet because no pretrial conference has been set. (Paper 32, at 25-26). Absent a scheduling order providing an explicit deadline for supplementation of expert reports, Plaintiff's delay may have been acceptable. The scheduling 25

Plaintiff argues that Mr. McGoey's expert report was late because of Defendant's delays producing evidence. Plaintiff identifies video on Defendant's June 16, late 2009, Specifically, of the of

production the

surveillance

deposition

Defendant's corporate designee, John Jenkins, on August 3, 2009, and the death of Plaintiff's father on August 14, 2009.3 These

events may have warranted an extension of discovery deadlines, but Plaintiff never requested one. Curiously, Plaintiff did not

even request an extension in the parties' consent motion to modify the scheduling order filed on August 25, 2009, wherein Defendant requested and was granted an extension of its Rule 26(a)(2) expert disclosures. Nevertheless, initial expert the (Papers 18 and 19). will its not late exclude Mr. McGoey's did not

court because

report

submission

substantially harm Defendant. the following five a factors failure

The Fourth Circuit has identified to to guide comply district with Rule courts 26(e) in is

determining

whether

order makes clear, however, that Rule 26(e)(2) supplementations were due in October 2009 and neither party requested a further extension of that deadline.
3

Defendant quarrels with Plaintiff's contention that the surveillance video was not timely produced and points out that Plaintiff's Requests for Production from January 13, 2009 were not served on Defendant Opryland, but rather on the initial Defendants, who were dismissed when the amended complaint was filed. (Paper 33, at 4). 26

substantially

justified

or

harmless

for

purposes

determining (1)

whether sanctions are warranted pursuant to Rule 37(c)(1):

the surprise to the party against whom the evidence would be offered; (2) the ability of that party to cure the surprise; (3) the extent to which allowing the evidence would disrupt the trial; (4) the importance of the evidence; and (5) the

nondisclosing party's explanation for its failure to disclose the evidence. S. States Rack & Fixture, Inc. v. Sherwin-

Williams Co., 318 F.3d 592, 597 (4th Cir. 2003).

Applying the

five factors here supports admitting Mr. McGoey's late report. Although overdue, Mr. McGoey's report was still submitted a

month before his deposition and sufficiently in advance of trial to avoid surprise. The evidence is critical to Plaintiff's case

because it is necessary to establish the duty of care and breach thereof, and Plaintiff Mr. this has offered testimony and a reason be for its to late the

submission. contents of

McGoey's report

will

limited

necessary

explanations

thereof,

however, and further supplementation will not be permitted. C. 1. Summary Judgment Standard of Review has moved for summary judgment pursuant to

Defendant

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56.

It is well established that

a motion for summary judgment will be granted only if there 27

exists no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See

Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(f); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Emmett v. Johnson, 532 F.3d 291, 297 (4th Cir. 2008). other words, if there clearly exists factual issues In

"that

properly can be resolved only by a finder of fact because they may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party," summary judgment is inappropriate. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477

U.S. 242, 250 (1986); JKC Holding Co. LLC v. Washington Sports Ventures, Inc., 264 F.3d 459, 465 (4th Cir. 2001). When ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must construe the facts alleged in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. A party who bears the

372, 376 (2007); Emmett, 532 F.3d at 297.

burden of proof on a particular claim must factually support each element of his or her claim. at 323. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S.

"[A] complete failure of proof concerning an essential

element . . . necessarily renders all other facts immaterial." Id. Thus, on those issues on which the nonmoving party will

have the burden of proof, it is his or her responsibility to confront the motion for summary judgment with an affidavit or other similar evidence in order to show the existence of a

genuine issue for trial.

See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 254; Celotex 28

Corp., 477 U.S. at 324. will not suffice F.3d to 307,

"A mere scintilla of proof, however, summary Cir. judgment." 2003). Peters must v. be

prevent 314

Jenney,

327

(4th

There

"sufficient evidence favoring the nonmoving party for a jury to return a verdict for that party." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249.

"If the evidence is merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted." (citations omitted). 2. a. Analysis Negligence Id. at 249-50.

Defendant argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff's negligence claim. Defendant contends that, assuming

that Mr. McGoey's testimony is excluded, Plaintiff cannot prove that Defendant breached a duty that was owed to Plaintiff during the hiring, retention, prove and training of Mr. Hedgeman insists and that

therefore

cannot

negligence.

Defendant

without Mr. McGoey's testimony, "the jury will be forced to speculate as to the proper procedures, methods, and training for Security and Safety Services Officers in Maryland and whether different hiring, retaining, and training under the facts of this case would Attach. will not have 1, be made at a difference Defendant prove in also the outcome." that Mr.

(Paper 22, Plaintiff

31). to 29

asserts even if

able

causation

McGoey's

testimony

is

admitted

because

Plaintiff

cannot

show

that proper hiring, retaining, and training could have resulted in a different outcome. Plaintiff has (Id. at 32). responded to Defendant's argument

not

regarding whether he has proved negligence. Under Maryland law to prevail on a claim of negligence, a plaintiff must prove: "(1) a duty owed to him, (2) a breach of that duty, (3) a legally cognizable causal relationship between the breach of duty and the harm suffered, and (4) damages." Nat'l Grange Mut. Ins. Co. v. Verizon's Benefits Ctr., 541

F.Supp.2d 745, 749 (D.Md. 2008)(citing Jacques v. First Nat'l Bank of Md., 307 Md. 527, 531 (1986)). favor cannot of the defendant one of may the be "Summary judgment in if the to plaintiff establish

appropriate

show

essential

elements

negligence."

Samuel v. Ford Motor Co., 112 F.Supp.2d 460, 467

(D.Md. 2000)(citing Hensley v. Danek Med., Inc., 32 F.Supp.2d 345, 349-50 (W.D.N.C. 1998)), aff'd, Berger v. Ford Motor Co., 95 Fed.Appx. 520 (2004). As discussed With above, that Mr. report McGoey's and expert report will be

admitted.

Mr.

McGoey's

testimony,

Plaintiff has produced sufficient evidence of the duty of care and breach of that duty to create a genuine issue of material fact. There is no dispute that Plaintiff was harmed by the 30

incidents on June 28 and 29, 2009 and has cognizable damages. The remaining question is whether Plaintiff has produced

sufficient evidence of causation. The retention Under causation differs requirement from for that negligent for hiring and

slightly to

negligent in a

training. claim of

Maryland

law,

establish

causation

negligent hiring or retention, the plaintiff must prove that the employer failed to conduct a reasonable inquiry when hiring or retaining the employee, and that the employer's negligence in hiring or retaining the employee was the proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries. Cramer v. Hous. Opportunities Comm'n of "If, for example, a have produced any

Montgomery Cnty, 304 Md. 705, 713 (1985). reasonable inquiry would probably not

information that would have persuaded a reasonable employer to refuse employment for the position sought, the failure to

conduct an inquiry, though negligent, would not be a proximate cause of the harm." Id.

Here the record is unclear regarding the level of inquiry Defendant conducted prior to hiring Mr. Hedgeman. from Defendant's security expert Mr. Qualls The report states that

Defendant conducts background checks before hiring all security officers, Plaintiff's (Paper 354, Exhibit Mr. 31 S), while the report from

security

expert

McGoey

states

that

"[h]iring

Eric Hedgeman as a bouncer without a comprehensive background check was negligent management." Defendant's corporate designee, (Paper 22, Exhibit 3, at 4). John Jenkins confirmed that

background checks are performed on security guards during the hiring process, but he could not discuss the details of the screenings conducted. at 26-29). Regardless, Plaintiff has not identified any information that a comprehensive background check might have revealed that would have reflected poorly on Mr. Hedgeman's fitness for a job. Mr. McGoey's Mr. expert report in expressed the his opinion, video, based that on Mr. (See Paper 34, Exhibit 3, Jenkins Dep.,

observing

Hedgeman

surveillance

Hedgeman showed "a violent temperament unsuitable for a person employed as a bouncer" (Paper 3, Exhibit 3, at 4), but he could not point to any information in Mr. Hedgeman's background that would have warned Defendant not to hire him. (Paper 22,

Exhibit 15, McGoey Dep., at 16).

Plaintiff does not elsewhere

identify any information that a comprehensive background check would have revealed to caution Defendant from hiring Mr.

Hedgeman nor has Plaintiff produced evidence of Mr. Hedgeman's prior misconduct on the job that would have justified firing him. Therefore, summary judgment will be granted in favor of

Defendant on the negligent hiring and retention claims. 32

To

establish

causation

for

negligent

training,

the

plaintiff must establish that the employer failed to use proper care in training the employee and that the employer's breach was the proximate cause of the injury. Williams v. Cloverland Farms Plaintiff's

Dairy, Inc., 78 F.Supp.2d 479, 484 (D.Md. 1999).

security expert Mr. McGoey testified that Defendant's training was too generic and vague and did not provide instruction for specific issues facing security employees. For example, he

testified that Defendant should have provided alcohol awareness training to teach its security employees how to recognize and assist drunk patrons. (Paper 32, Exhibit 32, McGoey Dep.,

at 101).

Mr. McGoey also stated his opinion that with proper

training, Mr. Hedgeman would not have used force on Plaintiff. (Paper 32, Exhibit 23, at 4). Although, Defendant's expert

refutes these opinions, there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding the appropriate level of training for nightclub security officers and summary judgment will be denied with

respect to the claim of negligent training. b. Respondeat Superior

Defendant argues that, even assuming that Mr. Hedgeman hit Plaintiff with a bottle, there is no evidence that such action was within the and scope Plaintiff of Mr. Hedgeman's cannot employment prove with

Defendant,

therefore 33

respondeat

superior

liability.

Defendant

notes

that

it

is

Plaintiff's

burden to prove that Mr. Hedgeman was acting in the scope of his employment in order to establish that Defendant as vicariously liable for his actions. (Id. at 33). Defendant asserts that

Mr. Hedgeman's motive for any action was purely personal and that Mr. Hedgeman was acting in self defense. (Id. at 34).

Defendant concludes that Plaintiff has not met his burden and instead has offered some evidence to the contrary. 36). Plaintiff argues that he has proven that Mr. Hedgeman was acting in the scope of his employment the when the of incident (Id. at 35-

occurred.

Plaintiff

presents

testimony

Defendant's So

corporate representative, Mr. Jenkins, who testified: "Q.

Opryland would be responsible for ­ [Mr. Hedgeman's] actions and conduct that night; true? . . . A. Yes." (Paper 32,

at 15)(quoting Paper 32, Attach. 1, Jenkins Dep., at 61:8-15). Plaintiff Hedgeman's also asserts were that done the in question furtherance of of whether Mr.

actions

Defendant's

business is a question of fact that should be left to the jury. (Id. at 16)(citing Market Tavern v. Bowen, 92 Md.App. 622

(1992); Wilson Amusement Co. v. Spangler, 143 Md. 98 (1923)). "Under the doctrine of respondeat superior, an employer is jointly and severally liable for 34 the torts committed by an

employee acting within the scope of his employment."

S. Mgmt.

Corp. v. Taha, 137 Md.App. 697, 719 (2001), vacated on other grounds, 367 Md. 564 (2002), remanded to 378 Md. 461

(2002)(citing DiPino v. Davis, 354 Md. 18, 47 (1991); Oaks v. Connors, 339 Md. 24, 30 (1995); Tall v. Bd. of Sch. Comm'rs, 120 Md.App. 236, 251 (1998)). An employee's tortious conduct is

considered within the scope of employment when the conduct is in furtherance of the business of the employer and is authorized by the employer. Sawyer v. Humphries, 322 Md. 247, 255 (1991).

"To be within the scope of the employment the conduct must be of the kind a the servant not is employed to perform and must from occur the

during

period

unreasonably

disconnected

authorized period of employment in a locality not unreasonably distant from the authorized area, and actuated at least in part by a purpose to serve the master." E. Coast Freight Lines v.

Mayor of Baltimore, 190 Md. 256, 285 (1948); see also Sawyer, 322 Md. at 255. Many factors are considered, including:

whether the act is one commonly done by such servant; the time, place, and purpose of the act; the similarity in quality of the act done to the act authorized; the extent of departure from the normal method of accomplishing an authorized result; and whether the act is seriously criminal. Sawyer, 322 Md. at 256.

35

The parties dispute several facts that are material to the issue of whether Mr. Hedgeman was acting in the scope of his employment when Plaintiff was allegedly injured. the parties dispute whether Mr. Hedgeman At a minimum, was acting in

furtherance of the business of the employer, whether the act is one commonly done by such servant, and whether the act is

seriously criminal.

Therefore, summary judgment will be denied

as to Plaintiff's respondeat superior claim. c. Lost Wages

Defendant contends that Plaintiff should not be allowed to pursue damages for lost wages because he has not presented

evidence of lost wages beyond his testimony that he missed one week of work. (Id. at 36). Plaintiff did not respond to

Defendant's argument regarding whether he has proved lost wages. Aside from Plaintiff's testimony that he did not go to work for a week following the incident, Plaintiff has not provided any evidence of whether he lost wages and how much he lost.

(Paper 22, Attach. 5, Hare Dep., at 70).

Therefore, Plaintiff

has not met his burden of proof and summary judgment will be granted in favor of Defendant on Plaintiff's lost wages claim. IV. Plaintiff's Motion for Leave to File a Surreply Unless otherwise ordered by the court, surreply memoranda are not permitted. Local Rule 36 105.2(a). Leave to file a

surreply may be granted when the moving party otherwise would be unable to contest matters presented to the court for the first time in the opposing party's reply. F.Supp.2d 600, 605 (D.Md. 2003), Khoury v. Meserve, 268 85 Fed. Appx. 960

aff'd,

(4th Cir. 2004). Plaintiff maintains a surreply is warranted because

Defendant raised "three new categories of argument" and a new category of relief delayed the in its reply: (2) (1) that that Plaintiff seeks that Mr.

purposefully dismissal Defendant of

discovery, for not

Defendant (3)

claims it is

negligent bound by

supervision, the

contends

testimony

of

Jenkins, and (4) that Defendant sought new relief in the form of attorney's fees and expenses. (Paper 36, Attach. 1, at 1).

Defendant opposes Plaintiff's motion and maintains that no new issues were raised in its reply. (Paper 37, at 1-4).

Each of the "three new categories of argument" identified by Plaintiff had been previously addressed in the parties'

briefing.

Defendant and Plaintiff both discussed the timing of (See Paper 22, Attach 1,

discovery in their initial briefs. at 26-28; Paper 32, at 22-23).

Plaintiff also discussed the (Paper 32,

alleged negligent supervision in its opposition. at 26, 30, 38). Defendant's

Finally Plaintiff cited to the testimony of designee, 37 Mr. Jenkins, and cast his

corporate

statements

as

the

position

of

the

Defendant

in

Plaintiff's

opposition brief.

(Id. at 14).

Defendant had not requested But because

attorney's fees or expenses in its initial brief.

the court is not inclined to entertain a motion for such fees at this time, no reply from Plaintiff is necessary. Plaintiff will not be permitted to file a surreply. V. Plaintiff's Motion to Bar Expert Testimony Plaintiff moves to bar testimony from Defendant's expert David Qualls concerning self-defense. Plaintiff contends that Therefore

there is no factual basis in the record to support a claim of self-defense because there is no evidence that Plaintiff

presented a threat to Mr. Hedgeman and no admissible evidence that Mr. Hedgeman perceived a threat and was responding to it. (Paper 24, at 6-7). Defendant counters that Mr. Qualls's

opinion was based on his observation of Mr. Hedgeman's actions in the surveillance video and the testimony of eye witnesses. (Paper 30, at 1-2). In his reply brief, Plaintiff argued that

the evidence supporting Mr. Qualls's opinion is inadmissible as hearsay. (Paper 33, at 1-5).

Pursuant to Fed.R.Evid. 703: The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or inference may be those perceived by or made known to the expert at or before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in 38

forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in evidence in order for the opinion or inference to be admitted. (emphasis added). However, Rule 703 also provides that:

Facts or data that are otherwise inadmissible shall not be disclosed to the jury by the proponent of the opinion or inference unless the court determines that their probative value in assisting the jury to evaluate the expert's opinion substantially outweighs their prejudicial effect. Thus, as long as the bases for an opinion are of the type normally relied on by an expert in the field, the opinion itself may be admissible, while the underlying facts or data may not be, unless brought three out on for cross-examination. Mr. Qualls's Defendant that has Mr.

identified

bases

conclusion

Hedgeman was acting in self-defense: from Gaylord National's Security and

(1) an incident report Safety Services Officer

Carlton Myatt who observed the incident and stated that Mr. Hedgeman was under attack and acted in self-defense; (2) the police report which identified Mr. Hedgeman as the "victim" and Plaintiff injuries allegedly as and a "suspect" fact Mr. and which one of a reported Mr. Hedgeman's companions (3) and the C).

the

that

Plaintiff's bottle; and

struck

Hedgeman (Paper 30,

with at

surveillance

video.

1-2,

Exhibits

B

39

Plaintiff does not challenge the use of that type of data by the expert, and the opinion itself is admissible. The question of whether the underlying data or facts are admissible is a separate question and is not squarely presented at this time. Plaintiff has not challenged the admissibility of Police reports can be exempt from the

the surveillance video.

hearsay rules if they qualify as business records or public reports under Fed.R.Evid. 803(6) or 803(8). See e.g., Nero v.

Baltimore Cnty, Md., 512 F.Supp.2d 407, n.3 (D.Md. 2007)(finding that police reports qualify as business records under 803(6)). But the portions of the police report containing statements made by third party witnesses, if not subject to another hearsay exception, remain inadmissible hearsay. See United States v.

Burruss, 418 F.2d 677, 678 (4th Cir. 1969)(holding that hearsay within police report was inadmissible). Here, police Defendant as has identified support several for Mr. portions Qualls's of the

report

factual

opinion

including the fact that Mr. Hedgeman suffered from contusions and lacerations, and the fact that a Mr. Lewis was reported to have struck Mr. Hedgeman with the bottle. that Mr. Lewis struck Mr. Hedgeman are The witness reports hearsay and may be

inadmissible if no other exception applies and the witnesses are not available to testify. The fact that Mr. Hedgeman suffered 40

injuries is an observation which the police officer preparing the report could at have made a himself of and, the thus, not hearsay. is

Accordingly

least

portion

police

report

admissible support for Mr. Qualls's expert opinion. Finally with respect to the incident report Plaintiff

asserts that this report is inadmissible because it fails to meet any of the hearsay exceptions of Fed.R.Evid. 803(6) or (8). The incident report at issue was prepared by the Gaylord

National which is not a public office or agency; Rule 803(8) does not apply. under Rule The report may qualify as a hearsay exception however, in the if these of types of report by are

803(6), prepared

regularly

course

business

Gaylord

National's security staff. determination on the

The court need not make a final report's admissibility now,

incident

however, because an expert may rely on hearsay evidence as the basis for his opinion if that reliance is reasonable. Co. v. Council of Unit Owners of Bentley Place Milton 121

Condo.,

Md.App. 100, 120 (1998), aff'd, 354 Md. 264 (1999). VI. Plaintiff's Motion Requesting Missing Witness and Spoliation of Evidence Instructions Plaintiff permissible has moved for jury for a instructions missing on the and

adverse

inferences

witness

spoliation of evidence. Mr. Hedgeman is a

(Paper 25). witness 41

Plaintiff contends that over whom Defendant had

missing

control as his employer and that Defendant's failure to make him available to testify warrants an instruction that his testimony would have has been disfavorable to Defendant. (Paper 25,

Attach. 1, at 3-4).

Plaintiff also argues that Defendant failed

to preserve the full and complete surveillance video of the incident on June 29, 2008 and that failure warrants a spoliation instruction. Hedgeman is no (Id. at 4-5). employed Defendant by counters and that it Mr. has In

longer

Opryland

that

provided his last known contact information to Plaintiff.

addition, Defendant notes that it is unaware of any efforts by Plaintiff to subpoena Mr. Hedgeman. Defendant also maintains (Paper 31).

that the spoliation instruction is not warranted.

A missing witness instruction may be given if the failure of a party to call a witness permits an inference that the witness's testimony would be unfavorable to that party's case. United States v. King, No. 96-4052, 1998 WL 390961 (4th Cir. 1998). met: First, it must be shown that the party failing to call the witness has it peculiarly within its power to produce the witness by showing either: a) that the witness is physically available only to the other party, or b) that, because of the witness's relationship with the other party, the witness pragmatically is only available to that party. Second, the witness's testimony must elucidate issues important to 42 The instruction is appropriate if two requirements are

the trial, as opposed to being irrelevant or cumulative. Id. (internal citations omitted); see also United States v.

Brooks, 928 F.2d 1403, 1412 (4th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 845. Here, Plaintiff fails to satisfy the first requirement

because he has not shown that Mr. Hedgeman is available only to Defendant. The evidence shows that Mr. Hedgeman is no longer

employed by Defendant, and Plaintiff was given his last known address. (Paper 31, Exhibit 4, Jenkins Dep., at 25:3-5).

Accordingly, Defendant no longer has control over Mr. Hedgeman. Moreover, Plaintiff has not indicated that he has attempted to subpoena Mr. Hedgeman or established that he noticed him for deposition Defendant. through Defendant while he was still employed by

A missing witness instruction is not warranted under

such circumstances. Plaintiff also seeks a negative inference spoliation

instruction because Defendant allegedly failed to preserve the full and complete video recording of the events of June 29, 2008. Spoliation is "the destruction or material alteration of

evidence or the failure to preserve property for another's use as evidence in pending or reasonably foreseeable litigation." Goodman v. Praxair Servs., Inc., 632 F.Supp.2d 494, 505 (D.Md.

43

2009)

A party seeking sanctions for spoliation must prove the

following elements: (1) [T]he party having control over the evidence had an obligation to preserve it when it was destroyed or altered; (2) the destruction or loss was accompanied by a "culpable state of mind;" and (3) the evidence that was destroyed or altered was `relevant' to the claims or defenses of the party that sought the discovery of the spoliated evidence, to the extent that a reasonable factfinder could conclude that the lost evidence would have supported the claims or defenses of the party that sought it. Id. at 509 (citing Thompson v. U.S. Dep't of Hous. & Urban Dev., 219 F.R.D. 93, 101 (D.Md. 2003).4 The duty to preserve material evidence is triggered not only by litigation but also in the pre-litigation period if a party reasonably should know that the evidence may be relevant to anticipated litigation. F.3d 583, 591 (4th Silvestri v. Gen. Motors Corp., 271 Once the duty is triggered,

Cir. 2001).

4

The parties dispute whether state or federal law on spoliation is applicable. Defendant contends that the issue of spoliation is governed by federal law (Paper 31, at 5), while Plaintiff maintains that it draws upon the substantive law of the relevant state. (Paper 34, at 2). In the Fourth Circuit, spoliation is a question of federal law. Hodge v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 360 F.3d 446, 449 (4th Cir. 2004)("The imposition of a sanction (e.g., an adverse inference) for spoliation of evidence is an inherent power of federal courts-though one limited to that action necessary to redress conduct which abuses the judicial process-and the decision to impose such a sanction is governed by federal law.")(internal quotations omitted). 44

parties must preserve documents relevant to the potential claims or defenses of any parties to the litigation or the subject matter of the litigation. Goodman, 632 F.Supp.2d at 511-512

(citing Zubulake v. UBS Warburg, LLC, 220 F.R.D. 212, 217-218 (S.D.N.Y. 2003)). As for the second element, "there are three possible states of mind that can satisfy the culpability requirement: and bad

faith/knowing negligence."

destruction,

gross

negligence,

ordinary

Goodman, 632 F.Supp.2d at 518.

The degree of

fault determines the level of sanction.

To draw an adverse

inference from the absence, loss, or destruction of evidence, "requires a showing that the party knew the evidence was

relevant to some issue at trial and that [its] willful conduct resulted in its loss or destruction." Id. at 530 (citing

Vodusek v. Bayliner Marine Corp., 71 F.3d 148, 156 (4th Cir. 1995)). therefore, "If the a spoliator's adverse conduct is merely is negligent, not an

inference

instruction

appropriate sanction."

See Hodge v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 360

F.3d 446, 450-51 (4th Cir. 2004). As the party seeking the spoliation instruction, the burden is on Plaintiff to establish that the instruction is warranted. Plaintiff has not met his burden. proven that Defendant Opryland 45 had First, Plaintiff has not a burden to preserve

surveillance

videos,

aside

from

the

portion

provided

to

the

police and produced during discovery.

Plaintiff contends that

the video produced by Defendant begins "in the middle of the incident" and does not show what prompted Mr. Thomas to remove his shirt. (Paper 34, at 1-2). But Plaintiff's accusation

assumes the existence of additional relevant video footage that Defendant intentionally destroyed. Defendant does not dispute

that there was additional video footage from that night, indeed in its opposition Defendant notes that there are approximately 751 surveillance cameras at the Gaylord National and thus

potentially 3000 hours of video from that evening that could have been preserved. (Paper 31, at n.5). Defendant maintains

that all the video showing the particular incident investigated by the police that was preserved. (Id. at 7). once Plaintiff's may have

speculation

additional

relevant

footage

existed and was deleted, without any proof, is insufficient to establish that any relevant information was destroyed. Plaintiff has also failed to establish that Defendant had the requisite state of mind. Mr. Jenkins testified that the

Gaylord National's surveillance video is purged on a routine basis when the hard drive becomes full, unless an affirmative decision is made to preserve the recording. Defendant preserved

the portions of the surveillance video that showed the incident 46

and presented them to the police department where Plaintiff and Mr. Thomas viewed them. (Paper 31, Exhibit 3, Thomas Dep., Plaintiff

at 31-32; Paper 31, Exhibit 4, Jenkins Dep., at 68).

has adduced no evidence that Defendant or its employees acted in bad faith or even that they knowingly destroyed relevant

information. Finally because there is no evidence as to the contents of the surveillance cannot video from June that 29, the 2008 that was erased, was

Plaintiff relevant.

establish

destroyed

video

For all these reasons, Plaintiff's motion for an

adverse inference spoliation instruction will be denied. VII. Plaintiff's Motion To Compel Discovery Depositions Plaintiff Defendant's has moved to compel the depositions and Webb of

employees,

Robert

Stanfield

Rizor.

Plaintiff first requested the two depositions on October 29, 2009, the day before discovery closed. Plaintiff asserts that Mr. Stanfield (Paper 39, at 1-2). and Mr. Rizor possess

relevant information. cause exists to

(Id. at 3). their

Plaintiff argues that good because they were

compel

depositions

requested before the close of discovery.

Plaintiff states that

Defendant's corporate representative identified Mr. Stanfield as "the individual who possessed knowledge of the operations of the Pos