McFeeley et al v. Jackson Street Entertainment, LLC et al

Filing 56

MEMORANDUM OPINION (c/m to Clementina Ibe for Plaintiff Scharlene Alugbuo 9/15/14 sat). Signed by Chief Judge Deborah K. Chasanow on 9/15/14. (sat, Chambers)

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MARYLAND : LAURA MCFEELEY, ET AL : v. : Civil Action No. DKC 12-1019 : JACKSON STREET ENTERTAINMENT, LLC, ET AL : MEMORANDUM OPINION Presently pending and ready for resolution in this Fair Labor Standards Act collective action are Plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment (ECF No. 45), and Defendants’ cross motion for partial summary judgment (ECF No. 46). The issues have been briefed, and the court now rules, no hearing being deemed necessary. Local Rule 105.6. For the following reasons, Plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment will be granted in part and denied in part. Defendants’ motion for partial summary judgment will be denied. I. Background Plaintiffs Laura McFeeley, Danielle Everett, Crystal Nelson, Dannielle Arlean McKay, Jenny Garcia, Patrice Howell, and Tarshea Jackson (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, filed this collective action against the exotic dance clubs, Fuego’s Exotic Dance Club (“Fuego”) and Extasy Exotic Dance Club (“Extasy”), and the individuals and entities that operate both of them: Defendants Jackson Street Entertainment, LLC; Risque, LLC; Quantum Entertainment Group, LLC; Nico Enterprises, Inc.; XTC Entertainment Group, LLC; and Uwa Offiah (collectively, “Defendants”) for violations of the minimum wage and overtime provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 201, et seq., the Maryland Wage and Hour Law (“MWHL”), Md. Code, Lab. & Empl. §§ 3-401, et seq., and the Maryland Wage Payment and Wage Collection Law (“MWPWC”), Md. Code Ann., Lab. & Empl. §§ 3-501 counterclaims et seq. against unjust enrichment.1 (ECF No. Plaintiffs 31). for Defendants breach of filed contract and (ECF No. 32). Defendants own and operate Fuego and Extasy exotic dance clubs, located in Prince George’s County, Maryland. 45-1, at 3-4). (ECF No. Defendants have operated Fuego since 2008 and Extasy since mid to late 2010. (ECF No. 46-1, at 6). Defendant Uwa Offiah (“Mr. Offiah”) is the sole owner of both Fuego and Extasy and holds the only financial interest in the clubs. No. 45-10, at 6-7). Defendants have always classified (ECF the dancers at both Fuego and Extasy by contract as independent contractors. (ECF No. 45-10, at 8, 17). Plaintiffs are current or former exotic dancers who danced between April 2009 and the 1 Defendants also filed a claim for quantum meruit. parties’ motions, however, they only discuss the enrichment and breach of contract claims. 2 In the unjust present at either one or both of Defendants’ clubs. 45-1, at 3). (ECF No. There is no dispute that, during their time as exotic dancers at Fuego and Extasy, Plaintiffs did not receive compensation in the form of hourly wages. Plaintiffs signed “lease agreements”2 wherein they were classified as independent contractors of Fuego and Extasy (“the clubs”). compensation received arrangement money from under these customers, agreements, including performance fees and customer tips. As a part of the in Plaintiffs the form of (ECF No. 45-10, at 8). On April 3, 2012, Plaintiff Laura McFeeley filed an initial complaint. (ECF No. 1). On April 18, 2012, an amended complaint was filed adding Danielle Everett as plaintiff. No. 3). Defendants answered on May 21, 2013, and counterclaim against Plaintiffs McFeeley and Everett. (ECF filed a On August 24, 2012, Plaintiffs moved to facilitate identification of other similarly situated individuals. (ECF No. 8). On November 26, 2012, in denied the undersigned granted part and in Plaintiffs’ motion to dismiss Defendants’ counterclaims. Nos. 13 and 14). certified part (ECF The same day, the undersigned conditionally an FLSA collective class. Subsequently, the remaining Plaintiffs 2 (ECF — No. 15, Crystal at 1). Nelson, Mr. Offiah, on behalf of Fuego and Extasy, had Plaintiffs sign agreements regarding the terms of their working relationship that are titled “Space/Lease Rental Agreement of Business Space” (“lease agreement”). (See, e.g., ECF Nos. 46-2 & 46-3). 3 Dannielle Tarshea Arlean Jackson McKay, — joined Jenny the Garcia, action Patrice as “opt-in” Howell, and plaintiffs. (ECF Nos. 18, 20, 26, 28, and 33). On May complaint. 6, 2013, (ECF No. 31). Plaintiffs filed a second amended Defendants answered on May 9, 2013, and simultaneously filed counterclaims against all Plaintiffs. (ECF No. 32). Plaintiffs answered on May 15, 2013.3 (ECF No. 34). On January 3, 2014, Plaintiffs moved for partial summary judgment. (ECF No. 45). Plaintiffs ask the court to find in their favor on several issues: (1) That, at all times relevant, each Plaintiff was an employee of Defendants under the FLSA and MWHL and was never an independent contractor; (2) That Defendants violated the FLSA and MWHL by compensating Plaintiffs at an hourly rate less than the FLSA and MWHL required minimum wage and overtime rate; (3) That Plaintiffs are entitled to recover unpaid wage damages and that Plaintiffs’ unpaid wage damages should be calculated at an hourly rate not less than the FLSA and MWHL minimum wage, free and clear of any kickbacks, fees, fines, or charges paid by Plaintiffs to Defendants; (4) That Uwa Offiah was at all times Plaintiffs’ employer under the FLSA and MWHL, and as such is jointly and severally liable to Plaintiffs along with the corporate Defendants; 3 Plaintiffs submitted an amended counter-complaint on May 28, 2013. 4 answer to Defendants’ (5) That Plaintiffs are entitled to recover liquidated damages in an equal amount to Plaintiffs’ to-be-determined unpaid wages under the FLSA; and (6) That Defendants’ service fee “offset” or “set off” fails as a matter of law and may not be applied to mitigate or negate any to be-determined damages owed by Defendants to Plaintiffs. (ECF No. 45-1, at 1-2). Defendants filed their opposition to Plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment and cross moved for partial summary judgment on their counterclaims on January 21, 2014. 46). Plaintiffs opposed Defendants’ cross motion on February 7, 2014.4 II. (ECF No. (ECF No. 48). Standard of Review Rule 56(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, permits a party to move for summary judgment or partial summary judgment by identifying “each claim or defense — or the part of each claim or defense (emphasis added). pretrial — on which “[P]artial adjudication that summary summary certain established for the trial of the case. judgment judgment issues is is shall sought.” merely be a deemed This adjudication . . . serves the purpose of speeding up litigation by” narrowing the issues for trial to those over which there is a genuine dispute of material fact. 4 Rotorex Co. v. Kingsbury Corp., 42 F.Supp.2d Defendants did not file a reply to Plaintiffs’ opposition. 5 563, 570-71 (noting that motions for (D.Md. 1999) “numerous partial (internal courts summary quotation have marks entertained judgment omitted) and addressing decided particular issues”). A motion for summary judgment shall be granted only if there exists no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. (1986). The moving party bears the burden of showing that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact. 242, 250 However, no genuine dispute of material fact exists if the nonmoving party fails to exists. make a sufficient showing that a genuine dispute Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322–23. Therefore, on those issues on which the nonmoving party has the burden of proof, it is his or her responsibility to confront the summary judgment motion with an affidavit or other similar evidence showing that there is a genuine dispute for trial. In Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., the Supreme Court of the United States explained that, in considering a motion for summary judgment, the “judge’s function is not himself to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” but to 477 U.S. at 249 (1986). A dispute about a material fact is genuine “if 6 the evidence is such that a reasonable verdict for the nonmoving party.” jury Id. at 248. could return a Thus, “the judge must ask himself not whether he thinks the evidence unmistakably favors one side or the other but whether a fair-minded jury could return a verdict for the [nonmoving party] on the evidence presented.” Id. at 252. In undertaking this inquiry, a court must view the facts and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom “in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986) (quoting United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655 (1962)); see also E.E.O.C. v. Navy Fed. Credit Union, 424 F.3d 397, 405 (4th Cir. 2005). The mere existence of a “scintilla” of evidence the in support of non-moving party’s case is sufficient to preclude an order granting summary judgment. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252. not See A “party cannot create a genuine dispute of material fact through mere speculation or compilation of inferences.” Shin v. Shalala, 166 F.Supp.2d 373, 375 (D.Md. 2001) (citation omitted). Indeed, this court has an affirmative obligation to prevent factually unsupported claims and defenses from going to trial. See Drewitt v. Pratt, 999 F.2d 774, 778–79 (4th Cir. 1993) (quoting Felty v. Graves–Humphreys Co., 818 F.2d 1126, 1128 (4th Cir. 1987)). 7 III. Analysis A. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment 1. Employee Determination Under the FLSA and MWHL The first issue in Plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment is whether the dancers at Fuego and Extasy employees within the meaning of the FLSA and the MWHL.5 were The FLSA defines “employee” as “any individual employed by an employer.” To “employ” includes “to suffer or permit to work.” 29 U.S.C. §§ is 203(e)(1), 203(g). The definition of employee to be liberally construed and applied in accordance with the remedial nature of the Act. F.3d 298, 304 (4th Schultz v. Capital Int’l Sec., Inc., 466 Cir. 2006). To determine whether an individual is an employee or an independent contractor under the FLSA, the court must look to the “economic realities” of the relationship between the worker and the putative employer by analyzing the following six factors: (1) [T]he degree of control that the putative employer has over the manner in which the work is performed; (2) the worker’s opportunities for profit or loss dependent on his managerial skill; (3) the worker’s investment in equipment or material, or his employment of other workers; (4) the degree of skill required for the work; (5) the permanence of the working relationship; and (6) the degree to which the services rendered are an integral part of the putative employer’s business. 5 Plaintiffs have not asked for a determination of whether they are employees under the MWPCL. (ECF No. 45, at 1-2). 8 Schultz, 466 F.3d at 304-05. and “courts are directed circumstances[.]” No single factor is dispositive to look at the totality of the Thompson v. Linda And A., Inc., 779 F.Supp.2d 139, 147 (D.D.C. 2011) (internal quotations omitted); see also Rutherford (“[T]he Food Corp. determination v. of McComb, the 331 U.S. 722, [employee-employer] 730 (1947) relationship does not depend on such isolated factors but rather upon the circumstances of the whole activity.”). status under the MWHL using realities” test as the FLSA. the Courts analyze employee same six-prong “economic See Randolph v. PowerComm Const., Inc., No. PWG-13-1696, 2014 WL 1260722, at *6-9 (D.Md. Mar. 25, 2014) (analyzing simultaneously whether the plaintiff was an employee or an independent contractor under both the MWHL and the FLSA by applying the six-factor economic realities test); See also Heath v. Perdue Farms, Inc., 87 F.Supp.2d 452, 458-59 (D.Md. 2000) (applying the six-factor economic realities test in analyzing whether crew leaders were employees or independent contractors for the purpose of both the FLSA and the MWHL).6 6 The MWHL is the state statutory equivalent of the FLSA. Watkins v. Brown, 173 F.Supp.2d 409, 416 (D.Md. 2001). Both the MWHL and the FLSA have similar purposes, almost identical definitions of “employer,” and the MWHL contains internal references to the FLSA. Id. The requirements under the MWHL are so closely linked to the FLSA that “[p]laintiffs’ claim under the MWHL stands or falls on the success of their claim under the FLSA.” Turner v. Human Genome Sci., Inc., 292 F.Supp.2d 738, 744 (D.Md. 2003). 9 The focal point of the economic realities analysis is “whether the worker is economically dependent on the business to which he renders service or is, as [reality], in business for himself.” (internal quotations omitted). a matter of economic Schultz, 466 F.3d at 304 Courts must look to the economic reality of the working relationship rather than any labels given by the parties when determining liability under the FLSA and the MWHL. See Calle v. Chul Sun Kang Or, No. DKC 11-0716, 2012 WL 163235 (D.Md. Jan. 18, 2012) (citing 457); see also Quinteros v. Heath, Sparkle 87 F.Supp.2d at Cleaning, Inc., 532 F.Supp.2d 762, 768 (D.Md. 2008) (“[E]ven if a contract clearly defines the relationship as one of client/subcontractor, it may still constitute an employer/employee relationship for purposes of the FLSA.”). If after application of the six “economic reality” factors the moving party has shown that there is “no doubt” as to the relationship between the parties, the court may determine as a matter of law that the worker is an employee or independent contractor. Heath, 87 F.Supp.2d at 459; Viar-Robinson v. Dudley Beauty Salon, No. PWG-12-1794, 2013 WL 6388646, at *6 (D.Md. Dec. 5, 2013). If the parties dispute numerous material facts that impact the application of these factors, the movant has failed to show the worker’s status as a matter of law and is not entitled to summary judgment on this issue. 10 Calle, 2012 WL 163235, at *7; see also Solis v. Gen. Interior Sys., Inc., No. 5:08-CV-0823 NPM/ATB, 2012 WL 1987139, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. June 1, 2012) (denying plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment because the parties disputed, “by identifying contradictory evidence, . . . virtually each factual conclusion underlying the factors of the economic reality test”). a. Degree of Control Over Worker The court must first consider the “degree of control that the putative employer has over the manner in which the work is performed[.]” Schultz, 466 F.3d at 304-05. In considering the degree of control exercised by the club over the dancer, courts should look not only at the club’s rules and guidelines regarding the dancers’ performances and behavior, “but also to the club’s control over the atmosphere and clientele.” Butler v. PP & G, Inc., No. WMN-13-430, 2013 WL 5964476, at *3 (D.Md. Nov. 7, 2013) reconsideration denied, No. WMN-13-430, 2014 WL 199001 (D.Md. Jan. 16, 2014). significant control include: tardiness; enforcing Examples of clubs exerting fining dancers for absences and behavioral rules; setting minimum performance fees; and requiring dancers to sign in upon arrival. Id.; see also Reich v. Circle C. Investments, Inc., 998 F.2d 324, 327 (5th Cir. 1993) (finding significant control where the employer fined dancers, set minimum prices, promulgated rules concerning dancers’ behavior, and required dancers to be on the 11 floor at opening time); Hart v. Rick’s Cabaret Int’l, Inc., 967 F.Supp.2d 901, 913-19 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (holding that club exerted significant control where it had written behavioral guidelines and imposed fines on the dancers); Thompson, Inc., 779 F.Supp.2d at 148 (finding significant control where dancers were required to sign in, follow a schedule, and follow the club’s rules). In Butler, 2013 WL 5964476, at *3-4, the court found that although the club did not exercise control “over the day-to-day decisions and work of its dancers,” it still exercised significant control over the dancers by way of controlling the overall atmosphere of the club through advertising, setting business maintaining the facility, and maintaining aesthetics. hours, The court noted that the dancers were “entirely dependent on the [club] to provide [them] with customers, and [their] economic status ‘is inextricably linked to those conditions over which [the club has] complete control.’” Id. (quoting Reich v. Priba Corp., 890 F.Supp. 586, 592 (N.D.Tex. 1995)). Similarly in Thompson, 779 F.Supp.2d at 148, the court cited to the defendants’ rules — that prohibited drugs,” and a “cussing, prohibition fighting, against biting, scratching inappropriate behavior or on stage — when deciding that the control factor weighed in favor of the dancers. Defendants argue that they exercised minimal control over the dancers. (ECF No. 46-1, at 22-25). 12 They state that they did not set schedules for the dancers; rather, the dancers were permitted to pick their own schedules. (Id. at 23). that they did not control the dancers’ performances. 24). They add (Id. at Defendants further contend that they did not reprimand the dancers or inform them that they were “not following the rules.” (Id. at 23). Plaintiffs disagree, arguing that Defendants controlled almost every aspect of their work from the moment they were hired. Plaintiffs also provide a set of club-imposed written guidelines that Defendants gave them regarding dancer conduct and prices for private dances. (ECF No. 45-18 “Rule Book”) (“Violators of the above rules and regulations will be kicked out of the club. Indefinitely.”). Defendants argue that they did not enforce some of the rules and fees in the guidelines; thus, Defendants believe that the rules are not evidence of Defendants’ control over the dancers. (ECF No. 45-10, at 21). Courts have previously found, however, that even if a fine is not implemented or is retracted, “written threat to impose such fines, and its imposition of such fines on non-compliant dancers, even if largely retracted, is strong evidence of its control over them.” Hart, 967 F.Supp.2d at 917; see also Clincy v. Galardi S. Enters., Inc., 808 F.Supp.2d 1326, 1345 (N.D.Ga. 2011) (finding that despite not enforcing its rules consistently or uniformly, a club exercised a significant amount of control 13 over dancers merely by its potential authority to discipline dancers for breaking club rules). An employer’s “potential power” to enforce its rules and manage dancers’ conduct is a form of control. Aside control from over operations See Hart, 967 F.Supp.2d at 918. Defendants’ dancers manager, in club other Doguy rules, ways. Kamara, Defendants For stated exercised example, that he Extasy’s “coached” dancers whom he believed did not have the right attitude or were not behaving properly in the clubs. (ECF No. 45-9, at 26). Dancers were also required to sign in when they entered the clubs and to pay a “tip in.” (ECF No. 45-9, at 10-11, 34). Furthermore, Defendants maintained the clubs’ atmospheres as they were responsible operations in the clubs. for advertising and day-to-day (ECF No. 45-10, at 10-12). Defendants set hours of operation, the price of entrance for patrons and dancers, and the types of food and beverages sold. Defendants also set the prices for lap dances and dances in the VIP room. (ECF No. 45-9, significant at control 8, 13-15). over the Thus, Defendants atmosphere, exercised clientele, and operations of the clubs. b. Opportunity for Profit or Loss The second element of the economic realities test is whether the worker’s opportunity for profit or loss is dependent on her managerial skills. See Schultz, 466 F.3d at 305. 14 “[T]he ability to generate more money based on skill and hard work denotes independent contractor status.” Herman v. Mid-Atlantic Installation Servs., Inc., 164 F.Supp.2d 667, 674 (D.Md. 2000). Defendants argue that the dancers’ compensation was largely dependent on each dancer’s own skill and ability to attract customers, as well as the dancer’s ability to decide how many days per week Defendants she would highlight that work. the (ECF dancers No. 46-1, sold at tickets 25-27). for club events, passed out flyers to attract more customers to the club, and allowed their photos to be used on promotional flyers. at 25-26). negotiate Defendants private also dance fees contend that the with patrons dancers and that (Id. could their compensation largely depended on their level of dancing skill. (Id. at 26-27). Defendants cite to Matson v. 7455, Inc., No. CV 98-788-HA, 2000 WL 1132110 at *4 (D.Or. Jan. 14, 2000), for the proposition that when compensation is dependent on the plaintiff’s own skill to attract customers, she was in control of her own profit or loss. (Id. at 26). Plaintiffs counter that the amount the dancers stood to lose or gain was “generally a function of the actions the clubs, not the entertainers, [took].” (ECF No. 45-1, at 18). Plaintiffs cite Harrell v. Diamond A Entertainment, Inc., 992 F.Supp. 1343 (M.D.Fla. 1997), to support their contention that Plaintiffs had little financial risk and minimal control over 15 the profits they stood to make at the clubs. 19). (ECF No. 45-1, at Harrell, in relevant part, states that: [a dancer] risks little more than [her] daily “tip out” fee, the cost of her costumes, and her time. That a dancer may increase her earnings by increased ‘hustling’ matters little. As is the case with the zealous waiter at a fancy, four star restaurant, a dancer’s stake, her take and the control she exercises over each of these are limited by the bounds of good service; ultimately, it is the restaurant that takes the risks and reaps the returns. 992 F.Supp. at 1352 (M.D.Fla. 1997). Exotic dance clubs have argued that a dancer’s potential for greater profits relies on her skill as a dancer and her ability to entice customers to give large tips. 779 52). F.Supp.2d at 149 (citing Harrell, 992 See Thompson, F.Supp. at 1350- This argument — that dancers can “hustle” to increase their profits — has been almost universally rejected. See id.; Hart, 967 F.Supp.2d at 920; Clincy, 808 F.Supp.2d at 1346 n.12; Harrell, 992 F.Supp. at 1350, 1352; Priba Corp., 890 F.Supp. at 593. In explaining why “hustling” was not the type of initiative contemplated by this element, the Priba court articulated that an individual can “hustle” even in an employment relationship. Priba Corp., 890 F.Supp. at 593. increase their earnings by Therefore, dancers’ ability to exercising initiative does not necessarily indicate that dancers are independent contractors. 16 While it is true that “once customers arrive at [the club], a dancer’s initiative, hustle, and costume significantly contribute to the amount of her tips,” the club’s owner in fact significantly controls the dancers’ opportunity for profit or loss, as he “has a significant role in drawing customers to [his] nightclub.” Thompson, 779 F.Supp.2d Circle C. Invs., 998 F.2d at 328). at 149 (quoting The club and its owners, through “advertisement, location, business hours, maintenance of facilities, aesthetics, and inventory of controlled customer volume in the clubs. significantly profit. controlled the beverages food” The clubs therefore dancers’ Reich, 998 F.2d at 328. and opportunity for A clubs’ setting of minimum prices for services also controls the dancers’ ultimate ability to earn a profit. See Priba Corp., 890 F.Supp. at 593 (finding that a club controlled the opportunity for profit and loss when it set the minimum charge for table dances); see also Usery v. Pilgrim Equip. Co., 527 F.2d 1308, 1313 (5th Cir. 1976) (recognizing the significance of the putative employer’s control over profits and losses through implementing price controls, selecting businesses’ locations, and controlling advertising in finding that laundry service workers were employees). Here, dancers could promote themselves by handing out flyers with their pictures on them and encouraging potential customers to come to the club. They also could show extra 17 initiative while in the performance fees and tips. clubs to try to increase their Defendants, however, controlled the stream of clientele that appeared at the clubs by setting the clubs’ hours, coordinating and paying for all advertising, and managing the atmosphere within the clubs. 10-12). Plaintiffs’ ostensibly sustained no losses aside from their “tip in” fee and their time. 1354. (ECF No. 45-10, at Most Plaintiffs importantly, could negotiate although their Harrell, 992 F.Supp. at Defendants own prices argue for that dances, Defendants also admit that the club set prices for lap dances and VIP room dances. (ECF No. 45-9, at 14, 19). Thus, Defendants ultimately controlled a key determinant — pricing — affecting Plaintiffs’ ability to make a profit. Furthermore, Defendants’ rule book states “do not [overcharge] our customers. If you do, you will be kicked out of the club.” at 2). (ECF No. 45-18, Even assuming this rule was not enforced, this potential consequence displays Defendants’ effort to control the prices that dancers charged customers. This factor also weighs in favor of Plaintiffs. c. Investment in Equipment or Materials The third element in the economic realities test is Plaintiffs’ level of investment in the business, including their “investment in equipment or material, or [their] employment of other workers.” Schultz, 466 F.3d at 305. 18 In analyzing this factor, courts look to the capital investments made in the dance club by the dancers and club owners respectively. Morse v. Mer Corp., No. 1:08-CV-1389-WTL-JMS, 2010 WL 2346334, at *4-5 (S.D. Ind. June 4, 2010) (noting that “[a] dancer’s investment in costumes . . . is relatively minor to the considerable investment [the club] has in operating a nightclub. [It] leases fixtures for the nightclub . . . owns sound equipment and music, maintains and extensively”) renovates (quoting the Circle facilities, C. Invs., 998 and advertises F.2d at 327) (internal citations omitted). Defendants concede that they pay: clubs’ bills such as water and rent for both clubs; the electric; business liability insurance; and for radio and print advertising for the clubs. (ECF No. 45-10, at 11-12).7 clubs’ security jockey. Plaintiffs’ (Id. guards, at Defendants also pay wages to the bartenders, 12). Defendants participation in cashiers, contend, advertising and the disc however, that activities, such as passing out flyers, demonstrates their investment in the clubs. (ECF No. 46-1, at 27-28). were responsible for Defendants also state that Plaintiffs providing their own wardrobe when performing (ECF No. 45-10, at 22), and sometimes, for special 7 Rent and advertising alone cost Defendants approximately $6,500 a month. (Id.). 19 events, Plaintiffs brought their own food or decorations to the clubs. (ECF No. 46-1, at 27-28). These undisputed facts show that Defendants investment in the clubs greatly exceeded Plaintiffs’ investment. Aside from the dancers providing their own work apparel and occasional food and decorations for events, Plaintiffs did not invest in the exotic dance clubs. d. Degree of Skill Required The fourth element is the “degree of skill required for the work.” there Schultz, 466 F.3d at 305. is no special skill Other courts have held that required to be an exotic dancer, pointing to the lack of instruction, certification, and prior experience required to become an exotic dancer. Thompson, 779 F.Supp.2d at 149-50; Harrell, 992 F.Supp. at 1351; Morse, 2010 WL 2346334, at *5; Butler, 2013 WL 5964476, at *5. Here, Defendants concede that individuals did not need any dancing experience before dancing at Fuego or Extasy, (ECF No. 45-9, at 24-25), and that the court is likely to find that no particular skill was necessary for Plaintiffs to dance at their clubs. (ECF No. 46-1, at 29). Indeed, two Plaintiffs had not danced at any other club before starting at Fuego or Extasy. (ECF No. 45-13, at 4; ECF No. 45-11, at 3). Thus, the minimal degree of skill required for exotic dancing at these clubs also 20 weighs in favor of finding that the exotic dancers were employees rather than independent contractors. e. Permanency of the Working Relationship The fifth element of the economic realities test is the permanence employer of and the working employee. relationship See between Schultz, 466 the F.3d putative at 305. Defendants argue that this factor favors finding Plaintiffs are independent contractors because they were permitted to work without any specified contract-completion date, “could come and go as they please[d,] and were free to dance at other exotic clubs[.]” duration more (ECF No. 46-1, at 30). of their working characteristic of Plaintiffs contend that the relationships employees, as with Defendants Plaintiffs’ were periods employment ranged from several months to several years. of In addition, Plaintiffs argue that their appearances at the clubs were not “sparse permanent period.” In ad hoc” appearances, but rather “they were employees, working full time for an indefinite (ECF No. 45-1, at 20) (emphasis in original). previous cases involving exotic dancers, courts have found that the lack of permanence factor is “entitled to only modest weight in assessing employee status under the FLSA,” and many courts have placed less emphasis comparison to the other elements. on this element in Hart, 967 F.Supp.2d at 920; see also Harrell, 992 F.Supp. at 1352 (“Other courts have found 21 that exotic dancers tend to be itinerant, but have tended to place less emphasis on this factor[;] . . . [t]his Court agrees, and places little emphasis on this factor.”); Priba Corp., 890 F.Supp. at 593-94 (noting that the proper focus under this prong is not on the permanence or exclusivity of the relationship, but the nature of the worker’s dependence on the putative employer). The fact that dancers can work at other clubs “[does] not distinguish them from countless workers . . . who are undeniably employees under the FLSA — for example, waiters, ushers, and bartenders” — that may simultaneously work for other businesses. Hart, 967 F.Supp.2d at 920-21. Here, dancers at both Fuego and Extasy worked with no specified contract-completion date. Their lease agreements do not specify a date range or term of years, merely stating that “[t]his lease . . . shall continue on an at-will basis until further written notice of termination by the LESSOR or LESSEE.” (ECF No. 46-2, at 3). Some Plaintiffs worked at either Fuego or Extasy for less than a year. Additionally, some dancers worked at other clubs at the same time that they worked at Fuego or Extasy. (ECF No. 45-14, at 5; ECF No. 45-12, at 4). In sum, Defendants and Plaintiffs had an at-will arrangement that could be terminated by either party at any time. Furthermore, Plaintiffs worked for multiple clubs at the same time. The lack of permanence in the relationship between the clubs and the 22 dancers is determination not of outcome whether determinative the dancers were in the overall employees of the clubs. f. Integral Nature of Services Rendered The sixth element to consider is whether the services rendered by Plaintiffs were “an integral part of the putative employer’s business.” Schultz, 466 F.3d at 305. Defendants concede that this factor favors the Plaintiffs, but contend that this factor does not necessarily control whether Plaintiffs were employees of the clubs under the totality of the circumstances. “Courts have routinely noted that the presence of exotic dancers [is] ‘essential,’ or ‘obviously very important,’ to the success of a topless nightclub.” *5. Butler, 2013 WL 5964476, at At Fuego and Extasy, the exotic dancers were the only source of entertainment for customers. The exotic businesses, dancers were especially an (ECF No. 45-9, at 12). integral considering that alcohol or food, aside from a few snacks. part of neither Defendants’ club served (ECF No. 45-10, at 10). g. Consideration of All Factors After considering the preceding factors in combination and resolving all disputed facts in favor of Defendants, there is no genuine dispute over the nature of the relationship between the parties. While the working relationship between the parties 23 lacks permanence, Defendants exercised significant control over Plaintiffs and had the dominant opportunity for profit or loss. In addition, Plaintiffs were not required to have specialized skills to work for Defendants, made limited investments in the clubs’ equipment and materials. Most importantly, Plaintiffs were economically dependent on the clubs rather than being in business business. for themselves, and were integral to the clubs’ Even though Plaintiffs signed a “lease agreement” that labeled them independent contractors, under the economic realities test, this label is not dispositive. See Butler, 2013 WL 5964476, at *6 (“[N]either the label placed on an employment relationship, nor an individual's subjective belief about her employment status, are dispositive.”). Therefore, Plaintiffs were employees of Fuego and Extasy under the FLSA and MWHL. 2. Mr. Offiah’s Personal Liability as an Employer The next issue is whether Mr. Offiah can be considered an “employer” under the FLSA and MWHL, such that he would be subject to personal liability for any minimum wage or overtime obligations due to Plaintiffs. Defendants argue that the facts relied upon by Plaintiffs do not support their argument that Mr. Offiah was an employer. (ECF No. 46-1, at 38). Defendants cite Cubias v. Casa Furniture and Bedding, LLC, No. 1:06CV386 (JCC), 2007 WL 150973, at *2 (E.D.Va. 2007) (emphasis added), for the proposition that “[u]nder the FLSA, an employer . . . includes 24 individuals with managerial responsibilities and substantial control over the terms and conditions of an employee’s work.” (Id.). Defendants point to Plaintiffs’ job auditions and work schedules to suggest that Plaintiffs, rather than Mr. Offiah, had substantial control over the terms and conditions of their work. (Id.). Plaintiffs contend that Mr. Offiah “had sufficient operational control over [them] and the misclassification [of Plaintiffs as independent contractors] to make him an employer.” (ECF No. 45-1, at 28). They further allege that he controlled all of the day-to-day operations at the clubs, including “hiring and firing, advertising, marketing[,]” and the “rate and method of Plaintiffs’ pay, including the Plaintiffs as independent contractors.” decision (Id.). to classify Plaintiffs add that Mr. Offiah was the “sole owner, officer and shareholder of each of the corporate Defendants in this action.” (Id.). The FLSA defines “employer” as including “any person acting directly or indirectly in relation to an employee.” “[i]t is well settled that the interest of an 29 U.S.C. § 2013(d). an individual may employer and face liability under the FLSA.” employer in In addition, qualify as an Roman v. Guapos III, Inc., 970 F.Supp.2d 407, 416 (D.Md. 2013) (emphasis added). To determine whether an individual can be liable as an employer under the FLSA, “courts generally look at the ‘economic reality’ 25 of [the] individual’s status in the workplace.”8 Id. (quoting Gionfriddo v. Jason Zink, LLC, 769 F.Supp.2d 880, 890 (D.Md. 2011). Courts examine a number of factors including “the person’s job description, his or her financial interest in the enterprise, and whether or not the individual exercises control over the employment relationship.” Gionfriddo, 769 F.Supp.2d at 890; Roman, 970 F.Supp.2d at 416. An individual’s high-level status in the business, however, does not automatically impart “employer” liability. Id. at 417. Courts in this district also consider the factors set forth in Bonnette v. California Health & Welfare Agency, 704 F.2d 1465 (9th Cir. 1983), to determine whether an individual constitutes an “employer” under the FLSA. See Roman, 970 F.Supp.2d at 417 (citing Bonnette, 704 F.2d at 1470, abrogated on other grounds by Garcia v. San Antonio Metro. Transit Auth., 469 U.S. 528 (1985)); Iraheta v. Lam Yuen, LLC, 5995689, at *3 (D.Md. Nov. 29, No. DKC-12-1426, 2012 WL 2012); Khalil v. Subway at Arundel Mills Office Park, Inc., No. CCB-09-158, 2011 WL 231793, at *2 (D.Md. Jan. 24, 2011). “whether the alleged employer[:] The Bonnette factors include (1) had the power to hire and fire the employees, (2) supervised and controlled employee work 8 The “economic reality” test to determine whether an individual is an employer under the FLSA, analyzes different factors than the “economic reality” test to determine whether an individual is an employee. 26 schedules or conditions of employment, (3) determined the rate and method of payment, and (4) maintained employment records.” Bonnette, 704 F.2d at 1470. and the totality of the No single factor is dispositive, circumstances must be considered. Roman, 970 F.Supp.2d at 415. The first element is whether the individual has the power to hire and fire employees. See Bonnette, 704 F.2d at 1470. Plaintiffs assert that Mr. Offiah is in charge of the hiring process. (ECF No. 45-1, at 5). Mr. Offiah initially asserts in his deposition that he does not “hire” dancers; instead, he states that he oversees collecting potential workers’ applications and ensuring they audition, but he does not watch the auditions. (ECF No. 45-10, at 15-16). He alleges that after dancers audition, the dancers themselves decide whether or not they want to work at the clubs. (Id. at 15). Mr. Offiah later admits in his deposition, however, that he is the only person at the clubs who can interview and hire dancers, because “[he] want[s] to make sure it is done right.” also emphasizes that he reviews agreement” with applicants. the terms (Id.) of (Id. at 15-16, 18). Mr. Offiah the “lease Despite Mr. Offiah’s assertion that he does not “hire” dancers, it is clear from his deposition that he is the sole person in charge of overseeing the application and audition process at the clubs, and of reviewing the terms of the 27 “lease agreements” with applicants, indicating that he controls the onboarding of new dancers. The second element of the Bonnette test is whether the individual “supervised and controlled employee work schedules or conditions of employment.” Bonnette, 704 F.2d at 1470. Mr. Offiah insists that the dancers set their own work schedules. (ECF No. 45-10, at 12-13). Mr. Offiah had Even taking this assertion as true, significant Plaintiffs’ employment. controlled advertising, As control owner ensured over of that the Fuego bills conditions and Extasy, were paid, ensured that the premises were clean and safe. at 11-12). Mr. Offiah he and (ECF No. 45-10, He thus controlled the dancers’ work environment. also admits that he was in charge operations at Fuego and Extasy. (Id. at 8). above, onboarding Mr. of Offiah controlled the of day-to-day As discussed process for new dancers and discussed the terms of their “lease agreements” with them, including the fact that they would not be paid. Taken as a whole, Mr. Offiah had substantial control over the dancers’ conditions of employment. The third element is whether the individual “determined the rate and method of payment.” Offiah contends that he Bonnette, 704 F.2d at 1470. inherited the dancers’ Mr. compensation system and the pricing for some of the dancers’ services from the clubs’ previous owners. (ECF No. 45-10, at 21). 28 In his deposition, Mr. Offiah also states that he kept the business practices of his predecessors because they were “successful.” (Id. at 9-10). Mr. Kamara further states that Mr. Offiah was in charge of determining how to classify the dancers and whether or not to pay them wages. (ECF No. 45-9, at 22). Although the clubs’ compensation arrangement with the dancers may not have been his original idea, upon acquiring the clubs, Mr. Offiah made the conscious decision to maintain the status quo for dancers’ compensation. The fourth element employment records. is whether the individual Bonnette, 704 F.2d at 1470. maintains Mr. Offiah states in his deposition that he has records of which days the dancers worked through the “sign in” sheets they were required to complete upon entering the clubs. 18). (ECF No. 45-10, at 14, 17- He admits, however, that he does not know how much money the dancers earned nor does he have records accounting for this information. (Id. at 26-27). Considering the preceding factors in combination, Mr. Offiah was at all times Plaintiffs’ employer under the FLSA. Not only is he the sole individual with ownership and financial interest in the clubs (ECF No. 45-10, at 7-8), he is also in charge of the clubs’ day-to-day operations conditions of Plaintiffs employment. and controls the Mr. Offiah’s attempt to shift blame to past owners for the clubs’ chosen compensation 29 scheme is misplaced, as he made a conscious implement or maintain the employment practices. decision to Therefore, Mr. Offiah is jointly liable for any damages that may be owed to Plaintiffs under the FLSA and MWHL. 3. Defendants’ Liability Under the FLSA and MWHL The Plaintiffs, as employees, are entitled receive minimum wage under the FLSA and MWHL. by law to Pursuant to the FLSA, “an employer must pay an employee an hourly wage no less than the federal minimum wage[,]” Butler, 2013 WL 5964476, at *6 (citing 29 U.S.C. § 206(a)(1)), and overtime pay for each hour worked in excess of forty hours per week. F.Supp.2d at 412 (citing 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1)). similarly requires that employers pay the Roman, 970 “The MWHL applicable minimum wage to their employees and, in [§§ 3-415 and 3-420 of the Labor and Employment Article], that they pay an overtime wage of at least 1.5 times the usual hourly wage” for each hour worked in excess of forty hours per week. Id. (quoting Friolo v. Frankel, 373 Md. 501, 513 (2003)) (internal quotation marks omitted). a. Plaintiffs’ Entitlement to Minimum Wages and Overtime Pay Defendants do not dispute that neither Fuego nor Extasy paid Plaintiffs wages. (ECF No. 45-10, at 9). Defendants contend, however, that they have not violated the FLSA, because “pursuant to the terms of their contracts . . . Plaintiffs and 30 other dancers received greater compensation [than] they would have earned at a rate of minimum wage.” (ECF No. 46-1, at 33). In sum, they assert that Plaintiffs’ performance fees and tips on average, when divided by the number of hours worked, exceeded minimum wage. Defendants also allege that the performance fees that the dancers retained as part of the clubs’ pre-negotiated prices for dances, satisfy any wage obligations Defendants may have owed Plaintiffs. (Id. at 34). Plaintiffs disagree, arguing that the performance fees they received were “tips” rather than “service charges” under the FLSA and thus do not count as wages. Plaintiffs contend that because Defendants charged them fees and did not pay them any wages, their ultimate pay was a “negative hourly rate.” Plaintiffs argue that in order for Defendants to meet their statutory obligations under the FLSA, Defendants must pay Plaintiffs a minimum wage of $7.25 per hour, and return all “tip in” and other fees Defendants charged Plaintiffs. When bringing suit under the FLSA, the employee has the initial burden of proving that she was improperly compensated. See Anderson v. Mt. Clements Pottery, Inc., 328 U.S. 680, 687 (1946), superseded by statute on other grounds. “A prima facie case can be made through an employee’s testimony giving [her] recollection of hours worked . . . [and her case] is not to be dismissed nor should recovery be denied, because proof of the 31 number of hours worked is inexact or not perfectly accurate. Donovan v. Kentwood Dev. Co., Inc., 549 F.Supp. 480, 485 (D.Md. 1982). Once the employee establishes this initial burden, the burden then shifts to the employer. duty to keep proper and accurate Id. The employer has a records of the employee’s wages, hours, and other conditions and practices of employment. Id. When employment records are inaccurate or inadequate and the employee cannot offer convincing substitutes, the court “is not to penalize the employee by denying him recovery on the ground that he is uncompensated work.” “The FLSA unable to prove the precise extent of Id. requires covered employers to pay ‘nonexempt employees’ a minimum wage for each hour worked, 29 U.S.C. § 206(a), but allows employers to pay less than the minimum wage to employees who receive tips, 29 U.S.C. § 203(m).” Dorsey v. TGT Consulting, LLC, 888 F.Supp.2d 670, 680 (D.Md. 2012). An employer can meet its statutory obligation by paying employees the FLSA’s required $7.25 per hour minimum wage, or by paying “tipped employees” $2.13 an hour, as long as the conjunction with their tips amounts to at least $7.25.9 9 $2.13 in Id. “Tipped employees” are those employees that are “engaged in an occupation in which [they] customarily and regularly receive[] more than $30 a month in tips.” 29 U.S.C. § 203(t). Employers utilizing the tip credit under Section 203(m) are further required to: (1) inform employees that the tip credit is 32 Here, there is a dispute of material fact over whether Plaintiffs were properly compensated under the FLSA and MWHL.10 Plaintiffs assert that their compensation after fees amounted to negative hourly wages (ECF No. 45-1, at 22-23); Defendants, however, point to Plaintiffs’ deposition testimony to support the fact that Plaintiffs received in excess of $7.25 per hour.11 being claimed, and (2) permit employees to retain all tips they receive. Id. (citing 29 U.S.C. § 203(m)). 10 Nor have Plaintiffs provided a reasonable assessment of the amount and extent of the work they performed that was improperly compensated. See Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 28 U.S. 680, 687-88 (1946) (noting that plaintiffs have the burden of showing that they “performed work for which [they were] improperly compensated and . . . produce sufficient evidence to show the amount and extent of that work as a matter of just and reasonable inference”). 11 Plaintiff Everett asserts in her deposition that she would take home anywhere from $300-$500 per night on weekdays to $1,000-$2,000 per night on weekends. (ECF No. 45-12, at 7). Plaintiff Garcia asserts that she took home approximately $200$250 on Friday nights and approximately $200-$300 on Saturday nights; at most she estimated receiving $400 per night. (ECF No. 45-13, at 7). Plaintiffs did not stipulate the number of hours they worked, but based on Fuego’s and Extasy’s hours of operation, the maximum number of hours a dancer can work per twenty-four hour period ranges from eight to ten. (ECF No. 461, at 8). Viewing these facts in the light most favorable to Defendants, Plaintiffs’ wages greatly exceed minimum wage. Even on slow days, Plaintiff Everett was making at least $37.50 per hour on weeknights and $100 per hour on weekends, and Plaintiff Garcia was making at least $20 per hour on weekends. Plaintiffs’ contention that the “tip in” fee Defendants charged them reduced their compensation below minimum wage, is unavailing as Defendants argue that the “tip in fee” ranged from $20-$42 per night; deducting this fee from their wages still would not reduce Plaintiffs’ total compensation to less than 33 Importantly, Plaintiffs do not stipulate which portions of their income came from performance fees and which portion came from tips.12 determination This difference because is “service central charges” to the offset statutory minimum wage duties, while “tips” do not. F.Supp.2d at 928-32. performance fees paid employers’ Hart, 967 The parties heavily dispute whether the to Plaintiffs “service charges” under the FLSA.13 No. 46-1, at 33-35). liability constituted “tips” or (ECF No. 45-1, at 29-31; ECF The parties also contest material facts regarding the performance fees, such as: what amount was given $7.25 per hour, and certainly would not reduce it to a negative hourly rate. 12 In their depositions, the total amount of income Plaintiffs alleged making from performance fees and tips, divided by the total hours they could have worked, equals an hourly sum that exceeds minimum wage. After tips are deducted from their total income, however, the hourly sum may not exceed minimum wage. Plaintiffs refer to the cash they were handed from customers as “tips,” (ECF No. 45-12, at 7); Plaintiffs’ use of this term is not indicative that they were “tips” within the meaning of the FLSA, however, as Plaintiffs reference any cash payment as “tips” even though a portion of these payments encompassed the performance fee they received. (see ECF No. 4513, at 7). 13 The Parties’ motions demonstrate that the issue of whether performance fees constitute service charges under the FLSA is unsettled, as courts have come to conflicting outcomes on this issue. (See, e.g., ECF No. 45-1) (citing Hart, 967 F.Supp.2d 901; Priba Corp., 890 F.Supp. 586); (See, e.g., ECF No. 46-1) (citing Ruffin v. Entm’t of the E. Panhandle, No. 3:11-CV-19, 2012 WL 1435674 (D.N.W.Va. Apr. 25, 2012); Doe v. Cin-Lan, Inc., No. 08-DV-12719, 2010 WL 726710 (E.D. Mich. Feb. 24, 2010). 34 to Plaintiffs for each service rendered, how performance fees were collected and distributed, and were accurately tracked by Defendants. whether performance fees These facts are material because they are central to the determination of whether the performance fees paid to Plaintiffs constitute wages.14 See Thornton v. Crazy Horse, Inc., No. 3:06-CV-00251-TMB, 2012 WL 2175753, at *9-10 (D.Ala. June 14, 2012) (providing the relevant factors courts have assessed when determining “whether a payment is a tip or a service charge”). The only evidence produced to support each side’s argument regarding the performance fees is deposition testimony. the dispute over performance fees and Defendants’ Thus, ultimate liability hinges on the credibility of each parties’ testimony.15 14 In Thornton v. Crazy Horse, Inc., 2012 WL 2175753, at *9, the court notes the relevant factors in assessing whether a payment is a service charge or tip under the FLSA: (a) whether the payment was made by a customer who has received a personal service; (b) whether the payment was made voluntarily in an amount and to a person designated by the customer; (c) whether the tip is regarded as the employee’s property; (d) the method of distributing the payment; (e) the customer’s understanding of the payment; and (f) whether the employer included the payment in its gross receipts. 15 The role of weighing evidence and determining witness credibility is reserved for the jury. See Dennis v. Columbia Colleton Med. Ctr., Inc., 290 F.3d 639, 644-45 (4th Cir. 2002) 35 Neither party has provided financial records accounting for payment or receipt of the performance fees, which appear to be primarily undocumented, cash transactions. Because there are disputes of material fact regarding the issue of Defendants’ liability under the FLSA and MWHL, Plaintiffs motion for partial summary judgment as to this issue is denied. b. Plaintiffs’ Entitlement to Liquidated Damages Plaintiffs contend that in addition to damages in the amount of unpaid wages, they are entitled to liquidated damages. (ECF No. 32 ¶ 73(c)). “Generally, an employer liable for minimum wage violations under the FLSA is liable both for unpaid wages and liquidated damages in an equal amount.” WL 5964476, at *6 (citing 29 U.S.C. § Butler, 2013 216(b)). Because Plaintiffs are not entitled to partial summary judgment on the issue of liability for minimum wage and overtime pay under the FLSA and MWHL, it is premature at this juncture to consider whether they are entitled to liquidated damages. B. Defendants’ Cross Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Defendants filed a judgment requesting that: cross motion for partial summary (1) “in the event that this Court finds that Plaintiffs are employees entitled to back wages from (noting that a court should “view the evidence in the light most favorable to . . . the nonmovant, and draw all reasonable inferences in her favor without weighing the evidence or assessing the witness[es’] credibility”). 36 Defendants, summary judgment should be granted to Defendants on their claim for breach of contract” (ECF No. 46-1, at 35) (emphasis added)[;] and (2) “in the event that this Court finds that Plaintiffs Defendants, should be are summary granted employees judgment to entitled and/or Defendants on to partial their back wages summary claims from judgment for unjust enrichment with the amount to be determine[d] at a later date and with further evidence.” (Id. at 37) (emphasis added). Because there is a genuine dispute at to whether Plaintiffs are entitled to back wages under the FLSA and MWHL, it is premature at this juncture to determine whether Defendants are entitled to their requested relief. Defendants have only requested that the court grant their specified relief “in the event that” the court finds them liable under these Acts, a determination which has not yet been made. Defendants’ counterclaims for breach of contract16 16 Moreover, and unjust Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have breached their agreement by pursuing “employee” status under the FLSA after they agreed to be “independent contractors,” and by seeking additional compensation under the FLSA when they had already agreed to the compensation arrangement in the “lease agreement.” Defendants’ arguments essentially assert that Plaintiffs’ breach was the filing of a lawsuit to enforce their statutory rights to minimum wage under the FLSA and MWHL. If Defendants’ arguments were valid, then any plaintiff challenging a potentially illegal compensation arrangement could be liable for breach of contract. Workers would then be disincentivized from challenging questionable compensation arrangements, which would undermine the purpose of the FLSA, which is to “eliminate labor conditions detrimental to the maintenance of the minimum standard of living 37 enrichment are essentially defenses to statutory liability for wages under the FLSA and MWHL, and are so intertwined with the initial determination of liability and damages under these Acts that it is impossible to determine the former before determining the latter. Put simply, the court cannot determine whether Defendants are entitled to a setoff or reduction in damages, before determining whether Plaintiffs are even entitled to well-being of damages.17 necessary workers.” for health, efficiency, and general Gionfriddo, 769 F.Supp.2d at 892-93. 17 Plaintiffs have also challenged Defendants’ rights to prosecute their counterclaims. Plaintiffs provide documentation from the Maryland State Department of Assessments and Taxation (“SDAT”) website showing that each of the corporate Defendants is not in good standing, as their status reads “forfeited” or “dissolved.” (ECF No. 48-1). Under Maryland law, a forfeited corporation is considered non-existent. Md. Code Ann., Corps & Ass'ns § 3–503(d); Lopez v. NTI, LLC, No. DKC2008-1579, 2008 WL 5120542, at *5 (D.Md. Dec. 4, 2008). “Upon forfeiture, the corporation’s directors act as trustees, and may [s]ue or be sued in their own names as trustees or in the name of the corporation. However, trustees are only vested with such powers as are necessary or proper to liquidate the corporation and wind up its affairs.” Djourabchi v. Self, 240 F.R.D. 5, 9 (D.D.C. 2006) (internal quotations and citations omitted) (finding under Maryland law that the sole proprietor of a corporation, whose charter had been forfeited, could be treated as its “directortrustee” under Md. Code Ann., Corps. & Ass’ns § 3-515(c)(3)). The current status of the corporate defendants’ under Maryland law is unclear; Plaintiffs’ SDAT website exhibit was submitted in February 2014, and Defendants have not responded to this accusation by Plaintiffs. It appears from the SDAT website, however, that Nico Enterprises, Inc. may have been revived. Depending on the status of these corporate defendants, Mr. Offiah may be the only proper party to continue this suit in the name of these corporations whose charters have been 38 IV. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, the motion for partial summary judgment filed by Plaintiffs will be granted in part and denied in part. The motion for Defendants will be denied. partial summary judgment filed by A separate order will follow. /s/ DEBORAH K. CHASANOW United States District Judge forfeited, but only if this suit relates to the winding up of these businesses; even if the corporate defendants are dismissed, however, Mr. Offiah is still a proper defendant as he is the sole owner of these businesses, and without their limited liability protections, he will be personally liable for their debts. Id. Defendants will be directed to establish the bona fides of their status within 14 days. 39

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