National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy, Inc. v. Shane et al
Filing
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MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER DENYING 19 MOTION for Order to Show Cause Why Defendants Should Not Be Held in Contempt. Signed by Judge Paul W. Grimm on 7/6/2017. (rss, Deputy Clerk)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MARYLAND
Southern Division
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NATIONAL BOARD FOR
CERTIFICATION IN OCCUPATIONAL
THERAPY, INC.,
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Plaintiff,
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v.
Case No.: PWG-16-343
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JEFFREY M. SHANE, et al.,
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Defendants.
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MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy, Inc. (“NBCOT”) filed
suit against Defendants Jeffrey M. Shane d/b/a Pass the NBCOT LLC d/b/a Pass the OT and
Stephanie Shane d/b/a Pass the NBCOT LLC d/b/a Pass the OT (together, “the Shanes”),
alleging trademark infringements, counterfeiting, copyright infringement, unfair competition,
and other violations of the Lanham Act, federal copyright law, and common law, based on the
Shanes’ use of NBCOT’s name and test questions in the Shanes’ tutorial program (formerly
called Pass the NBCOT, now called Pass the OT) and related website. The parties entered into a
settlement agreement and filed a Joint Motion for Entry of Stipulated Consent Judgment, ECF
No. 17, which the Court approved, entering a Final Judgment on Consent (“Consent Decree”),
ECF No. 18. The Consent Decree permanently enjoined the Shanes from, inter alia, “[u]sing,
copying, displaying, distributing, publicly performing, making derivative works from or
otherwise infringing NBCOT’s Copyrighted Work, except as either permitted under the doctrine
of fair use or with NBCOT’s consent.” Consent Decree ¶ 4(c). It also provided:
To the extent Defendants have not already done so, Defendants are
directed to destroy all infringing test materials, advertisements, labels, signs,
prints, packages, wrappers, receptacles and all other materials in their possession
or under their control that contained unauthorized uses of the name or mark
NBCOT, either alone or in combination with other words, phrases or designs, and
any confusingly similar name or more or any other reproduction, counterfeit, copy
or colorable imitation of Plaintiff’s certification marks and trade names and all
plates, molds, matrices, and other means of making or duplicating the same.
Id. ¶ 6.
Pursuant to the settlement agreement, if NBCOT saw any future violations, it would let
the Shanes know and give them ten days to cure before coming to the Court for resolution. Defs.’
Resp. 8–9; Pl.’s Mem. 1, 4 n.1, ECF No. 19-1. Specifically the settlement agreement provided:
In the event NBCOT discovers activity in the future by the Shanes and/or PTOT
that NBCOT deems an infringement of their trademarks or copyrights, NBCOT
shall provide written notice to the Shanes and PTOT specifically identifying the
infringement with sufficient detail to allow the Shanes or PTOT to cure and allow
them ten (10) business days to cure the infringement prior to taking any action
against any or all of them. For the avoidance of any doubt, if the Shanes and/or
PTOT cure the alleged infringement within ten (10) business days, NBCOT will
refrain from asserting any claim against the Shanes and/or PTOT for damages or
otherwise.
Defs.’ Resp. 8–9. The parties have referred to this as the “safe harbor” notice provision.
At the end of April, NBCOT filed a motion, ECF No. 19, for an order to show cause why
the Shanes should not be held in contempt for violating the parties’ settlement agreement and the
Court’s Consent Decree “including by copying and using a large number of NBCOT’s
copyrighted test questions in Defendants’ own Pass the OT test preparation materials.” Pl.’s
Mem. 1. NBCOT asks the Court to “hold Defendants in civil contempt and award NBCOT its
reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees in connection with this motion.” Id. at 2. I issued a show
cause order, ECF No. 22, directing the Shanes to file a written response (which they did, ECF
No. 23) and NBCOT to file a reply (which it did, ECF No. 24). The issue is now ripe for
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resolution, and a hearing is not necessary. See Loc. R. 105.6. Because NBCOT has not
established contempt by clear and convincing evidence, I will deny the motion.
Contempt Sanctions
The Court has the authority to sanction an individual for failing to follow the Court’s
order or decree. 18 U.S.C. § 401(3). Moreover, “[t]he case law is well established that district
courts have the inherent power to sanction parties for certain bad faith conduct, even where there
is no particular procedural rule that affirmatively invests the court with the power to sanction.”
Strag v. Bd. of Trs., Craven Cmty. Coll., 55 F.3d 943, 955 (4th Cir. 1995). Indeed, for almost
two centuries, it has been established that “[c]ertain implied powers must necessarily result to
our Courts of justice from the nature of their institution . . . . because they are necessary to the
exercise of all others” and they enable courts “to preserve [their] own existence and promote the
end and object of [their] creation.” United States v. Hudson, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 32, 33–34
(1812); see Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 43 (1991) (quoting Hudson, 11 U.S. (7
Cranch) at 34); Roadway Exp., Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 764 (1980) (same), superseded on
other grounds by statute as stated in Morris v. Adams–Millis Corp., 758 F.2d 1352, 1357 n.7
(10th Cir. 1985). “This power is organic, without need of a statute or rule for its definition, and it
is necessary to the exercise of all other powers.” United States v. Shaffer Equip. Co., 11 F.3d
450, 462 (4th Cir. 1993). Undergirding this authority “is the need to preserve the integrity of the
judicial process in order to retain confidence that the process works to uncover the truth.”
Pension Comm. of Univ. of Montreal Pension Plan v. Banc of Am. Sec., 685 F. Supp. 2d 456,
465 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). Thus, “[d]ue to the very nature of the court as an institution, it must and
does have an inherent power to impose order, respect, decorum, silence, and compliance with
lawful mandates.” Shaffer Equip. Co., 11 F.3d at 461; see also Chambers, 501 U.S. at 43
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(holding that trial courts are “vested, by their very creation, with power to impose silence,
respect, and decorum, in their presence, and submission to their lawful mandates”); Strag, 55
F.3d at 955 (quoting Chambers, 501 U.S. at 43).
Therefore, the court has the “inherent power to control the judicial process and litigation,
a power that is necessary to redress conduct which abuses the judicial process.” Goodman v.
Praxair Servs., Inc., 632 F. Supp. 2d 494, 505 (D. Md. 2009) (quoting United Med. Supply Co. v.
United States, 77 Fed. Cl. 257, 263–64 (2007) (quoting Chambers, 501 U.S. at 45–46)) (internal
quotation marks omitted); see also Adkins v. Wolever, 554 F.3d 650, 652 (6th Cir. 2009); Leon v.
IDX Sys. Corp., 464 F.3d 951, 958 (9th Cir. 2006); Flury v. Daimler Chrysler Corp., 427 F.3d
939, 944 (11th Cir. 2005); Silvestri v. Gen. Motors Corp., 271 F.3d 583, 590 (4th Cir. 2001);
Victor Stanley, Inc. v. Creative Pipe, Inc., 269 F.R.D. 497, 517–18 (D. Md. 2010); In re NTL,
Inc. Secs. Litig., 244 F.R.D. 179, 191 (S.D.N.Y. 2007); Thompson v. U.S. Dep’t of Hous. &
Urban Dev., 219 F.R.D. 93, 100 (D. Md. 2003). The court’s inherent authority to sanction arises
when a party “abuses the process at a level that is utterly inconsistent with the orderly
administration of justice or undermines the integrity of the process.” Shaffer Equip. Co., 11 F.3d
at 462. Pursuant to their inherent authority, courts “may issue orders, punish for contempt,
vacate judgments obtained by fraud, conduct investigations as necessary to exercise the power,
bar persons from the courtroom, assess attorney’s fees, and dismiss actions.” Id. at 461–62.
They may enforce “the observance of order,” such as by imposing fines or prison sentences for
contempt. Hudson, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) at 34.
Contempt sanctions may be civil or criminal. Buffington v. Balt. Cnty., 913 F.2d 113,
133–34 (4th Cir. 1990). It is civil contempt “[w]hen the nature of the relief and the purpose for
which the contempt sanction is imposed is remedial and intended to coerce the contemnor into
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compliance with court orders,” rather than to “vindicate the authority of the court.” Victor
Stanley, Inc. v. Creative Pipe, Inc., 269 F.R.D. 497, 537 (D. Md. 2010). A fine is remedial when
paid to the opposing party, rather than to the court, although a fine “payable to the court is also
remedial when the defendant can avoid paying the fine simply by performing the affirmative act
required by the court’s order.” Id. (quoting Buffington, 913 F.2d at 133–34).
To establish civil contempt, each of the following elements must be shown by
clear and convincing evidence:
(1) the existence of a valid decree of which the alleged contemnor
had actual or constructive knowledge; (2) ... that the decree was in
the movant’s “favor”; (3) ... that the alleged contemnor by its
conduct violated the terms of the decree, and had knowledge (at
least constructive knowledge) of such violations; and (4) ... that
[the] movant suffered harm as a result.
Ashcraft v. Conoco, Inc., 218 F.3d 288, 301 (4th Cir. 2000) (quoting Colonial Williamsburg
Found. v. The Kittinger Co., 792 F. Supp. 1397, 1405–06 (E.D. Va. 1992), aff’d 38 F.3d 133,
136 (4th Cir. 1994)).
Analysis
Valid Decree in NBCOT’s Favor that the Shanes Knew About
It is undisputed that this Court entered the Final Judgment on Consent (Consent Decree)
on July 6, 2016, and the Shanes are aware of it. Additionally, the Decree was in NBCOT’s
favor, as it enjoined the Shanes from infringing on NBCOT’s trademark and copyright protected
materials.
Knowing Violation of the Terms of the Decree
Defendants filed affidavits to support their assertion that they did not know they were
violating the Decree until Plaintiff gave them notice pursuant to the safe harbor notice provision,
and that they then promptly deleted the infringing materials. S. Shane Aff., ECF No. 23-1; J.
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Shane Aff., ECF No. 23-3. Because the affidavits are almost identical, I only cite to Stephanie
Shane’s. According to Stephanie Shane, when NBCOT filed suit, after Defendants thought that
they had complied with Plaintiff’s requests regarding trademark and copyright protected
materials, Defendants
hired an attorney and worked diligently to address every new issue Plaintiff raised from adding an affiliation disclaimer to every page of the website, to adding © to
every “NBCOT,” to changing the syntax of titles and other text to ensure that
consumers would not be confused into thinking the two companies were affiliated
(e.g. “NBCOT exam tutors” was changed to “tutors for the NBCOT© exam”).
[They] removed a newly-discovered Pass the NBCOT logo found on an old invoice
issued by a vendor, and [they] removed old promo videos [they] believed had long
been removed from YouTube.
S. Shane Aff. ¶ 11. She noted that “Plaintiff had full access to [Defendants’] website” but “did
not identify or advise [them] of any practice test questions, other than th[e] four [originally
identified], as infringing on its copyrights.” Id.
Stephanie Shane said that she “had written the vast majority of the practice test
questions in the database and periodically purged old questions,” but, some of the original
questions were NBCOT questions that students had read to her and that she had typed “into a
Word document while [she] talked” to the students so that she “could look at the question and
explain the answer.” Id. ¶¶ 4, 12. Because she “did not know if any . . . questions provided by
students remained,” the Shanes, “[i]n an abundance of caution, . . . decided to modify all of the
practice test questions in the database to make sure they did not violate any copyright.”
Id. To do so, they “paid seven freelance contractor writers to revise each of the over 800
questions in the database.” Id.
According to Stephanie Shane, a contractor in India whom Defendants hired “to do
some marketing” in January 2017 “went rogue and posted various materials online without
[their] knowledge or permission.” Id. ¶ 13. They learned that the materials posted infringed
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on NBCOT’s trademarks or copyrights when NBCOT contacted them later that month, and
they removed all of the materials within one week of notice and fired the contractor. Id.
¶¶ 13–14.
Then, on February 11, 2017, a student “claimed [by email] that certain practice test
questions were the same as Plaintiff’s questions” but did not respond to Stephanie’s email
asking the student to identify the questions. Id. ¶ 15. The student said that she “SAW over 45
questions that PasstheOT used WORD FOR WORD from NBCOT.” Email to S. Shane, ECF
No. 23-2. Stephanie Shane insists that she “had no way of knowing which questions might be
an issue” because the student did not respond to her request for more detailed information. S.
Shane Aff. ¶ 15.
NBCOT filed its contempt motion more than two months later, on April 30, 2017,
without first contacting the Shanes. Id. ¶ 16.
The motion identified the 48 infringing
questions, half of which, according to Stephanie Shane, “had already been removed through
the natural process of purging questions,” and Jeffrey Shane “removed the remaining 24
questions within 48 hours of Plaintiff filing the motion.” Id.
Stephanie Shane asserts that, after NBCOT filed its contempt motion, the Shanes
offered to compare their questions to NBCOT’s to remove infringing questions, but “Plaintiff
. . . declined to disclose its copyrighted questions.” Id. ¶ 17. The Shanes also “offered to
provide Plaintiff with access to all of Pass the OT’s questions, so that it could do the
comparison on its own,” but “Plaintiff . . . again declined.” Id. At that same time, NBCOT
declined the Shanes’ “offer[] to pay a reasonable fee for one of Plaintiff’s employees to make
the comparison and . . . offer[] to delete any identified practice test question without further
discussion.”
Id.
After Plaintiff filed its contempt motion, Stephanie Shane “personally
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review[ed] every single question in Pass the OT’s database” and deleted “[a]ny question [she]
could not definitively say was [her] original work.” Id. ¶ 18.
Insofar as the Shanes argue that they were unaware of ongoing infringement because it
was their contractors who used trademarked or copyrighted material, NBCOT insists that the
Shanes “cannot avoid contempt by shifting the blame for their infringing conduct to other
unidentified individuals.” Pl.’s Reply 4. But NBCOT does not cite any authority in support of
this argument.
The Shanes also argue that “[i]t is Plaintiff . . . who is in breach,” because NBCOT
“failed to give notice and the opportunity to cure as required by the safe harbor notice provision
in the settlement agreement and instead filed this motion for contempt seeking only its attorney’s
fees incurred in bringing this unnecessary motion.” Defs.’ Resp. 12–13. The safe harbor
provision was central to the Consent Decree, and it required that NBCOT provide notice of and
an opportunity to cure any violations. As Stephanie Shane notes, the Shanes did not have access
to NBCOT’s copyrighted materials to compare their test questions proactively if they were
uncertain whether their work was original.
NBCOT provided notice three times in short
succession in January; it is undisputed that the Shanes took prompt remedial action each time.
NBCOT then filed the contempt motion without providing notice or an opportunity to cure the
violations NBCOT noted but had not previously disclosed. As for the February 11, 2017 email
from a student who signed up for a review session with the Shanes, her email made clear that she
“encountered many flaws with the program,” only one of which was the replication of NBCOT
test questions.
Email to S. Shane.
And, Stephanie Shane promptly requested additional
information the next morning, but did not hear back from the student. Email to Student, ECF
No. 23-2.
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Under the circumstances, the Shanes’ actions do not show a contemptuous disregard for
their obligations under the Consent Decree or that they knowingly violated the Consent Decree.
Even if it can be argued, as NBCOT does without authority, that the Shanes are responsible for
the actions of the seven freelance writers who revised the questions and the contractor in India,
NBCOT has not shown that the contractors knowingly violated the Consent Decree. Further,
NBCOT failed to give notice of the remaining infringing questions and the opportunity to cure,
as required by the safe harbor notice provision of the Consent Decree, before filing the pending
motion. Each previous time the Shanes received notice, they acted promptly, showing that once
they were aware of a violation, they did not knowingly continue to violate the Consent Decree.
Moreover, the Shanes proposed three separate options for NBCOT to confirm that no infringing
questions remained – options that NBCOT could have pursued in lieu of filing a contempt
motion, had NBCOT provided the required notice.
Harm
NBCOT contends that it has suffered harm from the Shanes’ use of “NBCOT’s
copyrighted work for their own benefit, and in competition with NBCOT, without paying any
compensation to NBCOT.” Pl.’s Mem. 8. They do not offer any proof of this harm. The Shanes
do not address this contention.
NBCOT also argues that it “has incurred significant costs and legal fees in policing
Defendants’ ongoing violations of the Settlement Agreement and Consent Decree and in
bringing this motion.” Pl.’s Mem. 8. NBCOT insists that it “filed the motion because of
Defendants’ repeated disregard for both the Settlement Agreement and Consent Decree.” Pl.’s
Reply 6. The only award it seeks, however, are the attorneys’ fees associated with the consent
motion. Id. at 9. In the Shanes’ view, policing is a part of holding a copyright or trademark, and
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harm from having to file this motion was “self-inflicted” because if NBCOT had complied with
the safe harbor notice provision, it would not have incurred legal fees. Defs.’ Resp. 16-17. It is
true that, insofar as NBCOT filed the motion in response to the ongoing issue of infringing test
questions, the legal fees associated with the motion could have been avoided by following the
terms of the settlement agreement. And, the fact that NBCOT does not seek fees beyond those
associated with this motion weakens its argument that its harm extends beyond these fees.
Conclusion
Under these circumstances, I cannot conclude that NBCOT has established by clear and
convincing evidence that the Shanes “had knowledge (at least constructive knowledge) of [their]
violations” of the Consent Decree” and that NBCOT “suffered harm as a result.” See Ashcraft,
218 F.3d at 301 (quoting Colonial Williamsburg Found., 792 F. Supp. at 1405–06). Therefore, I
will not hold the Shanes in contempt. See id. NBCOT’s motion, ECF No. 19, IS DENIED. The
Court is troubled, however, by the ongoing issues associated with the Shanes’ compliance with
the Consent Decree, and the Shanes are cautioned that further violations of the Consent Decree
by them would be unwise. It would be prudent for them to redouble their efforts to ensure strict
compliance with it. To dispel any lingering concerns with compliance, the Court observes, but
does not order, that the parties may wish to pursue one of the three options that the Shanes
proposed, but which NBCOT rejected.
ORDER
For the reasons stated in this Memorandum Opinion and Order, it is, this 6th day of July,
2017, hereby ORDERED that NBCOT’s Motion, ECF No. 19, in which NBCOT asks the Court
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to hold the Shanes in civil contempt and award NBCOT its reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees
in connection with the Motion, IS DENIED.
_______ /S/________
Paul W. Grimm
United States District Judge
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